Cancer survival in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the UK, 1995-2007 (the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership): an analysis of population-based cancer registry data

Plant-Derived Anti-Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Antibody Suppresses Trastuzumab-Resistant Breast Cancer with Enhanced Nanoscale Binding

Traditional monoclonal antibodies such as Trastuzumab encounter limitations when treating Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, particularly in cases that develop resistance. This study introduces plant-derived anti-HER2 variable fragments of camelid heavy chain domain (VHH) fragment crystallizable region (Fc) KEDL(K) antibody as a potent alternative for overcoming these limitations. A variety of biophysical techniques, in vitro assays, and in vivo experiments uncover the antibody's nanoscale binding dynamics with transmembrane HER2 on living cells. Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals the rapid formation of two robust bonds, exhibiting approximately 50 pN force resistance and bond lifetimes in the second range. The antibody demonstrates a specific affinity for HER2-positive breast cancer cells, including those that are Trastuzumab-resistant. Moreover, in immune-deficient mice, the plant-derived anti-HER2 VHH-FcK antibody exhibits superior antitumor activity, especially against tumors that are resistant to Trastuzumab. These findings underscore the plant-derived antibody's potential as an impactful immunotherapeutic strategy for treating Trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer.

Risk of cancer and serious disease in Danish patients with urgent referral for serious non-specific symptoms and signs of cancer in Funen 2014-2021

BACKGROUND

In 2011, as the first European country, Denmark introduced the non-organ-specific cancer patient pathway (CPP) for patients presenting with non-specific symptoms and signs of cancer (NSSC). The proportion of patients with cancer over time is unknown.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study of all patients with a NSSC-CPP investigational course in the province of Funen to the Diagnostic Centre in Svendborg from 2014 to 2021 was performed to evaluate the proportion of patients with cancer and serious disease over time.

RESULTS

A total of 6698 patients were referred to the NSSC-CPP of which 20.2% had cancer. While the crude referral rate increased from 114 per 100,000 people in 2014 and stabilised to around 214 in 2017-2021, the cancer detection rate of the total yearly new cancers in Funen diagnosed through the NSSC-CPP in DC Svendborg increased from 3 to 6%.

CONCLUSIONS

With now high and stable conversion and crude referral rates, the NSSC-CPP is one of the largest CPPs in Denmark as measured by the number of new cancer cases found. Similar urgent referral programmes in other countries might fill an unmet medical need for patients presenting with serious non-specific symptoms and signs of cancer in general practice.

Multilevel analysis of social determinants of advanced stage colorectal cancer diagnosis

The advanced stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) may be related to individual factors, socioeconomic conditions, and healthcare service availability. The objective of the study was to analyze the prevalence of advanced stage CRC at the time of diagnosis and its association with individual, contextual, socioeconomic, and healthcare service indicators. An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing cases of malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectum in individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 99 years, diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 in Brazil (n = 69,047). Data were collected from the Hospital Cancer Registry (HCR), Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, and from the National Registry of Health Institutions (NRHI). A Multilevel Poisson Regression model with random intercept was used. The prevalence of advanced stage CRC at diagnosis was 65.6%. Advanced stage was associated with older age groups prevalence ratio (PR) 4.40 and younger age groups (PR 1.84), low Human Development Index (HDI) (PR 1.22), and low density of family health strategy teams (PR 1.10). The study highlights the unequal distribution of social determinants of health in the diagnosis CRC in Brazil, revealing the need to evaluate and redirect public policies aimed at improving early detection and prevention of CRC in the country.

Multiparametric Characterization of the DSL-6A/C1 Pancreatic Cancer Model in Rats

The DSL-6A/C1 murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor model was established in Lewis rats and characterized through a comprehensive multiparametric analysis to compare it to other preclinical tumor models and explore potential diagnostic and therapeutical targets. DSL-6A/C1 tumors were histologically analyzed to elucidate PDAC features. The tumor microenvironment was studied for immune cell prevalence. Multiparametric MRI and PET imaging were utilized to characterize tumors, and 68Ga-FAPI-46-targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), were used to validate the histological findings. The histology confirmed typical PDAC characteristics, such as malformed pancreatic ductal malignant cells and CAFs. Distinct immune landscapes were identified, revealing an increased presence of CD8+ T cells and a decreased CD4+ T cell fraction within the tumor microenvironment. PET imaging with 68Ga-FAPI tracers exhibited strong tracer uptake in tumor tissues. The MRI parameters indicated increasing intralesional necrosis over time and elevated contrast media uptake in vital tumor areas. We have demonstrated that the DSL-6A/C1 tumor model, particularly due to its high tumorigenicity, tumor size, and 68Ga-FAPI-46 sensitivity, is a suitable alternative to established small animal models for many forms of preclinical analyses and therapeutic studies of PDAC.

Evaluating the Educational Value of Cancer Registries - a Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis

Cancer registries encompass a broad array of functions that underpin cancer control efforts. Despite education being fundamental to improving patient outcomes, little is known regarding the educational value of cancer registries. This review will evaluate the educational value of cancer registries for key stakeholders as reported within published literature and identify opportunities for enhancing their educational value. Four databases (Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science) were searched using a predefined search strategy in keeping with the PRISMA statement. Data was extracted and synthesised in narrative format. Themes and frequency of discussion of educational content were explored using thematic content analysis. From 952 titles, ten eligible studies were identified, highlighting six stakeholder groups. Educational outcomes were identified relating to clinicians (6/10), researchers (5/10), patients (4/10), public health organisations (3/10), medical students (1/10) and the public (1/10). Cancer registries were found to educationally benefit key stakeholders despite educational value not being a key focus of any study. Deliberate efforts to harness the educational value of cancer registries should be considered to enable data-driven quality improvement, with the vast amount of data promising ample educational benefit.

Colorectal cancer survival disparities in the five regions of Georgia

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to examine 5-year colorectal cancer survival rates. We also determined whether demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment modality were associated with 5-year CRC survival in the Clayton, West Central, East Central, Southeast, and Northeast Georgia regions because the significant higher CRC mortality rates in these regions in comparison to the overall rates in the State of Georgia.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using data from the 1975-2016 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program aggregated CRC patients to these five regions. Five-year CRC survival was calculated and stratified by the five regions of Georgia, using the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to examine the mentioned association in these five regions.

RESULTS

Among 11,023 CRC patients, 5-year CRC survival was lowest in Clayton (65.9%) compared to the West Central (69.0%), East Central (68.2%), Southeast (70.5%), and Northeast regions (69.5%) (p-value = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, greater risk of CRC death was found in the Clayton region compared to the West Central (HR, 1.12; 95%, 1.00-1.25) region when adjusting for demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment modality. Among Clayton Georgians, age of 75+ years (HR, 2.13; 95%, 1.56-2.89), grade 3 & 4 tumors (HR, 2.22; 95%, 1.64-3.00), and distant stage (HR, 20.95; 95%, 15.99-27.45) were negatively associated with CRC survival.

CONCLUSION

We observed place-based differences in CRC survival with significantly lower survival rates in the Clayton region. Factors associated with higher risk of CRC death include older age at diagnosis, high-grade tumors, and distant stage CRC among Clayton Georgians. Our study provides important evidence to all relevant stakeholders in furthering the development of culturally tailored CRC screening interventions aimed at CRC early detection and improved outcomes.

Attitudes towards risk-stratified breast cancer screening: a population-based survey among 5,001 Danish women

BACKGROUND

The individual woman's risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer can now be estimated more precisely, and screening can be stratified accordingly. The risk assessment requires that women are willing to provide a blood test, additional personal information, to know their risk, and alter screening intervals. This study aimed to investigate Danish women's attitudes towards risk-stratified breast cancer screening.

METHODS

An online, cross-sectional survey was conducted among Danish women aged 52-67 years. We used logistic regression analyses to assess how personal characteristics were associated with the women's attitudes.

RESULTS

5,001 women completed the survey (response rate 44%) of which 74% approved of risk estimation to potentially alter their screening intervals. However, only 42% would accept an extended screening interval if found to have low breast cancer risk, while 89% would accept a reduced interval if at high risk. The main determinants of these attitudes were age, education, screening participation, history of breast cancer, perceived breast cancer risk and to some extent breast cancer worry.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that women are positive towards risk-stratified breast cancer screening. However, reservations and knowledge among subgroups of women must be carefully considered and addressed before wider implementation of risk-stratified breast cancer screening in a national program.

Preliminary data on cytotoxicity and functional group assessment of a herb-mineral combination against colorectal carcinoma cell line

OBJECTIVES

The invasive screening methods and the late stage diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are contributing for the devastative prognosis. The gradual shift of the disease pattern among younger generations requires the implementation of phytochemicals and traditional medicines. Arkeshwara rasa (AR) is a herb-mineral combination of Tamra bhasma/incinerated copper ashes and Dwigun Kajjali/mercury sulphide levigated with Calotropis procera leaf juice, Plumbago zeylanica root decoction and the decoction of three myrobalans (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica, Emblica Officinalis decoction)/Triphala decoction.

METHODS

The SW-480 cell line was checked for the cytotoxicity and the cell viability criteria with MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assay revealed the depth of apoptosis affected cells in the fluorescent images. The FTIR analysis exhibited the graphical spectrum of functional groups within the compound AR.

