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Zergui A, Kerdoun MA, Boudalia S. Trace elements in tea in Ouargla, Algeria and health risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024; 17:110-121. [PMID: 38264900 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2024.2304233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most common drinks, consumed for its pleasant flavour and several medicinal values. The present study aimed to determine the levels of trace elements in tea products marketed in the Saharan region of Ouargla, Algeria and to evaluate the health risks associated with its regular consumption in adults and infants. To this aim, 78 tea samples were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry. Tea samples appeared to be contaminated by lead (0.73 ± 0.08 µg g-1) and aluminium (0.22 ± 0.02 µg g-1). Cadmium, arsenic, mercury, cobalt, manganese, nickel, chromium, zinc and copper were also detected. General linear model analysis indicated that black tea samples were the most contaminated. Tea samples packed in tea bags were the most contaminated with arsenic, aluminium and manganese. The hazard index was 0.28 and 1.33 for adults and for infants, respectively, indicating adverse non-carcinogenic effects in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Zergui
- National Center of Toxicology, annex of Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Amine Kerdoun
- Unit of Toxicology, Central Laboratory, Mohamed Boudiaf Public Hospital, Ouargla, Algeria
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Sofiane Boudalia
- Département d'Écologie et Génie de l'Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
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2
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Zhong C, Li S, Yin N, Zhang L, Jiang J, Wang X, Li P. Single extraction and integrated non-target data acquisition with data mining workflow for analysis of hazardous substances in agricultural plant products. Food Chem 2023; 429:136899. [PMID: 37478607 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Identifying contaminants in agricultural plant food products (APFPs) is a major problem. In this study, we developed a single-step extraction and integrated non-target data acquisition (INDA) workflow for increasing hazardous substances coverage. D-optimal experimental designs were applied to optimize filter plate extraction (FPE) for one-single extraction of multipolar hazardous substances. The vDIA mode was used to collect all precursor ion fragments within the range to supplement data loss caused by DDA mode. The underlying principle of vDIA is to increase the utilization rate of MS2 spectra that are likely to identify a maximum number and minimum amounts of hazardous substances. Compared with traditional DDA mode alone, a combination of the two modes increased the rate of identification of hazardous substances by 18.5%. The molecular network of hazardous substance provided by GNPS could enable some metabolites and structure-related products to discover potentially hazardous substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Songhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Nanri Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiupin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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3
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Lu Y, Han H, Huang X, Yi Y, Wang Z, Chai Y, Zhang X, Lu C, Wang C, Chen H. Uptake and translocation of organic pollutants in Camellia sinensis (L.): a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118133-118148. [PMID: 37936031 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (L.) is a perennial evergreen woody plant with the potential for environmental pollution due to its unique growth environment and extended growth cycle. Pollution sources and pathways for tea plants encompass various factors, including atmospheric deposition, agricultural inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticide, uptake from soil, and sewage irrigation. During the cultivation phase, Camellia sinensis (L.) can absorb organic pollutants through its roots and leaves. This review provides an overview of the uptake and translocation mechanisms involving the absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, anthraquinone (AQ), perchlorate, and other organic pollutants by tea plant roots. Additionally, we summarize how fresh tea leaves can be impacted by spraying pesticide and atmospheric sedimentation. In conclusion, this review highlights current research progress in understanding the pollution risks associated with Camellia sinensis (L.) and its products, emphasizing the need for further investigation and providing insights into potential future directions for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haolei Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuchen Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuexing Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Akuamoa F, Hoogenboom RLAP, Weide Y, van der Weg G, Rietjens IMCM, Bovee TFH. Presence and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in dietary plant supplements as elucidated by a combined DR CALUX ® bioassay and GC-HRMS based approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1576-1590. [PMID: 35904509 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2094473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based dietary supplements may contain undesirable contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) due to the sources of raw materials or processing methods used. The presence of these contaminants in a series of herbal supplements sold on the Ghanaian market for improving sexual performance was examined using the DR CALUX® bioassay in combination with GC-HRMS analysis. Overall, cell responses at 4 and 48 h exposure to extracts prepared without an acid-silica clean-up were relatively higher than the responses obtained from extracts prepared with an acid-silica clean-up. This indicated that the 40 supplements contained only low levels of stable aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dl-PCBs, while some contained substantial amounts of less stable AhR-agonists. Ten supplements selected for confirmation with GC-HRMS analysis contained PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.19 pg toxic equivalent (TEQ)/g only, while the level of the sum of 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ4PAHs) representing less stable AhR agonists, ranged from not detected (ND) to 25.5 ng/g. These concentrations were in line with the responses observed in the DR CALUX® bioassay. The concentration of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs corresponded to estimated daily intakes (EDIs) ranging from 0.01 to 1.20 pg TEQ/day, or 0.001 to 0.12 pg TEQ/kg bw/week for a 70 kg bw consumer, which was below the established tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, thus indicating low concern for consumers' health. Similarly, the EDIs based on the detected Σ4PAHs in supplements ranged from 7.2 to 111 ng/day, or 0.1 to 1.6 ng/kg bw/day, which corresponded to MOE values above 10,000, indicating a low health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Akuamoa
