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Benedict SL, Mahony OM, McKee TS, Bergman PJ. Evaluation of bexagliflozin in cats with poorly regulated diabetes mellitus. Can J Vet Res 2022; 86:52-58. [PMID: 34975223 PMCID: PMC8697324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bexagliflozin on glycemic control in poorly regulated diabetic cats and to evaluate for adverse events associated with this medication. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are a newer class of drugs used in the management of humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the orally administered drug, bexagliflozin in a group of poorly regulated diabetic cats over a 4-week study period. Five client-owned cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus receiving insulin therapy were enrolled. Bexagliflozin was administered once daily. Serum fructosamine, serum biochemistry profile, and 10-hour blood glucose curves were assessed at baseline (Day 0), Day 14, and Day 28. All cats had a significant reduction in insulin dose requirement (P = 0.015) and insulin was discontinued in 2 cats. There was a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration obtained from blood glucose concentration curves during the study period (P = 0.022). Serum fructosamine decreased in 4 of the 5 cats with a median decrease of 152 μmol/L (range: 103 to 241 μmol/L), which was not statistically significant (P = 0.117). No cats had any documented episodes of hypoglycemia. Adverse effects were mild. The addition of bexagliflozin significantly improved diabetic management in this group of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Benedict
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine (Benedict), Foster Hospital for Small Animals (Mahony), Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA; VCA Clinical Studies, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90064, USA (McKee, Bergman)
| | - Orla M Mahony
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine (Benedict), Foster Hospital for Small Animals (Mahony), Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA; VCA Clinical Studies, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90064, USA (McKee, Bergman)
| | - Talon S McKee
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine (Benedict), Foster Hospital for Small Animals (Mahony), Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA; VCA Clinical Studies, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90064, USA (McKee, Bergman)
| | - Philip J Bergman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine (Benedict), Foster Hospital for Small Animals (Mahony), Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA; VCA Clinical Studies, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90064, USA (McKee, Bergman)
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Kim RD, Sarker D, Meyer T, Yau T, Macarulla T, Park JW, Choo SP, Hollebecque A, Sung MW, Lim HY, Mazzaferro V, Trojan J, Zhu AX, Yoon JH, Sharma S, Lin ZZ, Chan SL, Faivre S, Feun LG, Yen CJ, Dufour JF, Palmer DH, Llovet JM, Manoogian M, Tugnait M, Stransky N, Hagel M, Kohl NE, Lengauer C, Sherwin CA, Schmidt-Kittler O, Hoeflich KP, Shi H, Wolf BB, Kang YK. First-in-Human Phase I Study of Fisogatinib (BLU-554) Validates Aberrant FGF19 Signaling as a Driver Event in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1696-1707. [PMID: 31575541 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain poor despite recent progress in drug development. Emerging data implicate FGF19 as a potential HCC driver, suggesting its receptor, FGFR4, as a novel therapeutic target. We evaluated fisogatinib (BLU-554), a highly potent and selective oral FGFR4 inhibitor, in a phase I dose-escalation/dose-expansion study in advanced HCC using FGF19 expression measured by IHC as a biomarker for pathway activation. For dose escalation, 25 patients received 140 to 900 mg fisogatinib once daily; the maximum tolerated dose (600 mg once daily) was expanded in 81 patients. Fisogatinib was well tolerated; most adverse events were manageable, grade 1/2 gastrointestinal events, primarily diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Across doses, the overall response rate was 17% in FGF19-positive patients [median duration of response: 5.3 months (95% CI, 3.7-not reached)] and 0% in FGF19-negative patients. These results validate FGFR4 as a targetable driver in FGF19-positive advanced HCC. SIGNIFICANCE: Fisogatinib elicited clinical responses in patients with tumor FGF19 overexpression in advanced HCC. These results validate the oncogenic driver role of the FGFR4 pathway in HCC and the use of FGF19 as a biomarker for patient selection.See related commentary by Subbiah and Pal, p. 1646.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1631.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Kim
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Teresa Macarulla
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Max W Sung
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ho-Yeong Lim
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaferro
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Instituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Foundation, Department of Surgery, HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Milan, Italy
| | - Joerg Trojan
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Stephen L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sandrine Faivre
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, Paris, France
| | | | - Chia-Jui Yen
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Francois Dufour
- University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel H Palmer
- Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Meera Tugnait
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Margit Hagel
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy E Kohl
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongliang Shi
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Beni B Wolf
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yoon-Koo Kang
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Halvorsen YDC, Walford GA, Massaro J, Aftring RP, Freeman MW. A 96-week, multinational, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, clinical trial evaluating the safety and effectiveness of bexagliflozin as a monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2496-2504. [PMID: 31297965 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the safety and effectiveness of extended exposure to bexagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes. METHODS Adults with diabetes (n = 288) from the USA, Colombia and Mexico were randomized 1:1 to receive bexagliflozin (20 mg) or placebo for 96 weeks. The primary endpoint was the placebo-adjusted change in HbA1c at 24 weeks. Dosing was continued an additional 72 weeks to assess safety and the durability of the treatment effect. Secondary endpoints measured changes from baseline in body mass and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at week 24, and the change, over study duration, in HbA1c. RESULTS: The placebo-adjusted change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 was -0.79% (-8.6 mmol/mol) [95%CI -0.53, -1.06 (-5.8, -11.6), P < .0001]. The unadjusted change from baseline through week 96 was -0.55% (-6.0 mmol/mol) ± 1.184% (12.9) (SD) for the bexagliflozin arm compared with 0.53% (5.8 mmol/mol) ± 1.215% (13.3) for the placebo arm (P < .0001). Significant decreases in body mass, SBP and DBP could be attributed to bexagliflozin exposure. The incidence of serious adverse events was lower in the bexagliflozin-treated group (2.8%) than in the placebo group (8.5%). Urinary tract infections occurred less frequently in the active arm (14.5%) than in the placebo arm (20.6%). CONCLUSIONS Bexagliflozin at 20 mg/d was well tolerated and provided a durable, clinically meaningful improvement in glycaemic control over 96 weeks to participants in this phase 2 trial. A substantial reduction in weight and blood pressure was produced by bexagliflozin, with no increase in significant adverse event rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Di C Halvorsen
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey A Walford
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Massaro
- Department of Biostatistics, Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mason W Freeman
