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Abstract
BACKGROUND Midkine (MK) is a heparin binding growth factor and is involved in neurogenesis, neural development and neuroprotection. Additionally, MK may contribute to cancer development and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and schizophrenia. Considering these effects of MK, this study researched whether MK is involved in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) pathogenesis. METHODS We evaluated serum MK levels of 38 patients with ASD and 32 healthy control group. MK levels were measured with ELISA, while ASD severity was assessed with Childhood Autism Rating Scale. RESULTS Our data showed that the serum MK concentration in ASD patients (mean ± SD, 11.51 ± 8.53 pg/ml) is significantly higher than healthy controls (mean ± SD, 6.19 ± 3.94 pg/ml) (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS According to these results, MK may play a role in ASD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Esnafoglu
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Research and Training Hospital , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
| | - Selma Cirrik
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Ordu University , Ordu , Turkey
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Regulation of Stem Cell Properties of Müller Glia by JAK/STAT and MAPK Signaling in the Mammalian Retina. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1610691. [PMID: 28194183 PMCID: PMC5282447 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1610691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the neural retina does not spontaneously regenerate, and damage to the retina that kills retinal neurons results in permanent blindness. In contrast to embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonic/fetal retinal stem cells, Müller glia offer an intrinsic cellular source for regenerative strategies in the retina. Müller glia are radial glial cells within the retina that maintain retinal homeostasis, buffer ion flux associated with phototransduction, and form the blood/retinal barrier within the retina proper. In injured or degenerating retinas, Müller glia contribute to gliotic responses and scar formation but also show regenerative capabilities that vary across species. In the mammalian retina, regenerative responses achieved to date remain insufficient for potential clinical applications. Activation of JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling by CNTF, EGF, and FGFs can promote proliferation and modulate the glial/neurogenic switch. However, to achieve clinical relevance, additional intrinsic and extrinsic factors that restrict or promote regenerative responses of Müller glia in the mammalian retina must be identified. This review focuses on Müller glia and Müller glial-derived stem cells in the retina and phylogenetic differences among model vertebrate species and highlights some of the current progress towards understanding the cellular mechanisms regulating their regenerative response.
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Kerzerho J, Schneider A, Favry E, Castelli FA, Maillère B. The signal peptide of the tumor-shared antigen midkine hosts CD4+ T cell epitopes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13370-7. [PMID: 23553629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD4 T cell response to the tumor antigen Midkine was unknown. RESULTS Most of the T cell response to Midkine relies on T cell epitopes contained in its signal peptide. CONCLUSION The signal peptide of Midkine is accessible to HLA class II pathway for CD4 T cell presentation. SIGNIFICANCE It is a new function for signal peptides to contribute to tumor-specific CD4 T cell response. Because of the key role of CD4 T cell response in immunity to tumors, we investigated the CD4(+) T cell response to the recently identified tumor antigen Midkine (MDK). By weekly stimulations of T lymphocytes harvested from seven HLA-DR-typed healthy donors, we derived CD4(+) T cell lines specific for eight MDK peptides. Most of the T cell lines reacted with the peptides 9-23 and 14-28, located in and overlapping the MDK signal peptide, respectively. Accordingly, the MDK signal peptide appeared to be rich in good binders to common HLA-DR molecules. The peptide 9-23-specific T cell lines were specifically stimulated by autologous dendritic cells loaded with lysates of MDK-transfected cells or with lysates of tumor cells naturally expressing the MDK protein. One T cell line was stimulated by HLA-compatible MDK-transfected tumor cells. By contrast, the peptide 14-28-specific T cell lines were not stimulated in any of these conditions. Our data demonstrate that CD4(+) T cell epitopes present in the signal peptide can be accessible to recognition by CD4(+) T cells and may therefore contribute to tumor immunity, whereas a peptide overlapping the junction between the signal peptide and the mature protein is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kerzerho
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Labex LERMIT, Labex VRI, Gif Sur Yvette F-91191, France
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Kerzerho J, Adotevi O, Castelli FA, Dosset M, Bernardeau K, Szely N, Lang F, Tartour E, Maillere B. The Angiogenic Growth Factor and Biomarker Midkine Is a Tumor-Shared Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:418-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fujita S, Seki S, Fujiwara M, Ikeda T. Midkine expression correlating with growth activity and tooth morphogenesis in odontogenic tumors. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:694-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Sorensen G, Medina S, Parchaliuk D, Phillipson C, Robertson C, Booth SA. Comprehensive transcriptional profiling of prion infection in mouse models reveals networks of responsive genes. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:114. [PMID: 18315872 PMCID: PMC2294129 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prion infection results in progressive neurodegeneration of the central nervous system invariably resulting in death. The pathological effects of prion diseases in the brain are morphologically well defined, such as gliosis, vacuolation, and the accumulation of disease-specific protease-resistant prion protein (PrPSc). However, the underlying molecular events that lead to the death of neurons are poorly characterised. RESULTS In this study cDNA microarrays were used to profile gene expression changes in the brains of two different strains of mice infected with three strains of mouse-adapted scrapie. Extensive data was collected and analyzed, from which we identified a core group of 349 prion-related genes (PRGs) that consistently showed altered expression in mouse models. Gene ontology analysis assigned many of the up-regulated genes to functional groups associated with one of the primary neuropathological features of prion diseases, astrocytosis and gliosis; protein synthesis, inflammation, cell proliferation and lipid metabolism. Using a computational tool, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we were able to build networks of interacting genes from the PRG list. The regulatory cytokine TGFB1, involved in modulating the inflammatory response, was identified as the outstanding interaction partner for many of the PRGs. The majority of genes expressed in neurons were down-regulated; a number of these were involved in regulatory pathways including synapse function, calcium signalling, long-term potentiation and ERK/MAPK signalling. Two down-regulated genes coding for the transcription regulators, EGR1 and CREB1, were also identified as central to interacting networks of genes; these factors are often used as markers of neuronal activity and their deregulation could be key to loss of neuronal function. CONCLUSION These data provides a comprehensive list of genes that are consistently differentially expressed in multiple scrapie infected mouse models. Building networks of interactions between these genes provides a means to understand the complex interplay in the brain during neurodegeneration. Resolving the key regulatory and signaling events that underlie prion pathogenesis will provide targets for the design of novel therapies and the elucidation of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Sorensen
- Prion Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada.
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Abstract
Pleiotropin (PTN) is a secreted heparin-binding peptide expressed in mesodermal and neuroectodermal cells during development, but rarely in adult tissues. Although PTN is abundant in fetal or juvenile cartilage, it is undectable in mature cartilage. However, PTN is re-expressed in chondrocytes in early stages of osteoarthritis where it is detectable in situ and in synovial fluids from patients. PTN enhances chondrogenesis by stimulation of extra-cellular matrix synthesis, reduction of degrading matrix metalloproteases and induction of their inhibitors; PTN also slightly reduces pro-inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, PTN stimulates chondrocyte clustering and proliferation. Thus, PTN appears to mediate repair and protective processes in osteoarthritic cartilage and appears to be a promising factor to treat osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Mentlein
- University of Kiel, Department of Anatomy, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Mourlevat S, Debeir T, Ferrario JE, Delbe J, Caruelle D, Lejeune O, Depienne C, Courty J, Raisman-Vozari R, Ruberg M. Pleiotrophin mediates the neurotrophic effect of cyclic AMP on dopaminergic neurons: analysis of suppression-subtracted cDNA libraries and confirmation in vitro. Exp Neurol 2005; 194:243-54. [PMID: 15899261 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the particular vulnerability of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to toxins or gene mutations causing parkinsonism, we have taken advantage of a primary cell culture system in which these neurons die selectively. Antimitotic agents, such as cytosine arabinoside or cAMP, prevent the death of the neurons by arresting astrocyte proliferation. To identify factors implicated in either the death of the dopaminergic neurons or in the neuroprotective effect of cAMP, we constructed cDNA libraries enriched by subtractive hybridization and suppressive PCR in transcripts that are preferentially expressed in either control or cAMP-treated cultures. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified by hybridization of the enriched cDNAs with a commercially available cDNA expression array. The proteoglycan receptors syndecan-3 and the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta/beta were found among the transcripts preferentially expressed under control conditions, and their ligand, the cytokine pleiotrophin, was highly represented in the cDNA libraries for both conditions. Since pleiotrophin is expressed during embryonic and perinatal neural development and following lesions in the adult brain, we investigated its role in our cell culture model. Pleiotrophin was not responsible for the death of dopaminergic neurons under control conditions, or for their survival in cAMP-treated cultures. It was, however, implicated in the initial and cAMP-dependent enhancement of the differentiation of the dopaminergic neurons in our cultures. In addition, our experiments have provided evidence for a cAMP-dependent regulatory pathway leading to protease activation, and the identification of pleiotrophin as a target of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mourlevat
- INSERM U679, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Salama RHM, Muramatsu H, Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Ohgake S, Watanabe H, Komatsu N, Okamura N, Koike K, Shinoda N, Okada SI, Iyo M, Muramatsu T. Increased midkine levels in sera from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:611-6. [PMID: 15866365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a heparin binding growth factor and promotes growth, survival and migration of various cells including neurons. It is also known to accumulate in senile plaques of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the involvement of serum MK in the pathophysiology of AD, serum MK levels were determined in patients with AD (n=36) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n=32), using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum MK values of the patients with AD (median 560 and interquartile range (500-755) pg/ml) were significantly (U=278.5, P=0.0003, Mann-Whitney U-test) higher than those of the controls (median 500 and interquartile range (385-520) pg/ml). Moreover, 17 patients (47.2%) had abnormally high values of more than 600 pg/ml, but no controls (0%) did. There was no correlation between serum MK level and the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score in the patients. The demonstration of elevated MK levels in sera of patients with AD may contribute toward an understanding the pathophysiology of this disease, and provide a novel potential therapeutic strategy for decreasing neuronal damages in patients with AD. We found that serum MK levels in patients with AD were increased in comparison with those of normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa H M Salama