RESULTS

The IC50 from the 10-7 to 10-3 concentrations against SW-480 cells was 40.4 μg/mL. The staining of AO/EtBr was performed to visualize live and dead cells and it is evident from the result that number of apoptotic cells increases at increasing concentration of AR. The single bond with stretch vibrations of O-H and N-H are more concentrated in the 2,500-3,200 cm-1 and 3,700-4,000 cm-1 of the spectra whereas, the finger print region carries the O-H and S=O type peaks.

CONCLUSIONS

The AR shows strong cyto-toxicity against the SW-480 cells by inducing apoptosis. It also modulates cellular metabolism with the involvement of functional groups which antagonizes the strong acids. Moreover, these effects need to be analyzed further based in the in vivo and various in vitro models.

Patients from general practice with non-specific cancer symptoms: a retrospective study of symptoms and imaging

BACKGROUND

Patients with non-specific symptoms or signs of cancer (NSSC) present a challenge as they are a heterogeneous population who are not candidates for fast-track work-up in an organ-specific cancer pre-planned pathway (CPP). Denmark has a cancer pre-planned pathway for this population (NSSC-CPP), but several issues remain unclarified, for example, distribution and significance of symptoms and findings, and choice of imaging.

AIM

To investigate symptoms, cancer diagnoses, and diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in patients on NSSC-CPP to improve the overall diagnostic process.

DESIGN & SETTING

A retrospective medical chart review in a 1-year consecutive cohort (2020).

METHOD

A total of 802 referrals were reviewed for diagnostic imaging in patients with NSSP from general practices, specialist practices, or the local hospital diagnostic centre responsible for NSSC-CPP.

RESULTS

The study included 248 patients; 21% had cancer, most frequently gastrointestinal cancer (27%). The most frequent symptom was weight loss (56%). CT had a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 87%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 65%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%. For 18F-FDG-PET/CT, the numbers were sensitivity 82%, specificity 62%, PPV 33%, and NPV 94%. Patients frequently underwent subsequent examinations following initial imaging.

CONCLUSION

The findings were in accordance with the literature. Patients with NSSC had a cancer prevalence of 21%, most frequently gastrointestinal. The most frequent symptom was weight loss and, even as the only symptom, it is a potential marker for cancer. CT and 18F-FDG-PET/CT were sensitive with high NPV, whereas PPV was superior in CT. Better stratification by symptoms or findings is an obvious focus point for future studies to further optimise the NSSC-CPP work-up strategy.

Observed and relative survival trends of lung cancer: A systematic review of population-based cancer registration data

BACKGROUND

Using the published survival statistics from cancer registration or population-based studies, we aimed to describe the global pattern and trend of lung cancer survival.

METHODS

By searching SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SEER, all survival analyses from cancer registration or population-based studies of lung cancer were collected by the end of November 2022. The survival rates were extracted by sex, period, and country. The observed, relative, and net survival rates of lung cancer were applied to describe the pattern and time changes from the late 1990s to the early 21st century.

RESULTS

Age-standardized 5-year relative/net survival rate of lung cancer was typically low, with 10%-20% for most regions. The highest age-standardized relative/net survival rate was observed in Japan (32.9%, 2010-2014), and the lowest was in India (3.7%, 2010-2014). In most countries, the five-year age-standardized relative/net survival rates of lung cancer were higher in females and younger people. The patients with adenocarcinoma had a better prognosis than other groups. In China, the highest 5-year overall relative/net survival rates were 27.90% and 31.62% in men and women in Jiangyin (2012-2013).

CONCLUSION

Over the past decades, the prognosis of lung cancer has gradually improved, but significant variations were also observed globally. Worldwide, a better prognosis of lung cancer can be observed in females and younger patients. It is essential to compare and evaluate the histological or stage-specific survival rates of lung cancer between different regions in the future.

Lysine demethylase 5B (KDM5B): A key regulator of cancer drug resistance

Chemoresistance, a roadblock in the chemotherapy process, has been impeding its effective treatment. KDM5B, a member of the histone demethylase family, has been crucial in the emergence and growth of malignancies. More significantly, KDM5B has recently been linked closely to cancer's resistance to chemotherapy. In this review, we explain the biological properties of KDM5B, its function in the emergence and evolution of cancer treatment resistance, and our hopes for future drug resistance-busting combinations involving KDM5B and related targets or medications.

Using temporal recalibration to improve the calibration of risk prediction models in competing risk settings when there are trends in survival over time

We have previously proposed temporal recalibration to account for trends in survival over time to improve the calibration of predictions from prognostic models for new patients. This involves first estimating the predictor effects using data from all individuals (full dataset) and then re-estimating the baseline using a subset of the most recent data whilst constraining the predictor effects to remain the same. In this article, we demonstrate how temporal recalibration can be applied in competing risk settings by recalibrating each cause-specific (or subdistribution) hazard model separately. We illustrate this using an example of colon cancer survival with data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program. Data from patients diagnosed in 1995-2004 were used to fit two models for deaths due to colon cancer and other causes respectively. We discuss considerations that need to be made in order to apply temporal recalibration such as the choice of data used in the recalibration step. We also demonstrate how to assess the calibration of these models in new data for patients diagnosed subsequently in 2005. Comparison was made to a standard analysis (when improvements over time are not taken into account) and a period analysis which is similar to temporal recalibration but differs in the data used to estimate the predictor effects. The 10-year calibration plots demonstrated that using the standard approach over-estimated the risk of death due to colon cancer and the total risk of death and that calibration was improved using temporal recalibration or period analysis.

Development and validation of an individualized gene expression-based signature to predict overall survival of patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

BACKGROUND

High-grade serious ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is a subtype of ovarian cancer with a different prognosis attributable to genetic heterogeneity. The prognosis of patients with advanced HGSOC requires prediction by genetic markers. This study systematically analyzed gene expression profile data to establish a genetic marker for predicting HGSOC prognosis.

METHODS

The RNA-seq data set and information on clinical follow-up of HGSOC were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the data were standardized by DESeq2 as a training set. On the other hand, HGSOC RNA sequence data and information on clinical follow-up were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as a test set. Additionally, ovarian cancer microarray data set was obtained from GEO as the external validation set. Prognostic genes were screened from the training set, and characteristic selection was performed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) with 80% re-sampling for 5000 times. Genes with a frequency of more than 2000 were selected as robust biomarkers. Finally, a gene-related prognostic model was validated in both the test and GEO validation sets.

RESULTS

A total of 148 genes were found to be significantly correlated with HGSOC prognosis. The expression profile of these genes could stratify HGSOC prognosis and they were enriched to multiple tumor-related regulatory pathways such as tyrosine metabolism and AMPK signaling pathway. AKR1B10 and ANGPT4 were obtained after 5000-time re-sampling by LASSO regression. AKR1B10 was associated with the metastasis and progression of several tumors. In this study, Cox regression analysis was performed to create a 2-gene signature as an independent prognostic factor for HGSOC, which has the ability to stratify risk samples in all three data sets (p < 0.05). The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) discovered abnormally active REGULATION_OF_AUTOPHAGY and OLFACTORY_TRANSDUCTION pathways in the high-risk group samples.

CONCLUSION

This study resulted in the creation of a 2-gene molecular prognostic classifier that distinguished clinical features and was a promising novel prognostic tool for assessing the prognosis of HGSOC. RiskScore was a novel prognostic model which might be effective in guiding accurate prognosis of HGSOC.

Time-trends and age and stage differences in 5-year relative survival for common cancer types by sex in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland

BACKGROUND

Survival trends help to evaluate the progress made to reduce the burden of cancer. The aim was to estimate the trends in 5-year relative survival of patients diagnosed with breast, prostate, lung, colorectal cancer and skin melanoma in the time periods 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009 and 2010-2015 in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Furthermore, we investigated relative survival differences by TNM stage and age group.

METHODS

Data from the Cancer Registry of Zurich was used from 1980 to and including 2015, including incident cases of breast (N = 26,060), prostate (N= 23,858), colorectal (N= 19,305), lung cancer (N= 16,858) and skin melanoma (N= 9780) with follow-up until 31 December 2020. The cohort approach was used to estimate 5-year relative survival.

RESULTS

The 5-year relative survival increased significantly between 1980 and 1989, and 2010 and2015: from 0.70 to 0.89 for breast, from 0.60 to 0.92 for prostate, from 0.09 to 0.23 (men) and from 0.10 to 0.27 (women) for lung, from 0.46 to 0.66 (men) and from 0.48 to 0.68 (women) for colorectal cancer, and from 0.74 to 0.94 (men) and from 0.86 to 0.96 (women) for skin melanoma. Survival for stage IV tumors was considerably lower compared to lower-staged tumors for all cancer types. Furthermore, relative survival was similar for the age groups <80 years but lower for patients aged 80 years and older.

CONCLUSION

The observed increasing trends in survival are encouraging and likely reflect raised awareness around cancer, improved diagnostic methods, and improved treatments. The fact that stage I tumor patients have generally high relative survival reflects the efforts made regarding early detection.

