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Kamble GS, Natarajan TS, Patil SS, Thomas M, Chougale RK, Sanadi PD, Siddharth US, Ling YC. BiVO 4 As a Sustainable and Emerging Photocatalyst: Synthesis Methodologies, Engineering Properties, and Its Volatile Organic Compounds Degradation Efficiency. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091528. [PMID: 37177074 PMCID: PMC10180559 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is one of the best bismuth-based semiconducting materials because of its narrow band gap energy, good visible light absorption, unique physical and chemical characteristics, and non-toxic nature. In addition, BiVO4 with different morphologies has been synthesized and exhibited excellent visible light photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of various organic pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nevertheless, the commercial scale utilization of BiVO4 is significantly limited because of the poor separation (faster recombination rate) and transport ability of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. So, engineering/modifications of BiVO4 materials are performed to enhance their structural, electronic, and morphological properties. Thus, this review article aims to provide a critical overview of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), various semiconducting nanomaterials, BiVO4 synthesis methodologies, engineering of BiVO4 properties through making binary and ternary nanocomposites, and coupling with metals/non-metals and metal nanoparticles and the development of Z-scheme type nanocomposites, etc., and their visible light photocatalytic efficiency in VOCs degradation. In addition, future challenges and the way forward for improving the commercial-scale application of BiVO4-based semiconducting nanomaterials are also discussed. Thus, we hope that this review is a valuable resource for designing BiVO4-based nanocomposites with superior visible-light-driven photocatalytic efficiency in VOCs degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh S Kamble
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Affiliated Shivaji University Kolhapur Maharashtra, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thillai Sivakumar Natarajan
- Environmental Science Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 600113, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh S Patil
- Department of Applied Mechanics, ECTO Group, FEMTO-ST Institute, 24, Rue de l'Epitaph, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Molly Thomas
- School of Studies in Chemistry & Research Centre, Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundelkhand University, Chhatarpur 471001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajvardhan K Chougale
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Affiliated Shivaji University Kolhapur Maharashtra, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant D Sanadi
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur Affiliated Shivaji University Kolhapur Maharashtra, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Umesh S Siddharth
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Sharad Institute of Technology College of Engineering Yadrav (Ichalkaranji), Ichalkaranji 416115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yong-Chein Ling
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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Jin X, Wu Y, Santhamoorthy M, Nhi Le TT, Le VT, Yuan Y, Xia C. Volatile organic compounds in water matrices: Recent progress, challenges, and perspective. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136182. [PMID: 36037942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of organic compounds that have a molecular structure containing carbon and their chemical properties allow them to be easily converted to steam and gas and remain for a long period of time and have diverse effects on the environment. The purpose of this study is determination of the concentration of VOCs such as alachlor, anthracene, benzene, bromoform, chloroform, heptachlor, isophorone, tetrachloroethylene, γ -chlordane, toluene, etc. in water matrices. The results showed that among studies conducted on VOCs, the concentration of tetrachloroethylene, m,p-xylene, and toluene were at the top in water matrices, and the lowest average concentrations were found in chloroform, anthracene, and butyl benzyl phthalate. In terms of VOC concentrations in water matrices, China was the most polluted country. Moreover, the data analysis indicated that China was the only country with carcinogenic risk. A Monte-Carlo simulation showed that although the averages obtained were comparable to the acceptable limits, for heptachlor, the maximum carcinogenic risk is achieved at a level that is slightly over the limit, only 25% from the population being exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Yingji Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | | | - Thi Thanh Nhi Le
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000, Viet Nam; The Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000, Viet Nam.