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Halvorsen YD, Lock JP, Zhou W, Zhu F, Freeman MW. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial comparing bexagliflozin with sitagliptin as an adjunct to metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2248-2256. [PMID: 31161692 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the relative safety and effectiveness of bexagliflozin and sitagliptin as adjuncts to metformin for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Participants (n = 386) were randomized to receive bexagliflozin (20 mg) or sitagliptin (100 mg) in addition to their existing doses of metformin. The primary endpoint was the non-inferiority of bexagliflozin to sitagliptin for change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24. Changes from baseline to week 24 in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body mass (in subjects with baseline body mass index ≥25 kg m-2 ) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were secondary endpoints. RESULTS The mean change from baseline to week 24 in HbA1c was -0.74 (95% CI -0.86%, -0.62%) in the bexagliflozin arm and -0.82% (95% CI -0.93%, -0.71%) in the sitagliptin arm, establishing non-inferiority. The changes from baseline FPG, body mass and SBP were -1.82 mmol L-1 , -3.35 kg and -4.23 mmHg in the bexagliflozin arm and -1.45 mmol L-1 , -0.81 kg and -1.90 mmHg in the sitagliptin arm, respectively. These differences were significant for the first two measures (one-sided P = 0.0123, P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0276, respectively.) Adverse events were experienced by 47.1% of subjects in the bexagliflozin arm and 56.0% of subjects taking sitagliptin. Serious adverse events affected 3.7% of subjects in the bexagliflozin arm and 2.1% of subjects in the sitagliptin arm. CONCLUSIONS Bexagliflozin was non-inferior to sitagliptin and provided benefits over sitagliptin in FPG and body mass. Adverse event incidences in the two arms were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Di Halvorsen
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John P Lock
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Fang Zhu
- Syneos Health, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania
| | - Mason W Freeman
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Units, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kang EG, Wu S, Gupta A, von Mackensen YL, Siemetzki H, Freudenberg JM, Wigger-Alberti W, Yamaguchi Y. A phase I randomized controlled trial to evaluate safety and clinical effect of topically applied GSK2981278 ointment in a psoriasis plaque test. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1427-1429. [PMID: 29150844 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E G Kang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, U.S.A
| | - S Wu
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, U.S.A
| | - A Gupta
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, U.S.A
| | | | - H Siemetzki
- bioskin GmbH, Burchardstrasse 17, Hamburg, 20095, Germany
| | - J M Freudenberg
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, U.S.A
| | | | - Y Yamaguchi
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, U.S.A
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Home P, Shankar RR, Gantz I, Iredale C, O'Neill EA, Jain L, Pong A, Suryawanshi S, Engel SS, Kaufman KD, Lai E. A randomized, double-blind trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of monotherapy with the once-weekly dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor omarigliptin in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 138:253-261. [PMID: 29079379 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the efficacy and safety of once-weekly omarigliptin as monotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS People with T2DM not on glucose-lowering medications, or who were washed off monotherapy or low-dose dual therapy, were randomized double-blind to omarigliptin 25 mg (n=165) or matching omarigliptin placebo (n=164) for 24 weeks, followed by a 30-week period to assess continuing efficacy and safety longer-term of omarigliptin during which metformin was added to the placebo group and metformin placebo to the omarigliptin group. RESULTS From a mean baseline HbA1c of 8.0-8.1%, the least squares mean (95% CI) change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24 (primary endpoint) was -0.49% (-0.73, -0.24) in the omarigliptin group and -0.10% (-0.34, 0.14) in the placebo group, for a between-group difference of -0.39% (-0.59, -0.19) (p<.001). Protocol deviation in use of metformin by 38 of 252 (15%) people whose samples were available for evaluation probably attenuated glycemic efficacy results, as suggested by the LS mean difference -0.53% (-0.75, -0.32) after censoring of such participants. At 24 and 54 weeks, the incidences of adverse events (AEs) were similar in the omarigliptin and placebo groups. During 54 weeks there were no AEs of symptomatic hypoglycemia in the omarigliptin group and 5 AEs in the placebo group. Over 54 weeks, a majority of the omarigliptin treatment had a persistent reduction in HbA1c, remaining rescue-free. CONCLUSIONS In people with T2DM, omarigliptin monotherapy improved glycemic control over 54 weeks and was generally well tolerated with a low risk of hypoglycemia. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01717313. EudraCT Number: 2012-003626-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Home
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ira Gantz
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eseng Lai
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Lee SH, Gantz I, Round E, Latham M, O’Neill EA, Ceesay P, Suryawanshi S, Kaufman KD, Engel SS, Lai E. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitor omarigliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by glimepiride and metformin. BMC Endocr Disord 2017; 17:70. [PMID: 29110647 PMCID: PMC5674832 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-017-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease that often requires a patient to use multiple antihyperglycemic agents to achieve glycemic control with disease progression. Omarigliptin is a once-weekly dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. The purpose of this trial was to assess the efficacy and safety of adding omarigliptin to the treatment regimen of patients with T2D inadequately controlled by dual therapy with metformin and glimepiride. METHODS Patients with T2D and HbA1c ≥7.5% and ≤10.5% while on metformin (≥1500 mg/day) and glimepiride (≥4 mg/day) were randomized to omarigliptin 25 mg once-weekly (N = 154) or placebo (N = 153) for 24 weeks. The primary objective was to assess whether omarigliptin was superior to placebo in reducing HbA1c at Week 24. Secondary objectives were to assess the effects of omarigliptin vs. placebo on FPG and the proportion of subjects attaining HbA1c goals of <7% and <6.5%. RESULTS From a mean baseline HbA1c of 8.5% (omarigliptin) and 8.6% (placebo), the least squares (LS) mean change from baseline in HbA1c at Week 24 was -0.67% in the omarigliptin group and -0.06% in the placebo group, with a between-group difference (95% CI) of -0.61% (-0.85, -0.38). Treatment with omarigliptin resulted in a significantly greater reduction in FPG relative to placebo (LS mean difference [95% CI] -0.9 mmol/L [-1.4, -0.4]; p < 0.001). The proportion of patients achieving glycemic goals of <7.0% and <6.5% was higher in the omarigliptin group relative to the placebo group. The overall incidences of adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, drug-related AEs and discontinuations were generally similar between treatment groups. The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia was 10.5% in the omarigliptin group and 8.5% in the placebo group. Relative to baseline, omarigliptin and placebo treatments were associated with LS mean changes in body weight of -0.1 kg and -0.9 kg, respectively. CONCLUSION In patients with T2D and inadequate glycemic control on dual therapy with metformin and glimepiride, compared with placebo, once-weekly omarigliptin provided greater improvement in glycemic control and was generally well tolerated. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01704261 , EudraCT Number: 2012-002612-10. Trial Registration Date: October 8, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul St.Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ira Gantz