Robotic Rectal Resection for Rectal Cancer in Elderly Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rectal cancer is estimated to increase due to an expanding aging population, thus affecting elderly patients more frequently. The optimal surgical treatment for this type of patient remains controversial because they are often excluded from or underrepresented in trials. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the feasibility and the safety of robotic surgery in elderly patients (>70 years old) undergoing curative treatment for rectal cancer. Studies comparing elderly (E) and young (Y) patients submitted to robotic rectal resection were searched on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Data regarding surgical oncologic quality, post-operative, and survival outcomes were extracted. Overall, 322 patients underwent robotic resection (81 in the E group and 241 in the Y group) for rectal cancer. No differences between the two groups were found regarding distal margins and the number of nodes yielded (12.70 in the E group vs. 14.02 in the Y group, p = 0.16). No differences were found in conversion rate, postoperative morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. Survival outcomes were only reported in one study. The results of this study suggest that elderly patients can be submitted to robotic resection for rectal cancer with the same oncologic surgical quality offered to young patients, without increasing postoperative mortality and morbidity.

The prognostic value of cancer stage-associated genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a highly prevalent subtype of malignant renal tumor, but unfortunately, the survival rate remains unsatisfactory. The aim of the present study is to explore genomic features that are correlated with cancer stage, allowing for the identification of subgroups of ccRCC patients with high risk of unfavorable outcomes and enabling prompt intervention and treatment.

METHODS

We compared the gene expression levels across ccRCC patients with diverse cancer stages from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, which revealed characteristic genes associated with tumor stage. We then extracted prognostic genes and used least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) regression to select four genes for feature extraction and the construction of a prognostic risk model.

RESULTS

We have identified a total of 171 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are closely linked to the tumor stage of ccRCC through difference analysis. A prognostic risk model constructed based on the expression levels of ZIC2, TFAP2A-AS1, ITPKA, and SLC16A12 holds significant prognostic value in ccRCC. The results of the functional enrichment analysis imply that the DEGs are mainly involved in the regulation of immune-related signaling pathways, and therefore may have a significant function in immune system regulation of ccRCC.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study has successfully identified significant DEGs between high- and low-staging groups of ccRCC using bioinformatics methods. The construction of a prognostic risk model based on the expression levels of ZIC2, TFAP2A-AS1, ITPKA, and SLC16A12 has displayed promising prognostic significance, indicating its valuable potential for clinical application.

Effect of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes depending on the presence of postmastectomy radiotherapy on the prognosis in pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer

Background

Currently, it remains unclear regarding the association between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the efficacy of postoperative radiotherapy in primary tumors. Here we attempted to investigate the effect of TILs depending on the presence of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) on the prognosis in pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer.

Methods

The clinical data of pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection were retrospectively analyzed. The effect of TILs on the prognosis was assessed based on the infiltration degree (low: TILs ≤10%, high: TILs >10%), and then the prognosis of patients with low and high infiltration of TILs was analyzed based on presence or absence of PMRT.

Results

Totally 213 patients were eligible for the study, including 162 cases of low infiltration and 51 of high infiltration. High-infiltration patients tended to be ER/PR-negative, HER2-positive, and have high histological grade. The infiltration in triple-negative and HER2-positive subtypes was higher compared with Luminal A subtype. Regarding local-regional recurrence-free survival, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival (OS) rates, the differences were all inapparent whether in high- and low-infiltration patients or in high-infiltration patients with/without PMRT. Compared with those without PMRT, low-infiltration patients with PMRT showed a significantly increased OS rate (92.8% vs. 80.0%, p=0.023). Multivariate analysis further confirmed PMRT as an independent predicator of OS in low-infiltration patients (HR: 0.228, 95%CI: 0.081-0.644, p=0.005).

Conclusion

High infiltration of TILs in pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer may be associated with clinicopathological factors. Low-infiltration patients, but not high-infiltration patients, may derive survival benefits from PMRT.

Cardiac Interventions in Patients With Active, Advanced Solid and Hematologic Malignancies: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review

Invasive cardiac interventions are recommended to treat ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, multivessel coronary disease, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, and cardiomyopathy. These recommendations are based on randomized controlled trials that historically included few individuals with active, advanced malignancies. Advanced malignancies represent a significant competing risk for mortality, and there is limited evidence to inform the risks and benefits of invasive cardiac interventions in affected patients. We review the benefit conferred by invasive cardiac interventions; the periprocedural considerations; the contemporary survival expectations of patients across several types of active, advanced malignancy; and the literature on cardiovascular interventions in these populations. Our objective is to develop a rational framework to guide clinical recommendations on the use of invasive cardiac interventions in patients with active, advanced cancer.

Patient reported experiences of Swedish patients being investigated for cancer during the Covid-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND

Patient reported experiences in individuals being investigated for cancer have been recorded in a nationwide survey in Sweden, providing an opportunity to assess the impact of the Covid-19-pandemic.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Questionnaires from 45920 patients were analyzed to assess the experience of being investigated for cancer. Data from before the Covid-19-pandemic (2018-2019) was compared to data acquired during the pandemic (2020-2021), using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Both, patients who were cleared from suspicion of cancer and those who were diagnosed with cancer were included.

RESULTS

Fewer patients in total visited health services during the pandemic. However, patients that did seek help did so to a similar extent during as prior to the pandemic. Patient waiting time was perceived to be shorter during the pandemic and judged as neither too long nor too short by most patients. The emotional support to patients improved during the pandemic, whereas the support to next of kin declined. A majority of patients received the results from the investigation in a meeting with the physician. Although there was a preference for receiving results in a meeting with the physician, the pandemic has brought an increasing interest in receiving results by phone.

CONCLUSION

Swedish cancer healthcare has shown resilience during the Covid-19-pandemic, maintaining high patient satisfaction while working under conditions of extraordinary pressure. Patients became more open to alternatives to physical "in person" health care visits which could lead to more digital visits in the future. However, support to significant others demands special attention.

Electrochemical Cellulase-Linked ELASA for Rapid Liquid Biopsy Testing of Serum HER-2/neu

Non-invasive liquid biopsy assays for blood-circulating biomarkers of cancer allow both its early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Here, we assessed serum levels of protein HER-2/neu, overexpressed in a number of aggressive cancers, by the cellulase-linked sandwich bioassay on magnetic beads. Instead of traditional antibodies we used inexpensive reporter and capture aptamer sequences, transforming the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) into an enzyme-linked aptamer-sorbent assay (ELASA). The reporter aptamer was conjugated to cellulase, whose digestion of nitrocellulose film electrodes resulted in the electrochemical signal change. ELASA, optimized relative aptamer lengths (dimer vs monomer and trimer), and assay steps allowed 0.1 fM detection of HER-2/neu in the 10% human serum in 1.3 h. Urokinase plasminogen activator and thrombin as well as human serum albumin did not interfere, and liquid biopsy analysis of serum HER-2/neu was similarly robust but 4 times faster and 300 times cheaper than both electrochemical and optical ELISA. Simplicity and low cost of cellulase-linked ELASA makes it a perspective diagnostic tool for fast and accurate liquid biopsy detection of HER-2/neu and of other proteins for which aptamers are available.

Breast cancer mortality in 500 000 women with early invasive breast cancer diagnosed in England, 1993-2015: population based observational cohort study

OBJECTIVES

To describe long term breast cancer mortality among women with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the past and estimate absolute breast cancer mortality risks for groups of patients with a recent diagnosis.

DESIGN

Population based observational cohort study.

SETTING

Routinely collected data from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service.

PARTICIPANTS

All 512 447 women registered with early invasive breast cancer (involving only breast and possibly axillary nodes) in England during January 1993 to December 2015, with follow-up to December 2020.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Annual breast cancer mortality rates and cumulative risks by time since diagnosis, calendar period of diagnosis, and nine characteristics of patients and tumours.

RESULTS

For women with a diagnosis made within each of the calendar periods 1993-99, 2000-04, 2005-09, and 2010-15, the crude annual breast cancer mortality rate was highest during the five years after diagnosis and then declined. For any given time since diagnosis, crude annual breast cancer mortality rates and risks decreased with increasing calendar period. Crude five year breast cancer mortality risk was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2% to 14.6%) for women with a diagnosis made during 1993-99 and 4.9% (4.8% to 5.0%) for women with a diagnosis made during 2010-15. Adjusted annual breast cancer mortality rates also decreased with increasing calendar period in nearly every patient group, by a factor of about three in oestrogen receptor positive disease and about two in oestrogen receptor negative disease. Considering just the women with a diagnosis made during 2010-15, cumulative five year breast cancer mortality risk varied substantially between women with different characteristics: it was <3% for 62.8% (96 085/153 006) of women but ≥20% for 4.6% (6962/153 006) of women.

CONCLUSIONS

These five year breast cancer mortality risks for patients with a recent diagnosis may be used to estimate breast cancer mortality risks for patients today. The prognosis for women with early invasive breast cancer has improved substantially since the 1990s. Most can expect to become long term cancer survivors, although for a few the risk remains appreciable.

Molecular Screening for Urothelial Cancer: How Close We Are?