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Disease Models, Center for Neural Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Umehara Y, Yamada S, Nishimura S, Shioi J, Robakis NK, Sugahara K. Chondroitin sulfate of appican, the proteoglycan form of amyloid precursor protein, produced by C6 glioma cells interacts with heparin-binding neuroregulatory factors. FEBS Lett 2003; 557:233-8. [PMID: 14741373 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Appican produced by rat C6 glioma cells, the chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan form of the amyloid precursor protein, contains an E disaccharide, -GlcUA-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate)-, in its CS chain. In this study, the appican CS chain from rat C6 glioma cells was shown to specifically bind several growth/differentiation factors including midkine (MK) and pleiotrophin (PTN). In contrast, the appican CS from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells contained no E disaccharide and showed no binding to either MK or PTN. These findings indicate that the E motif is essential in the interaction of the appican CS chain with growth/differentiation factors, and suggest that glial appican may mediate the regulation of neuronal cell adhesion and migration and/or neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Umehara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Brunet-de Carvalho N, Raulais D, Rauvala H, Souttou B, Vigny M. HB-GAM/Pleiotrophin and Midkine are differently expressed and distributed during retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of P19 cells. Growth Factors 2003; 21:139-49. [PMID: 14708942 DOI: 10.1080/08977190310001621014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HB-GAM/Pleiotrophin and Midkine (MK) are developmentally-regulated proteins with putative functions during cell growth and differentiation. Using the P19 cell which is a model to study the events associated with early development, we examined the expression and cellular localization of HB-GAM and MK during neural differentiation of P19 cells induced by retinoic acid (RA). The temporal expressions of HB-GAM and MK transcripts and both the levels and cellular localizations of the corresponding proteins appeared dramatically different. MK mRNA, already expressed in untreated P19 cells, was transiently increased by exposure to RA and then largely down regulated. More interestingly, HB-GAM which was not detected in untreated P19 cells was strongly expressed after 2 days of RA treatment and this expression persists throughout the duration of the culture suggesting that it could be involved in different aspects of this differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brunet-de Carvalho
- INSERM U 440/ UPM, Signalisation et Différenciation Cellulaires dans les Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin F-75005 Paris, France
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Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Salama RHM, Watanabe H, Komatsu N, Okamura N, Koike K, Shinoda N, Nakazato M, Kumakiri C, Okada SI, Muramatsu H, Muramatsu T, Iyo M. Two clusters of serum midkine levels in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2003; 344:95-8. [PMID: 12782336 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor implicated in various biological phenomena such as development of the hippocampus and anxiety. We evaluated serum MK levels of drug-naive (n=15) and medicated (n=25) patients with schizophrenia, and age- and sex-matched normal controls (n=38). The patients showed two clusters in the levels. Four drug-naive patients (26.7%) and two medicated patients (8.0%) had abnormally high values, but no controls did, there being a significant difference in the numbers (P=0.003, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, in other patients, the mean MK levels in drug-naive schizophrenia (0.30+/-0.10 ng/ml) were significantly (P=0.018, Fisher's protected least significant difference test) decreased than those in the controls (0.40+/-0.12 ng/ml). These suggest that there are two clusters of serum MK abnormalities in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Abstract
Antiangiogenesis therapy has become a potentially promising tool to inhibit tumor growth by targeting an essential yet untransformed tissue component. Identifying the factors involved and understanding the mechanisms required for tumor angiogenesis will facilitate efficient and specific targeting. In neurofibromas, tumor growth is facilitated by a genetically and cytologically diverse mixture of cell types, including Schwann cells, fibroblast, mast cells, and neurons where nf-/- Schwann cells are most likely the tumorigenic cell type. The matrix forming nf+/- cells may provide a permissive environment, facilitating tumor development, perhaps by providing landscaping factors such as the angiogenic molecules fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet-derived growth factor, endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and midkine, which have been detected in neurofibromas. Systemic overexpression of specific factors such as midkine owing to loss of one nf allele might further lower the overall threshold for tumorigenesis and development of a tumor vasculature. Targeting these heparin-binding growth factors might inhibit not only angiogenesis but also proliferation of tumor cells because most of these factors also stimulate proliferation of neurofibroma-derived Schwann cells. We discuss the role of specific secreted molecules for angiogenesis in tumors of neurofibromatosis 1 and possible Approaches for their targeting. Furthermore, results are discussed that demonstrate the efficacy of antiangiogenesis targeting to inhibit growth of neurofibrosarcomas in experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurtz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusets General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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