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Elizabeth Round
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Melanie Latham
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Edward A. O’Neill
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Paulette Ceesay
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | | | - Keith D. Kaufman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Samuel S. Engel
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Eseng Lai
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
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Gantz I, Okamoto T, Ito Y, Okuyama K, O'Neill EA, Kaufman KD, Engel SS, Lai E. A randomized, placebo- and sitagliptin-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of omarigliptin, a once-weekly dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1602-1609. [PMID: 28449368 PMCID: PMC5655696 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the safety and efficacy of omarigliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS In a 24-week double-blind trial, 414 patients with T2D were randomized to omarigliptin 25 mg once weekly, sitagliptin 50 mg once daily or placebo. The double-blind period was followed by a 28-week open-label extension during which all patients received omarigliptin 25 mg once weekly. Efficacy endpoints were glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), 2-hour postprandial glucose (PPG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. RESULTS After 24 weeks, the least squares (LS) mean change from baseline in HbA1c was -0.66% for omarigliptin, -0.65% for sitagliptin and 0.13% for placebo. The difference in LS mean for omarigliptin vs placebo was -0.80% ( P < .001). The difference in LS mean for omarigliptin vs sitagliptin was -0.02% (95% confidence interval -0.15, 0.12), which met the criterion for non-inferiority to sitagliptin. Both active treatments provided significant reductions in FPG and 2-hour PPG compared with placebo (P < .001). Over the 24-week double-blind period, there were no clinically meaningful differences in the incidence rates of adverse events among the treatment groups. There was 1 episode of symptomatic hypoglycaemia in the sitagliptin group and none in the omarigliptin or placebo groups. In the 28-week open-label period, omarigliptin provided persistent improvements in glycaemic control without notable change in safety profile compared with the double-blind period. Omarigliptin had no meaningful effect on body weight. CONCLUSIONS In Japanese patients with T2D, omarigliptin 25 mg once weekly provided significant glucose-lowering compared with placebo and was non-inferior to sitagliptin 50 mg once daily. Omarigliptin was generally well tolerated for up to 52 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Gantz
- Merck & Co., Inc.KenilworthNew Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eseng Lai
- Merck & Co., Inc.KenilworthNew Jersey
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Shankar RR, Inzucchi SE, Scarabello V, Gantz I, Kaufman KD, Lai E, Ceesay P, Suryawanshi S, Engel SS. A randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of the once-weekly dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor omarigliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:1853-1860. [PMID: 28547998 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1335637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy and safety of the once-weekly (q.w.) dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, omarigliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and inadequate glycemic control on metformin monotherapy. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind trial, patients with T2DM on a stable dose of metformin monotherapy (≥1500 mg/day) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.0-10.5% were randomized to omarigliptin 25 mg q.w. or matching placebo (n = 201 in both) for 24 weeks (primary timepoint) followed by an additional 80-week treatment period. RESULTS At week 24, from a mean baseline HbA1c of 8.0-8.1%, the least squares (LS) mean (95% CI) change from baseline in HbA1c (primary end-point) was -0.54% (-0.69%, -0.40%) in the omarigliptin group and 0.00% (-0.14%, 0.15%) in the placebo group, for a between-group difference of -0.55% (-0.75%, -0.34%); p < .001. Between-group differences (LS mean 95% CI) for the secondary end-points of 2-h post-meal glucose and fasting plasma glucose (omarigliptin vs placebo) were -0.8 mmol/L (-1.4, -0.2) (p = .011) and -0.5 mmol/L (-0.9, -0.1) (p = .010), respectively. At week 24, the incidences of symptomatic hypoglycemia and subjects with one or more adverse event (AE), serious AEs, and discontinuations due to an AE were similar in the omarigliptin and placebo groups. Over 104 weeks, omarigliptin treatment provided a clinically meaningful reduction in HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2DM, adding omarigliptin 25 mg q.w. to metformin monotherapy improved glycemic control over 104 weeks and was generally welltolerated with a low risk of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvio E Inzucchi
- b Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | | | - Ira Gantz
- a Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | | | - Eseng Lai
- a Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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Handelsman Y, Lauring B, Gantz I, Iredale C, O'Neill EA, Wei Z, Suryawanshi S, Kaufman KD, Engel SS, Lai E. A randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of omarigliptin, a once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitor, or glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:1861-1868. [PMID: 28548024 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1335638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding the once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitor omarigliptin or the sulfonylurea glimepiride to the treatment regimen of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and inadequate glycemic control on metformin monotherapy. METHODS Patients with T2DM and HbA1c ≥6.5% to ≤9.0% while on a stable dose of metformin (≥1500 mg/day) were randomized to omarigliptin 25 mg once-weekly (n = 376) or glimepiride up to 6 mg once daily (n = 375) for 54 weeks. The primary hypothesis was that omarigliptin is non-inferior to glimepiride in reducing HbA1c at week 54. RESULTS The mean baseline HbA1c was 7.5% in the omarigliptin group and 7.4% in the glimepiride group. After 54 weeks, the least squares (LS) mean change from baseline in HbA1c was -0.30% in the omarigliptin group and -0.48% in the glimepiride group, with a between-group difference (95% CI) of 0.18% (0.06, 0.30), which met the pre-specified criterion for declaring non-inferiority. The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia was 5.3% in the omarigliptin group and 26.7% in the glimepiride group. With the exception of hypoglycemia, the incidences of adverse events and discontinuations were similar between treatment groups. Relative to baseline, omarigliptin was associated with a mean weight loss (-0.4 kg) and glimepiride a mean weight gain (+1.5 kg). CONCLUSIONS After 54 weeks, as add-on therapy to metformin, once-weekly omarigliptin was generally well tolerated and non-inferior to glimepiride in improving glycemic control, with a lower incidence of hypoglycemia and with weight loss vs weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ira Gantz
- b Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | | | | | - Ziwen Wei
- b Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | | | | | | | - Eseng Lai
- b Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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11
