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Pileggi S, Colombo EA, Ancona S, Quadri R, Bernardelli C, Colapietro P, Taiana M, Fontana L, Miozzo M, Lesma E, Sirchia SM. Dysfunction in IGF2R Pathway and Associated Perturbations in Autophagy and WNT Processes in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3586. [PMID: 38612397 PMCID: PMC11011696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder characterized by overgrowth, stemming from various genetic and epigenetic changes. This study delves into the role of IGF2 upregulation in BWS, focusing on insulin-like growth factor pathways, which are poorly known in this syndrome. We examined the IGF2R, the primary receptor of IGF2, WNT, and autophagy/lysosomal pathways in BWS patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines, showing different genetic and epigenetic defects. The findings reveal a decreased expression and mislocalization of IGF2R protein, suggesting receptor dysfunction. Additionally, our results point to a dysregulation in the AKT/GSK-3/mTOR pathway, along with imbalances in autophagy and the WNT pathway. In conclusion, BWS cells, regardless of the genetic/epigenetic profiles, are characterized by alteration of the IGF2R pathway that is associated with the perturbation of the autophagy and lysosome processes. These alterations seem to be a key point of the molecular pathogenesis of BWS and potentially contribute to BWS's characteristic overgrowth and cancer susceptibility. Our study also uncovers alterations in the WNT pathway across all BWS cell lines, consistent with its role in growth regulation and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Pileggi
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
| | - Elisa A. Colombo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
| | - Silvia Ancona
- Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy (E.L.)
| | - Roberto Quadri
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Bernardelli
- Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy (E.L.)
| | - Patrizia Colapietro
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Taiana
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fontana
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
- Unit of Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
- Unit of Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy (E.L.)
| | - Silvia M. Sirchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
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2
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Szablewski L. Insulin Resistance: The Increased Risk of Cancers. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:998-1027. [PMID: 38392069 PMCID: PMC10888119 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, also known as impaired insulin sensitivity, is the result of a decreased reaction of insulin signaling to blood glucose levels. This state is observed when muscle cells, adipose tissue, and liver cells, improperly respond to a particular concentration of insulin. Insulin resistance and related increased plasma insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia) may cause metabolic impairments, which are pathological states observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Observations of cancer patients confirm that hyperinsulinemia is a major factor influencing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Obesity and diabetes have been reported as risks of the initiation, progression, and metastasis of several cancers. However, both of the aforementioned pathologies may independently and additionally increase the cancer risk. The state of metabolic disorders observed in cancer patients is associated with poor outcomes of cancer treatment. For example, patients suffering from metabolic disorders have higher cancer recurrence rates and their overall survival is reduced. In these associations between insulin resistance and cancer risk, an overview of the various pathogenic mechanisms that play a role in the development of cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Szablewski
- Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Weis D, Lin LL, Wang HH, Li ZJ, Kusikova K, Ciznar P, Wolf HM, Leiss-Piller A, Wang Z, Wei X, Weis S, Skalicka K, Hrckova G, Danisovic L, Soltysova A, Yang TT, Feichtinger RG, Mayr JA, Qi L. Biallelic Cys141Tyr variant of SEL1L is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, agammaglobulinemia, and premature death. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e170882. [PMID: 37943617 PMCID: PMC10786703 DOI: 10.1172/jci170882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of lin-12-like-HMG-CoA reductase degradation 1 (SEL1L-HRD1) ER-associated degradation (ERAD) plays a critical role in many physiological processes in mice, including immunity, water homeostasis, and energy metabolism; however, its relevance and importance in humans remain unclear, as no disease variant has been identified. Here, we report a biallelic SEL1L variant (p. Cys141Tyr) in 5 patients from a consanguineous Slovakian family. These patients presented with not only ERAD-associated neurodevelopmental disorders with onset in infancy (ENDI) syndromes, but infantile-onset agammaglobulinemia with no mature B cells, resulting in frequent infections and early death. This variant disrupted the formation of a disulfide bond in the luminal fibronectin II domain of SEL1L, largely abolishing the function of the SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD complex in part via proteasomal-mediated self destruction by HRD1. This study reports a disease entity termed ENDI-agammaglobulinemia (ENDI-A) syndrome and establishes an inverse correlation between SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD functionality and disease severity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Weis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kepler University Hospital, School of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava and National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Liangguang L. Lin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Huilun H. Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Zexin Jason Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katarina Kusikova
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava and National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Ciznar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava and National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hermann M. Wolf
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Sigmund Freud Private University–Medical School, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Xiaoqiong Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
| | - Serge Weis
- Division of Neuropathology, Neuromed Campus, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Katarina Skalicka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava and National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Hrckova
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava and National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Andrea Soltysova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - René Günther Feichtinger
- University Children’s Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken Universitätsklinikum (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Mayr
- University Children’s Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken Universitätsklinikum (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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4
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Wu Z, Huang W, He X, Dutta S, Paul C, Fan GC, Kanisicak O, Xu M, Liang J, Wang Y. Myocardial IGF2R is a critical mediator of inflammation and fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.21.537835. [PMID: 37131709 PMCID: PMC10153233 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common occurrence in various surgical procedures used to treat heart diseases. However, the role of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) during the process of myocardial I/R remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the expression, distribution, and functionality of IGF2R in various I/R-associated models (such as reoxygenation, revascularization, and heart transplant). Loss-of-function studies (including myocardial conditional knockout and CRISPR interference) were performed to clarify the role of IGF2R in I/R injuries. Following hypoxia, IGF2R expression increased, but this effect was reversed upon restoration of oxygen levels. Loss of myocardial IGF2R was found to enhance the cardiac contractile functions, and reduced cell infiltration or cardiac fibrosis of I/R mouse models compared to the genotype control. CRISPR-inhibition of IGF2R decreased cell apoptotic death under hypoxia. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that myocardial IGF2R played a critical role in regulating the inflammatory response, innate immune response, and apoptotic process following I/R. Integrated analysis of the mRNA profiling, pulldown assays, and mass spectrometry identified granulocyte-specific factors as potential targets of myocardial IGF2R in the injured heart. In conclusion, myocardial IGF2R emerges as a promising therapeutic target to ameliorate inflammation or fibrosis following I/R injuries.
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Zhong Y, Ren X, Cao X, Xu Y, Song Y, Zhou Y, Mao F, Shen S, Wang Z, Sun Q. Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor is a key immune-related gene that is correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with triple-negative breast cancer: A bioinformatics analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871786. [PMID: 36330486 PMCID: PMC9624382 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This study aimed to identify immune-related genes that are associated with the prognosis of patients with TNBC as possible targets of immunotherapy, alongside their related tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). METHODS The clinical data and gene expression profiles of patients with breast cancer were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases and divided into training (n = 1,053) and verification (n = 508) groups. CIBERSORT was used to predict the differences in immune cell infiltration in patient subsets that were stratified according to risk. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was used to identify pathways associated with immune-related genes in patient subsets that were stratified according to risk. The clinical data and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) expression profiles of patients with breast cancer were extracted from METABRIC. The expression of IGF2R and TILs were evaluated in a cohort containing 282 untreated patients with TNBC. The correlations of IGF2R expression, TILs, and clinicopathological parameters with patient prognosis were analyzed in the whole cohort. RESULTS The prognostic model, which was composed of 26 immune-related gene pairs, significantly distinguished between high- and low-risk patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the model was an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer. Among the identified genes, the expression of IGF2R significantly distinguished between high- and low-risk patients in TCGA (P = 0.008) and in METABRIC patients (P < 0.001). The expression of IGF2R was significantly associated with clinical risk factors such as TNBC, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative expression, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive expression, and age ≤60 years old in METABRIC patients. In addition, the patients with IGF2R-positive expression had lower disease-free survival (DFS) rates than those with IGF2R-negative expression in the TNBC cohort (67.8% vs. 78.5%, P = 0.023). IGF2R expression also was significantly negatively correlated with TILs, particularly with CD8+ TILs and CD19+ TILs in the cohort of patients with TNBC. CONCLUSION IGF2R can be used as an indicator of a poor prognosis in patients with TNBC and as a potential target and research direction for TNBC immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Ren
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yidong Zhou
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Songjie Shen
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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Noncoding RNA actions through IGFs and IGF binding proteins in cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:3385-3393. [PMID: 35597813 PMCID: PMC9203274 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their regulatory proteins—IGF receptors and binding proteins—are strongly implicated in cancer progression and modulate cell survival and proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and metastasis. By regulating the bioavailability of the type-1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) ligands, IGF-1 and IGF-2, the IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) play essential roles in cancer progression. IGFBPs also influence cell communications through pathways that are independent of IGF1R activation. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which encompass a variety of RNA types including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have roles in multiple oncogenic pathways, but their many points of intersection with IGF axis functions remain to be fully explored. This review examines the functional interactions of miRNAs and lncRNAs with IGFs and their binding proteins in cancer, and reveals how the IGF axis may mediate ncRNA actions that promote or suppress cancer. A better understanding of the links between ncRNA and IGF pathways may suggest new avenues for prognosis and therapeutic intervention in cancer. Further, by exploring examples of intersecting ncRNA-IGF pathways in non-cancer conditions, it is proposed that new opportunities for future discovery in cancer control may be generated.