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Yoran Weide
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Bratu MM, Birghila S, Coatu V, Danilov DA, Radu MD, Birghila C. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Some Commercial Herbal Teas. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Mirela Bratu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Ovidius University of Constanta, Aleea Universitatii, Campus 1, Constanta, Romania
| | - Semaghiul Birghila
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
| | - Valentina Coatu
- NIMRD “Grigore Antipa” National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Constanta, Romania Bvd.Mamaia, Romania
| | - Diana Andreea Danilov
- NIMRD “Grigore Antipa” National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Constanta, Romania Bvd.Mamaia, Romania
| | - Marius Daniel Radu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanta, Aleea Universitatii, Constanta, Romania Campus 1, Romania
| | - Corina Birghila
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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6
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Bhargava A, Bansal A, Goyal V, Bansal P. A review on tea quality and safety using emerging parameters. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Tarawneh IN. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Health Risk Assessments in Commonly Consumed Teas in Jordan. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2006246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Chiang SM, Ueng KC, Chen HS, Wu CJ, Yang YS, Yang DJ. Effects of manufacturing procedures and preparation conditions on European Union priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Oolong tea samples. Food Chem 2021; 358:129885. [PMID: 33933958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Oolong tea samples at each heat treatment stage of the manufacturing process, different post-treatment methods and different brewing conditions. The content of PAHs in the tea leaves was significantly increased during stir fixation (280 °C for 8 min) stage of the manufacturing process. In the subsequent heat treatment process, the PAHs content did not change much until the Oolong tea product (primary) was further roasted. The level of PAHs increased with the roasting time. Charcoal roasting resulted in higher PAHs content in the product compared with electric roasting. Higher brewing temperature caused higher level of PAHs released into the tea infusion. The level of released PAHs decreased with the increase of the number of tea brewing (the total released PAHs was about 4%). The risk assessment results for PAHs in the tea infusions showed a low level of health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Min Chiang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kwo-Chang Ueng
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Shun Chen
- Department of Health Food, Chung-Chou University of Science and Technology, 6, Lane 2, Sec. 3, Shanjiao Rd., Yuanlin City, Changhua County 510, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jung Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sun Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nutrition and Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC.
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Mollahosseini A, Alamshahi M, Rastegari M. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in non-alcoholic beer by mechanical stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 57:3792-3800. [PMID: 32904048 PMCID: PMC7447716 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Mollahosseini
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/11367, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Alamshahi
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/11367, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rastegari
- Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Phan Thi LA, Ngoc NT, Quynh NT, Thanh NV, Kim TT, Anh DH, Viet PH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dry tea leaves and tea infusions in Vietnam: contamination levels and dietary risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2853-2863. [PMID: 32166521 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The total mean ∑[Formula: see text] in samples were from 75.3 to 387.0 ng/g dry weight (d.w) and showed high value in black dry tea, followed by herbal, oolong, and green tea. The mean ∑[Formula: see text] (a combination of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene) values were 54.3 ng/g, 16.4 ng/g, 14.2 ng/g, and 6.6 ng/g for black, herbal, green, and oolong teas, respectively. Concentration for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was from 0.4 to 35.8 ng/g, and the BaP equivalent concentration values ranged from 0.3 to 48.1 ng/g. There was only 1 black tea sample that BaP concentration exceeded the maximum level according to European Union (EU) standards. Tea samples marketed in Vietnam showed insignificant difference with the samples from other origins by same analytical method. Black teas showed high PAHs contents in dry tea samples but the released percentage of sum of PAHs from tea-to-tea infusion was lower than that in other tea type samples. The released percentages of PAH4 from tea-to-tea infusion were 40.7, 15.4, and 1.9 for green, herbal, and black tea. High temperature in black tea manufacturing processes might reduce essential oil content in tea that might effect on the PAHs partially release into the infusion. Indeed, based on EU regulations, we may conclude that tea consumers are safe in risk of exposure to PAHs obtained from teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Anh Phan Thi
- VNU Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Ngoc
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Quynh