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Kierończyk B, Sassek M, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Kołodziejski P, Rawski M, Świątkiewicz S, Józefiak D. The physiological response of broiler chickens to the dietary supplementation of the bacteriocin nisin and ionophore coccidiostats. Poult Sci 2017; 96:4026-4037. [PMID: 29050441 PMCID: PMC5850792 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with nisin alone or in combination with salinomycin or monensin on broiler chickens in terms of growth performance, selected blood parameters, digestive enzyme activity, apparent nutrient digestibility, and tibiotarsus mineralization, as well as selected gastrointestinal tract (GIT) organ weights, intestinal length, and central immune organ weights. Two independent experiments, each including 400 one-day-old female Ross 308 chicks differing in ionophore coccidiostats, i.e., salinomycin and monensin supplementation, were conducted. The following treatments were applied: experiment 1: NA-no additives, SAL-salinomycin (60 mg/kg diet), NIS-nisin (2,700 IU/kg diet), SAL+NIS-salinomycin (60 mg/kg diet) and nisin (2,700 IU/kg diet); experiment 2: NA-no additives, MON-monensin (100 mg/kg diet), NIS-nisin (2,700 IU/kg diet) and MON+NIS-monensin (100 mg/kg diet) and nisin (2,700 IU/kg diet). The addition of nisin with or without ionophores to the birds' diet improved broiler growth performance in terms of BWG and FCR (days 1 to 14) and BWG and FI (15 to 35 d; 1 to 35 d). Salinomycin showed effects similar to those of nisin influence on growth performance (1 to 35 d), while monensin supplementation resulted in lower BWG. Moreover, no additive effect between nisin and ionophores was observed. Nisin and salinomycin had no influence on the serum concentration of selected hormones and other blood biochemical parameters except glucose, which was reduced by nisin. A decrease in lipase activity was observed during nisin and salinomycin supplementation, while the apparent ileal digestibility of fat was not affected. However, the digestibility of crude protein increased with nisin administration. Additionally, the effects of nisin on decreasing the weight and length of GIT segments were observed. Supplementation with nisin and monensin was not associated with a negative impact on tibiotarsus mineralization and the immune organ index. This study suggests that nisin may be used in broiler nutrition as a growth promotor, with no negative influence on the bird's metabolism or immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kierończyk
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, ul. Wołyńska 33, 60–637 Poznań, Poland
| | - M Sassek
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ul. Wołyńska 33, 60–637 Poznań, Poland
| | - E Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ul. Wołyńska 33, 60–637 Poznań, Poland
| | - P Kołodziejski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ul. Wołyńska 33, 60–637 Poznań, Poland
| | - M Rawski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, ul. Wołyńska 33, 60–637 Poznań, Poland
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - S Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32–083 Balice, Poland
| | - D Józefiak
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, ul. Wołyńska 33, 60–637 Poznań, Poland
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12
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Qin LS, Jia PF, Zhang ZQ, Zhang SM. ROS-p53-cyclophilin-D signaling mediates salinomycin-induced glioma cell necrosis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:57. [PMID: 26024660 PMCID: PMC4486428 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant form of astrocytic tumor with an average survival of approximately 12-14 months. The search for novel and more efficient chemo-agents against this disease is urgent. Salinomycin induces broad anti-cancer effects; however, its role in GBM and the underlying mechanism are not clear. RESULTS Here we found that salinomycin induced both apoptosis and necrosis in cultured glioma cells, and necrosis played a major role in contributing salinomycin's cytotoxicity. Salinomycin induced p53 translocation to mitochondria, where it formed a complex with cyclophilin-D (CyPD). This complexation was required for mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and subsequent programmed necrosis. Blockade of Cyp-D by siRNA-mediated depletion or pharmacological inhibitors (cyclosporin A and sanglifehrin A) significantly suppressed salinomycin-induced glioma cell necrosis. Meanwhile, p53 stable knockdown alleviated salinomycin-induced necrosis in glioma cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was required for salinomycin-induced p53 mitochondrial translocation, mPTP opening and necrosis, and anti-oxidants n-acetylcysteine (NAC) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibited p53 translocation, mPTP opening and glioma cell death. CONCLUSIONS Thus, salinomycin mainly induces programmed necrosis in cultured glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-sen Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188, Shi-zi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yan-cheng, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pi-feng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital North, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-qing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China.
| | - Shi-ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188, Shi-zi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhao LY, Li J, Yuan F, Li M, Zhang Q, Huang YY, Pang JY, Zhang B, Sun FY, Sun HS, Li Q, Cao L, Xie Y, Lin YC, Liu J, Tan HM, Wang GL. Xyloketal B attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein e deficient mice. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2306-26. [PMID: 25874925 PMCID: PMC4413213 DOI: 10.3390/md13042306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that xyloketal B, a novel marine compound with a unique chemical structure, has strong antioxidant actions and can protect against endothelial injury in different cell types cultured in vitro and model organisms in vivo. The oxidative endothelial dysfunction and decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are critical for the development of atherosclerotic lesion. We thus examined whether xyloketal B had an influence on the atherosclerotic plaque area in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We found in our present study that the administration of xyloketal B dose-dependently decreased the atherosclerotic plaque area both in the aortic sinus and throughout the aorta in apoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. In addition, xyloketal B markedly reduced the levels of vascular oxidative stress, as well as improving the impaired endothelium integrity and NO-dependent aortic vasorelaxation in atherosclerotic mice. Moreover, xyloketal B significantly changed the phosphorylation levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt without altering the expression of total eNOS and Akt in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Here, it increased eNOS phosphorylation at the positive regulatory site of Ser-1177, while inhibiting phosphorylation at the negative regulatory site of Thr-495. Taken together, these findings indicate that xyloketal B has dramatic anti-atherosclerotic effects in vivo, which is partly due to its antioxidant features and/or improvement of endothelial function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/adverse effects
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Agents/adverse effects
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/drug therapy
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/prevention & control
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrans/adverse effects
- Pyrans/pharmacology
- Pyrans/therapeutic use
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mail:
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Mei Li
- VIP Healthcare Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; E-Mail:
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Yun-Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; E-Mail:
| | - Ji-Yan Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fang-Yun Sun
- Lab for Basic Research of Life Science, School of Medicine, Tibet Institute for Nationalities, Xianyang 712082, China; E-Mails:
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Yong-Cheng Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong-Mei Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.T.); (G.-L.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-020-8733-4055 (H.-M.T.); Tel.: +86-020-8733-0300 (G.-L.W.); Fax: +86-020-8733-1155 (G.-L.W.)
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.T.); (G.-L.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-020-8733-4055 (H.-M.T.); Tel.: +86-020-8733-0300 (G.-L.W.); Fax: +86-020-8733-1155 (G.-L.W.)