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7
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Beatty A, Rubin AM, Wada H, Heidinger B, Hood WR, Schwartz TS. Postnatal expression of IGF2 is the norm in amniote vertebrates. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212278. [PMID: 35193406 PMCID: PMC8864354 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin and insulin-like signalling (IIS) network plays an important role in mediating several life-history traits, including growth, reproduction and senescence. Although insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 1 and 2 are both key hormones in the vertebrate IIS network, research on IGF2 in juveniles and adults has been largely neglected because early biomedical research on rodents found negligible IGF2 postnatal expression. Here, we challenge this assumption and ask to what degree IGF2 is expressed during postnatal life across amniotes by quantifying the relative gene expression of IGF1 and IGF2 using publicly available RNAseq data for 82 amniote species and quantitative polymerase chain reaction on liver cDNA at embryonic, juvenile and adult stages for two lizard, bird and mouse species. We found that (i) IGF2 is expressed postnatally across amniote species and life stages-often at a higher relative expression than IGF1, contradicting rodent models; (ii) the lack of rodent postnatal IGF2 expression is due to phylogenetic placement, not inbreeding or artificial selection; and (iii) adult IGF2 expression is sex-biased in some species. Our results demonstrate that IGF2 expression is typical for amniotes throughout life, suggesting that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms mediating variation in life-history traits will require studies that measure both IGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Beatty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Alexander M. Rubin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Haruka Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Britt Heidinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Wendy R. Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tonia S. Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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8
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Aase-Remedios ME, Coll-Lladó C, Ferrier DEK. Amphioxus muscle transcriptomes reveal vertebrate-like myoblast fusion genes and a highly conserved role of insulin signalling in the metabolism of muscle. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:93. [PMID: 35105312 PMCID: PMC8805411 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation and functioning of muscles are fundamental aspects of animal biology, and the evolution of 'muscle genes' is central to our understanding of this tissue. Feeding-fasting-refeeding experiments have been widely used to assess muscle cellular and metabolic responses to nutrition. Though these studies have focused on vertebrate models and only a few invertebrate systems, they have found similar processes are involved in muscle degradation and maintenance. Motivation for these studies stems from interest in diseases whose pathologies involve muscle atrophy, a symptom also triggered by fasting, as well as commercial interest in the muscle mass of animals kept for consumption. Experimentally modelling atrophy by manipulating nutritional state causes muscle mass to be depleted during starvation and replenished with refeeding so that the genetic mechanisms controlling muscle growth and degradation can be understood. RESULTS Using amphioxus, the earliest branching chordate lineage, we address the gap in previous work stemming from comparisons between distantly related vertebrate and invertebrate models. Our amphioxus feeding-fasting-refeeding muscle transcriptomes reveal a highly conserved myogenic program and that the pro-orthologues of many vertebrate myoblast fusion genes were present in the ancestral chordate, despite these invertebrate chordates having unfused mononucleate myocytes. We found that genes differentially expressed between fed and fasted amphioxus were orthologous to the genes that respond to nutritional state in vertebrates. This response is driven in a large part by the highly conserved IGF/Akt/FOXO pathway, where depleted nutrient levels result in activation of FOXO, a transcription factor with many autophagy-related gene targets. CONCLUSION Reconstruction of these gene networks and pathways in amphioxus muscle provides a key point of comparison between the distantly related groups assessed thus far, significantly refining the reconstruction of the ancestral state for chordate myoblast fusion genes and identifying the extensive role of duplicated genes in the IGF/Akt/FOXO pathway across animals. Our study elucidates the evolutionary trajectory of muscle genes as they relate to the increased complexity of vertebrate muscles and muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Aase-Remedios
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Clara Coll-Lladó
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - David E K Ferrier
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK.
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9
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Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Vázquez-Mera S, Pichel JG, Salgado FJ. Involvement of IGF Proteins in Severe Allergic Asthma: New Roles for Old Players. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57:731-732. [PMID: 35698977 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vázquez-Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G Pichel
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES, ISCIII), Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Salgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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11
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Mahajan A, Sapehia D, Bagga R, Kaur J. Different dietary combinations of folic acid and vitamin B12 in parental diet results in epigenetic reprogramming of IGF2R and KCNQ1OT1 in placenta and fetal tissues in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:437-458. [PMID: 34008284 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is important for mammalian development and its dysregulation can cause various developmental defects and diseases. The study evaluated the effects of different dietary combinations of folic acid and B12 on epigenetic regulation of IGF2R and KCNQ1OT1 ncRNA in C57BL/6 mice model. Female mice were fed diets with nine combinations of folic acid and B12 for 4 weeks. They were mated and off-springs born (F1) were continued on the same diet for 6 weeks postweaning and were allowed to mate. The placenta and fetal (F2) tissues were collected at day 20 of gestation. Dietary deficiency of folate (BNFD and BOFD) and B12 (BDFN) with either state of other vitamin or combined deficiency of both vitamins (BDFD) in comparison to BNFN, were overall responsible for reduced expression of IGF2R in the placenta (F1) and the fetal liver (F2) whereas a combination of folate deficiency with different levels of B12 revealed sex-specific differences in kidney and brain. The alterations in the expression of IGF2R caused by folate-deficient conditions (BNFD and BOFD) and both deficient condition (BDFD) was found to be associated with an increase in suppressive histone modifications. Over-supplementation of either folate or B12 or both vitamins in comparison to BNFN, led to increase in expression of IGF2R and KCNQ1OT1 in the placenta and fetal tissues. The increase in the expression of IGF2R caused by folate over-supplementation (BNFO) was associated with decreased DNA methylation in fetal tissues. KCNQ1OT1 noncoding RNA (ncRNA), however, showed upregulation under deficient conditions of folate and B12 only in female fetal tissues which correlated well with hypomethylation observed under these conditions. An epigenetic reprograming of IGF2R and KCNQ1OT1 ncRNA in the offspring was evident upon different dietary combinations of folic acid and B12 in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatish Mahajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Divika Sapehia
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rashmi Bagga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jyotdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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12
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Vázquez-Mera S, Pichel JG, Salgado FJ. Involvement of IGF Proteins in Severe Allergic Asthma: New Roles for Old Players. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57:S0300-2896(21)00094-6. [PMID: 33836863 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vázquez-Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G Pichel
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES, ISCIII), Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Salgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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13
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Nieto‐Fontarigo JJ, González‐Barcala FJ, Andrade‐Bulos LJ, San‐José ME, Cruz MJ, Valdés‐Cuadrado L, Crujeiras RM, Arias P, Salgado FJ. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis reveals potential serum biomarkers of allergic and nonallergic asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:3171-3183. [PMID: 32424932 DOI: 10.1111/all.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes, endotypes and severities. Definition of these subgroups requires the identification of biomarkers in biological samples, and serum proteomics is a useful and minimally invasive method for this purpose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect serum proteins whose abundance is distinctively associated with different asthma phenotypes (allergic vs nonallergic) or severities. METHODS For each group of donors (32 healthy controls, 43 allergic rhinitis patients and 192 asthmatics with different phenotypes and severities), we generated two pools of sera that were analysed by a shotgun MS approach based on combinatorial peptide ligand libraries and iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS. RESULTS MS analyses identified 18 proteins with a differential abundance. Functional/network study of these proteins identified key processes for asthma pathogenesis, such as complement activation, extracellular matrix organization, platelet activation and degranulation, or post-translational protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, our results highlighted an enrichment of the "Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)" route in allergic asthma and the lectin pathway of complement activation in nonallergic asthma. Thus, several proteins (eg IGFALS, HSPG2, FCN2 or MASP1) displayed a differential abundance between the different groups of donors. Particularly, our results revealed IGFALS as a useful biomarker for moderate-severe allergic asthma. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a set of serum biomarkers, especially IGFALS, capable of differentiating allergic from nonallergic asthma. These proteins reveal different pathophysiological mechanisms and may be useful in the future for diagnosis, prognosis or targeted therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Nieto‐Fontarigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisco Javier González‐Barcala