| | - Van Thuan Le
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000, Viet Nam; The Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000, Viet Nam
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, PR China
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
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Lei R, Sun Y, Zhu S, Jia T, He Y, Deng J, Liu W. Investigation on Distribution and Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Surface Water, Sediment, and Soil in a Chemical Industrial Park and Adjacent Area. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195988. [PMID: 34641531 PMCID: PMC8512396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrences, distributions, and risks of 55 target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water, sediment, sludge, and soil samples taken from a chemical industrial park and the adjacent area were investigated in this study. The Σ55-VOCs concentrations in the water, sediment, sludge, and soil samples were 1.22–5449.21 μg L−1, ND–52.20 ng g−1, 21.53 ng g−1, and ND–11.58 ng g−1, respectively. The main products in this park are medicines, pesticides, and novel materials. As for the species of VOCs, aromatic hydrocarbons were the dominant VOCs in the soil samples, whereas halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were the dominant VOCs in the water samples. The VOCs concentrations in water samples collected at different locations varied by 1–3 orders of magnitude, and the average concentration in river water inside the park was obviously higher than that in river water outside the park. However, the risk quotients for most of the VOCs indicated a low risk to the relevant, sensitive aquatic organisms in the river water. The average VOCs concentration in soil from the park was slightly higher than that from the adjacent area. This result showed that the chemical industrial park had a limited impact on the surrounding soil, while the use of pesticides, incomplete combustion of coal and biomass, and automobile exhaust emissions are all potential sources of the VOCs in the environmental soil. The results of this study could be used to evaluate the effects of VOCs emitted from chemical production and transportation in the park on the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Lei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yamei Sun
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-10-62849356 (W.L.); Fax: +86-10-62923563 (Y.S.)
| | - Shuai Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China;
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-10-62849356 (W.L.); Fax: +86-10-62923563 (Y.S.)
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Vitali M, Castellani F, Fragassi G, Mascitelli A, Martellucci C, Diletti G, Scamosci E, Astolfi ML, Fabiani L, Mastrantonio R, Protano C, Spica VR, Manzoli L. Environmental status of an Italian site highly polluted by illegal dumping of industrial wastes: The situation 15 years after the judicial intervention. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144100. [PMID: 33360460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In 2008 the Italian government classified the Bussi sul Tirino area (Central Italy) as Site of National Interest destined to remediation which, unfortunately, has not yet begun. The decision followed >20 years of illegal dumping of industrial wastes, lasting from 1984 to 2005, that generated the biggest illegal toxic waste disposal site in Europe. The contamination profile of the site was mainly characterized by PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PAHs, chlorinated solvents, Hg, and Pb. Due to the health concern of the population and local authorities, an extensive monitoring and biomonitoring campaign was carried out in 2017-2018, checking the site-specific pollutants in local food (free-range hens' eggs, milk from grazing sheep and goats, wild edible mushrooms, and drinking water), environmental (air and freshwaters) and biological (human urine) matrices. A total of 314 samples were processed, obtaining 3217 analytical data that were compared with regulatory limits, when available, and values reported by international literature. The sum PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs ranged from 0.24 to 3.6 pg TEQ g-1 fat, and from 0.46 to 8.3 pg TEQ g-1 fat, respectively in milk in eggs, in line with the maximum levels established by CE Regulations except for an egg sample. As regards PAHs, all our results were lower than the literature data, as well as for Hg and Pb. Outdoor air showed levels of chlorinated solvents ranging from <LOD to 36 μg m-3, and freshwaters from 0.21 to 2.8 μg L-1. All drinking water samples resulted compliant with the maximum levels established by the current EU directive. Despite the severe pollution of the illegal dumping site and the remediation not yet carried out, the local environment and the population living in Bussi and surroundings seem not to be affected by significant exposure to the toxics characterizing the landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Castellani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Fragassi
- Regional Healthcare Agency of Abruzzo, Via Attilio Monti 9, 65127 Pescara, PE, Italy
| | - Alfonso Mascitelli
- Regional Healthcare Agency of Abruzzo, Via Attilio Monti 9, 65127 Pescara, PE, Italy
| | - Cecilia Martellucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University of the Marche Region, Via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Torrette di Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Abruzzo and Molise "Giuseppe Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Scamosci
- Environmental Protection Regional Agency of Abruzzo, via Marconi 49, 65126 Pescara, PE, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila Fabiani
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, P.le Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Mastrantonio
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, P.le Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lamberto Manzoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64B, 44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy.
