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Mazingi DS, Mutambanengwe P, Zimunhu T, Gwatirisa T, Mbuwayesango BA, Munanzvi K, Muparadzi C, Moyo M, Mwanza Y. Intestinal Evisceration in Children From the Bite of the Domestic Pig, Sus scrofa domesticus: A Report of Two Cases. Wilderness Environ Med 2019; 30:454-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bujold AR, Shure AE, Liu R, Kropinski AM, MacInnes JI. Investigation of putative invasion determinants of Actinobacillus species using comparative genomics. Genomics 2018; 111:59-66. [PMID: 29317305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus spp. are Gram-negative bacteria associated with mucosal membranes. While some are commensals, others can cause important human and animal diseases. A. pleuropneumoniae causes severe fibrinous hemorrhagic pneumonia in swine but not systemic disease whereas other species invade resulting in septicemia and death. To understand the invasive phenotype of Actinobacillus spp., complete genomes of eight isolates were obtained and pseudogenomes of five isolates were assembled and annotated. Phylogenetically, A. suis isolates clustered by surface antigen type and were more closely related to the invasive A. ureae, A. equuli equuli, and A. capsulatus than to the other swine pathogen, A. pleuropneumoniae. Using the LS-BSR pipeline, 251 putative virulence genes associated with serum resistance and invasion were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide study of the genus Actinobacillus and should contribute to a better understanding of host tropism and mechanisms of invasion of pathogenic Actinobacillus and related genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina R Bujold
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andrew E Shure
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet I MacInnes
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal bites are a major public health problem, it is estimated that 2% of the population is bitten each year. Most bites are by dogs and the risk factors include young children, men, certain breeds of dogs and untrained dogs. The risk of infection after bites differs between animal species and depends on the animal teeth and oral flora. CONCLUSIONS Animal bites are still a major cause of morbidity in patients of all ages and have caused several preventable childhood deaths. These wounds often become infected. If the wound requires it, early surgical evaluation must be performed. The use of antibiotics is only recommended for high risk bite wounds.
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First Human Case of Meningitis and Sepsis in a Child Caused by Actinobacillus suis or Actinobacillus equuli. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1990-2. [PMID: 25878346 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00339-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first human case of meningitis and sepsis caused in a child by Actinobacillus suis or A. equuli, a common opportunistic pathogen of swine or horses, respectively. Identification was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and real-time PCR assay. A previous visit to a farm was suspected as the source of infection.
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Hall AB, Smith D, Palmer J. Case report: Pig attack with successful postexposure prophylaxis management. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 32:492.e3-4. [PMID: 24332899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The domesticated pig or boar is ubiquitous to agriculture around the world and is an important food product in most countries. The males that are able to grow tusks that can approach 5 in are the primary contributor to morbidity and mortality from boar attacks. Literature surrounding domesticated boar attacks is sparse. There are no published cases of domesticated boar attacks that describe successful bacterial postexposure prophylaxis. We present a case report of an attack on an adult female by a domesticated boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brad Hall
- Emergency Department, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA.
| | - David Smith
- Emergency Department, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
| | - Jillian Palmer
- Emergency Department, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
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Maxillofacial injuries due to animal bites. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2013; 14:142-53. [PMID: 26028828 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-013-0593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal bites are a significant public health problem, with the majority of bites coming from dogs, cats and humans. These may present as punctures, abrasions, tears, or avulsions. The force and relative bluntness of the teeth also increases the possibility of a crush injury with devitalized tissue .The clinical presentation and appropriate treatment of infected bite wounds vary according to the animal and causative organisms. These wounds have always been considered complex injuries contaminated with a unique polymicrobial inoculum. MATERIALS This article reviews animal bite wound incidence, bacteriology, risk factors for complications, evaluation components, recommended treatment and prevention based on advanced PUBMED search of the English language literature from the years 1970 to present. CONCLUSION As the bite wounds are frequently located on the face, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon needs to be familiar with the treatment of animal bites, pitfalls in management and to educate patients on ways to avoid future bite injuries. The management of animal bites is an evidence poor area and most recommendations are based on small case series, microbiological data and expert opinion. The main controversies include whether wounds should or should not undergo primary closure and the use of prophylactic antimicrobials.