- Department of Medicine Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre‐CIBERES Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Juan Andrade‐Bulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Esther San‐José
- Clinical Analysis Service University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Jesús Cruz
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre‐CIBERES Madrid Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine‐Hospital Vall d'Hebron Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Luis Valdés‐Cuadrado
- Department of Medicine Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rosa María Crujeiras
- Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Pilar Arias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Salgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
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14
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Understanding IGF-II Action through Insights into Receptor Binding and Activation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102276. [PMID: 33053840 PMCID: PMC7601145 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system regulates metabolic and mitogenic signaling through an intricate network of related receptors and hormones. IGF-II is one of several hormones within this system that primarily regulates mitogenic functions and is especially important during fetal growth and development. IGF-II is also found to be overexpressed in several cancer types, promoting growth and survival. It is also unique in the IGF system as it acts through both IGF-1R and insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A). Despite this, IGF-II is the least investigated ligand of the IGF system. This review will explore recent developments in IGF-II research including a structure of IGF-II bound to IGF-1R determined using cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM). Comparisons are made with the structures of insulin and IGF-I bound to their cognate receptors. Finally discussed are outstanding questions in the mechanism of action of IGF-II with the goal of developing antagonists of IGF action in cancer.
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15
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Garrett SM, Hsu E, Thomas JM, Pilewski JM, Feghali-Bostwick C. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II- mediated fibrosis in pathogenic lung conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225422. [PMID: 31765403 PMCID: PMC6876936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-II) levels are increased in fibrosing lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and scleroderma/systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SSc). Our goal was to investigate the contribution of IGF receptors to IGF-II-mediated fibrosis in these diseases and identify other potential mechanisms key to the fibrotic process. Cognate receptor gene and protein expression were analyzed with qRT-PCR and immunoblot in primary fibroblasts derived from lung tissues of normal donors (NL) and patients with IPF or SSc. Compared to NL, steady-state receptor gene expression was decreased in SSc but not in IPF. IGF-II stimulation differentially decreased receptor mRNA and protein levels in NL, IPF, and SSc fibroblasts. Neutralizing antibody, siRNA, and receptor inhibition targeting endogenous IGF-II and its primary receptors, type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R), IGF2R, and insulin receptor (IR) resulted in loss of the IGF-II response. IGF-II tipped the TIMP:MMP balance, promoting a fibrotic environment both intracellularly and extracellularly. Differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by IGF-II was blocked with a TGFβ1 receptor inhibitor. IGF-II also increased TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 expression, with subsequent activation of canonical SMAD2/3 signaling. Therefore, IGF-II promoted fibrosis through IGF1R, IR, and IGF1R/IR, differentiated fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, decreased protease production and extracellular matrix degradation, and stimulated expression of two TGFβ isoforms, suggesting that IGF-II exerts pro-fibrotic effects via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Garrett
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eileen Hsu
- Mid Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Mclean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Thomas
- Eisenhower Medical Center, Rancho Mirage, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Park JK, Kim KY, Sim YW, Kim YI, Kim JK, Lee C, Han J, Kim CU, Lee JE, Park S. Structures of three ependymin-related proteins suggest their function as a hydrophobic molecule binder. IUCRJ 2019; 6:729-739. [PMID: 31316816 PMCID: PMC6608618 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519007668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ependymin was first discovered as a predominant protein in brain extracellular fluid in fish and was suggested to be involved in functions mostly related to learning and memory. Orthologous proteins to ependymin called ependymin-related proteins (EPDRs) have been found to exist in various tissues from sea urchins to humans, yet their functional role remains to be revealed. In this study, the structures of EPDR1 from frog, mouse and human were determined and analyzed. All of the EPDR1s fold into a dimer using a monomeric subunit that is mostly made up of two stacking antiparallel β-sheets with a curvature on one side, resulting in the formation of a deep hydrophobic pocket. All six of the cysteine residues in the monomeric subunit participate in the formation of three intramolecular disulfide bonds. Other interesting features of EPDR1 include two asparagine residues with glycosylation and a Ca2+-binding site. The EPDR1 fold is very similar to the folds of bacterial VioE and LolA/LolB, which also use a similar hydrophobic pocket for their respective functions as a hydrophobic substrate-binding enzyme and a lipoprotein carrier, respectively. A further fatty-acid binding assay using EPDR1 suggests that it indeed binds to fatty acids, presumably via this pocket. Additional interactome analysis of EPDR1 showed that EPDR1 interacts with insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor and flotillin proteins, which are known to be involved in protein and vesicle translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Kuk Park
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Young Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Won Sim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-In Kim
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongran Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Un Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Eugene Lee
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYoun Park
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
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17
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Liou CJ, Tong M, Vonsattel JP, de la Monte SM. Altered Brain Expression of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Another Degenerative Disease Linked to Dysregulation of Insulin Metabolic Pathways. ASN Neuro 2019; 11:1759091419839515. [PMID: 31081340 PMCID: PMC6535914 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419839515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the third most common dementing neurodegenerative disease with nearly 80% having no known etiology. OBJECTIVE Growing evidence that neurodegeneration can be linked to dysregulated metabolism prompted us to measure a panel of trophic factors, receptors, and molecules that modulate brain metabolic function in FTLD. METHODS Postmortem frontal (Brodmann's area [BA]8/9 and BA24) and temporal (BA38) lobe homogenates were used to measure immunoreactivity to Tau, phosphorylated tau (pTau), ubiquitin, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and its receptor (TGF-β1R), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, tropomyosin receptor kinase, and insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and their receptors by direct-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS FTLD brains had significantly elevated pTau, ubiquitin, TGF-β1, and HNE immunoreactivity relative to control. In addition, BDNF and neurotrophin-4 were respectively reduced in BA8/9 and BA38, while neurotrophin-3 and nerve growth factor were upregulated in BA38, and tropomyosin receptor kinase was elevated in BA24. Lastly, insulin and insulin receptor expressions were elevated in the frontal lobe, IGF-1 was increased in BA24, IGF-1R was upregulated in all three brain regions, and IGF-2 receptor was reduced in BA24 and BA38. CONCLUSIONS Aberrantly increased levels of pTau, ubiquitin, HNE, and TGF-β1, marking neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, overlap with altered expression of insulin/IGF signaling ligand and receptors in frontal and temporal lobe regions targeted by FTLD. Dysregulation of insulin-IGF signaling networks could account for brain hypometabolism and several characteristic neuropathologic features that characterize FTLD but overlap with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Dementia with Lewy Body Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie J. Liou
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Neuropathology, Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jean P. Vonsattel
- New York Brain Bank, Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Neuropathology, Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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18