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Toward the Required Detection Limits for Volatile Organic Constituents in Marine Environments with Infrared Evanescent Field Chemical Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173644. [PMID: 31438601 PMCID: PMC6749396 DOI: 10.3390/s19173644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A portable sensor system for the simultaneous detection of multiple environmentally relevant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in real seawater based on Fourier transform infrared fiber-optic evanescent wave spectroscopy (FT-IR-FEWS) was developed. A cylindrical silver halide (AgX) fiber with an ethylene/propylene copolymer (E/P-co) coated flattened segment was used as an active optical transducer. The polymer membrane enriches the hydrophobic analytes, while water is effectively excluded from the penetration depth of the evanescent field. Determination of multicomponent mixtures (i.e., 10 VOCs in real-world seawater samples) collected in Arcachon Bay, France revealed a high accuracy and reproducibility with detection limits down to 560 ppb. The measurement showed no significant influence from changing water conditions (e.g., salinity, turbidity, and temperature or other interfering substances). The time constants for 90% saturation of the polymer ranged from 20 to 60 min. The sensor system is capable of being transported for on-site monitoring of environmental pollutants in aqueous matrices with efficient long-term stability, thus showing great potential to be utilized as an early warning system.
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Qin P, Cao F, Lu S, Li L, Guo X, Zhao B, Wan Z, Bi B. Occurrence and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the surface water of Poyang Lake in March 2017. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22609-22617. [PMID: 35540627 PMCID: PMC9082334 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation into the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the surface water of Poyang Lake was conducted. The determination of 54 different kinds of VOCs was performed with a purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method at 28 sampling points. Twenty-two types of VOCs were detected; methylene chloride had the highest mean concentration of 708.19 ng L−1, followed by 1,2-dichloroethane and chloroform, with mean concentrations of 376.78 and 187.26 ng L−1, respectively. The distribution of VOCs in the areas of Poyang Lake from low to high was as follows: west and south < east and central; the highest ∑VOC concentration occurred at the sample site of Zhangsihe. The health risks of VOCs in Poyang Lake were also determined by calculating the cancer and non-cancer risk from the two exposure routes of ingestion and dermal adsorption. The results showed that VOCs have no carcinogenicity risk, while only methylene chloride has a certain carcinogenic risk to the human body. An investigation into the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the surface water of Poyang Lake was conducted.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- College of Water Sciences
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD)
| | - Fengmei Cao
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment
- Research Centre of Lake Environment
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- College of Water Sciences
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD)
| | - Linlin Li
- College of Water Sciences
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- China
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD)
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment
- Research Centre of Lake Environment
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
| | | | - Zhengfen Wan
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment
- Research Centre of Lake Environment
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
| | - Bin Bi
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment
- Research Centre of Lake Environment
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
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Cao F, Qin P, Lu S, He Q, Wu F, Sun H, Wang L, Li L. Measurement of volatile organic compounds and associated risk assessments through ingestion and dermal routes in Dongjiang Lake, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:645-653. [PMID: 30243211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Dongjiang Lake of China. Twenty two kinds of VOCs were detected, and the major VOCs were alkene compounds. The total concentration of VOCs (∑VOCs) ranged from 2.93 to 4.69 µg/L, and none of the VOCs detected in Dongjiang Lake exceeded the concentration limits set in the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (GB5749-2006) or the National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) of China. Risk quotients (RQ) model, Multimedia Environment Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) and value of odor hazard index (OHI) were used to assess the ecological risk, lifetime carcinogenic risk and olfactory risk of VOCs in Dongjiang Lake, respectively. The RQtotal values varied from 3.95 × 10-3 to 0.34 and the RQ values for all the 22 detected VOCs in 12 sample locations of Dongjiang Lake were below 0.01, which means negligible risk to aquatic organisms. The cancerous and non-cancerous risk indices were in the range of 2.31 × 10-9-5.16 × 10-7 and 1.68 × 10-7-1.45 × 10-2, respectively. Bromodichloromethane and 1,1-dichloroethene were associated with the highest and lowest carcinogenic risks in all 12 sample locations. Results also demonstrated that the olfactory risk in Dongjiang Lake is negligible. These data suggest that the VOCs in Dongjiang Lake may not lead great ecological and health risks for organism and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Cao