Early detection of urothelial cancer offers the potential for effective and successful treatment. Despite previous efforts, currently, there is not a well-validated, recommended screening program in any country. This integrative, literature-based review provides details on how recent molecular advances may further advance early tumor detection. The minimally invasive liquid biopsy is capable of identifying tumor material in human fluid samples from asymptomatic individuals. Circulating tumor biomarkers (cfDNA, exosomes, etc.) are very promising and are attracting the interest of numerous studies for the diagnosis of early-stage cancer. However, this approach definitely needs to be refined before clinical implementation. Nevertheless, despite the variety of current obstacles that require further research, the prospect of identifying urothelial carcinoma by a single urine or blood test seems truly intriguing.

PREDICT validity for prognosis of breast cancer patients with pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants

We assessed the PREDICT v 2.2 for prognosis of breast cancer patients with pathogenic germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants, using follow-up data from 5453 BRCA1/2 carriers from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). PREDICT for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer had modest discrimination for BRCA1 carrier patients overall (Gönen & Heller unbiased concordance 0.65 in CIMBA, 0.64 in BCAC), but it distinguished clearly the high-mortality group from lower risk categories. In an analysis of low to high risk categories by PREDICT score percentiles, the observed mortality was consistently lower than the expected mortality, but the confidence intervals always included the calibration slope. Altogether, our results encourage the use of the PREDICT ER-negative model in management of breast cancer patients with germline BRCA1 variants. For the PREDICT ER-positive model, the discrimination was slightly lower in BRCA2 variant carriers (concordance 0.60 in CIMBA, 0.65 in BCAC). Especially, inclusion of the tumor grade distorted the prognostic estimates. The breast cancer mortality of BRCA2 carriers was underestimated at the low end of the PREDICT score distribution, whereas at the high end, the mortality was overestimated. These data suggest that BRCA2 status should also be taken into consideration with tumor characteristics, when estimating the prognosis of ER-positive breast cancer patients.

Mortality impact, risks, and benefits of general population screening for ovarian cancer: the UKCTOCS randomised controlled trial

Background

Ovarian and tubal cancers are lethal gynaecological cancers, with over 50% of the patients diagnosed at advanced stage.

Trial design

Randomised controlled trial involving 27 primary care trusts adjacent to 13 trial centres based at NHS Trusts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Methods

Postmenopausal average-risk women, aged 50-74, with intact ovaries and no previous ovarian or current non-ovarian cancer.

Interventions

One of two annual screening strategies: (1) multimodal screening (MMS) using a longitudinal CA125 algorithm with repeat CA125 testing and transvaginal scan (TVS) as second line test (2) ultrasound screening (USS) using TVS alone with repeat scan to confirm any abnormality. The control (C) group had no screening. Follow-up was through linkage to national registries, postal follow-up questionnaires and direct communication with trial centres and participants.

Objective

To assess comprehensively risks and benefits of ovarian cancer screening in the general population.

Outcome

Primary outcome was death due to ovarian or tubal cancer as assigned by an independent outcomes review committee. Secondary outcomes included incidence and stage at diagnosis of ovarian and tubal cancer, compliance, performance characteristics, harms and cost-effectiveness of the two screening strategies and a bioresource for future research.

Randomisation

The trial management system confirmed eligibility and randomly allocated participants using computer-generated random numbers to MMS, USS and C groups in a 1:1:2 ratio.

Blinding

Investigators and participants were unblinded and outcomes review committee was masked to randomisation group.

Analyses

Primary analyses were by intention to screen, comparing separately MMS and USS with C using the Versatile test.

Results

1,243,282 women were invited and 205,090 attended for recruitment between April 2001 and September 2005.

Randomised

202,638 women: 50,640 MMS, 50,639 USS and 101,359 C group.

Numbers analysed for primary outcome

202,562 (>99.9%): 50,625 (>99.9%) MMS, 50,623 (>99.9%) USS, and 101,314 (>99.9%) C group.

Outcome

Women in MMS and USS groups underwent 345,570 and 327,775 annual screens between randomisation and 31 December 2011. At median follow-up of 16.3 (IQR 15.1-17.3) years, 2055 women developed ovarian or tubal cancer: 522 (1.0% of 50,625) MMS, 517 (1.0% of 50,623) USS, and 1016 (1.0% of 101314) in C group. Compared to the C group, in the MMS group, the incidence of Stage I/II disease was 39.2% (95% CI 16.1 to 66.9) higher and stage III/IV 10.2% (95% CI -21.3 to 2.4) lower. There was no difference in stage in the USS group. 1206 women died of the disease: 296 (0.6%) MMS, 291 (0.6%) USS, and 619 (0.6%) C group. There was no significant reduction in ovarian and tubal cancer deaths in either MMS (p = 0.580) or USS (p = 0.360) groups compared to the C group. Overall compliance with annual screening episode was 80.8% (345,570/420,047) in the MMS and 78.0% (327,775/420,047) in the USS group. For ovarian and tubal cancers diagnosed within one year of the last test in a screening episode, in the MMS group, the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values were 83.8% (95% CI 78.7 to 88.1), 99.8% (95% CI 99.8 to 99.9), and 28.8% (95% CI 25.5 to 32.2) and in the USS group, 72.2% (95% CI 65.9 to 78.0), 99.5% (95% CI 99.5 to 99.5), and 9.1% (95% CI 7.8 to 10.5) respectively. The final within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis was not undertaken as there was no mortality reduction. A bioresource (UKCTOCS Longitudinal Women's Cohort) of longitudinal outcome data and over 0.5 million serum samples including serial annual samples in women in the MMS group was established and to date has been used in many new studies, mainly focused on early detection of cancer.

Harms

Both screening tests (venepuncture and TVS) were associated with minor complications with low (8.6/100,000 screens MMS; 18.6/100,000 screens USS) complication rates. Screening itself did not cause anxiety unless more intense repeat testing was required following abnormal screens. In the MMS group, for each screen-detected ovarian or tubal cancer, an additional 2.3 (489 false positives; 212 cancers) women in the MMS group had unnecessary false-positive (benign adnexal pathology or normal adnexa) surgery. Overall, 14 (489/345,572 annual screens) underwent unnecessary surgery per 10,000 screens. In the USS group, for each screen-detected ovarian or tubal cancer, an additional 10 (1630 false positives; 164 cancers) underwent unnecessary false-positive surgery. Overall, 50 (1630/327,775 annual screens) women underwent unnecessary surgery per 10,000 screens.

Conclusions

Population screening for ovarian and tubal cancer for average-risk women using these strategies should not be undertaken. Decreased incidence of Stage III/IV cancers during multimodal screening did not translate to mortality reduction. Researchers should be cautious about using early stage as a surrogate outcome in screening trials. Meanwhile the bioresource provides a unique opportunity to evaluate early cancer detection tests.

Funding

Long-term follow-up UKCTOCS (2015-2020) - National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR HTA grant 16/46/01), Cancer Research UK, and The Eve Appeal. UKCTOCS (2001-2014) - Medical Research Council (MRC) (G9901012/G0801228), Cancer Research UK (C1479/A2884), and the UK Department of Health, with additional support from The Eve Appeal. Researchers at UCL were supported by the NIHR UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre and by MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL core funding (MR_UU_12023).

Study protocol for two pilot randomised controlled trials aimed at increasing physical activity using electrically assisted bicycles to enhance prostate or breast cancer survival

BACKGROUND

In 2020, 1.4 and 2.3 million new cases of prostate cancer and breast cancer respectively were diagnosed globally. In the UK, prostate cancer is the most common male cancer, while breast cancer is the most common female cancer. Engaging in physical activity (PA) is a key component of treatment. However, rates of PA are low in these clinical populations. This paper describes the protocol of CRANK-P and CRANK-B, two pilot randomised controlled trials, involving an e-cycling intervention aimed at increasing PA in individuals with prostate cancer or breast cancer respectively.

METHODS

These two trials are single-centre, stratified, parallel-group, two-arm randomised waitlist-controlled pilot trials in which forty individuals with prostate cancer (CRANK-P) and forty individuals with breast cancer (CRANK-B) will be randomly assigned, in a 1:1 allocation ratio, to an e-cycling intervention or waitlist control. The intervention consists of e-bike training with a certified cycle instructor, followed by the provision of an e-bike for 12 weeks. Following the intervention period, participants in the e-bike condition will be directed to community-based initiatives through which they can access an e-bike. Data will be collected at baseline (T0), immediately post intervention (T1) and at 3-month follow-up (T2). In addition, in the intervention group, data will be collected during the intervention and follow-up periods. Quantitative and qualitative methods will be used. The primary objectives are to determine effective recruitment strategies, establish recruitment and consent rates, adherence and retention in the study, and determine the feasibility and acceptability of the study procedures and intervention. The potential impact of the intervention on clinical, physiological and behavioural outcomes will be assessed to examine intervention promise. Data analyses will be descriptive.

DISCUSSION

The findings from these trials will provide information on trial feasibility and highlight the potential of e-cycling as a strategy to positively impact the health and behaviour of individuals with prostate cancer and breast cancer. If appropriate, this information can be used to design and deliver a fully powered definitive trial.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

CRANK-B: [ISRCTN39112034]. CRANK-P [ISRCTN42852156]. Registered [08/04/2022] https://www.isrctn.com .