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Cao Y, Dong Z, Zhang D, Zhou H. Stillbirth risk on fat-1 transgenic foetus of sheep caused by deregulated DNA methylation of imprinted genes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1575224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanmin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Beneit N, Martín-Ventura JL, Rubio-Longás C, Escribano Ó, García-Gómez G, Fernández S, Sesti G, Hribal ML, Egido J, Gómez-Hernández A, Benito M. Potential role of insulin receptor isoforms and IGF receptors in plaque instability of human and experimental atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:31. [PMID: 29463262 PMCID: PMC5819698 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical complications associated with atherosclerotic plaques arise from luminal obstruction due to plaque growth or destabilization leading to rupture. We previously demonstrated that overexpression of insulin receptor isoform A (IRA) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) confers a proliferative and migratory advantage to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) promoting plaque growth in early stages of atherosclerosis. However, the role of insulin receptor (IR) isoforms, IGF-IR or insulin-like growth factor-II receptor (IGF-IIR) in VSMCs apoptosis during advanced atherosclerosis remains unclear. METHODS We evaluated IR isoforms expression in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques by consecutive immunoprecipitations of insulin receptor isoform B (IRB) and IRA. Western blot analysis was performed to measure IGF-IR, IGF-IIR, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in human plaques. The expression of those proteins, as well as the presence of apoptotic cells, was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in experimental atherosclerosis using BATIRKO; ApoE-/- mice, a model showing more aggravated vascular damage than ApoE-/- mice. Finally, apoptosis of VSMCs bearing IR (IRLoxP+/+ VSMCs), or not (IR-/- VSMCs), expressing IRA (IRA VSMCs) or expressing IRB (IRB VSMCs), was assessed by Western blot against cleaved caspase 3. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease of IRA/IRB ratio in human complicated plaques as compared to non-complicated regions. Moreover, complicated plaques showed a reduced IGF-IR expression, an increased IGF-IIR expression, and lower levels of α-SMA indicating a loss of VSMCs. In experimental atherosclerosis, we found a significant decrease of IRA with an increased IRB expression in aorta from 24-week-old BATIRKO; ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, atherosclerotic plaques from BATIRKO; ApoE-/- mice had less VSMCs content and higher number of apoptotic cells. In vitro experiments showed that IGF-IR inhibition by picropodophyllin induced apoptosis in VSMCs. Apoptosis induced by thapsigargin was lower in IR-/- VSMCs expressing higher IGF-IR levels as compared to IRLoxP+/+ VSMCs. Finally, IRB VSMCs are more prone to thapsigargin-induced apoptosis than IRA or IRLoxP+/+ VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS In advanced human atherosclerosis, a reduction of IRA/IRB ratio, decreased IGF-IR expression, or increased IGF-IIR may contribute to VSMCs apoptosis, promoting plaque instability and increasing the risk of plaque rupture and its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Beneit
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Martín-Ventura
- Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Rubio-Longás
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema García-Gómez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Fernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Letizia Hribal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jesús Egido
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Benito
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Guan SP, Lam ATL, Newman JP, Chua KLM, Kok CYL, Chong ST, Chua MLK, Lam PYP. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 facilitates MSC migration via cleavage of IGF-2/IGFBP2 complex. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 8:15-26. [PMID: 29321953 PMCID: PMC5757182 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanism underlying the tumor tropism of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cancer is not well defined. We previously showed that the migration potential of MSCs correlated with the expression and protease activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1. Furthermore, highly tumor‐tropic MSCs expressed higher levels of MMP‐1 and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐2 than poorly migrating MSCs. In this study, we examined the functional roles of IGF‐2 and MMP‐1 in mediating the tumor tropism of MSCs. Exogenous addition of either recombinant IGF‐2 or MMP‐1 could stimulate MSC migration. The correlation between IGF‐2, MMP‐1 expression, and MSC migration suggests that MMP‐1 may play a role in regulating MSC migration via the IGF‐2 signaling cascade. High concentrations of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) can inhibit IGF‐stimulated functions by blocking its binding to its receptors and proteolysis of IGFBP is an important mechanism for the regulation of IGF signaling. We thus hypothesized that MMP‐1 acts as an IGFBP2 proteinase, resulting in the cleavage of IGF‐2/IGFBP2 complex and extracellular release of free IGF‐2. Indeed, our results showed that conditioned media from highly migrating MSCs, which expressed high levels of MMP‐1, cleaved the IGF‐2/IGFBP2 complex. Taken together, these results showed that the MMP‐1 secreted by highly tumor‐tropic MSCs cleaved IGF‐2/IGFBP2 complex. Free IGF‐2 released from the complex may facilitate MSC migration toward tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou P Guan
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Alan T L Lam
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Present address: BTIASTAR Centros Singapore
| | - Jennifer P Newman
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Present address: Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd Singapore
| | - Kevin L M Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Catherine Y L Kok
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Siao T Chong
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Oncology Academic Program Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Paula Y P Lam
- Laboratory of Cancer Gene Therapy, Cellular and Molecular Research Division Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Center Singapore Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cells Biology Program Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore Singapore.,Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
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21
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Rotwein P. Large-scale analysis of variation in the insulin-like growth factor family in humans reveals rare disease links and common polymorphisms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9252-9261. [PMID: 28389567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors IGF1 and IGF2 are closely related proteins that are essential for normal growth and development in humans and other species and play critical roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. IGF actions are mediated by transmembrane receptors and modulated by IGF-binding proteins. The importance of IGF actions in human physiology is strengthened by the rarity of inactivating mutations in their genes and by the devastating impact caused by such mutations on normal development and somatic growth. Large-scale genome sequencing has the potential to provide new insights into human variation and disease susceptibility. Toward this end, the availability of DNA sequence data from 60,706 people through the Exome Aggregation Consortium has prompted the analyses presented here. Results reveal a broad range of potential missense and other alterations in the coding regions of every IGF family gene, but the vast majority of predicted changes were uncommon. The total number of different alleles detected per gene in the population varied over an ∼15-fold range, from 57 for IGF1 to 872 for IGF2R, although when corrected for protein length the rate ranged from 0.22 to 0.59 changes/codon among the 11 genes evaluated. Previously characterized disease-causing mutations in IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, or IGFALS all were found in the general population but with allele frequencies of <1:30,000. A few new highly prevalent amino acid polymorphisms were also identified. Collectively, these data provide a wealth of opportunities to understand the intricacies of IGF signaling and action in both physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotwein
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
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22
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Escribano O, Beneit N, Rubio-Longás C, López-Pastor AR, Gómez-Hernández A. The Role of Insulin Receptor Isoforms in Diabetes and Its Metabolic and Vascular Complications. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1403206. [PMID: 29201918 PMCID: PMC5671728 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1403206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) presents by alternative splicing two isoforms: IRA and IRB. The differential physiological and pathological role of both isoforms is not completely known, and it is determinant the different binding affinity for insulin-like growth factor. IRB is more abundant in adult tissues and it exerts mainly the metabolic actions of insulin, whereas IRA is mainly expressed in fetal and prenatal period and exerts mitogenic actions. However, the change in the expression profile of both IR isoforms and its dysregulation are associated with the development of different pathologies, such as cancer, insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In some of them, there is a significant increase of IRA/IRB ratio conferring a proliferative and migratory advantage to different cell types and favouring IGF-II actions with a sustained detriment in the metabolic effects of insulin. This review discussed specifically the role of IR isoforms as well as IGF-IR in diabetes and its associated complications as obesity and atherosclerosis. Future research with new IR modulators might be considered as possible targets to improve the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Escribano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Beneit
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Rubio-Longás
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. R. López-Pastor
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Gómez-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like signaling and target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) network regulates lifespan and reproduction, as well as metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. Despite its vital role in health, comparative analyses of IIS/TOR have been limited to invertebrates and mammals. We conducted an extensive evolutionary analysis of the IIS/TOR network across 66 amniotes with 18 newly generated transcriptomes from nonavian reptiles and additional available genomes/transcriptomes. We uncovered rapid and extensive molecular evolution between reptiles (including birds) and mammals: (i) the IIS/TOR network, including the critical nodes insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), exhibit divergent evolutionary rates between reptiles and mammals; (ii) compared with a proxy for the rest of the genome, genes of the IIS/TOR extracellular network exhibit exceptionally fast evolutionary rates; and (iii) signatures of positive selection and coevolution of the extracellular network suggest reptile- and mammal-specific interactions between members of the network. In reptiles, positively selected sites cluster on the binding surfaces of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), and insulin receptor (INSR); whereas in mammals, positively selected sites clustered on the IGF2 binding surface, suggesting that these hormone-receptor binding affinities are targets of positive selection. Further, contrary to reports that IGF2R binds IGF2 only in marsupial and placental mammals, we found positively selected sites clustered on the hormone binding surface of reptile IGF2R that suggest that IGF2R binds to IGF hormones in diverse taxa and may have evolved in reptiles. These data suggest that key IIS/TOR paralogs have sub- or neofunctionalized between mammals and reptiles and that this network may underlie fundamental life history and physiological differences between these amniote sister clades.