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pan Qin
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China; Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Qi He
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Linlin Li
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, 8#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China; Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100012, China
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Lin C, Nguyen KA, Vu CT, Senoro D, Villanueva MC. Contamination levels and potential sources of organic pollution in an Asian river. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:2434-2444. [PMID: 29144301 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Houjing River has long been an environmental victim of economic development. Industries that have settled along the bank of this river may have largely contributed to severe organic wastes pollution. This study collected water and sediment samples at various points along the river and measured concentrations of 61 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 128 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for a period of 16 months (Feb 2014-June 2015). Our analyses show that elevated levels of VOCs were observed near two industrial areas, Dashe and Renwu industrial parks. High SVOC concentrations were found in the vicinities of the Nanzih Export Processing Zone (NEPZ) and CingPu station, possibly due to considerable effluent discharges of adjacent industrial and residential areas. Comparing this study's findings with the standard values of different governmental agencies and studies similar to this one, the ecosystem of the Houjing River was seriously contaminated. This study could be used by the government as a basis for future and urgent pollution prevention actions aimed at protecting this ecosystem and reducing the negative impacts of these contaminants on the health and well-being of the local residents and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitsan Lin
- Center of Environmental Analysis Service, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Kim Anh Nguyen
- Center of Environmental Analysis Service, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Chi Thanh Vu
- Center of Environmental Analysis Service, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Delia Senoro
- Sustainable Development Research Office, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Maria Ching Villanueva
- IFREMER Centre de Bretagne, Unité de Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques, Pointe du Diable B.P. 70, Plouzané 29280, France
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Golfinopoulos SK, Nikolaou AD, Thomaidis NS, Kotrikla AM, Vagi MC, Petsas AS, Lekkas DF, Lekkas TD. Determination of the priority substances regulated by 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC Directives in the surface waters supplying water treatment plants of Athens, Greece. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:378-384. [PMID: 27973987 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1262600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An investigation into the occurrence of priority substances regulated by 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive and 2008/105/EC Directive was conducted for a period of one year in the surface water sources supplying the water treatment plants (WTPs) of Athens and in the raw water of WTPs. Samples from four reservoirs and four water treatment plants of Athens were taken seasonally. The substances are divided into seven specific groups, including eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs), diethylhexylphthalate, four organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), three organophosphorus/organonitrogen pesticides (OPPs/ONPs), four triazines and phenylurea herbicides, pentachlorophenol, and four metals. The aforementioned substances belong to different chemical categories, and different analytical methods were performed for their determination. The results showed that the surface waters that feed the WTPs of Athens are not burdened with significant levels of toxic substances identified as European Union (EU) priority substances. Atrazine, hexachlorocyclohexane, endosulfan, trifluralin, anthracene and 4-nonylphenol were occasionally observed at very low concentrations. Their presence in a limited number of cases could be attributed to waste disposal, agricultural activities, and to a limited industrial activity in the area nearby the water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros K Golfinopoulos
- a Department of Financial and Management Engineering , University of Aegean , Chios , Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- c Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Anna Maria Kotrikla
- d Department of Shipping Trade and Transport , University of Aegean , Chios , Greece
| | - Maria C Vagi
- b Department of Marine Sciences , University of Aegean , Mytilene , Greece
| | - Andreas S Petsas
- e Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Aegean , Lemnos , Greece
| | - Demetris F Lekkas
- f Department of Environment , University of Aegean , Mytilene , Greece