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Ojo OO, Bhadauria S, Rath SK. Dose-dependent adverse effects of salinomycin on male reproductive organs and fertility in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69086. [PMID: 23840907 PMCID: PMC3698082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinomycin is used as an antibiotic in animal husbandry. Its implication in cancer therapy has recently been proposed. Present study evaluated the toxic effects of Salinomycin on male reproductive system of mice. Doses of 1, 3 or 5 mg/kg of Salinomycin were administered daily for 28 days. Half of the mice were sacrificed after 24 h of the last treatment and other half were sacrificed 28 days after withdrawal of treatment. Effects of SAL on body and reproductive organ weights were studied. Histoarchitecture of testis and epididymis was evaluated along with ultrastructural changes in Leydig cells. Serum and testicular testosterone and luteinizing hormones were estimated. Superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were measured. Spermatozoa count, morphology, motility and fertility were evaluated. Expression patterns of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage proteins (CYP11A1) were assessed by Western blotting. Salinomycin treatment was lethal to few mice and retarded body growth in others with decreased weight of testes and seminal vesicles in a dose dependent manner. Seminiferous tubules in testes were disrupted and the epithelium of epididymis showed frequent occurrence of vacuolization and necrosis. Leydig cells showed hypertrophied cytoplasm with shrunken nuclei, condensed mitochondria, proliferated endoplasmic reticulum and increased number of lipid droplets. Salinomycin decreased motility and spermatozoa count with increased number of abnormal spermatozoa leading to infertility. The testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were decreased in testis but increased in serum at higher doses. Depletion of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione with increased lipid peroxidation in both testis and epididymis indicated generation of oxidative stress. Suppressed expression of StAR and CYP11A1 proteins indicates inhibition of steroidogenesis. Spermatogenesis was however observed in testis 28 days after Salinomycin withdrawal. The results indicate reversible dose-dependent adverse effects of Salinomycin on male reproductive system of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smrati Bhadauria
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail:
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15
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Furtula V, Stephenson GL, Olaveson KM, Chambers PA. Effects of the veterinary pharmaceutical salinomycin and its formulation on the plant Brassica rapa. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 63:513-522. [PMID: 22961218 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants found throughout the environment, and their presence and effects are a matter of concern. The purpose of this study was to compare the phytotoxicity of salinomycin (pure compound = 96 %) and Sacox 120 (formulated product = 120 g salinomycin/kg) to the plant species Brassica rapa as well as to investigate salinomycin persistence in soil. Calculated EC/IC(50) values for salinomycin and Sacox 120 were 1.10 and 2.88 and 2.19 and 18.03 mg/kg, respectively, based on salinomycin concentration. For exposure of B. rapa to salinomycin, significant adverse effects were observed for growth end points at the greater concentrations. For the reproduction end point (i.e., number of buds), as well as root length and wet mass, significant differences were observed at the lower concentrations (stimulating growth) and adverse effects at the greater concentrations. This study confirmed that the toxic effects of Sacox 120 are attributable to the active ingredient salinomycin. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analyses confirmed that exposure concentrations of salinomycin were 90 and 83 % of the nominal concentrations, respectively, in the soils amended with either pure or formulated product. At the end of the experiment, after 14 days, salinomycin concentrations for both tests (salinomycin and Sacox 120) decreased to 6.2 and 5.8 % of the nominal exposure concentrations, respectively. Detected salinomycin concentrations in plant shoots ranged from 3.47 to 41.0 ng/g dry shoot. This study shows the importance of using plants as tools to evaluate environmental risk and as a bridge to relate environment and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Furtula
- Environment Canada, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, North Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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16
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Rahmah E, Norjaiza MJ. An outbreak of Paederus dermatitis in a primary school, Terengganu, Malaysia. Malays J Pathol 2008; 30:53-56. [PMID: 19108412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Paederus dermatitis have been reported in several Asia-Pacific countries when rove beetles (genus Paederus) are accidentally brushed or crushed on the skin, releasing haemolymph pederin. An investigation was conducted in a school to ascertain the causative agent, establish the case definition, epidemiological characterisation of cases, entomological and environmental survey and data analysis. This outbreak occurred among 36 schoolchildren attending a night tuition class conducted by their teacher. Dermatitis developed within 24 hours in 33/37 (89.2%) cases with itchiness as the first presenting symptom in 87.9% of cases. Periorbital oedema and erythematous-vesicular plaques on the upper extremities were seen in 57.6% of cases, on the back (36.4%) and on the nape (24.2%). Signs and symptoms were present 12 hours after exposure in 66.7% of cases with burning sensation within four hours in 9.1%. Seven cases received out-patient treatment. Thirty cases (90.9%) recalled exposure to Paederus fuscipes with 28 (84.8%) cases admitting crushing or brushing the insects. (Relative risk = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2; 4.2). The school with fluorescent lighting, was located next to paddy fields. P. fuscipes was easily found in the paddy fields and along the school corridors. This strongly supports it as the likely causative agent for the dermatitis. Boarding the ventilation panes and use of insect spray were successfully implemented to control the outbreak. Increased awareness of this condition is important to prevent misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rahmah
- Kuala Terengganu District Health Office, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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17
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Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, are used for the treatment of, and protection from, influenza. The safety of these compounds has been assessed in systematic reviews. However, the data presented are somewhat limited by the paucity of good quality adverse event data available. The majority of safety outcomes are based on evidence from just one or two randomised controlled trials. The results of the systematic reviews suggest that neuraminidase inhibitors have a reasonable side effect and adverse effect profile if they are to be used to treat or protect patients against a life-threatening disease. However, if these compounds are to be prescribed in situations in which avoidance of inconvenience or minor discomfort is hoped for, then the balance of harms to benefits will be more difficult to judge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jones
- University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, School of Population Health, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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18
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Zhao J, Guo Y, Suo X, Yuan J. Effect of dietary zinc level on serum carotenoid levels, body and shank pigmentation of chickens after experimental infection with coccidia. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:218-28. [PMID: 16736856 DOI: 10.1080/17450390600679330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of a dietary zinc amino acid complex (Zn-AA) and an anticoccidial drug on Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria tenella infections. In each experiment, 288 day-old Three-Yellow-Chickens were used in a 2 x 3 factorial experimental design. Six groups were arranged randomly to receive three levels of Zn-AA (0, 40, or 80 mg/kg) alone or with salinomycin (60 mg/kg). Additionally an uninfected group was set as negative control. At the age of 21 days birds in Exp. 1 were inoculated with 3 x 10(4) sporulated E. acervulina oocysts, while birds in Exp. 2 were inoculated with 1.5 x 10(4) sporulated E. tenella oocysts. In Exp. 1, E. acervulina did not suppress growth performance significantly, but in groups without salinomycin it significantly reduced serum carotenoid levels on day 7 after inoculation and body and shank pigmentation on day 42. Salinomycin medication maintained serum carotenoids and visual colour of inoculated birds, but Zn-AA did not influence these parameters. In Exp. 2, growth performances of infected and uninfected chickens were similar. Infection decreased to only serum carotenoid levels on day 14 after infection, and colour scores on day 42 in the inoculated group without salinomycin and Zn-AA supplementation. The birds that received Zn-AA had significantly higher serum carotenoid levels and colour scores than those that did not. Although supplementation of Zn-AA cannot avoid coccidial damage of caecum, it prevents the reduction of serum carotenoids and pigmentation of Three-Yellow-Chicken infected with E. tenella, but not after infection with E. avervulina. The interactive effects between Zn-AA and salinomycin on growth performance and pigmentation were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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19
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Malmvall BE. [Neuraminidase inhibitors are effective in influenza---if administered quickly after the debut or as prophylaxis to infected persons]. Lakartidningen 2006; 103:833-6. [PMID: 16613110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Eric Malmvall
- Institutionen för molekylär och klinisk medicin, Hälsouniversitetet i Linköping.