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are found in two regions in the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) adjacent to the lateral ventricles. Similarly to other somatic stem cells, adult NSCs are found within specialized niches that are organized to facilitate NSC self-renewal. Alterations in stem-cell homeostasis can contribute to the consequences of neurodegenerative diseases, healthy ageing and tissue repair after damage. Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) function in stem-cell homeostasis across species. Studies in the mammalian central nervous system support essential roles for IGF and/or insulin signalling in NSC self-renewal, neurogenesis, cognition and sensory function through distinct ligand-receptor interactions. IGF-II is of particular interest as a result of its production by the choroid plexus and presence in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF regulates and supports the development, division and migration of cells in the adult brain and is required for NSC maintenance. In this Review, we discuss emerging data on the functions of IGF-II and IGF and/or insulin receptor signalling in the context of NSC regulation in the SVZ and SGZ. We also propose a model for IGF-II in which the choroid plexus is a major component of the NSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Ziegler
- Department of Neurology &Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical &Health Sciences, Cancer Centre, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Neurology &Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical &Health Sciences, Cancer Centre, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Neurology &Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical &Health Sciences, Cancer Centre, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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25
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Rajapaksha H, Forbes BE. Ligand-Binding Affinity at the Insulin Receptor Isoform-A and Subsequent IR-A Tyrosine Phosphorylation Kinetics are Important Determinants of Mitogenic Biological Outcomes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:107. [PMID: 26217307 PMCID: PMC4493403 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that can mediate both metabolic and mitogenic biological actions. The IR isoform-A (IR-A) arises from alternative splicing of exon 11 and has different ligand binding and signaling properties compared to the IR isoform-B. The IR-A not only binds insulin but also insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) with high affinity. IGF-II acting through the IR-A promotes cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration by activating some unique signaling molecules compared to those activated by insulin. This observation led us to investigate whether the different IR-A signaling outcomes in response to IGF-II and insulin could be attributed to phosphorylation of a different subset of IR-A tyrosine residues or to the phosphorylation kinetics. We correlated IR-A phosphorylation to activation of molecules involved in mitogenic and metabolic signaling (MAPK and Akt) and receptor internalization rates (related to mitogenic signaling). We also extended this study to incorporate two ligands that are known to promote predominantly mitogenic [(His(4), Tyr(15), Thr(49), Ile(51)) IGF-I, qIGF-I] or metabolic (S597 peptide) biological actions, to see if common mechanisms can be used to define mitogenic or metabolic signaling through the IR-A. The threefold lower mitogenic action of IGF-II compared to insulin was associated with a decreased potency in activation of Y960, Y1146, Y1150, Y1151, Y1316, and Y1322, in MAPK phosphorylation and in IR-A internalization. With the poorly mitogenic S597 peptide, it was a decreased rate of tyrosine phosphorylation rather than potency that was associated with a low mitogenic potential. We conclude that both decreased affinity of IR-A binding and kinetics of IR-A phosphorylation can independently lead to a lower mitogenic activity. None of the studied parameters could account for the lower metabolic activity of qIGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinda Rajapaksha
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Briony E. Forbes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Briony E. Forbes, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders University of South Australia, C/O Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia,
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26
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Ou JM, Lian WS, Qiu MK, Dai YX, Dong Q, Shen J, Dong P, Wang XF, Liu YB, Quan ZW, Fei ZW. Knockdown of IGF2R suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in hemangioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1241-9. [PMID: 24968760 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II)/IGF2R signaling plays a pivotal role in cell growth, migration and differentiation in many malignancies. An individual with high IGF-II expression levels has a high risk of developing cancer, but IGF2R is often considered to be a tumor suppressor. To date, little has been reported about the role of IGF-II/IGF2R signaling in hemangiomas (HAs). Thus, uncovering the mechanisms of IGF-II/IGF2R signaling is very important to understanding the development of HAs. In the present study, the expression of IGF-II and IGF2R was investigated in 27 cases of HAs of different phases by immunohistochemistry. Through lentivirus-mediated IGF2R siRNA (Lv-siIGF2R) in HA-derived endothelial cells (HDECs), we observed the effects of IGF2R knockdown on the biological behavior of HA cells. We found that the expression of IGF-II and IGF2R was significantly increased in proliferating phase HAs, but decreased in involuting phase HAs. Furthermore, knockdown of IGF2R in vitro significantly diminished the proliferative activity and induced apoptosis and cycle arrest with decreased expression of PCNA, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Cyclin D1 and E and increased the expression of Bax in the proliferative phase HAs (HDEC and CRL-2586 EOMA cells). In addition, the tumor volumes in a subcutaneous HDEC nude mouse model treated with Lv-siIGF2R were significantly smaller than those of the control group. Taken together, our findings indicate that the expression of IGF-II and IGF2R is increased in proliferating phase HAs, and knockdown of IGF2R suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in HA cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that IGF2R may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of human HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - W-S Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - M-K Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Y-X Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Q Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - J Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - P Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - X-F Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Y-B Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Z-W Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Z-W Fei
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital (Chong Ming) Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 202150, P.R. China
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27
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Ziegler AN, Chidambaram S, Forbes BE, Wood TL, Levison SW. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and IGF-II analogs with enhanced insulin receptor-a binding affinity promote neural stem cell expansion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4626-33. [PMID: 24398690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to employ genetically engineered IGF-II analogs to establish which receptor(s) mediate the stemness promoting actions of IGF-II on mouse subventricular zone neural precursors. Neural precursors from the subventricular zone were propagated in vitro in culture medium supplemented with IGF-II analogs. Cell growth and identity were analyzed using sphere generation and further analyzed by flow cytometry. F19A, an analog of IGF-II that does not bind the IGF-2R, stimulated an increase in the proportion of neural stem cells (NSCs) while decreasing the proportion of the later stage progenitors at a lower concentration than IGF-II. V43M, which binds to the IGF-2R with high affinity but which has low binding affinity to the IGF-1R and to the A isoform of the insulin receptor (IR-A) failed to promote NSC growth. The positive effects of F19A on NSC growth were unaltered by the addition of a functional blocking antibody to the IGF-1R. Altogether, these data lead to the conclusion that IGF-II promotes stemness of NSCs via the IR-A and not through activation of either the IGF-1R or the IGF-2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Ziegler
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103-1709 and
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28
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Agis-Balboa RC, Fischer A. Generating new neurons to circumvent your fears: the role of IGF signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:21-42. [PMID: 23543251 PMCID: PMC11113432 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extinction of fear memory is a particular form of cognitive function that is of special interest because of its involvement in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. Based on recent literature and our previous findings (EMBO J 30(19):4071-4083, 2011), we propose a new hypothesis that implies a tight relationship among IGF signaling, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and fear extinction. Our proposed model suggests that fear extinction-induced IGF2/IGFBP7 signaling promotes the survival of neurons at 2-4 weeks old that would participate in the discrimination between the original fear memory trace and the new safety memory generated during fear extinction. This is also called "pattern separation", or the ability to distinguish similar but different cues (e.g., context). To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fear extinction is therefore of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Agis-Balboa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Grisebach Str. 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany,
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29
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Chu YK, Wang SZ, Liu YL, Kang ZL. Relationship between insulin/insulin-like growth factor and liver regeneration. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3961-3964. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i35.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers, and the main treatments include intervention, radiofrequency ablation, surgical resection and liver transplantation. Metastasis and recurrence contribute greatly to the high mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, many efforts have been taken to find the ways to promote liver regeneration after liver resection. This article will discuss the relationship between liver regeneration and insulin/insulin-like growth factor.