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Cho E, Khim J, Chung S, Seo D, Son Y. Occurrence of micropollutants in four major rivers in Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 491-492:138-147. [PMID: 24679590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing concern in recent years over the presence of numerous micropollutants in river water. Simultaneously, risk assessment of micropollutants has become increasingly important due to their high toxicity. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the levels of micropollutants in rivers, to identify the sources of these pollutants, and to evaluate their risk quotients (RQ) to the ecological system. Monitoring data from 159 sites distributed across four major rivers in Korea were collected from the Ministry of the Environment (KME) reports. Tests were performed to check for the presence of 35 pollutants in river waters, from which 29 pollutants were detected. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) occurred most frequently, at low concentrations, whereas volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates were detected at higher concentrations. Based on this study, it was suggested that the factories near the sampling sites where pollutants were found represent one of the main sources of chemicals. After comparing the industrial activities with the measured pollutants, although the released amounts were not reported, representative intermediate chemicals were found in the river water. The RQs of most VOCs were below one, despite their concentration range being higher, compared with other pollutants. Methyl bromide and di-n-octyl phthalate occurred frequently in the Han River Basin and the Nakdong River Basin, respectively, and their RQs were consistently high, so further studies should focus on their exact emission source in order to reduce ecological risk. The results suggest that it will be necessary to develop methods of risk assessment that are more tailored to the various micropollutants present in river water, in addition to the implementation of water treatment systems to reduce ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Cho
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyeong Khim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sewoong Chung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongil Seo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 730-701, Republic of Korea
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Ma H, Zhang H, Wang L, Wang J, Chen J. Comprehensive screening and priority ranking of volatile organic compounds in Daliao River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2813-2821. [PMID: 24389912 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An analytical strategy for comprehensive screening of target and non-target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in surface water was developed, and it was applied to the analysis of VOCs in water samples from Daliao River. The target VOCs were quantified using purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (P&T-GC/MS). Among 20 water samples, 34 VOCs were detected at least once. For the screening of non-target VOCs, the double distillation apparatus was used for the pre-concentration of VOCs prior to P&T-GC/MS analysis. Subsequently, deconvolution software and NIST mass spectral library were applied for the identification of the non-target compounds. A total of 17 non-target VOCs were identified. The most frequently detected VOCs (detection frequencies >80 %) included toluene, benzene, naphthalene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and methyl tert-butyl ether. The distribution of VOCs obviously varied according to the sampling sites. The total concentrations of VOCs in water samples collected from the heavily industrialized cities (Anshan and Liaoyang) and the busy port city (Yingkou) were relatively high. The top ten priority VOCs, including naphthalene, 1,2-dichloroethane, o-xylene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, and p-xylene, were obtained by the ranking of the detected VOCs according to their occurrence and ecological effects. These compounds should be given more attention in monitoring and drainage control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilian Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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Chlorination at Treatment Plant and Drinking Water Quality: A Case Study of Different Sectors of Islamabad, Pakistan. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-014-1097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Kargar M, Nabizadeh R, Naddafi K, Nasseri S, Mesdaghinia A, Mahvi AH, Alimohammadi M, Nazmara S, Pahlevanzadeh B. Modeling perchloroethylene degradation under ultrasonic irradiation and photochemical oxidation in aqueous solution. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2012; 9:32. [PMID: 23369271 PMCID: PMC3698528 DOI: 10.1186/1735-2746-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Sonolysis and photochemical degradation of different compounds such as
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are among the recent advanced oxidation
processes. Perchloroethylene is one of these compounds that has been mainly used
as a solvent and degreaser. In this work, elimination of perchloroethylene in
aqueous solution by ultrasonic irradiation, andphotochemical oxidation by ultra
violet ray and hydrogen peroxide were investigated. Three different initial
concentrations of perchloroethylene at different pH values, detention periods,
and concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were investigated. Head space gas
chromatography with FID detector was used for analyses of perchloroethylene.
This research was performed in 9 months from April through December 2011. Results showed that perchloroethylene could be effectively and rapidly degraded
by ultrasonic irradiation, photochemical oxidation by ultra violet ray, hydrogen
peroxide and a combination of these methods. Kinetics of perchloroethylene was
strongly influenced by time, initial concentration and pH value. Degradation of
Perchloroethylene increased with decrease in the initial concentration of
perchloroethylene from 0.3 to 10 mg/L at all initial pH. The results showed an
optimum degradation condition achieved at pH = 5 but did not affect
significantly the perchloroethylene destruction in the various pH values.