Estimating the incidence of breast cancer recurrence using administrative data

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, but most cancer registries do not capture recurrences. We estimated the incidence of local, regional, and distant recurrences using administrative data.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with stage I-III primary breast cancer in Ontario, Canada from 2013 to 2017 were included. Patients were followed until 31/Dec/2021, death, or a new primary cancer diagnosis. We used hospital administrative data (diagnostic and intervention codes) to identify local recurrence, regional recurrence, and distant metastasis after primary diagnosis. We used logistic regression to explore factors associated with developing a distant metastasis.

RESULTS

With a median follow-up 67 months, 5,431/45,857 (11.8%) of patients developed a distant metastasis a median 23 (9, 42) months after diagnosis of the primary tumor. 1086 (2.4%) and 1069 (2.3%) patients developed an isolated regional or a local recurrence, respectively. Patients with distant metastatic disease had a median overall survival of 15.4 months (95% CI 14.4-16.4 months) from the time recurrence/metastasis was identified. In contrast, the median survival for all other patients was not reached. Patients were more likely to develop a distant metastasis if they had more advanced stage, greater comorbidity, and presented with symptoms (p < 0.0001). Trastuzumab halved the risk of recurrence [OR 0.53 (0.45-0.63), p < 0.0001].

CONCLUSION

Distant metastasis is not a rare outcome for patients diagnosed with breast cancer, translating to an annual incidence of 2132 new cases (17.8% of all breast cancer diagnoses). Overall survival remains high for patients with locoregional recurrences, but was poor following a diagnosis of a distant metastasis.

Survival rate of colorectal cancer in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

This study aims to comprehensively summarize the colorectal survival rate in China. Method: In PubMed and Web of Science, keywords such as "colorectal cancer", "survival" and "China" were used to search literatures in the past 10 years. Random effect models were selected to summarize 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates, and meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed on the included studies.

Results

A total of 16 retrospective and prospective studies providing survival rates for colorectal cancer in China were included. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of colorectal cancer in China were 0.79, 0.72 and 0.62, respectively. In the included studies, the 5-year survival rates of stage I (5474 cases), stage II (9215 cases), stage III (8048 cases), and stage IV (4199 cases) colorectal cancer patients were 0.85, 0.81, 0.57 and 0.30, respectively. Among them, the 5-year survival rates of colorectal cancer were 0.82, 0.76, 0.71, 0.67, 0.66, 0.65 and 0.63 in Tianjin, Beijing, Guangdong, Shandong, Liaoning, Zhejiang and Shanghai, respectively.

Conclusion

The 5-year survival rate in China is close to that of most European countries, but still lower than Japan and South Korea, and the gap is gradually narrowing. Region, stage, differentiation, pathological type, and surgical approach can affect 5-year survival in colorectal cancer.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ identifier, CRD42022357789.

A novel blood based triage test for colorectal cancer in primary care: a pilot study

BACKGROUND

The majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are detected after symptomatic presentation to primary care. Given the shared symptoms of CRC and benign disorders, it is challenging to manage the risk of missed diagnosis. Colonoscopy resources cannot keep pace with increasing demand. There is a pressing need for access to simple triage tools in primary care to help prioritise patients for referral.

AIM

To evaluate the performance of a novel spectroscopy-based CRC blood test in primary care.

DESIGN & SETTING

Mixed-methods pilot study of test performance and GP focus group discussions in South Wales.

METHOD

Patients on the urgent suspected cancer (USC) pathway were recruited for the Raman spectroscopy (RS) test coupled to machine learning classification ('Raman-CRC') to identify CRC within the referred population. Qualitative focus group work evaluated the acceptability of the test in primary care by thematic analysis of focus group theorising.

RESULTS

A total of 532 patients aged ≥50 years referred on the USC pathway were recruited from 27 GP practices. Twenty-nine patients (5.0%) were diagnosed with CRC. Raman-CRC identified CRC with sensitivity 95.7%, specificity 69.3% with area under curve (AUC) of 0.80 compared with colonoscopy as the reference test (248 patients). Stage I and II cancers were detected with 78.6% sensitivity. Focus group themes underlined the convenience of a blood test for the patient and the test's value as a risk assessment tool in primary care.

CONCLUSION

The findings support this novel, non-invasive, blood-based method to prioritise those patients most likely to have CRC. Raman-CRC may accelerate access to diagnosis with potential to improve cancer outcomes.

Determining cancer stage at diagnosis in population-based cancer registries: A rapid scoping review

Introduction

Population-based cancer registries are the main source of data for population-level analysis of cancer stage at diagnosis. This data enables analysis of cancer burden by stage, evaluation of screening programs and provides insight into differences in cancer outcomes. The lack of standardised collection of cancer staging in Australia is well recognised and is not routinely collected within the Western Australia Cancer Registry. This review aimed to explore how cancer stage at diagnosis is determined in population-based cancer registries.

Methods

This review was guided by the Joanna-Briggs Institute methodology. A systematic search of peer-reviewed research studies and grey literature from 2000 to 2021 was conducted in December 2021. Literature was included if peer-reviewed articles or grey literature sources used population-based cancer stage at diagnosis, and were published in English between 2000 and 2021. Literature was excluded if they were reviews or only the abstract was available. Database results were screened by title and abstract using Research Screener. Full-texts were screened using Rayyan. Included literature were analysed using thematic analysis and managed through NVivo.

Results

The findings of the 23 included articles published between 2002 and 2021 consisted of two themes. (1) "Data sources and collection processes" outlines the data sources used, as well as the processes and timing of data collection utilised by population-based cancer registries. (2) "Staging classification systems" reveals the staging classification systems employed or developed for population-based cancer staging, including the American Joint Committee on Cancer's Tumour Node Metastasis and related systems; simplified systems classified into localised, regional, and distant categories; and miscellaneous systems.

Conclusions

Differences in approaches used to determine population-based cancer stage at diagnosis challenge attempts to make interjurisdictional and international comparisons. Barriers to collecting population-based stage at diagnosis include resource availability, infrastructure differences, methodological complexity, interest variations, and differences in population-based roles and emphases. Even within countries, disparate funding sources and funder interests can challenge the uniformity of population-based cancer registry staging practices. International guidelines to guide cancer registries in collecting population-based cancer stage is needed. A tiered framework of standardising collection is recommended. The results will inform integrating population-based cancer staging into the Western Australian Cancer Registry.

European Groundshot-addressing Europe's cancer research challenges: a Lancet Oncology Commission

Cancer research is a crucial pillar for countries to deliver more affordable, higher quality, and more equitable cancer care. Patients treated in research-active hospitals have better outcomes than patients who are not treated in these settings. However, cancer in Europe is at a crossroads. Cancer was already a leading cause of premature death before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the disastrous effects of the pandemic on early diagnosis and treatment will probably set back cancer outcomes in Europe by almost a decade. Recognising the pivotal importance of research not just to mitigate the pandemic today, but to build better European cancer services and systems for patients tomorrow, the Lancet Oncology European Groundshot Commission on cancer research brings together a wide range of experts, together with detailed new data on cancer research activity across Europe during the past 12 years. We have deployed this knowledge to help inform Europe's Beating Cancer Plan and the EU Cancer Mission, and to set out an evidence-driven, patient-centred cancer research roadmap for Europe. The high-resolution cancer research data we have generated show current activities, captured through different metrics, including by region, disease burden, research domain, and effect on outcomes. We have also included granular data on research collaboration, gender of researchers, and research funding. The inclusion of granular data has facilitated the identification of areas that are perhaps overemphasised in current cancer research in Europe, while also highlighting domains that are underserved. Our detailed data emphasise the need for more information-driven and data-driven cancer research strategies and planning going forward. A particular focus must be on central and eastern Europe, because our findings emphasise the widening gap in cancer research activity, and capacity and outcomes, compared with the rest of Europe. Citizens and patients, no matter where they are, must benefit from advances in cancer research. This Commission also highlights that the narrow focus on discovery science and biopharmaceutical research in Europe needs to be widened to include such areas as prevention and early diagnosis; treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and surgery; and a larger concentration on developing a research and innovation strategy for the 20 million Europeans living beyond a cancer diagnosis. Our data highlight the important role of comprehensive cancer centres in driving the European cancer research agenda. Crucial to a functioning cancer research strategy and its translation into patient benefit is the need for a greater emphasis on health policy and systems research, including implementation science, so that the innovative technological outputs from cancer research have a clear pathway to delivery. This European cancer research Commission has identified 12 key recommendations within a call to action to reimagine cancer research and its implementation in Europe. We hope this call to action will help to achieve our ambitious 70:35 target: 70% average 10-year survival for all European cancer patients by 2035.

Lung cancer registries in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: a comparison and proposal for harmonization

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in all Nordic countries which, though similar in demographics and healthcare systems, have noticeable differences in lung cancer survival. Historically, Denmark and Finland have had higher lung cancer incidences and lower survival than Norway and Sweden. All four countries have national cancer registries. Data in these registries are often compared, but their full potential as a source of learning across the Nordic countries is impeded by differences between the registries. In this paper, we describe and compare the Nordic registries on lung cancer-specific data and discuss how a more harmonized registration practice could increase their usefulness as a source for mutual learning and quality improvements.