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thanh
- VNU Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Thi Kim
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Hong Anh
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- VNU Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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11
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Wu P, Zhang L, Hu Z, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Contamination of 15+1 European Union polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various types of tea and their infusions purchased on Hangzhou city market in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1621-1632. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1784469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinggu Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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12
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Assessing the contamination levels of dried teas and their infusions by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Rascón AJ, Azzouz A, Ballesteros E. Use of semi-automated continuous solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks from Andalucía (Spain). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1117-1125. [PMID: 30051478 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of contaminants that can reach drinks in various ways. Their assessment in terms of food safety is needed as a priority. The present study developed a methodology to estimate their presence in several types of drinks. RESULTS In this work, a method was developed for detecting and quantifying PAHs in drinks using a semi-automated, solid-phase extraction closed system for clean up and isolation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for determination. The proposed method is accurate, precise, and sensitive, with low limits of detection (0.02-0.6 ng L-1 ), low relative standard deviations (< 6.5%), and high recoveries (90-103%). Its high flexibility allows application to a variety of drinks from (Spain) including distillates, beer, wine, cider, soft drinks, fruit juice, tea, and coffee. CONCLUSION This methodology allows the detection of this family of compounds at trace levels using low quantities of sample and solvents. Most of the samples studied contained two or more of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) 16 PAH priority pollutants, albeit at levels below the legally allowed limit. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés J Rascón
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S of Linares, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S of Linares, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Evaristo Ballesteros
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S of Linares, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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14
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Benson NU, Fred-Ahmadu OH, Olugbuyiro JA, Anake WU, Adedapo AE, Olajire AA. Concentrations, sources and risk characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in green, herbal and black tea products in Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Okaru AO, Rullmann A, Farah A, Gonzalez de Mejia E, Stern MC, Lachenmeier DW. Comparative oesophageal cancer risk assessment of hot beverage consumption (coffee, mate and tea): the margin of exposure of PAH vs very hot temperatures. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:236. [PMID: 29490609 PMCID: PMC5831222 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of very hot (> 65 °C) beverages is probably associated with increased risk of oesophageal cancer. First associations were reported for yerba mate and it was initially believed that high content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) might explain the risk. Later research on other beverage groups such as tea and coffee, which are also consumed very hot, found associations with increased risk of oesophageal cancer as well. The risk may therefore not be inherent in any compound contained in mate, but due to temperature. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the risk of PAH in comparison with the risk of the temperature effect using the margin of exposure (MOE) methodology. Methods The human dietary benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (sum of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) exposure through consumption of coffee, mate, and tea was estimated. The oesophageal cancer risk assessment for both PAH and temperature was conducted using the MOE approach. Results Considering differences in the transfer of the PAH from the leaves of mate and tea or from the ground coffee to the infusion, and considering the different preparation methods, exposures may vary considerably. The average individual exposure in μg/kg bw/day arising from consumption of 1 cup (0.2 L) of infusion was highest for mate (2.85E-04 BaP and 7.22E-04 PAH4). The average per capita exposure in μg/kg bw/day was as follows: coffee (4.21E-04 BaP, 4.15E-03 PAH4), mate (4.26E-03 BaP, 2.45E-02 PAH4), and tea (8.03E-04 BaP, 4.98E-03 PAH4). For all individual and population-based exposure scenarios, the average MOE for BaP and PAH4 was > 100,000 independent of beverage type. MOE values in this magnitude are considered as a very low risk. On the contrary, the MOE for the temperature effect was estimated as < 1 for very hot drinking temperatures, corroborating epidemiological observations about a probable oesophageal cancer risk caused by this behaviour. Conclusions The temperature effect but not PAH exposure may pose an oesophageal cancer risk. Consumer education on risks associated with consumption of ‘very hot’ beverages and policy measures to threshold serving temperatures should be discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4060-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Okaru
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Off Ngong Road, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anke Rullmann
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adriana Farah
