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Duan H, Song P, Li R, Su H, He L. Attenuating lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis: The potential role of Anti-oxidative effects on low-density lipoprotein of herbal medicines. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1161657. [PMID: 37063287 PMCID: PMC10102431 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1161657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a multifactorial chronic disease with great harm to the health of human being, which is a basic pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases and ultimately threatens human life. Abnormal blood lipid level is one of the most common diagnostic indicators of AS in clinic, and lipid metabolism disorder is often observed in patients with AS. Cholesterol is an important lipid in the human body, which is of great significance for maintaining normal life activities. Generally, cholesterol is transported to peripheral tissues by low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and then transported to the liver by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) via its cholesterol reverse transport function, and finally discharged. Under oxidative stress condition, LDL is commonly oxidized to the form ox-LDL, which is ingested by macrophages in large quantities and further forms foam cells, disrupting the normal metabolic process of cholesterol. Importantly, the foam cells are involved in forming atherosclerotic plaques, whose rupture may lead to ischemic heart disease or stroke. Furthermore, ox-LDL could also promote the development of AS by damaging vascular endothelium, promoting the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and activating platelets. Therefore, inhibiting LDL oxidation may be an effective way to improve lipid metabolism and prevent AS. In recent years, increasing studies have shown that herbal medicines have great potentiality in inhibiting LDL oxidation and reducing ox-LDL induced foam cell formation. Accordingly, this paper summarized current research on the inhibitory effects of herbal medicines against LDL oxidation and foam cell formation, and made a brief description of the role of cholesterol and LDL in lipid metabolism disorder and AS pathogenesis. Importantly, it is suggested that herbal medicines could inhibit LDL oxidation and regulate cholesterol homeostasis via downregulation of CD36 and SR-A, whereas upregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Song
- Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Su
- Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Su, ; Lisha He,
| | - Lisha He
- School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Su, ; Lisha He,
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Yang B, Wang Y, Qin Q, Xia X, Liu Z, Song E, Song Y. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Quinone Promotes Macrophage-Derived Foam Cell Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2422-2432. [PMID: 31680514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic environmental pollutants that are accused of various toxic effects. PCB exposure is widely believed to be associated with atherosclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Although PCBs are easily metabolized, there is rarely information on the effects of their metabolites on atherosclerosis. Currently, we evaluate the effect of 2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-[1,4]-benzoquinone (PCB29-pQ) on the critical phase of atherosclerosis development, that is, the formation of macrophage-derived foam cells. We exposed Ox-LDL-induced RAW264.7 cells to 2.5 μM and 5 μM PCB29-pQ. Varieties of evidence have demonstrated that PCB29-pQ promotes foam cell formation and develops proinflammatory cascade and cell necroptosis. In detail, we observed that PCB29-pQ increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), triglyceride (TG), and cholesteryl ester (CE) by increasing the cholesterol influx and reducing the cholesterol efflux. Moreover, we found that PCB29-pQ induced inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, released by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that PCB29-pQ induced cell necroptosis via receptor interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIPK1/3) and a mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pathway. Finally, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by PCB29-pQ played significant roles in these processes, which could be reversed with an antioxidant. Overall, our results indicated that PCB29-pQ promoted the macrophage formation of foam cells, inflammation, and cell necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Yawen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Qi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China , 400715
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Oberoi R, Bogalle EP, Matthes LA, Schuett H, Koch AK, Grote K, Schieffer B, Schuett J, Luchtefeld M. Lipocalin (LCN) 2 Mediates Pro-Atherosclerotic Processes and Is Elevated in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137924. [PMID: 26367277 PMCID: PMC4569430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipocalin (LCN) 2 is associated with multiple acute and chronic inflammatory diseases but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether LCN2 is released from macrophages and contributes to pro-atherosclerotic processes and whether LCN2 plasma levels are associated with the severity of coronary artery disease progression in humans. Methods and Results In an autocrine-paracrine loop, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α promoted the release of LCN2 from murine bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) and vice versa. Moreover, LCN2 stimulation of BMDM led to up-regulation of M1 macrophage markers. In addition, enhanced migration of monocytic J774A.1 cells towards LCN2 was observed. Furthermore, LCN2 increased the expression of the scavenger receptors Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) as well as scavenger receptor class A-1 (SRA-1) and induced the conversion of macrophages to foam cells. In atherosclerotic lesions of low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (ldlr−/−) mice fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet, LCN2 was found to be co-localized with macrophages in the shoulder region of the atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, LCN2 plasma levels were significantly increased in plasma samples of these mice. Finally, LCN2 plasma levels correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients as determined by coronary angiography. Conclusions Here we demonstrated that LCN2 plays a pivotal role in processes involved in atherogenesis by promoting polarization and migration of monocytic cells and development of macrophages towards foam cells. Moreover, LCN2 may be used as a prognostic marker to determine the status of CAD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Oberoi
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eskindir P Bogalle
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lukas A Matthes
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Schuett
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Koch
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Grote
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Schuett
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maren Luchtefeld
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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4
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Zhao LY, Li J, Yuan F, Li M, Zhang Q, Huang YY, Pang JY, Zhang B, Sun FY, Sun HS, Li Q, Cao L, Xie Y, Lin YC, Liu J, Tan HM, Wang GL. Xyloketal B attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein e deficient mice. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2306-26. [PMID: 25874925 PMCID: PMC4413213 DOI: 10.3390/md13042306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that xyloketal B, a novel marine compound with a unique chemical structure, has strong antioxidant actions and can protect against endothelial injury in different cell types cultured in vitro and model organisms in vivo. The oxidative endothelial dysfunction and decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are critical for the development of atherosclerotic lesion. We thus examined whether xyloketal B had an influence on the atherosclerotic plaque area in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We found in our present study that the administration of xyloketal B dose-dependently decreased the atherosclerotic plaque area both in the aortic sinus and throughout the aorta in apoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. In addition, xyloketal B markedly reduced the levels of vascular oxidative stress, as well as improving the impaired endothelium integrity and NO-dependent aortic vasorelaxation in atherosclerotic mice. Moreover, xyloketal B significantly changed the phosphorylation levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt without altering the expression of total eNOS and Akt in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Here, it increased eNOS phosphorylation at the positive regulatory site of Ser-1177, while inhibiting phosphorylation at the negative regulatory site of Thr-495. Taken together, these findings indicate that xyloketal B has dramatic anti-atherosclerotic effects in vivo, which is partly due to its antioxidant features and/or improvement of endothelial function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/adverse effects
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Agents/adverse effects
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/drug therapy
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/prevention & control
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrans/adverse effects
- Pyrans/pharmacology
- Pyrans/therapeutic use
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mail:
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Mei Li
- VIP Healthcare Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; E-Mail:
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Yun-Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; E-Mail:
| | - Ji-Yan Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fang-Yun Sun
- Lab for Basic Research of Life Science, School of Medicine, Tibet Institute for Nationalities, Xianyang 712082, China; E-Mails:
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Yong-Cheng Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong-Mei Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.T.); (G.-L.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-020-8733-4055 (H.-M.T.); Tel.: +86-020-8733-0300 (G.-L.W.); Fax: +86-020-8733-1155 (G.-L.W.)