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Antiviral drugs in influenza: an adjunct to vaccination in some situations. Prescrire Int 2006; 15:21-30. [PMID: 16548114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
(1) Influenza is a common acute respiratory disease due to a virus that causes annual seasonal epidemics. Three major pandemics occurred in the 20th century, in 1918-1919, 1957 and 1968, mainly due to genetic variants of type A influenza virus. (2) In temperate regions the incidence of hospitalisation increases during annual influenza epidemics. More than 90% of deaths linked to influenza involve people over 65 years of age. (3) The clinical manifestations of influenza virus infection are non specific. The main complications are secondary bacterial respiratory tract infections (especially pneumonia); those most at risk are people over 65, infants less than one year old, and people with underlying chronic disorders (pulmonary, cardiac, renal or metabolic) or immune deficiencies. (4) Vaccination is the main preventive measure. During most years the vaccine strain closely matches the epidemic strain. In relative terms, vaccination of people over 65 reduces the number of deaths linked to influenza by about 80%, hospitalisation and pneumonia by about 50%, and symptomatic influenza by about 30%. Yearly vaccination is recommended for younger people with serious chronic disease. (5) Three antiviral drugs are currently approved in France for prevention or treatment of influenza: amantadine and the neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir. (6) Efficacy of antiviral drugs has not been evaluated in comparative randomised trials in which death and influenza complications were the primary outcome measures. (7) A systematic review of 20 comparative randomised trials involving about 2500 healthy people showed that amantadine reduced the frequency of flu-like syndromes by about 7% in absolute terms (26.3% versus 33.1% with placebo). Zanamivir and oseltamivir have only been shown to reduce the frequency of serologically confirmed episodes of influenza (0.4% to 2.5%, compared to 4.4% to 14.9% with placebo). (8) In a randomised placebo-controlled trial of oseltamivir, involving 548 institutionalised subjects over 65 years of age, more than 80% of whom had been vaccinated, respiratory tract infections were less frequent in the oseltamivir group, but the relevance of this result is undermined by the small number of observed cases. (9) Efficacy of antiviral drugs on avian influenza (bird flu) was studied during a 2003 Dutch outbreak due to a type A/H7N7 virus. Among the 38 exposed persons who were treated, about 3% developed symptoms, compared with about 10% of 52 exposed persons who refused treatment (p = 0.38). The low statistical power and the lack of randomisation rule out any firm conclusions on preventive effects. (10) The three antiviral drugs have different profiles of adverse effects and drug interactions. Amantadine carries a risk of neuropsychological, atropinic and dopaminergic adverse effects, and can interact with drugs that have similar effects. Zanamivir carries a risk of life-threatening bronchospasm. Oseltamivir was approved relatively recently and its full spectrum of adverse effects is not yet known; its main adverse effects appear to be mild gastrointestinal disturbances, although a few cases of serious cutaneous reactions have been reported. (11) In vitro resistance to the three drugs has been demonstrated, but the possible clinical and epidemiological consequences are unclear. (12) In situations warranting antiviral therapy for the prevention of influenza, oseltamivir, at a dose of 75 mg/day for 10 days, is the drug with the best risk-benefit balance. Its use should be limited to situations where a major potential benefit exists in order to avoid selection for resistant strains. (13) Testing of oseltamivir in children is limited. Oseltamivir should be avoided during pregnancy, because of evidence that it may harm the unborn child. (14) In practice, the use of antiviral drugs in otherwise healthy adults and children is not generally recommended. (15) Despite the lack of convincing data regarding the efficacy of oseltamivir in preventing complications of influenza, its effect on documented infections suggests it may be useful for unvaccinated individuals who are at high risk of infection and severe complications. Under these conditions, treatment should be started within 48 hours after contact with a person who has flu-like symptoms during a seasonal epidemic; residents in institutions in which influenza cases occur may also qualify for preventive treatment. Other preventive measures should also be used, including immediate vaccination, case isolation, use of face masks, and more frequent hand washing. (16) During seasonal influenza epidemics due to viral strains against which the current vaccine is of limited effectiveness, the utility, target populations and optimal duration of preventive antiviral treatment must be determined by examining the groups most at risk and the severity of complications. (17) Most flu-like syndromes are not due to the influenza virus, and the preventive effect of antiviral drugs on complications in persons at risk has not yet been demonstrated. (18) In practice, antiviral drugs are not an alternative to influenza vaccination, but may be a useful adjunct in some situations. It is best to limit their use to short-term prophylaxis of vulnerable persons in situations where the risk of contracting influenza virus infection is high.