- Nutrition Institute, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Bloco J - Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 228 ERML, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Roszko M, Kamińska M, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Dietary risk evaluation for 28 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tea preparations made of teas available on the Polish retail market. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:25-34. [PMID: 29040003 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1369323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess dietary risk resulting from consumption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with tea infusions. To this end, levels of 28 PAHs in black, green, red and white teas available on the Polish retail market have been assessed. Profiles and correlation between concentrations of individual PAHs have been identified. A model study on transfer of PAHs from tea leaves into tea preparations has been conducted. Relatively high concentrations of 28 evaluated PAHs have been found in 58 tested samples of black, green, red and white teas sampled on the Polish retail market. Total concentration ∑28PAH ranged from 57 to 696 µg kg-1 with mean 258 µg kg-1 (dry tea leaves). The most mature tea leaves fermented to a small degree contained relatively the highest PAH levels among all four tested tea types. Relatively low PAH transfer rates into tea infusions and limited volumes of the consumed tea keep the risks associated with PAH dietary intake at a safely low level. The worst-case scenario dietary intake values were 7.62/0.82/0.097 ng kg-1 b.w. day-1 (estimated on the basis of the maximum found concentrations 696/113/23 µg kg-1 and maximum observed transfer rates 24/16/9%) for ∑28PAH/∑PAH4/B[a]P, respectively. MOE values calculated using the above worst case estimates exceeded 700,000 and 400,000 (BMDL10 0.07 and 0.34 mg kg-1 b.w. day-1) for B[a]P and PAH4, respectively. Both B[a]P and PAH4 concentrations may be used as indicators of total PAH concentration in tea leaves; PAH4 slightly better fits low molecular weight PAHs. Several correlations between various PAHs/groups of PAHs have been identified, the strongest one (R2 = 0.92) between PAH4 and EU PAH 15+1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marta Kamińska
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka 36, Warsaw , Poland
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Witczak A, Abdel-Gawad H, Zalesak M, Pohoryło A. Tracking residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in green, herbal, and black tea leaves and infusions of commercially available tea products marketed in Poland. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:479-486. [PMID: 29210611 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The content of residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was examined in green, herbal, and black tea leaves as well as in their infusions prepared from tea products marketed in the main supermarkets in Poland. It was found that the detected mean levels of organochlorine residues in tea leaves ranged from <LOD to 16.36 ng g-1 dry weight. Among hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, γ-HCH in green tea occurred in the highest concentrations. Among dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites the highest level of p,p'DDT (1.96 ng g-1 dw) was in green tea samples. The transfer of OCPs from tea leaves to brew was investigated. The present study revealed that during the infusion process, a significant percentage of the residues, particularly pesticides with high water solubility, were transferred to the infusions. The obtained results show that the percentage transfer of each pesticides from tea to the tea infusions ranged from 6.74% (heptachlor) to 86.6% (endrin). The detected residues were below current MRLs for these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witczak
- a Department of Toxicology , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Hassan Abdel-Gawad
- b Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division , National Research Centre Scopus Affiliation ID 60014618 , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Michal Zalesak
- c Department of Environmental Protection Engineering , Tomas Bata University , Zlin , Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pohoryło
- a Department of Toxicology , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Benson NU. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Occurrence and Toxicity in Camellia sinensis and Herbal Tea. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1335216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omowunmi H. Fred-Ahmadu
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Nsikak U. Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
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19
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Gao G, Chen H, Liu P, Hao Z, Ma G, Chai Y, Wang C, Lu C. Residue pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during green tea manufacturing and their transfer rates during tea brewing. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:990-999. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1316873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Gao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingxiang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxia Hao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guicen Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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20
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A preconcentrator-separator two-in-one online system for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis. Talanta 2017; 167:573-582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tea Infusions Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorimetric Detection. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1076876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the contamination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency, in 10 tea brands distributed in Italy. Analyses were carried out with a procedure based on saponification, liquid-liquid extraction, and PAHs determination by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. A comparison with ultrasonic extraction in bath water was also reported. Contamination is expressed as the sum of analyzed PAHs and ranged between 347 and 4120 ng/L with a mean value of 1675 ng/L. PAHs with 3-4 rings were dominant with a contribution of 92%, while 7% and 1% were found for PAHs with 5 and 6 rings, respectively. Moreover, data revealed that three samples exceeded the EU 2008 criteria established for drinking water in which the sum of benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene is considered (<100 ng/L) and two samples exceeded the 10 ng/L level allowed for benzo[a]pyrene.