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30
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Dynkevich Y, Rother KI, Whitford I, Qureshi S, Galiveeti S, Szulc AL, Danoff A, Breen TL, Kaviani N, Shanik MH, Leroith D, Vigneri R, Koch CA, Roth J. Tumors, IGF-2, and hypoglycemia: insights from the clinic, the laboratory, and the historical archive. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:798-826. [PMID: 23671155 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumors of mesenchymal and epithelial origin produce IGF-2, which activates pathways in the tumors. In a minority of patients, the tumors (hepatomas, fibromas, and fibrosarcomas are the most common among many) release into the circulation enough IGF-2-related peptides to mimic the fasting hypoglycemia characteristic of patients with insulin-producing islet-cell tumors. Rarely, markedly elevated IGF-2 levels produce somatic changes suggestive of acromegaly. Typically, the elevated IGF-2 levels are associated with suppressed plasma levels of insulin, IGF-1, and GH. Complicating the pathophysiology are the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) that can bind IGF-2 and IGF-1, modifying hormone metabolism and action. IGFBP concentrations are often altered in the presence of these tumors. At the cellular level, the 3 hormone-related ligands, IGF-2, IGF-1, and insulin, all bind to 4 (or more) types of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR). Each receptor has its own characteristic affinity for each ligand, a tyrosine kinase, and overlapping profiles of action in the target cells. The IGF-2R, in addition to binding mannose-6-phosphate-containing proteins, provides an IGF-2 degradation pathway. Recent evidence suggests IGF-2R involvement also in signal transduction. Surgery, the treatment of choice, can produce a cure. For patients not cured by surgery, multiple therapies exist, for the tumor and for hypoglycemia. Potential future therapeutic approaches are sketched. From 1910 to 1930, hypoglycemia, insulin, insulinomas, and non-islet-cell tumors were recognized. The latter third of the century witnessed the emergence of the immunoassay for insulin; the IGFs, their binding proteins, and assays to measure them; and receptors for the insulin-related peptides as well as the intracellular pathways beyond the receptor. In closing, we replace non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia, an outdated and misleading label, with IGF-2-oma, self-explanatory and consistent with names of other hormone-secreting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Dynkevich
- MD, FACP, Investigator, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030.
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31
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Aad PY, Echternkamp SE, Spicer LJ. Possible role of IGF2 receptors in regulating selection of 2 dominant follicles in cattle selected for twin ovulations and births. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 45:187-95. [PMID: 24209503 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abundance of IGF-2 receptor (IGF2R), FSH receptor (FSHR), and LH receptor (LHCGR) mRNA in granulosa cells (GCs) or theca cells (TCs) or both cells as well as estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and androstenedione concentrations in follicular fluid were compared in cows genetically selected (Twinner) or not selected (control) for multiple ovulations and twin births. Cows were slaughtered at day 3 to 4 (day 3) and day 5 to 6 (day 5) of an estrous cycle, and ovaries, follicular fluid, GCs, and TCs were collected. The two largest (F1 and F2) E2-active (EA) and E2-inactive (EI) follicles were selected according to their E2-to-P4 ratio and diameter. Androstenedione levels in EA F1 and F2 follicles were 5-fold greater (P < 0.05) in Twinner cows than in control cows on day 3 but did not differ on day 5. Twinner cows also had greater (P < 0.05) E2 and P4 concentrations, whereas steroid levels in EI follicles did not differ (P > 0.10) between genotypes. In EA F2 follicles, IGF2R levels in GCs were greater (P < 0.05) in control cows than in Twinner cows on day 3 and day 5, whereas IGF2R mRNA in TCs did not differ (P > 0.10). On day 3, FSHR mRNA levels were greater (P < 0.05) in GCs of EA F1 and EI F2 follicles of control cows than of Twinner cows. LH receptor mRNA expression was less in GCs and greater in TCs of EA F2 follicles in control cows than in Twinner cows (P < 0.05). We hypothesize that reduced GC IGF2R expression in F2 follicles of Twinner cows may play a role in the development of 2 or more dominant follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Aad
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, 114 Animal Science Bldg., Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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32
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Stützer I, Selevsek N, Esterházy D, Schmidt A, Aebersold R, Stoffel M. Systematic proteomic analysis identifies β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 2 and 1 (BACE2 and BACE1) substrates in pancreatic β-cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10536-47. [PMID: 23430253 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.444703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of functional islet β-cell mass is a physiological process to compensate for increased insulin demand. Deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of the plasma membrane protease BACE2 enhances pancreatic β-cell function and proliferation, and therefore BACE2 is a putative target for the therapeutic intervention under conditions of β-cell loss and dysfunction. To gain a molecular understanding of BACE2 function, we performed a systematic and quantitative proteomic analysis to map the natural substrate repertoire of BACE2 and its homologue BACE1 in β-cells. Loss- and gain-of-function studies of in vitro and in vivo models identified specific and functionally heterogeneous targets. Our analysis revealed non-redundant roles of BACE1/2 in ectodomain shedding with BACE1 regulating a broader and BACE2 a more distinct set of β-cell-enriched substrates including two proteins of the seizure 6 protein family (SEZ6L and SEZ6L2). Lastly, our study provides insights into the global β-cell sheddome and secretome, an important prerequisite to uncover novel mechanisms contributing to β-cell homeostasis and a resource for therapeutic target and biomarker discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Stützer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Bergman D, Halje M, Nordin M, Engström W. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 in Development and Disease: A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2013; 59:240-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000343995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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34
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Custodio RJ, do Carmo Custodio VI, Scrideli CA, Sader Milani SL, Cervi MC, Cupo P, Martinelli CE. Impact of hypoxia on IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, ALS and IGFBP-1 regulation and on IGF1R gene expression in children. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:186-191. [PMID: 22901623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hypoxia is one of many factors involved in the regulation of the IGF system. However, no information is available regarding the regulation of the IGF system by acute hypoxia in humans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute hypoxia on the IGF system of children. DESIGN Twenty-seven previously health children (14 boys and 13 girls) aged 15 days to 9.5 years were studied in two different situations: during a hypoxemic state (HS) due to acute respiratory distress and after full recovery to a normoxemic state (NS). In these two situations oxygen saturation was assessed with a pulse-oximeter and blood samples were collected for serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, ALS and insulin determination by ELISA; fluoroimmunometric assay determination for GH and also for IGF1R gene expression analysis in peripheral lymphocytes by quantitative real-time PCR. Data were paired and analyzed by the Wilcoxon non-parametric test. RESULTS Oxygen saturation was significantly lower during HS than in NS (P<0.0001). IGF-I and IGF-II levels were lower during HS than in NS (P<0.0001 and P=0.0004, respectively). IGFBP-3 levels were also lower in HS than in NS (P=0.0002) while ALS and basal GH levels were higher during HS (P=0.0015 and P=0.014, respectively). Moreover, IGFBP-1 levels were higher during HS than in NS (P=0.004). No difference was found regarding insulin levels. The expression of IGF1R mRNA as 2(-ΔΔCT) was higher during HS than in NS (P=0.03). CONCLUSION The above results confirm a role of hypoxia in the regulation of the IGF system also in humans. This effect could be direct on the liver and/or mediated by GH and it is not restricted to the hepatocytes but involves other cell lines. During acute hypoxia a combination of alterations usually associated with reduced IGF action was observed. The higher expression of IGF1R mRNA may reflect an up-regulation of the transcriptional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo José Custodio
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, University Hospital, Brazil.