Kinetic modeling applied for the obtained results showed that the degradation of
perchloroethylene by ultrasound and photo-oxidation followed first order and
second order model. The percentage of removal in the hybrids reactor was higher
than each of the reactors alone, the reason being the role of hydroxyl radical
induced by ultrasound and photochemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Kargar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu L, Zhou H. Investigation and assessment of volatile organic compounds in water sources in China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 173:825-836. [PMID: 20306141 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
456 water samples collected from 152 water sources in 2006 were analyzed for 21 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Concentrations of 21 VOCs ranged from below method detection limits of the laboratory to 7.65 μg/L (toluene), but seldom exceeded the concentration limits set in the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (GB5749-2006) or the National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) of China. Of the 21 individual VOCs analyzed, 11 VOCs were detected in at least one sample at or above 1.0 μg/L; 6.6% of the water samples had a detection of at least one VOC at or above 1.0 μg/L, and 2.6% had a detection of at least two VOCs at or above 1.0 μg/L. Based on the statistical data of detection frequencies above the method detection limits, 75% of the samples detected at least one VOC, and 65% of the samples detected at least two VOCs. Chloroform, toluene, and 1,2-dichloroethene were the three most frequently detected VOCs, with detection frequencies of 76.97%, 68.42%, and 44.08%, respectively. Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and gasoline components were the two most frequently detected VOC groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Liu
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Yuyuantan Science and Technology Zone, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China.
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Juang DF, Lee CH, Chen WC, Yuan CS. Do the VOCs that evaporate from a heavily polluted river threaten the health of riparian residents? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4524-4531. [PMID: 20673968 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To understand the potential threat of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the health of residents living close to a heavily polluted river, this study investigated the species and the concentration of VOCs evaporating from a river and surveyed the health condition of the nearby residents. Air samples were taken seasonally at the upstream, midstream, and downstream water surfaces of the river, and at different locations at certain distances from the river. These samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through gas chromatography and electron capture detector (GC/ECD) for chlorinated organic compounds, and through gas chromatography and flame ionization detector (GC/FID) for ordinary hydrocarbons. The health data obtained from valid health questionnaires of 908 residents were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Twenty-six species of VOCs were identified in the environment adjacent the river, many of which are carcinogenic or believed to be carcinogenic to humans. However, results of this study shows that the VOCs evaporating from the polluted river have not been definitively identified as a major factor of cancer in the residents. However, the risk of suffering from certain chronic diseases may increase in residents living less than 225 m away from the river due to the high levels of evaporated VOCs. Residents living less than 225 m away from the river and with nearby specific industries are 3.130 times more at risk of suffering from chronic diseases than those with no nearby specific industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Fong Juang
- Department of Health Business Administration, Meiho University, 24F, 230, Ming Chuan Second Road, Kaohsiung City 806, Taiwan, ROC.
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Purge efficiency in the determination of trihalomethanes in water by purge-and-trap gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632:304-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Grigoriadou A, Schwarzbauer J, Georgakopoulos A. Molecular indicators for pollution source identification in marine and terrestrial water of the industrial area of Kavala city, North Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 151:231-42. [PMID: 17490793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Eight terrestrial and four marine water samples were collected from the industrial section of the city of Kavala in northern Greece to determine the occurrence and distribution of organic contaminants, as well as to identify the molecular markers of different emission sources. The samples were analyzed by means of non-target screening analyses. The analytical procedure included a sequential extraction of the samples, GC-FID, GC/MS analyses, and additional quantitative analyses of selected pollutants. The results show a wide variety of compounds including halogenated compounds, technical additives and metabolites, phosphates, phthalates, benzothiazoles, etc. A close relationship between many of the contaminants and their emission sources was determined based on their molecular structures and information on technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grigoriadou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Microanalysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Water Samples – Methods and Instruments. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kaczmarczyk A, Niemirycz E. Adsorbable Organic Halogens (AOX) in Polish Rivers - Levels and Changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aheh.200300580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lekkas T, Kolokythas G, Nikolaou A, Kostopoulou M, Kotrikla A, Gatidou G, Thomaidis NS, Golfinopoulos S, Makri C, Babos D, Vagi M, Stasinakis A, Petsas A, Lekkas DF. Evaluation of the pollution of the surface waters of Greece from the priority compounds of list II, 76/464/EEC directive, and other toxic compounds. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2004; 30:995-1007. [PMID: 15337345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of the surface waters of Greece from the priority compounds of 76/464/EEC Directive was evaluated. The occurrence of 92 toxic compounds, 64 of which belong to priority compounds of List II, candidates for List I, of 76/464/EEC Directive, was studied in surface waters and wastewater through the developed network of 62 sampling stations, which covers the whole Greek territory. The analytical determination was performed by Purge and Trap-Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (VOCs), Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection for organochlorine insecticides, Gas Chromatography-Nitrogen Phosphorous Detection for organophosphorous insecticides, High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection for herbicides, and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for metals and the toluene extractable organotin compounds. The concentrations of VOCs and insecticides detected in the surface waters of Greece were very low, whereas the concentrations of herbicides and metals ranged generally at moderate levels. VOCs were detected almost exclusively in the rivers and very rarely in the lakes, while the frequency of occurrence of insecticides, herbicides and metals was similar for rivers and lakes. Water quality objectives (WQO) and emission limit values (ELV) have been laid down in national legal framework for a number of compounds detected in the samples, in order to safeguard the quality of surface waters from any future deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themistokles Lekkas
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of the Aegean, Karadoni 17, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
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Huybrechts T, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H. State-of-the-art of gas chromatography-based methods for analysis of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in estuarine waters, illustrated with the river Scheldt as an example. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:283-97. [PMID: 12877175 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on a number of key procedural steps in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in estuarine waters. The most critical step, from an analytical point of view, is sample preparation. So far, only purge-and-trap and, to some extent, membrane inlet mass spectrometry have successfully been applied in estuarine monitoring of VOCs. The advantages and disadvantages of both techniques are discussed and novel developments are reviewed. Other key elements in VOC analysis and assessment include quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC) and statistical data analysis. This paper gives a brief overview of QA/QC measures of interest in the estuarine monitoring exercise, and provides guidelines for adequate statistical treatment of environmental data. Finally, field measurements of VOCs in estuarine waters are reviewed. Concentrations are reported, and distribution patterns, sources and time-trends are discussed. In addition to data, results of a 3-year monitoring survey (May 1998-November 2000) in the Scheldt estuary are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Huybrechts
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (ENVOC), Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Golfinopoulos SK, Nikolaou AD, Kostopoulou MN, Xilourgidis NK, Vagi MC, Lekkas DT. Organochlorine pesticides in the surface waters of Northern Greece. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 50:507-516. [PMID: 12685750 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A survey undertaken in Northern Greece has shown that organochlorine pesticides are present in the surface waters. Surface water samples have been collected seasonally from four rivers and five lakes for a period of two years. Solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatographic techniques with electron capture detection was used for the determination of the compounds. The most commonly encountered organochlorine pesticides in surface waters were the isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, aldrin, dieldrin and endosulfan sulfate. In some cases the concentrations detected were higher than the qualitative target levels set by the European Union, especially for hexachlorocyclohexane and aldrin. The occurrence of these compounds in Greek surface waters can be attributed to intense agricultural activity as well as to transboundary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros K Golfinopoulos
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of the Aegean, Karadoni 17, Mytilene 81100, Greece.
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Golfinopoulos SK, Lekkas TD, Nikolaou AD. Comparison of methods for determination of volatile organic compounds in drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 45:275-284. [PMID: 11592416 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of four methods including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), direct aqueous injection (DAI), purge and trap (PAT) and head space (HS) were carried out in this work for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water. This comparison is made especially to show the advantages and disadvantages and specifically the different detection limits (DL) that can be obtained for a given type of analysis. LLE is applicable only for determination of the THMs concentrations, while DAI, PAT, HS methods with different DL each of them are applicable for all VOCs, with PAT to be the most sensitive. Sampling apparatus and procedure for all these methods except of PAT are very simple and easy, but possible disadvantages for LLE and DAI are the low sensitivity and especially the detection only of THMs with LLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Golfinopoulos
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece.
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