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22
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Utilizing a novel sorbent in the solid phase extraction for simultaneous determination of 15 pesticide residues in green tea by GC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1023-1024:44-54. [PMID: 27183089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide residues exceeding standard in green tea is a widespread problem of the world's attention, containing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), and pyrethroids. In this research, three dimensionally honeycomb Mg-Al layered double oxide (TDH-Mg-Al-LDO) combined with graphitized carbon black (GCB), packed as a column, was used as a novel solid phase extraction sorbent, applying in simultaneous determination of 15 pesticide residues in green tea coupled with GC-MS. Compared with different type of SPE column, it showed that TDH-Mg-Al-LDO exhibited great advantages in the extraction of 15 pesticide residues from green tea, which was seldom reported before. Different experiment conditions, such as combination order of Mg-Al-LDO and GCB, dosage of sorbents, type and volume of eluting solvent were thoroughly studied and optimized. The limits of detection (LODs) of 15 pesticides ranged from 0.9 to 24.2ng/g and the limits of quantifications (LOQs) were ranging from 3.0 to 80.0ng/g. The recoveries using this method at three spiked concentration levels (10, 100 and 500ng/g for Fenthion, P,P'-DDE, O,P'-DDT, P,P'-DDD and Bifenthrin, 100, 500 and 2000ng/g for the others) range from 71.1 to 119.0%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was from 0.1 to 7.6% in all case. The result indicated that the proposed analytical method had been successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of 15 pesticide residues in commercial green tea.
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23
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Shi Y, Wu H, Wang C, Guo X, Du J, Du L. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coffee and tea samples by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC–FLD. Food Chem 2016; 199:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Determination of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tea by Simultaneous Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Bassey FI, Martincigh BS, Nwajei GE, Ucheaga C. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water- and Gin-Based Tea Infusions of Selected Tea Brands in Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2015.1033433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chukwujindu M. A. Iwegbue
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Francisca I. Bassey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Godwin E. Nwajei
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Chidiebere Ucheaga
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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26
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Hayward DG, Wong JW, Park HY. Determinations for Pesticides on Black, Green, Oolong, and White Teas by Gas Chromatography Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015. [PMID: 26209005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Black, green, white, and Oolong teas, all derived from leaves of Camellia sinensis, are widely consumed throughout the world and represent a significant part of the beverages consumed by Americans. A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole-based method, previously validated for pesticides on dried botanical dietary supplements, including green tea, was used to measure pesticides fortified into black and green teas at 10, 25, 100, and 500 μg/kg. Teas from 18 vendors of tea products were then surveyed for pesticides. Of 62 black, green, white, and Oolong tea products, 31 (50%) had residues of pesticides for which no United States Environmental Protection Agency tolerances are established for tea. The following pesticides were identified on tea leaves, with concentrations between 1 and 3200 μg/kg: anthraquinone, azoxystrobin, bifenthrin, buprofesin, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, DDE-p,p', DDT-o,p, DDT-p,p', deltamethrin, endosulfan, fenvalerate, heptachlor, hexachlorocyclohexanes (α,β,γ,δ), phenylphenol, pyridaben, tebuconazole, tebufenpyrad, and triazophos. DDT-p,p' was found at much higher concentrations than DDE-p,p' or DDT-o,p' in 9 of 10 teas with DDTs. A comparison between three commercially available solid-phase extraction (SPE) column brands of the same type revealed that two brands of SPE columns could be interchanged without modification of the tea method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Hayward
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Hoon Y Park
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
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27
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Wu L, Hu M, Li Z, Song Y, Zhang H, Yu A, Ma Q, Wang Z. Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction online coupled with single drop microextraction of organophosphorus pesticides in tea samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Garcia Londoño VA, Reynoso CM, Resnik SL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) survey on tea (Camellia sinensis) commercialized in Argentina. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Adisa A, Jimenez A, Woodham C, Anthony K, Nguyen T, Saleh MA. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dry tea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:552-559. [PMID: 26065515 PMCID: PMC4881431 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1028832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight different tea samples sold in the United States were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) for their contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Many PAHs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties and have been related to several kinds of cancer in man and experimental animals. The presence of PAHs in environmental samples such as water, sediments, and particulate air has been extensively studied, but food samples have received little attention. Eighteen PAHs congeners were analyzed, with percentage recovery higher than 85%. Contamination expressed as the sum of the 18 analyzed PAHs was between 101 and 1337 μg/kg on dry mass and the average contents in all of the 28 examined samples was 300 μg/kg on dry mass. Seven of the congeners were found in all samples with wide ranges of concentrations as follows: fluorene (7-48 μg/kg), anthracene (1-31 μg/kg), pyrene (1-970 μg/kg), benzo(a)anthracene (1-18 μg/kg) chrysene (17-365 μg/kg), benzo(a)pyrene (1-29 μg/kg), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (4-119 μg/kg). The two most toxic congeners benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene were found at high concentrations only in Earl Grey Twinnings, Earl Grey Harney& Sons Fine Teas, and Chai Ultra Spice Black Tea Twinnings. Six PAH congeners are considered as suspected carcinogens (U.S.EPA), formed the basis of the estimation of the toxic equivalent (TEQ), Chai Ultra-Spice Black Tea Twinnings had the highest TEQ (110.9) followed by two grey tea samples, Earl Grey Harney & Sons Fine Tea (57.7) and Earl Grey Twinnings (54.5). Decaffeinated grey teas had the lowest TEQs, decaffeinated Earl Grey Bigelow (9.4) and Green Tea Honey Lemon Decaffeinated Lipton (9.6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Afolabi Adisa