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35
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Rajapaksha H, Alvino C, McCarthy P, Forbes BE. The insulin-like growth factor mutation database (IGFmdb). Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:158-166. [PMID: 22698731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), and insulin are evolutionarily conserved hormonal regulators of eukaryotic growth and development. Through interactions with their cognate receptors, all three molecules can influence cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival, as well as metabolic processes. As such, perturbations in signaling by IGFs and insulin are a well-documented cause of altered growth, development and survival during both embryonic and post-natal life. A key approach in understanding how IGFs and insulin elicit their biological effects has been through identifying structural features of the ligands that influence their receptor interactions. Over the years, the study of many hundreds of specifically engineered IGF and insulin analogues has provided a wealth of knowledge about how specific residues of these ligands contribute to ligand:receptor interactions. Some analogues have even provided the basis for designing therapeutic agents for the treatment of IGF and insulin-related diseases. As the list of IGF and insulin analogues continues to grow we find that, while many have been produced and studied, it would be of considerable value to have a central repository from which information about specific analogues and their receptor binding data were readily available in an easily searchable and comparable format. To address this, we have created the "Insulin-like growth factor mutation database" (IGFmdb). The IGFmdb is a web-based curated database of annotated ligand analogues and their receptor binding affinities that can be accessed via http://www.adelaide.edu.au/igfmutation. Currently the IGFmdb contains receptor-binding data for 67 IGF-II analogues that were publicly accessible prior to 2012, as well as 67 IGF-I analogues, including all of those produced and characterised in our laboratory. A small number of these are IGF species homologues. There are also 32 insulin analogues within IGFmdb that were reported within the included IGF analogue studies, representing only a small fraction of existing insulin mutants. Future developments of the IGFmdb will incorporate receptor-binding data for all publicly accessible IGF-I analogues and the data will be expanded to include IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinda Rajapaksha
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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36
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Kent LN, Ohboshi S, Soares MJ. Akt1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) regulate placentation and fetal/postnatal development. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 56:255-61. [PMID: 22562201 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.113407lk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic characterization of Akt1 and Igf2 null mice has revealed roles for each in the regulation of placentation, and fetal and postnatal growth. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is encoded by the Igf2 gene and influences cellular function, at least in part, through activation of an intracellular serine/threonine kinase called AKT1. Akt1 and Igf2 null mice were originally characterized on inbred and mixed genetic backgrounds, prohibiting direct comparisons of their phenotypes. The impact of loss of AKT1 or IGF2 on placental, fetal, and postnatal function were examined following transfer of Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations to an outbred CD1 genetic background. Disruption of IGF2 did not affect AKT expression or activation. Both Akt1-/- and Igf2-/- mice exhibited decreased placental weight, fetal weight and viability. Deregulation of placental growth was similar in Akt1 and Igf2 nulls; however, disruption of Igf2 had a more severe impact on prenatal survival and postnatal growth. Placental structure, including organization of junctional and labyrinth zones and development of the interstitial, invasive, trophoblast lineage, were similar in mutant and wild-type mice. Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations affected postnatal growth. The relative impact of each gene differed during pre-weaning versus post-weaning growth phases. AKT1 had a more significant role during pre-weaning growth, whereas IGF2 was a bigger contributor to post-weaning growth. Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations impact placental, fetal and postnatal growth. Placental phenotypes are similar; however, fetal and postnatal growth patterns are unique to each mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Kent
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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37
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Ramakrishnan R, Huang C, Cho HI, Lloyd M, Johnson J, Ren X, Altiok S, Sullivan D, Weber J, Celis E, Gabrilovich DI. Autophagy induced by conventional chemotherapy mediates tumor cell sensitivity to immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5483-93. [PMID: 22942258 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy attenuates the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy but its effects on immunotherapy have been little studied. Here, we report that chemotherapy renders tumor cells more susceptible to lysis by CTL in vivo. Moreover, bystander tumor cells that did not express antigen were killed by CTL. This effect was mediated by transient but dramatic upregulation of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR) on the tumor cell surface. Antitumor effects of combined treatment related to the kinetics of MPR upregulation and abrogation of this event abolished the combined effect of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. MPR accumulation on the tumor cell surface during chemotherapy was observed in different mouse tumor models and in patients with multiple myeloma. Notably, this effect was the result of redistribution of the receptor caused by chemotherapy-inducible autophagy. Together, our findings reveal one molecular mechanism through which the antitumor effects of conventional cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Ramakrishnan
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Leksa V, Pfisterer K, Ondrovičová G, Binder B, Lakatošová S, Donner C, Schiller HB, Zwirzitz A, Mrvová K, Pevala V, Kutejová E, Stockinger H. Dissecting mannose 6-phosphate-insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor complexes that control activation and uptake of plasminogen in cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22450-62. [PMID: 22613725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.339663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen (Plg) activation cascade on the cell surface plays a central role in cell migration and is involved in a plethora of physiological and pathological processes. Its regulation is coordinated by many receptors, in particular the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, CD87), receptors that physically interact and functionally cooperate with uPAR, and Plg binding molecules. Here we studied the impact of one of the Plg binding molecules, the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P-IGF2R, CD222), on cellular Plg activation. By developing both in vitro and in vivo Plg activation assays on size-fractionated lysates of M6P-IGF2R-silenced cells, we identified Plg-associated complexes with M6P-IGF2R as the regulatory factor. Using lipid raft preserving versus dissolving detergents, we found lipid dependence of the Plg regulatory function of these complexes. Furthermore, M6P-IGF2R-silencing in uPAR-positive human cell lines reduced internalization of Plg, resulting in elevated Plg activation. In contrast, the expression of human M6P-IGF2R in mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from M6P-IGF2R knock-out mice enhanced Plg internalization. Finally, peptide 18-36 derived from the Plg-binding site within M6P-IGF2R enhanced Plg uptake. Thus, by targeting Plg to endocytic pathways, M6P-IGF2R appears to control Plg activation within cells that might be important to restrict plasmin activity to specific sites and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Leksa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant types of cancer. It has a rapid course and carries a poor prognosis. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a complex multi-step and multi-factorial process. Recent studies have discovered the association between the dysregulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-related signaling pathways and pathogenesis of liver cancer. IGFs are multifunctional cell proliferation regulatory factors and play an important role in fetal development, central nervous system development and cancer cell proliferation. The biological activity of IGFs is regulated by a complex regulatory network which consists of different types of receptors, IGF-binding proteins and IGF binding-related proteins. This review focuses on the changes in the IGF axis and IGF-related signaling pathways in liver tumorigenesis and their application in targeted therapy for liver cancer.