METHODS

We describe and compare the characteristics of data on lung cancer cases from registries in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Moreover, we compare the results from the latest annual reports and specify how data may be acquired from the registries for research.

RESULTS

Denmark has a separate clinical lung cancer registry with more detailed data than the other Nordic countries. Finland and Norway report lung cancer survival as relative survival, whereas Denmark and Sweden report overall survival. The Danish Lung Cancer Registry and the Swedish Cancer Registry do not receive data from the Cause of Death registries in contrast to the Finnish Cancer Registry and the Cancer Registry of Norway.

CONCLUSION

The lung cancer registries in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have high level of completeness. However, several important differences between the registries may bias comparative analyses.

Diagnostic pathways for breast cancer in 10 International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP) jurisdictions: an international comparative cohort study based on questionnaire and registry data

OBJECTIVES

A growing body of evidence suggests longer time between symptom onset and start of treatment affects breast cancer prognosis. To explore this association, the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership Module 4 examined differences in breast cancer diagnostic pathways in 10 jurisdictions across Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the UK.

SETTING

Primary care in 10 jurisdictions.

PARTICIPANT

Data were collated from 3471 women aged >40 diagnosed for the first time with breast cancer and surveyed between 2013 and 2015. Data were supplemented by feedback from their primary care physicians (PCPs), cancer treatment specialists and available registry data.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Patient, primary care, diagnostic and treatment intervals.

RESULTS

Overall, 56% of women reported symptoms to primary care, with 66% first noticing lumps or breast changes. PCPs reported 77% presented with symptoms, of whom 81% were urgently referred with suspicion of cancer (ranging from 62% to 92%; Norway and Victoria). Ranges for median patient, primary care and diagnostic intervals (days) for symptomatic patients were 3-29 (Denmark and Sweden), 0-20 (seven jurisdictions and Ontario) and 8-29 (Denmark and Wales). Ranges for median treatment and total intervals (days) for all patients were 15-39 (Norway, Victoria and Manitoba) and 4-78 days (Sweden, Victoria and Ontario). The 10% longest waits ranged between 101 and 209 days (Sweden and Ontario).

CONCLUSIONS

Large international differences in breast cancer diagnostic pathways exist, suggesting some jurisdictions develop more effective strategies to optimise pathways and reduce time intervals. Targeted awareness interventions could also facilitate more timely diagnosis of breast cancer.

General practice-based cancer research publications: a bibliometric analysis 2013-2019

BACKGROUND

General practice plays a critical role in the prevention, diagnosis, management, and survivorship care of patients with cancer. Mapping research outputs over time provides valuable insights into the evolving role of general practice in cancer care.

AIM

To describe and compare the distribution of cancer in general practice research publications by country, cancer type, area of the cancer continuum, author sex, and journal impact factor.

DESIGN AND SETTING

A bibliometric analysis using a systematic approach to identify publications.

METHOD

MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched for studies published between 2013 and 2019, which reported on cancer in general practice. Included studies were mapped to the cancer continuum framework. Descriptive statistics were used to present data from the included studies.

RESULTS

A total of 2798 publications were included from 714 journals, spanning 79 countries. The publication rate remained stable over this period. Overall, the US produced the most publications (n = 886, 31.7%), although, per general population capita, Denmark produced nearly 10 times more publications than the US (20.0 publications per million compared with 2.7 publications per million). Research across the cancer continuum varied by country, but, overall, most studies focused on cancer screening, diagnosis, and survivorship. More than half of included studies used observational study designs (n = 1523, 54.4%). Females made up 66.5% (n = 1304) of first authors, but only 47.0% (n = 927) of last authors.

CONCLUSION

Cancer in general practice is a stable field where research is predominantly observational. There is geographical variation in the focus of cancer in general practice research, which may reflect different priorities and levels of investment between countries. Overall, these results support future consideration of how to improve under-represented research areas and the design, conduct, and translation of interventional research.

Fractures and long-term mortality in cancer patients: a population-based cohort study

We assessed post-fracture mortality in a population-based cohort of 122,045 individuals with cancers. Major fractures (hip, vertebrae, humerus, and forearm) were associated with early and long-term increased all-cause mortality.

INTRODUCTION

Currently, there are no population-based data among cancer patients on post-fracture mortality risk across a broad range of cancer diagnoses. Our objective was to estimate the association of fracture with mortality in cancer survivors.

METHODS

Using Manitoba Cancer Registry data from the province of Manitoba, Canada, we identified all women and men with cancer diagnosed between January 1, 1987, and March 31, 2014. We then linked cancer data to provincial healthcare administrative data and ascertained fractures after cancer diagnosis and mortality to March 31, 2015. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality in those with versus without fracture were estimated from time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for multiple covariates.

RESULTS

The study cohort consisted of 122,045 cancer patients (median age 68 years, IQR 58-77, 49.2% female). During the median follow-up of 5.8 years from cancer diagnosis, we ascertained 7120 (5.8%) major fractures. All fracture sites, except for the forearm, were associated with increased mortality risk, even after multivariable adjustment. Excess mortality risk associated with a major fracture was greatest in the first year after fracture (HR 2.42, 95% CI 2.30-2.54) and remained significant > 5 years after fracture (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.50-1.70) and for fractures occurring > 10 years after cancer diagnosis (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.79-2.07).

CONCLUSION

Fractures among cancer patients are associated with increased all-cause mortality. This excess risk is greatest in the first year and persists more than 5 years post-fracture; increased risk is also noted for fractures occurring up to and beyond 10 years after cancer diagnosis.

Survival pattern of colorectal cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cancer incidence is relatively low in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), however, prognosis is expected to be poor in comparison with high-income countries. Comprehensive evidence is limited on the survival pattern of colorectal cancer patients in the region. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the pattern of colorectal cancer survival in the region and to identify variation across countries and over time. We searched international databases MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL, and Google Scholar to retrieve studies that estimated survival from colorectal cancer in SSA countries from inception to December 31, 2021 without language restriction. Due to between-study heterogeneity, we performed a random-effects meta-analysis to pool survival rates. To identify study-level sources of variation, we performed subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results are reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guideline and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO database (CRD42021246935). 23 studies involving 10,031 patients were included in the review, of which, 20 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that the pooled 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year survival rates in SSA were 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66-0.81), 0.50 (95% CI, 0.41-0.58), 0.36 (95% CI, 0.27-0.47), 0.31 (95% CI, 0.22-0.42), and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.19-0.38) respectively. Subgroup analyses indicated that the survival rate varied according to year of study, in which those conducted in recent decades showed relatively better survival. The 5-year survival was higher in middle-income SSA countries (0.31; 95%CI: 0.17-0.49) than low-income countries (0.20; 95%CI: 0.11-0.35), however, the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, survival from colorectal cancer is low in sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions. Thus, intervention strategies to improve screening, early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer should be developed and implemented to improve survival in the region.

Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Early Lung Cancer Detection

Worldwide, lung cancer (LC) is the most common cause of cancer death, and any delay in the detection of new and relapsed disease serves as a major factor for a significant proportion of LC morbidity and mortality. Though invasive methods such as tissue biopsy are considered the gold standard for diagnosis and disease monitoring, they have several limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and validate non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of lung cancer for improved patient management. Despite recent progress in the identification of non-invasive biomarkers, currently, there is a shortage of reliable and accessible biomarkers demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for LC detection. In this review, we aim to cover the latest developments in the field, including the utility of biomarkers that are currently used in LC screening and diagnosis. We comment on their limitations and summarise the findings and developmental stages of potential molecular contenders such as microRNAs, circulating tumour DNA, and methylation markers. Furthermore, we summarise research challenges in the development of biomarkers used for screening purposes and the potential clinical applications of newly discovered biomarkers.

Early myocardial oedema can predict subsequent cardiomyopathy in high-dose anthracycline therapy

AIMS

This study aims to assess subclinical changes in functional and morphologic myocardial MR parameters very early into a repetitive high-dose anthracycline treatment (planned cumulative dose >650 mg/m² ), which may predict subsequent development of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy (aCMP).

METHODS

Thirty sarcoma patients with previous exposition of 300-360 mg/m² doxorubicin-equivalent chemotherapy who were planned for a second treatment of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (360 mg/m² doxorubicin-equivalent) were recruited. Enrolled individuals received three CMR studies (before treatment, 48 h after first anthracycline treatment and upon completion of treatment). Native T1 mapping (MOLLI 5s(3s)3s), T2 mapping, and extracellular volume (ECV) maps were acquired in addition to a conventional CMR with SSFP-cine imaging at 1.5 T. Patients were given 0.2 mmol/kg gadoteridol for ECV quantification and LGE imaging. Blood samples for cardiac biomarkers were obtained before each scan. Development of relevant aCMP was defined as drop of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by >10% compared with baseline.