- a Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University , Houston , Texas , USA
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30
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Jin Y, Miao W, Lin X, Pan X, Ye Y, Xu M, Fu Z. Acute exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene induces hepatic oxidative stress via activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1399-1408. [PMID: 23712962 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most common contaminants in the environment. The primary focus on the toxicity of PAHs is their ability to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated pathway and lead to carcinogenesis in different organisms. However, the influence of PAHs on the antioxidant system in mammalian systems has received only limited attention. In the present study, we observed that the intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) into mice significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and decreased glutathione (GSH) contents and the activity of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), indicating that serious oxidative stress had been induced in the liver of mice. Then, the oxidative stress signal activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway by enhancing the mRNA levels of Nrf2, p38, and Erk2. Moreover, the mRNA levels of Nrf2/ARE target genes, including glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione synthetase (GS), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1), and Sod2, increased significantly after treatment with 3MC for 24 hours. The hepatic levels of NQO1 and the activities of GR and GS were also significantly enhanced at 24 hours after 3MC treatment. Because the expression of NQO1 is co-regulated by Nrf2/ARE and AhR/XRE in mammalian tissues, NQO1 may play an important role in protecting against the oxidative stress induced by 3MC. Taken together, our findings suggested that acute exposure to 3MC altered the cellular redox balance in hepatocytes to trigger Nrf2-regulated antioxidant responses, which may represent an adaptive cell defense mechanism against the oxidative stress induced by PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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31
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Duedahl-Olesen L, Navaratnam MA, Jewula J, Jensen AH. PAH in Some Brands of Tea and Coffee. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.918554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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32
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Schulz CM, Fritz H, Ruthenschrör A. Occurrence of 15 + 1 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in various types of tea (Camellia sinensis) and herbal infusions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1723-35. [PMID: 25186127 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.952785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the analysis of 15 + 1 EU priority PAH in tea and herbal infusions, an online-SPE-LVI-GC-MS method was developed. This method includes sample extraction of the tea and herbal infusions with saponification followed by an automated SPE clean-up step. For brews a liquid-liquid extraction with cyclohexane was performed before an automated SPE clean-up. Gas chromatographic separation was done using an Agilent J&W Select PAH (15 m × 0.15 mm × 0.10 µm) column, which allows the separation of the three benzofluoranthenes as well as triphenylene from chrysene. Method performance criteria such as method linearity, limit of quantitation (LOQ) and repeatability were determined and demonstrated that the method was fit for purpose. The method was used to analyse 15 + 1 EU priority PAH in 91 tea and herbal infusion samples. The levels of PAHs ranged from below 0.5 (LOQ) to 460 µg kg⁻¹, with a median of 4.7 µg kg⁻¹ and a mean of 39 µg kg⁻¹ for BaP, and from below 1.0 (LOQ) to 2700 µg kg⁻¹, with a median of 39 µg kg⁻¹ and a mean of 250 µg kg⁻¹ for total PAH, which were in good agreement with other studies reported in the literature. For the brews prepared under normal house preparation (20 g material in 2 L boiling tap water for 10 min), no total 15 + 1 PAH could be detected above the LOQ. With an extended brewing time of 30 min, a transfer rate between 0.25% and 0.52% could be determined, which results in no exceeding of the maximum limits given by the European Union directive for drinking water (EU Council Directive 98/83/EC).
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Abd El-Aty A, Choi JH, Rahman MM, Kim SW, Tosun A, Shim JH. Residues and contaminants in tea and tea infusions: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1794-804. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.958575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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34
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Pincemaille J, Schummer C, Heinen E, Moris G. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked and non-smoked black teas and tea infusions. Food Chem 2014; 145:807-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Fernández-González R, Yebra-Pimentel I, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about Human Exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) through Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 55:1590-617. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.710279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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36
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Grover IS, Singh S, Pal B. Priority PAHs in orthodox black tea during manufacturing process. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:6291-4. [PMID: 23224705 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Orthodox black tea is obtained from fresh leaves followed by withering, rolling, fermentation and drying. The presence of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was studied in fresh leaves and at various stages of manufacturing. Benzo(a)pyrene (2A: probable human carcinogen) was found in dried tea leaves only whereas, naphthalene (2B: probable human carcinogen) was present during all the stages of manufacturing. Dry tea leaves showed higher content of total 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) about 3 and 211 times than present in withered and dried leaves, respectively. Chrysene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, indendo[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene and benzo[a]antracene were not found during manufacturing stages of tea.