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The molecular basis of IGF-II/IGF2R recognition: a combined molecular dynamics simulation, free-energy calculation and computational alanine scanning study. J Mol Model 2011; 18:1421-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Castonguay AC, Olson LJ, Dahms NM. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor homology (MRH) domain-containing lectins in the secretory pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:815-26. [PMID: 21723917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mannose 6-phosphate receptor homology (MRH) domain-containing family of proteins, which include recycling receptors (mannose 6-phosphate receptors, MPRs), resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins (glucosidase II β-subunit, XTP3-B, OS-9), and a Golgi glycosyltransferase (GlcNAc-phosphotransferase γ-subunit), are characterized by the presence of one or more MRH domains. Many MRH domains act as lectins and bind specific phosphorylated (MPRs) or non-phosphorylated (glucosidase II β-subunit, XTP3-B and OS-9) high mannose-type N-glycans. The MPRs are the only proteins known to bind mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) residues via their MRH domains. SCOPE OF REVIEW Recent biochemical and structural studies that have provided valuable insight into the glycan specificity and mechanisms of carbohydrate recognition by this diverse group of MRH domain-containing proteins are highlighted. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Currently, three-dimensional structures are known for ten MRH domains, revealing the conservation of a similar fold. OS-9 and the MPRs use the same four residues (Gln, Arg, Glu, and Tyr) to bind mannose. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The MRH domain-containing proteins play key roles in the secretory pathway: glucosidase II, XTP3-B, and OS-9 are involved in the recognition of nascent glycoproteins, whereas the MPRs play an essential role in lysosome biogenesis by targeting Man-6-P-containing lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Castonguay
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Leksa V, Loewe R, Binder B, Schiller HB, Eckerstorfer P, Forster F, Soler-Cardona A, Ondrovičová G, Kutejová E, Steinhuber E, Breuss J, Drach J, Petzelbauer P, Binder BR, Stockinger H. Soluble M6P/IGF2R Released by TACE Controls Angiogenesis via Blocking Plasminogen Activation. Circ Res 2011; 108:676-85. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.234732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system is among the most crucial pericellular proteolytic systems associated with the processes of angiogenesis. We previously identified an important regulator of the uPA system in the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R).
Objective:
Here, we wanted to clarify whether and how did the soluble form of M6P/IGF2R (sM6P/IGF2R) contribute to modulation of the uPA system.
Methods and Results:
By using specific inhibitors and RNA interference, we show that the tumor necrosis factor α convertase (TACE, ADAM-17) mediates the release of the ectodomain of M6P/IGF2R from human endothelial cells. We demonstrate further that sM6P/IGF2R binds plasminogen (Plg) and thereby prevents Plg from binding to the cell surface and uPA, ultimately inhibiting in this manner Plg activation. Furthermore, peptide 18-36 derived from the Plg-binding site of M6P/IGF2R mimics sM6P/IGF2R in the inhibition of Plg activation and blocks cancer cell invasion in vitro, endothelial cell invasion in vivo, and tumor growth in vivo.
Conclusions:
The interaction of sM6P/IGF2R with Plg may be an important regulatory mechanism to inhibit migration of cells using the uPA/uPAR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Leksa
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Robert Loewe
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Brigitte Binder
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Herbert B. Schiller
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Paul Eckerstorfer
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Florian Forster
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Ana Soler-Cardona
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Eva Kutejová
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Eva Steinhuber
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Johannes Breuss
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Johannes Drach
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Bernd R. Binder
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- From the Molecular Immunology Unit (V.L., B.B., H.B.S., P.E., F.F., E.S., H.S.), Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology (V.L., G.O., E.K.), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Dermatology (R.L., A.S.-C., P.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (J.B., B.R.B.), Center for
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Turan N, Katari S, Gerson LF, Chalian R, Foster MW, Gaughan JP, Coutifaris C, Sapienza C. Inter- and intra-individual variation in allele-specific DNA methylation and gene expression in children conceived using assisted reproductive technology. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001033. [PMID: 20661447 PMCID: PMC2908687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported a higher incidence of rare disorders involving imprinted genes among children conceived using assisted reproductive technology (ART), suggesting that ART procedures may be disruptive to imprinted gene methylation patterns. We examined intra- and inter-individual variation in DNA methylation at the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the IGF2/H19 and IGF2R loci in a population of children conceived in vitro or in vivo. We found substantial variation in allele-specific methylation at both loci in both groups. Aberrant methylation of the maternal IGF2/H19 DMR was more common in the in vitro group, and the overall variance was also significantly greater in the in vitro group. We estimated the number of trophoblast stem cells in each group based on approximation of the variance of the binomial distribution of IGF2/H19 methylation ratios, as well as the distribution of X chromosome inactivation scores in placenta. Both of these independent measures indicated that placentas of the in vitro group were derived from fewer stem cells than the in vivo conceived group. Both IGF2 and H19 mRNAs were significantly lower in placenta from the in vitro group. Although average birth weight was lower in the in vitro group, we found no correlation between birth weight and IGF2 or IGF2R transcript levels or the ratio of IGF2/IGF2R transcript levels. Our results show that in vitro conception is associated with aberrant methylation patterns at the IGF2/H19 locus. However, very little of the inter- or intra-individual variation in H19 or IGF2 mRNA levels can be explained by differences in maternal DMR DNA methylation, in contrast to the expectations of current transcriptional imprinting models. Extraembryonic tissues of embryos cultured in vitro appear to be derived from fewer trophoblast stem cells. It is possible that this developmental difference has an effect on placental and fetal growth. We have screened a population of children conceived in vitro for epigenetic alterations at two loci that carry parent-of-origin specific methylation marks. We made the observation that epigenetic variability was greater in extraembryonic tissues than embryonic tissues in both groups, as has also been demonstrated in the mouse. The greater level of intra-individual variation in extraembryonic tissues of the in vitro group appears to result from these embryos having fewer trophoblast stem cells. We also made the unexpected observation that variability in parental origin-dependent epigenetic marking was poorly correlated with gene expression. In fact, there is such a high level of inter-individual variation in IGF2 transcript level that the presumed half-fold reduction in IGF2 mRNA accounted for by proper transcriptional imprinting versus complete loss of imprinting would account for less than 5% of the total population variance. Given this level of variability in the expression of an imprinted gene, the presumed operation of “parental conflict” as the selective force acting to maintain imprinted gene expression at the IGF2/H19 locus in the human should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Turan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sunita Katari
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leigh F. Gerson
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raffi Chalian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Foster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John P. Gaughan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christos Coutifaris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carmen Sapienza
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Baxter RC, Twigg SM. Actions of IGF binding proteins and related proteins in adipose tissue. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:499-505. [PMID: 19801194 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), their binding proteins (IGFBPs) and structurally related proteins have been identified in adipose tissue but their roles in adipose tissue are poorly understood. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 expression increase during human preadipocyte differentiation. However, whereas IGF-I stimulates this process, IGFBP-3 is inhibitory both to preadipocyte differentiation and to differentiated adipocyte function. The direct interaction of IGFBP-3 with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is believed to contribute to its inhibitory effect on differentiation. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) shares weak structural homology and functional similarities with IGFBP-3, including inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation. This review examines the current knowledge of IGFBP regulation and actions in adipocytes and proposes a common regulatory pathway involving IGFBP-3 and CTGF/CCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards NSW 2065, Australia.
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45
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Brown J, Jones EY, Forbes BE. Keeping IGF-II under control: Lessons from the IGF-II–IGF2R crystal structure. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:612-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Kim JJP, Olson LJ, Dahms NM. Carbohydrate recognition by the mannose-6-phosphate receptors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2009; 19:534-42. [PMID: 19801188 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The two P-type lectins, the 46kDa cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor (CD-MPR), and the 300kDa cation-independent Man-6-P receptor (CI-MPR), are the founding members of the growing family of mannose-6-phosphate receptor homology (MRH) proteins. A major cellular function of the MPRs is to transport Man-6-P-containing acid hydrolases from the Golgi to endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Recent advances in the structural analyses of both CD-MPR and CI-MPR have revealed the structural basis for phosphomannosyl recognition by these receptors and provided insights into how the receptors load and unload their cargo. A surprising finding is that the CD-MPR is dynamic, with at least two stable quaternary states, the open (ligand-bound) and closed (ligand-free) conformations, similar to those of hemoglobin. Ligand binding stabilizes the open conformation; changes in the pH of the environment at the cell surface and in endosomal compartments weaken the ligand-receptor interaction and/or weaken the electrostatic interactions at the subunit interface, resulting in the closed conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ja P Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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