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Šprem N, Škavić P, Krupec I, Budor I. Patterns of Game Animal Attacks on Hunters in Croatia Over a 13-Year Period. Wilderness Environ Med 2013; 24:267-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maraki S, Sarchianaki E, Barbagadakis S. Myroides odoratimimus soft tissue infection in an immunocompetent child following a pig bite: case report and literature review. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 16:390-2. [PMID: 22846131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Myroides are aerobic Gram-negative bacteria that are common in environmental sources, but are not components of the normal human microflora. Myroides organisms behave as low-grade opportunistic pathogens, causing infections in severely immunocompromised patients and rarely, in immunocompetent hosts. A case of Myroides odoratimimus cellulitis following a pig bite in an immunocompetent child is presented, and the medical literature on Myroides spp. soft tissue infections is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Maraki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Kose O, Guler F, Baz AB, Akalın S, Turan A. Management of a Wild Boar Wound: A Case Report. Wilderness Environ Med 2011; 22:242-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Janda WM. Update on Family Pasteurellaceae and the Status of Genus Pasteurella and Genus Actinobacillus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
The microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans is often polymicrobial, with a broad mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bacteria recovered from infected bite wounds are most often reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal, which can also be influenced by the microbiome of their ingested prey and other foods. Bacteria may also originate from the victim's own skin or the physical environment at the time of injury. Our review has focused on bite wound infections in humans from dogs, cats, and a variety of other animals such as monkeys, bears, pigs, ferrets, horses, sheep, Tasmanian devils, snakes, Komodo dragons, monitor lizards, iguanas, alligators/crocodiles, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, prairie dogs, swans, and sharks. The medical literature in this area has been made up mostly of small case series or case reports. Very few studies have been systematic and are often limited to dog or cat bite injuries. Limitations of studies include a lack of established or inconsistent criteria for an infected wound and a failure to utilize optimal techniques in pathogen isolation, especially for anaerobic organisms. There is also a lack of an understanding of the pathogenic significance of all cultured organisms. Gathering information and conducting research in a more systematic and methodical fashion through an organized research network, including zoos, veterinary practices, and rural clinics and hospitals, are needed to better define the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans.
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Thomas N, Brook I. Animal bite-associated infections: microbiology and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:215-26. [PMID: 21342069 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal bites may lead to serious infection. The organisms involved tend to originate from the oral cavity of the offending biter, as well as the environment where the injury occurred. A variety of aerobic as well as anaerobic organisms have been isolated from bite wounds, with infection ranging from localized cellulitis to systemic dissemination, leading to severe disease ranging from abscess to bone and joint infection, to endocarditis and brain abscess. Immediate wound management, including recognition of the most commonly associated infectious pathogens, and judicious use of empiric antibiotics are crucial in providing the best care after a bite. Here, we discuss the common animal bite associated infections, and provide the most up to date information regarding their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thomas
- USAF, Fellow Pediatric Infectious Diseases, National Capitol Consortium 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Dendle C, Looke D. Review article: Animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections. Emerg Med Australas 2010; 20:458-67. [PMID: 19125823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal bites are a significant public health problem, with an estimated 2% of the population bitten each year. The majority of bites are from dogs and risk factors include young children, men, certain dog breeds and unrestrained dogs. The risk of infection following bites differs among animal species and is dependent on animal dentition and oral flora. Recent studies have demonstrated a broad range of pathogens isolated from infected bite wounds, with Pasteurella species being the predominant isolate from dog and cat bite wounds. Controversy exists about the use of prophylactic antibiotics; however, they are currently only recommended for high-risk bite wounds. Two fatal cases of Australian bat lyssavirus have been reported and bats are the only identified reservoir in Australia. All bat bites are of high risk and should receive post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies. Workers handling bats should be offered routine immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dendle
- Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Serious infections can result from wounds that are caused by bites from animals and humans. Organisms recovered from bite wounds generally originate from the oral cavity of the biting animal, as well as from the patient's skin flora. Anaerobes have been isolated from animal and human bite wound infections, especially those associated with abscess formation. In addition to local wound infections, common complications, such as lymphangitis, septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, and osteomyelitis, and uncommon complications, such as endocarditis, meningitis, brain abscess, and sepsis, may occur. Wound management includes proper local care and, when needed, antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Brook
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
This article describes the microbiology, diagnosis, and management of human and animal bite wound infections. Various organisms can be recovered from bite wounds that generally result from aerobic and anaerobic microbial flora of the oral cavity of the biting animal, rather than the victim's own skin flora. The role of anaerobes in bite wound infections has been increasingly appreciated. Anaerobes were isolated from more than two thirds of human and animal bite wound infections, especially those associated with abscess formation. This article describes several of the organisms found in the bites of various species. In addition to local wound infection, other complications may occur, including lymphangitis, local abscess, septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, and osteomyelitis. Rare complications include endocarditis, meningitis, brain abscess, and sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Wound management includes the administration of proper local care and the use of proper antimicrobial agents when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Brook
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 4431 Albemarle Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA.