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Chen YS, Chang JY, Cheng CY, Tsai FJ, Yao CH, Liu BS. An in vivo evaluation of a biodegradable genipin-cross-linked gelatin peripheral nerve guide conduit material. Biomaterials 2005; 26:3911-8. [PMID: 15626438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated peripheral nerve regeneration using a biodegradable nerve conduit, which was made of genipin-cross-linked gelatin. The genipin-cross-linked gelatin conduit (GGC) was dark blue in appearance, which was concentric and round with a rough outer surface whereas its inner lumen was smooth. After subcutaneous implantation on the dorsal side of the rat, the GGC only evoked a mild tissue response, forming a thin tissue capsule surrounding the conduit. Biodegradability of the GGC and its effectiveness as a guidance channel were examined as it was used to repair a 10 mm gap in the rat sciatic nerve. As a result, tube fragmentation was not obvious until 6 weeks post-implantation and successful regeneration through the gap occurred in all the conduits at the three experimental periods of 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Histological observation showed that numerous regenerated nerve fibers, mostly unmyelinated and surrounded by Schwann cells, crossed through and beyond the gap region 6 weeks after operation. Peak amplitude and area under the muscle action potential curve both showed an increase as a function of the recovery period, indicating that the nerve had undergone adequate regeneration. Thus, the GGC can not only be an effective aids for regenerating nerves but can also lead to favorable nerve functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Sheng Chen
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Dramatic advances in the diagnosis and treatment of influenza in Japan has been made in recent years. Rapid diagnosis tests for influenza are routinely performed in Japanese hospitals. Both zanamivir and oseltamivir have been approved for the treatment of influenza since 2001, in addition to amantadine. Japan has the highest figure of neuraminidase inhibitor-use in the world because the treatment of influenza with neuraminidase inhibitors is covered by Japan's National Health Insurance program. Therefore, we should carefully observe the appearance of resistance strains and side effects to neuraminidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Sugaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To complete a year's follow-up on patients from a 6-week double-blind pilot comparison between 44 Doloteffin patients and 44 rofecoxib patients being treated for acute exacerbations of chronic low back pain. METHODS 38 "ex-Doloteffin" (ex-D) and 35 "ex-rofecoxib" (ex-R) received Doloteffin containing 60 mg harpagoside per day for up to 54 weeks. Pain, additional analgesics, mobility, general health and adverse events were assessed from diary records and at 6-week visits. RESULTS 53 patients remained in the follow-up at 24 weeks and 43 at 54 weeks. There was never any convincing difference between ex-D and ex-R patients in the number of patients remaining in follow-up, diary pain scores, additional analgesics, Arhus Index and health assessment questionnaire scores (HAQ). Individual fluctuations notwithstanding, the follow-up showed a slight overall improvement on the improvements in Arhus and HAQ scores achieved in the pilot study (MANOVA p = 0.016). Of the 21761 patient-days, the respective percentages with no, mild, moderate, severe and excruciating pain were 28%, 39%, 22%, 8.5% and 1.5%, respectively. Few patients requested additional treatments for their pain. Three patients suffered from minor adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with Doloteffin was well tolerated. Ex-R and ex-D patients behaved similarly during the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chrubasik
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Paederus dermatitis develops when beetles of the genus Paederus (often called rove beetles) are crushed on the skin, releasing the vesicant pederin. These beetles are found in many tropical and subtropical habitats. METHODS We describe 156 patients who presented to a dermatology clinic in the Guilan province of northern Iran during a 6-month period (May-October 2001). RESULTS The peak time of presentation was in September, and the face and neck were the most common sites of involvement. Clinically, the most common presentation comprised geographic erythematous plaques with micropustules. In three-quarters of patients, more than one lesion was present. Kissing lesions were seen in 5% of cases, and 15% of patients developed diffuse desquamation. The majority of patients resided within 1 km of rice fields and used fluorescent lighting at home. In half of the cases, another family member was also affected. CONCLUSIONS Paederus dermatitis is a common skin condition in northern Iran. We believe that increased public awareness of this condition can decrease mucocutaneous exposure to pederin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Zargari
- Guilan Research Center for Skin Diseases, Rasht, Iran
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Abstract
Vesicular dermatitis due to contact with Coleoptera (beetles) is common worldwide, although the condition has been infrequently described in Australia. We document the largest outbreak recognized so far in Australia with a conservative estimate of 250 cases. This occurred in central coastal Queensland over several weeks in late 1998. A survey of the medical practitioners in this district is presented, along with clinical and histopathological illustrations. Our research found that knowledge of the condition was limited even in this region where cases occur each year. This condition is an important differential diagnosis in acute blistering disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Banney
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia.
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Abstract
KF22678, a novel thioester derivative of leinamycin with the 1-oxo-1,2-dithiolane-3-one moiety, was examined for anti-tumor activity, toxicity in mice and activation mechanism. KF22678 showed a broad antitumor spectrum against human carcinoma xenografts (lung, colon, ovary and prostate). The efficacy of KF22678 was significantly higher than that of cisplatin. KF22678 exhibited low cross-resistance against various drug-resistant cell lines of MDR1 or MRP overexpressing human tumors, and, in addition, exhibited more potent antitumor activity in vivo than ADM against A2780/ADM and KB/MRP xenograft. DL-Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) pretreatment significantly reduced intracellular glutathione (GSH) level in human lung carcinoma A549 cells, leading to decrease in the cytotoxicity of KF22678, whereas the cytotoxicity of melphalan was augmented by BSO pretreatment. DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) were observed in A549 cells treated with KF22678 and bleomycin. DNA SSB induced by KF22678 was greatly reduced in the presence of BSO in the cells, whereas DNA SSB induced by bleomycin was not. In addition, the antitumor activity of KF22678 against BSO-pretreated human lung carcinoma PC-9 tumor was significantly decreased. These results suggest that the activation of KF22678 by intracellular GSH might be important for DNA SSB and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ashizawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd, Shizuoka-Ken, Japan