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.T.); (G.-L.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-020-8733-4055 (H.-M.T.); Tel.: +86-020-8733-0300 (G.-L.W.); Fax: +86-020-8733-1155 (G.-L.W.)
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Bland JS. Oxidants and Antioxidants in Clinical Medicine: Past, Present and Future Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/13590849509000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu CS, Kuo CL, Cheng WL, Huang CS, Lee CF, Wei YH. Alteration of the copy number of mitochondrial DNA in leukocytes of patients with hyperlipidemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1042:70-5. [PMID: 15965047 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism in leukocytes may be disturbed by mitochondrial dysfunction caused by depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in response to an increase of oxidative stress in blood circulation. It is possible that alteration in mtDNA copy number of the leukocyte is involved in the impairment of the scavenging of oxidatively modified plasma proteins such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). To test this hypothesis, we recruited 91 healthy subjects and 63 patients with hyperlipidemia (LDL >130 mg/dL) for this study. The copy number of mtDNA in the leukocyte and the titer of oxLDL IgG autoantibody (oLAB) were determined as indices of the oxidative stress response of immune cells. The results revealed a significant higher level of plasma oxLDL, lower titer of oLAB, and decreased copy number of mtDNA in patients with hyperlipidemia (P <0.05). In the analysis of partial correlations under age control, we found that an increase in the copy number of mtDNA was positively correlated with an increase in the level of oLAB (P <0.005, r = 0.3002) and a decrease in the oxLDL level (P <0.05, r = -0.2654) in healthy subjects but not in patients. Based on the results obtained from this case-control study, we conclude that the increase of mtDNA copy number might provide the leukocyte an increased capability of scavenging oxLDL, possibly by enhanced generation of oLAB in healthy subjects, but not in hyperlipidemic patients who had lower mtDNA copy numbers in their leukocytes. Taken together, these findings suggest that an alteration of mtDNA copy number in the leukocyte may be one of the risk factors for hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-San Liu
- Vascular and Genomic Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Taiwan
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review recent epidemiologic and pathophysiologic findings that advance the understanding of preeclampsia for the nurse in perinatal practice. Preeclampsia is different from other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Risk factors for preeclampsia and recent findings regarding normal and aberrant implantation are presented. Abnormal implantation and resulting poor placental perfusion may be the impetus for endothelial changes evidenced in preeclampsia; pathophysiology is described in relation to this event. The interaction of maternal factors, reduced placental perfusion, and endothelial cell dysfunction provides an explanation for the occurrence of preeclampsia and provides a basis for nursing practice and research. Implications for nursing care for women of childbearing age before, during, or after pregnancy may include (a) preconception or post-delivery counseling to reduce modifiable risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, or high fat intake, (b) assessment of risk factors and increased surveillance when risk factors are present, and (c) surveillance of blood pressure changes of > 30 mmHg systolic or > 15 mmHg diastolic in advance of the third trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Patrick
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. patrickt+@pitt.edu
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Rajman I, Kendall MJ, Cramb R, Holder RL, Salih M, Gammage MD. Investigation of low density lipoprotein subfractions as a coronary risk factor in normotriglyceridaemic men. Atherosclerosis 1996; 125:231-42. [PMID: 8842354 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(96)05881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions since some of them are associated with a higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Small LDL particles are particularly atherogenic and more of those are produced in hypertriglyceridaemia. However, high triglyceride concentrations are not the only explanation for the predominance of small LDL particles and other influences, including genetic factors, are also responsible for LDL particle size. We investigated LDL subfraction profiles in two groups: 46 men with and 21 men without CAD proven angiographically. For the separation of LDL subfractions, we used continuous disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) that is rapid and easier to perform than the other methods usually used which, although more precise in terms of measuring particle diameter, are much more demanding of time and equipment. The described method is suitable for routine use in assessing large numbers of patients. All studied men had triglyceride concentrations below 2.3 mmol/l. LDL scores were calculated on the basis of all LDL subfractions present in a particular profile; the higher the score, the greater the proportion of small LDL particles. LDL cholesterol (P < 0.05) and LDL score (P < 0.001) were the only significant discriminators between two groups. LDL score was significantly correlated with CAD, even after adjusting for triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations and it was the best discriminant factor for the presence of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rajman
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK.
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