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Loh SH, Sanagi MM, Wan Ibrahim WA, Hasan MN. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-impregnated agarose film microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in green tea beverage. Talanta 2013; 106:200-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Drabova L, Pulkrabova J, Kalachova K, Tomaniova M, Kocourek V, Hajslova J. Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tea using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 100:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li XY, Li N, Luo HD, Lin LR, Zou ZX, Jia YZ, Li YQ. A novel synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic approach for the rapid determination of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea with simple microwave-assisted pretreatment of sample. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5899-5905. [PMID: 21520950 DOI: 10.1021/jf104873g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic, and some have been reported to be present in tea. People can be exposed to PAHs through tea consumption. Therefore, there is real importance for the determination of PAHs in tea. Because of the complex matrix of tea, it is hard to detect PAHs in tea without cleanup and chromatographic separation procedures. In this research, for the first time, a novel synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic approach coupling nonlinear variable-angle synchronous and matrix-isopotential synchronous scanning modes has been developed for the rapid determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), and anthracene (AN) in tea with simple microwave-assisted pretreatment of samples. This novel technique is able to resolve the spectra of the three PAHs well, even with interference from other EPA PAHs. The detection limits for BaP, BkF, and AN in tea were 0.18-0.28, 0.55-0.89, and 0.64-3.58 μg/kg, respectively, depending on various teas, with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 77.1 to 116%. The relative standard deviations achieved for BaP, BkF, and AN were 1.5, 6.6, and 8.5% for green tea; 2.9, 7.4, and 2.1% for oolong tea; and 5.6, 5.4, and 5.8% for black tea, respectively. Our results showed good correlation with those of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The approach developed is simple, reliable, and cost-efficient, providing an attractive alternative for the rapid selective screening of PAHs in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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40
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Singh S, Vashishth A. PAHs in some brands of tea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 177:35-8. [PMID: 20665110 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants generated from incomplete combustion of organic materials. PAHs in tea have been studied for five locally available brands. Six to seven PAHs from list of 16 priority pollutants (US EPA) were found to be present in samples of various brands of tea. Benzo[a]pyrene (2A: probable human carcinogen) was found in two samples, and naphthalene (2B: possible human carcinogen) was found in all the tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satnam Singh
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147 004, India.
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41
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Ishizaki A, Sito K, Kataoka H. Analysis of contaminant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea products and crude drugs. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:299-305. [PMID: 32938028 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00423e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea products and crude drugs were analyzed to determine levels of contamination with 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a new online automated method, consisting of in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). PAHs were separated within 15 min by HPLC using a Zorbax Eclipse PAH column with a water/acetonitrile gradient elution program as the mobile phase. The optimum in-tube SPME conditions were 20 draw/eject cycles of 40 µL of sample using a CP-Sil 19CB capillary column as an extraction device. Low- and high-molecular weight PAHs were extracted effectively onto the capillary coating from 5% and 30% methanol solutions, respectively. The extracted PAHs were readily desorbed from the capillary by passage of the mobile phase. Good linearity of the calibration curve (r > 0.9972) was obtained in the concentration range of 0.05-2.0 ng mL-1, and the detection limits (S/N = 3) of PAHs were 0.32-4.63 pg mL-1. Using the in-tube SPME/HPLC-FLD method, PAHs were detected at ng g-1 levels in the samples without interference peaks. Our results suggest that PAHs contamination in herbal products is widespread, and the proposed method may become a useful tool for monitoring PAH contamination and quality control in herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishizaki
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1, Nishigawara, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan.
| | - Keita Sito
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1, Nishigawara, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1, Nishigawara, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan.