RESULTS

Twenty-three complete datasets were available for analysis. Median treatment time was 20.7 ± 3.0 weeks. Eight patients developed aCMP with LVEF reduction >10% until end of chemotherapy. Baseline LVEF was not different between patients with and without subsequent aCMP. Patients with aCMP had decreased LV mass upon completion of therapy (99.4 ± 26.5 g vs. 90.3 ± 24.8 g; P = 0.02), whereas patients without aCMP did not show a change in LV mass (91.5 ± 20.0 g vs. 89.0 ± 23.6 g; P > 0.05). On strain analysis, GLS (-15.3 ± 1.3 vs. -13.4 ± 1.6; P = 0.02) and GCS (-16.7 ± 2.1 vs. -14.9 ± 2.6; P = 0.04) were decreased in aCMP patients upon completion of therapy, whereas non-aCMP individuals showed no change in GLS (-15.4 ± 3.3 vs. -15.4 ± 3.4; P = 0.97). When assessed 48 h after first dose of anthracyclines, patients with subsequent aCMP had significantly elevated myocardial T2 times compared with before therapy (53.0 ± 2.8 ms vs. 49.3 ± 5.2 ms, P = 0.02) than patients who did not develop aCMP (50.7 ± 5.1 ms vs. 51.1 ± 3.9 ms, P > 0.05). Native T1 times decreased at 48 h after first dose irrespective of development of subsequent aCMP (1020.2 ± 28.4 ms vs. 973.5 ± 40.3 ms). Upon completion of therapy, patients with aCMP had increased native T1 compared with baseline (1050.8 ± 17.9 ms vs. 1022.4 ± 22.0 ms; P = 0.01), whereas non-aCMP patients did not (1034.5 ± 46.6 ms vs. 1018.4 ± 29.7 ms; P = 0.15). No patient developed new myocardial scars or compact myocardial fibrosis under chemotherapy. Cardiac biomarkers were elevated independent of development of aCMP.

CONCLUSIONS

With high cumulative anthracycline doses, early increase of T2 times 48 h after first treatment with anthracyclines can predict the development of subsequent aCMP after completion of chemotherapy. Early drop of native T1 times occurs irrespective of development of aCMP in high-dose anthracycline therapy.

Physical Activity as the Best Supportive Care in Cancer: The Clinician's and the Researcher's Perspectives

Multidisciplinary supportive care, integrating the dimensions of exercise alongside oncological treatments, is now regarded as a new paradigm to improve patient survival and quality of life. Its impact is important on the factors that control tumor development, such as the immune system, inflammation, tissue perfusion, hypoxia, insulin resistance, metabolism, glucocorticoid levels, and cachexia. An increasing amount of research has been published in the last years on the effects of physical activity within the framework of oncology, marking the appearance of a new medical field, commonly known as "exercise oncology". This emerging research field is trying to determine the biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects the incidence of cancer, the progression and/or the appearance of metastases. We propose an overview of the current state of the art physical exercise interventions in the management of cancer patients, including a pragmatic perspective with tips for routine practice. We then develop the emerging mechanistic views about physical exercise and their potential clinical applications. Moving toward a more personalized, integrated, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary management, by trying to understand the different interactions between the cancer and the host, as well as the impact of the disease and the treatments on the different organs, this seems to be the most promising method to improve the care of cancer patients.

Impact of Microscopic Confirmation on Therapeutic Management of Pancreatic Cancer Patients: Lessons from an Italian Regional Tumor Registry

Background: Incidence of pancreatic cancer (PC) is increasing worldwide and is set to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death in 2040 with a poor 5-year overall survival (OS). The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of microscopic diagnosis of PC (MiDPC) on diagnostic−therapeutic management and outcome. Methods: The Veneto region (north-eastern Italy) has been covered by a cancer registry (CR) since 1987. Clinical and oncological data about all cases of PC in the Veneto region from 1987 were extracted from the Veneto CR database. Results: In 2018, 1340 incident cases of PC in the Veneto population were registered (4.1% of all malignant tumors), with an increasing trend in females and stable incidence in males. Five-year OS in patients with PC was 8%. The percentage of MiDPC increased from 44% in 2010 to 60% in 2018 (p = 0.001). MiDPC was higher among patients aged < 75 years old (84.4%) compared to those aged ≥75 years old (38.9%), p = 0.001. Between 2010 and 2018, a significant increase in biopsy on the primary neoplasm (24.9% vs. 13%, p < 0.001) was reported. Patients with MiDPC had higher 5-year survival than patients with no MiDPC (12.9% vs. 1.2%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The implementation of MiDPC was essential to improve diagnostic−therapeutic pathways and consequently the survival of PC patients.

Associated predictor covariates of cervical cancer stage and impact on survival at Khartoum oncology hospital, Sudan

Background: Cervical cancer can be invasive and advanced at diagnosis causing devastating suffering and premature death. The cancer stage at presentation is related to survival evaluation and several factors determine stage. The aim of the study was to examine predictors covariates associated with cervical cancer stage at diagnosis and its impact on patient prognosis and survival.

Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Khartoum oncology hospital, Sudan. Participants were 239 cervical cancer patients diagnosed and treated between 2011-2015. Patients’ pathological and socio-demographic data were extracted from their medical files and survival times were calculated from follow-up. Chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank test and Cox regression model were used to examine relationships between demographic and clinical variables and survival outcome.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 56.91 years and the majority were ≥45 years. Cancer survival analysis showed that the stage at diagnosis had limited association with socio-demographic factors, except where patients reside. Multivariate regression using the Cox proportional hazard model confirmed strongly that stage (p=0.035), chemotherapy (p=0.000) and radiotherapy (p=0.001) were the most likely predictor covariates of patient prognosis and survival time.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest cancer stage at diagnosis and certain treatments are the most important factors impacting the prognosis and survival of patients with cervical cancer. Early detection and vaccination of women against HPV infection provide enormous opportunities for early diagnosis, more effective treatment and better chances of survival.

Expert consensus on fertility preservation in patients with breast cancer occurring during pregnancy

The prevalence of breast cancer currently ranks first among Chinese women with malignant tumors, occurring during premenopausal childbearing age in more than 60% of patients. With the increasing age of women at childbirth, the wide application of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and the rejuvenation of tumor patients, the prevalence of breast cancer occurring during pregnancy (PrBC) is gradually increasing. There are many domestic and foreign expert consensus articles and guidelines on fertility preservation for children and patients of childbearing age with malignant tumors, but there is a lack of expert consensus or guidelines on fertility preservation for patients with PrBC. Considering the uniqueness of PrBC patients, there is an urgent need for a standardized suggestion regarding their fertility preservation. The Committee of Fertility Protection and Preservation of China Association for the Promotion of Health Science and Technology together with the Chinese Society of Gynecological Endocrinology affiliated with the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology (CSGE-ISGE) organized relevant experts from different disciplines to formulate this consensus to guide fertility preservation of PrBC patients.

Cancer-related costs should be allocated in a comparable way-benchmarking costs of cancer in Nordic countries 2012-2017

BACKGROUND

High costs of cancer, and especially the increase in treatment costs, have raised concerns about the financial sustainability of publicly funded health care systems around the world. As cancers get more prevalent with age, treatment costs are expected to keep rising with aging populations. The objective of the study is to analyze the changes in cost of cancer care broken down into separate cost components and outcomes of cancer treatment in the Nordic countries 2012-2017.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We estimated direct costs of cancer based on retrospective data from national registers: outpatient care and inpatient care in primary care and specialized care as well as medicine costs. The number of cancer cases and survival data was obtained from NORDCAN. Cancer was defined as ICD-10 codes C00-C97.

RESULTS

Healthcare costs of cancer in real terms increased in all countries: CAGR was between 1 and 6% depending on the country. Medicine costs have increased rapidly (37-125%) in all countries during the observation period. In Finland and Denmark, inpatient care costs have decreased, whereas in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, they have increased, although the number of inpatient days has decreased everywhere. The age-standardized cancer mortality has decreased constantly over time.

CONCLUSION

Cancer care in Nordic countries has significant differences in both cost structures and in the development of cost drivers, indicating differences in the organization of care and different focus in health policy. It is important to compare the cancer care costs internationally on a detailed level to understand the reasons for cost development. The registration of cost data, especially medicine costs, should be more standardized to enable better cost and outcomes comparisons between countries in the future.

Diagnostic routes and time intervals for ovarian cancer in nine international jurisdictions; findings from the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP)

BACKGROUND

International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership Module 4 reports the first international comparison of ovarian cancer (OC) diagnosis routes and intervals (symptom onset to treatment start), which may inform previously reported variations in survival and stage.

METHODS

Data were collated from 1110 newly diagnosed OC patients aged >40 surveyed between 2013 and 2015 across five countries (51-272 per jurisdiction), their primary-care physicians (PCPs) and cancer treatment specialists, supplement by treatment records or clinical databases. Diagnosis routes and time interval differences using quantile regression with reference to Denmark (largest survey response) were calculated.

RESULTS

There were no significant jurisdictional differences in the proportion diagnosed with symptoms on the Goff Symptom Index (53%; P = 0.179) or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NG12 guidelines (62%; P = 0.946). Though the main diagnosis route consistently involved primary-care presentation (63-86%; P = 0.068), onward urgent referral rates varied significantly (29-79%; P < 0.001). In most jurisdictions, diagnostic intervals were generally shorter and other intervals, in particular, treatment longer compared to Denmark.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights key intervals in the diagnostic pathway where improvements could be made. It provides the opportunity to consider the systems and approaches across different jurisdictions that might allow for more timely ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Exploring the Role of Leadership in Facilitating Change to Improve Cancer Survival: An Analysis of Experiences in Seven High Income Countries in the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP)

BACKGROUND

The differences in cancer survival across countries and over time are well recognised, with progress varying even among high-income countries with comparable health systems. Previous research has examined several possible explanations, but the role of leadership in systems providing cancer care has attracted little attention. As part of the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP), this study looked at diverse aspects of leadership to identify drivers of change and opportunities for improvement across seven high-income countries.