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Jeannotte ME, Slavić D, Frey J, Kuhnert P, MacInnes JI. Analysis of non-porcine isolates of Actinobacillus suis. Vet Microbiol 2002; 85:83-93. [PMID: 11792495 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four Actinobacillus suis isolates obtained from several species of non-porcine mammals were compared to the representative porcine strains, ATCC 15557 (serotype O1) and H89-1173 (serotype O2), by O serotyping, DNA fingerprinting, PCR amplification of apxICA, apxIICA and apxIIICA toxin genes and by rrs (16S rRNA) gene sequencing. Only two strains, both equine, reacted with O1 antiserum while two others, one canine and the other feline, reacted with O2 antiserum. One equine strain reacted weakly with both antisera. No amplification of apx genes was found with the non-porcine O1 or the "not O1/O2" strains but amplification of the apxICA and apxIICA genes was observed with the two O2 strains. In addition, these two O2 strains had both BamHI and BglII fingerprints that were very similar to the porcine O2 reference strain, H89-1173 and rrs gene sequences that were identical to the A. suis reference strain ATCC 15557. Taken together, these data suggest that although many non-porcine A. suis isolates are not A. suis (sensu stricto), some isolates are genotypically as well as phenotypically similar to A. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Eve Jeannotte
- Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Qué., Canada J2S 7C6
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Hofbauer R, Moser D, Gmeiner B, Kaye AD, Kapiotis S, Wagner O, Frass M. Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid combinations increase transmigration of leucocytes through endothelial cell monolayers: endothelial cells play a key role. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44:465-9. [PMID: 10588307 DOI: 10.1093/jac/44.4.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative inflammation is still viewed as an unresolved problem. During inflammation, leucocytes play a tremendous role and migrate from intravascular spaces into the tissue to attack microorganisms. Different agents, e.g. anaesthetic drugs, are able to influence leucocyte recruitment. Previous studies have investigated the influence of amoxycillin on chemotaxis of leucocytes alone. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav) on leucocyte migration through endothelial cell monolayers (ECMs). Human umbilical endothelial cells were cultured on microporous membranes, achieving a monolayer. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes (PMNLs) were used in a migration assay. The numbers of untreated PMNLs migrating through untreated ECMs were used as control and set as 100%. PMNLs and/or ECMs were pretreated with co-amoxiclav using clinically relevant as well as higher and lower concentrations. Co-amoxiclav was able to increase PMNL migration through ECMs significantly (P<0.05) when both cell types were treated (291+/-18.7%). When PMNLs or ECMs were treated alone, it could be shown that ECMs were more affected than PMNLs. The greatest effect was shown when both cell types, PMNLs and ECMs, were treated. In conclusion, co-amoxiclav was identified as a potent drug to increase leucocyte transmigration through ECMs. ECMs were also critically involved. Co-amoxiclav also affects endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hofbauer
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Austria.
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