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42
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Hasei T, Ohno A, Tsukuda R, Inoue T, Watanabe T. Determination of 3,6-Dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene in Tea Leaves as a Possible Exposure Source and in Human Hair as a Biomarker Using a Two-dimensional HPLC System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Mei X, Wu YY, Mao X, Tu YY. Antagonism of phenanthrene cytotoxicity for human embryo lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I by green tea polyphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:164-168. [PMID: 20932619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected in some commercial teas around the world and pose a threat to tea consumers. However, green tea polyphenols (GTP) possess remarkable antioxidant and anticancer effects. In this study, the potential of GTP to block the toxicity of the model PAH phenanthrene was examined in human embryo lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I. Both GTP and phenanthrene treatment individually caused dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. A full factorial design experiment demonstrated that the interaction of phenanthrene and GTP significantly reduced growth inhibition. Using the median effect method showed that phenanthrene and GTP were antagonistic when the inhibitory levels were less than about 50%. Apoptosis and cell cycle detection suggested that only phenanthrene affected cell cycle significantly and caused cell death; GTP lowered the mortality of HFL-I cells exposed to phenanthrene; However, GTP did not affect modulation of the cell cycle by phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mei
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth Development & Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - You-Ying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Polder A, Savinova TN, Tkachev A, Løken KB, Odland JO, Skaare JU. Levels and patterns of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) in selected food items from Northwest Russia (1998-2002) and implications for dietary exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5352-5361. [PMID: 20719362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analysed in 70 selected food items from Northwest Russia in 1998-2002. Levels of PCBs ranged from 0.2 to 16ng/g wet weight (ww) in dairy products and fats, 0.2 to 23ng/g ww in meat products, 0.5 to 16ng/g ww in eggs and 0.3 to 30ng/g ww in fish. High levels of DDT (16ng/g ww) were found in locally produced butter from Kola Peninsula, in pork fat from Arkhangels region (10 to 130ng/g ww) and in some fish samples from White Sea and Kargopol region (17 and 30ng/g ww). Findings of low DDE/DDT ratios in many of the studied food items indicated recent contamination to DDTs. Mean levels of sum TEQs(WHO1998) of dioxin-like mono-ortho PCBs: PCBs 105, 118, 156 and 157 (∑mo-PCBs-TEQs(WHO1998)) were highest in dairy products, chicken eggs and fish, with levels of 0.292, 0.245 and 0.254pg/g ww, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for ∑mo-PCBs-TEQs(WHO1998) was 0.74pg/kgbw/day and in the same range as in Sweden and Denmark. Fish, dairy products, eggs and meat were the main contributors to the EDI of ∑mo-PCBs-TEQs(WHO1998). The EDIs of DDTs, HCHs and HCB were several times higher than in Sweden and Denmark. Consumption of meat and poultry were important sources for intake of DDTs and HCHs, respectively. Contamination of animal feed and agricultural practice were assumed the most important causes for the results in the present study. However, increased control on maximum residue levels in food and feed may have resulted in large changes on levels and patterns of POPs in food in the studied areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polder
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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45
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Plaza-Bolaños P, Frenich AG, Vidal JLM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6303-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Vieira MA, Maraschin M, Rovaris AA, Amboni RDDMC, Pagliosa CM, Xavier JJM, Amante ER. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the processing stages of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:776-82. [PMID: 20349373 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003587310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is believed to be due to the degradation of mate compounds and the burning of wood during the "sapeco" (rapid drying process) and the final drying steps, which are the most important processing stages in mate production. Due to the high toxicity of these compounds, studies on their presence in mate are extremely important. The aim of this study was to evaluate PAH levels in mate throughout the processing stages of its production. The PAHs were measured in samples collected at different stages of mate processing. Total PAHs content ranged widely (443-9001 microg/kg) in the samples, with the highest PAHs levels recorded during the mate drying step. The results indicate that the processing method currently used in mate production may lead to an increase in PAHs levels in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela Alano Vieira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88034-001 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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LOUTFY NAGLAA, MOSLEH YEHIA, AHMED MOHAMEDTAWFIC. Dioxin, Dioxin–Like PCBs and Indicator PCBs in Some Medicinal Plants Irrigated with Wastewater in Ismailia, Egypt. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630903495151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Moinfar S, Hosseini MRM. Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in tea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 169:907-911. [PMID: 19467774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a new method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in tea was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). A mixture of acetonitrile and n-hexane was used as an extraction solvent for the extraction of OPPs from tea samples. When the extraction process was finished, the mixture of solvents was rapidly dispersed in water; target analyte was extracted to a small volume of n-hexane, using DLLME. Recovery tests were performed for concentration 5.0 microg/kg. The recovery for each target analyte was in the range between 83.3 and 117.4%. The repeatability of the proposed method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 3 and 7.8% (n=3). The detection limit of the method for tea was found ranging from 0.030 to 1 microg/kg for all the target pesticides. Compared with the conventional sample preparation method, the proposed method has the advantage of being quick and easy to operate, and has high-enrichment factors and low consumption of organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleyman Moinfar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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49
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50
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Ziegenhals K, Hübschmann HJ, Speer K, Jira W. Fast-GC/HRMS to quantify the EU priority PAH. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1779-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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