METHODS

Key informants in 13 jurisdictions were interviewed: Australia (2 states), Canada (3 provinces), Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and United Kingdom (4 countries). Participants represented a range of stakeholders at different tiers of the system. They were recruited through a combination of purposive and 'snowball' strategies and participated in semi-structured telephone interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed thematically drawing on the World Health Organization (WHO) health systems framework and previous work analysing national cancer control programmes (NCCPs).

RESULTS

Several facets of leadership were perceived as important for improving outcomes. These included political leadership to initiate and maintain progress, intellectual leadership to support those engaged in local implementation of national policies and drive change, and a coherent vision from leaders at different levels of the system. Clinical leadership was also viewed as vital for translating policy into action.

CONCLUSION

Certain aspects of cancer care leadership emerged as underpinning and sustaining improvements, such as appointing a central agency, involving clinicians at every stage, ensuring strong leadership of cancer care with a consistent political mandate. Improving cancer outcomes is challenging and complex, but it is unlikely to be achieved without effective leadership, both political and clinical.

Long-term Survival and Prognostic Factors of Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer survival rate is an important index for assessment of treatment effect in reducing the mortality. Weaimed to determine the fifteen-year survival rate for breast cancer at a referral center in Iran and its correlated factors.

METHODS

This survival study enrolled patients with breast cancer who referred to Motamed Cancer Institute (MCI) from 1998 to2016. The survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The relationship of demographic, clinical and therapeuticfactors with overall survival (OS) was studied using Cox's proportional hazard model.

RESULTS

Totally, 3443 patients were studied. Their mean age and follow-up period were 47.7 (±11.43) years and 61.66 (±52.1)months, respectively. The median follow-up time was 48.4 months (range: 1-413 months), 49.7% of the patients had high schoolor higher education, and 71.3% presented in the early stage of the disease. Death occurred in 505 (14.7%) of the patients. Theoverall 2-, 5-, 7-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were 93%, 82%, 78%, 74%, and 66%, respectively. Lymph node involvement(HR=2.07; 95% CI: 1.38-3.09), tumor size≥5 cm (HR=2.83; 95% CI: 1.59-2.04), being single/divorced/widowed (HR=1.65;95% CI: 1.13-2.4), and education level

CONCLUSION

The five-year breast cancer survival rate in this study was higher than reported by some other studies in Iran, whichcould be due to the multidisciplinary treatment approach in MCI. Tumor size and lymph node involvement as indicators ofdelayed diagnosis may affect breast cancer survival, even though their true effect due to lead-time bias should be considered. Thecorrelation of education level with survival confirms the importance of awareness and the need to establish strategies for earlydiagnosis in Iranian women.

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Key Words

• Breast cancer
• Iran
• Survival rate

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MESH Headings

• Humans
• Female
• Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Prognosis
• Iran/epidemiology
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Lymph Nodes/pathology
• Retrospective Studies
• Survival Rate

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Trends in rectal cancer incidence, relative survival, and mortality in Denmark during 1978-2018

OBJECTIVE

Rectal cancer is common in developed countries, though incidence varies globally. We assessed time trends in incidence, relative survival and mortality in Denmark.

METHODS

Rectal cancer cases ( N  = 50 461) diagnosed in 1978-2018 were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. We calculated age-standardized incidence rates, overall and according to sex and age. Average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were estimated using Poisson regression. We estimated 5-year relative survival and evaluated the effect of age, calendar year of diagnosis, sex and stage of disease on mortality using the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

The incidence of rectal cancer tended to decrease in all age groups and both sexes during 1978-1997, but increased since 1998, more in men (AAPC = 2.05%; 95% CI,1.80; 2.31) than in women (AAPC = 0.99%; 95% CI,0.68; 1.30). It increased in men until 79 years and in women up to 59 years. Mortality decreased over time when adjusting for age, stage and sex. Overall, men had the highest 5-year mortality after adjusting for age, calendar period and stage. Five-year relative survival improved (1978-2018) for all stages. Initially, the overall 5-year relative survival tended to be better for women, but in recent years, it has been similar in both sexes.

CONCLUSION

Incidence of rectal cancer increased in the last two decades, most markedly in women 59 years and younger. Mortality decreased when adjusting for age and stage. Relative survival improved over time more for men than for women, so in recent years, it has been virtually identical in men and women.

Survival of cancer patients with pre-existing heart disease

BACKGROUND

While cancer outcomes have improved over time, in Northern Ireland they continue to lag behind those of many other developed economies. The role of comorbid conditions has been suggested as a potential contributory factor in this but issues of data comparability across jurisdictions has inhibited efforts to explore relationships. We use data from a single jurisdiction of the UK using data from - the Northern Ireland Cancer Registry (NICR), to examine the association between mortality (all-cause and cancer specific) and pre-existing cardiovascular diseases among patients with cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All patients diagnosed with cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) between 2011 and 2014 were identified from Registry records. Those with a pre-existing diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases were identified by record linkage with patient hospital discharge data using ICD10 codes. Survival following diagnosis was examined using descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Analyses examined all-cause mortality and cancer specific mortality for lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer. As well as cardiovascular diseases, regression models controlled for age, gender (where appropriate), deprivation (as quintiles), stage at diagnosis and other comorbidities.

RESULTS

Almost 35,000 incident cancer cases were diagnosed during the study period of which approximately 23% had a prior heart condition. The pan-cancer hazard ratio for death in the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular diseases was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.18-1.40). All-cause and cancer specific mortality was higher for patients with cardiovascular diseases across lung, female breast, prostate and colorectal cancer groups after controlling for age, gender (where appropriate), deprivation (as quintiles), stage at diagnosis and other comorbidities.

CONCLUSION

Pre-existing morbidity may restrict the treatment of cancer for many patients. In this cohort, cancer patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases had poorer outcomes than those without cardiovascular diseases. A high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases may contribute to poorer cancer outcomes at a national level.

Time Trends for Incidence and Net Survival of Cervical Cancer in Sweden 1960-2014-A Nationwide Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND

The aim was to investigate time trends for incidence and long-term net survival in the morphologic subtypes and stages of cervical cancer in Sweden during the period 1960 to 2014.

METHODS

Women with invasive cervical cancer were identified through the Swedish Cancer Registry. Incidence and net survival were calculated according to morphology, age at diagnosis, and FIGO stage at diagnosis.

RESULTS

In total, 29,579 cases of invasive cervical cancer between 1960 and 2014 were included. The age-standardized incidence for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) decreased until 2000; thereafter, the incidence rate stagnated, and a small increase was found in 2014. The incidence of adenocarcinoma continuously increased. The age-standardized 5-year net survival increased. However, decreasing net survival with increasing age was found. A higher stage at diagnosis showed a worse net survival. SCC and adenocarcinoma did not statistically differ as regards net survival in the last years of the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Age-standardized 5-year net survival improved between 1960 and 2014. A positive trend for short- and long-term net survival was seen for women ages 18 to 64 years but long-term net survival for women ≥75 years decreased. In this study, age and FIGO stage at diagnosis were found to be important prognostic factors in determining net survival. The morphologies, SCC, and adenocarcinoma did not statistically differ as regards net survival in the last years of the study.

IMPACT

This study demonstrates longitudinal data on cervical cancer in Sweden for over 50 years with sub analyses on morphology, age, and stage at diagnosis.

Covalent Hemin/G4 complex-linked sandwich bioassay on magnetic beads for femtomolar HER-2/neu detection in human serum via direct electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen

Liquid biopsy assays for tumour biomarkers circulating in blood are perspective non-invasive tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Here, we suggest a simple, 1 h long electrochemical DNAzyme-linked aptamer- and immuno-sandwich magnetic assay for analysis of serum HER-2/neu protein overexpressed in several aggressive cancers. In the assay, we used a covalent hemin-guanine quadruplex (G4) complex as a novel O₂-dependent electrocatalytic label that allowed 10 fM (aptamer-aptamer) and 1 fM (aptamer-antibody) detection of HER-2/neu in human serum. The O₂ reactivity of the aptamer-conjugated label was detected at high-surface-area graphite electrodes displaying a high efficiency of O₂ reduction electro-catalyzed by this DNAzyme. In contrast to the recognised H₂O₂ reactivity, the O₂ reactivity of the covalent hemin/G4 complex depended only on ambient O₂ present in solutions, and did not require adding such traditional reagents as hemin and H₂O₂, and solution de-aeration. Human serum albumin, urokinase plasminogen activator and thrombin did not interfere, and the assay was used for analysis of basal serum levels of HER-2/neu. Due to the simplicity and low cost, sandwich assays exploiting O₂-linked electrocatalysis by the covalent hemin-G4 complexes represent a more advanced electrochemical ELISA platform for ultrasensitive and fast detection of low concentrations of proteins in complex biological matrices.