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Chrubasik S, Junck H, Breitschwerdt H, Conradt C, Zappe H. Effectiveness of Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 in the treatment of exacerbation of low back pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 16:118-29. [PMID: 10101629 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1999.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two daily doses of oral Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 (600 and 1200, respectively, containing 50 and 100 mg of the marker harpagoside) were compared with placebo over 4 weeks in a randomized, double-blind study in 197 patients with chronic susceptibility to back pain and current exacerbations that were producing pain worse than 5 on a 0-10 visual analogue scale. The principal outcome measure, based on pilot studies, was the number of patients who were pain free without the permitted rescue medication (tramadol) for 5 days out of the last week. The treatment and placebo groups were well matched in physical characteristics, in the severity of pain, duration, nature and accompaniments of their pain, the Arhus low back pain index and in laboratory indices of organ system function. A total of 183 patients completed the study. The numbers of pain-free patients were three, six and 10 in the placebo group (P), the Harpagophytum 600 group (H600) and the Harpagophytum 1200 group (H1200) respectively (P = 0.027, one-tailed Cochrane-Armitage test). The majority of responders' were patients who had suffered less than 42 days of pain, and subgroup analyses suggested that the effect was confined to patients with more severe and radiating pain accompanied by neurological deficit. However, subsidiary analyses, concentrating on the current pain component of the Arhus index, painted a slightly different picture, with the benefits seeming, if anything, to be greatest in the H600 group and in patients without more severe pain, radiation or neurological deficit. Patients with more pain tended to use more tramadol, but even severe and unbearable pain would not guarantee that tramadol would be used at all, and certainly not to the maximum permitted dose. There was no evidence for Harpagophytum-related side-effects, except possibly for mild and infrequent gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chrubasik
- Department of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Li Y, Sato T, Metori K, Koike K, Che QM, Takahashi S. The promoting effects of geniposidic acid and aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaves on collagen synthesis. Biol Pharm Bull 1998; 21:1306-10. [PMID: 9881644 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.21.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that collagen synthesis was stimulated by the administration of a hot water extract from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides OLIVER, Eucommiaceae (Du-Zhong leaves) in false aged model rats. In this paper, we set out to examine the compounds in Du-Zhong leaves that stimulated collagen synthesis in false aged model rats. In experiment 1, a methanol extract of Du-Zhong leaves also stimulated collagen synthesis in aged model rats. An acetone fraction was derived from the methanol extract by silica gel chromatography in experiment 2. The acetone fraction mainly contained iridoides mono-glycosides such as geniposidic acid and aucubin. The administration of geniposidic acid or aucubin stimulated collagen synthesis in aged model rats in experiments 3 and 4 (significance (p<0.05)). The reported pharmacological effects of Du-Zhong leaves, including healing organs and strengthening bone and muscle, are closely related to collagen metabolism. It appears that geniposidic acid and aucubin are the actual compounds in Du-Zhong which caused the effect in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veraldi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Italy
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Abstract
'Nairobi Eye' is a condition caused by a blister beetle, Paederus eximius, found in Northern Kenya. It has not previously been described as a hazard for troops exercising in this area. Four cases are described. Recommended management is to wash the contact area initially with soap and water, and to treat subsequent lesions with flamazine.
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Ricketts AP, Dirlam JP, Shively JE. Anticoccidial efficacy and chicken toleration of potent new polyether ionophores. 1. The septamycin relative CP-82,009. Poult Sci 1992; 71:1626-30. [PMID: 1454680 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0711626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticoccidial activity of the ionophore CP-82,009 against laboratory isolates of four major species of poultry Eimeria was investigated. Parameters of anticoccidial efficacy that were evaluated were control of lesions and weight suppression. At 4 and 5 ppm, CP-82,009 demonstrated broad-spectrum anticoccidial efficacy in battery trials that was equivalent to reference commercial ionophores. When CP-82,009 was fed to uninfected broiler chickens at efficacious dose levels, growth rate and feed efficiency were found to be equivalent to commercial agents over a 21-day period in batteries and over a 49-day period in floor pens. From the present studies, it appears that CP-82,009 is an efficacious anticoccidial that is well tolerated by chickens, and that it ranks among the most potent anticoccidial ionophores described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Ricketts
- Central Research Division, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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Stipkovits L, Csiba E, Laber G, Burch DG. Simultaneous treatment of chickens with salinomycin and tiamulin in feed. Avian Dis 1992; 36:11-6. [PMID: 1533113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory and field experiments involving more than 100,000 birds were performed to assess the effect of simultaneous in-feed medication of chickens with salinomycin and tiamulin at various concentrations. In an artificial infection study with Mycoplasma gallisepticum, low levels of tiamulin (10-40 ppm) did not induce signs of ionophore intoxication with salinomycin at 60 ppm in the feed, whereas levels of 50 ppm caused early signs with a mild growth depression. A level of 20 ppm gave a maximum average improvement in growth rate of 12.5%. There was a dose-related response in mycoplasma lesion inhibition, with 50 ppm reducing lesions by 75%. In the two field trials, chickens suffering from mycoplasmosis complicated with infectious bronchitis and receiving 60 ppm salinomycin in the feed showed marked improvements in mortality rates, lesion scores, and feed-conversion efficiency when tiamulin was added at 20 ppm and 30 ppm in the feed. There were no signs of incompatibility between the two antibiotics at these levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stipkovits
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Ulsen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dijkzigt Hospital, The Netherlands
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Wang TY, Xu RC. Clinical studies of treatment of falciparum malaria with artemether, a derivative of qinghaosu. J TRADIT CHIN MED 1985; 5:240-2. [PMID: 3914575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Stuart JC. Salinomycin poisoning in turkeys. Vet Rec 1983; 113:597. [PMID: 6665966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Martel RR, Demerson CA, Humber LG, Philipp AH. Etodolic acid and related compounds. Chemistry and antiinflammatory actions of some potent di- and trisubstituted 1, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydropyrano[3, 4-b]indole-1-acetic acids. J Med Chem 1976; 19:391-5. [PMID: 1255663 DOI: 10.1021/jm00225a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 37 1-ethyl- and 1-n-propyl-1, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydropyrano[3, 4-b]indole-1-acetic acids bearing one, or two, substituents on the benzene ring has been synthesized via the acid-catalyzed condensation of a substituted tryptophol with ethyl propionylacetate or ethyl butyrylacetate. Antiinflammatory and ulcerogenic effects were examined and the results show that 1, 8-diethyl-1, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydropyrano[3, 4-b]indole-1-acetic acid (etodolic acid, USAN) is a potent agent, particularly active against a chronic rat model of inflammation (ED50 0.7 + 1-0.1 mg/kg po in the adjuvant arthritis model) and which has a relatively low acute ulcerogenic potential in the same species.
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Kretschmer W. [Mental effects of kavain]. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1974; 116:741-2. [PMID: 4151726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Locardi G. [Clinical pharmacology and biological characteristics of 3-tetrahydropyranyl ether of 17-beta-estradiol]. Minerva Ginecol 1972; 24:70-81. [PMID: 4603402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Leavitt TJ, Merigan TC, Freeman JM. Hemolytic-uremic-like syndrome following polycarboxylate interferon induction. Treatment of Dawson's inclusion-body encephalitis. Am J Dis Child 1971; 121:43-7. [PMID: 5539813 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1971.02100120079010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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