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Bovell AAN, Ngcamphalala C, Rhudd A, Ncayiyana J, Ginindza TG. The Economic Burden of Prostate Cancer in Antigua and Barbuda: A Prevalence-Based Cost-of-Illness Analysis from the Healthcare Provider Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:1527. [PMID: 39595794 PMCID: PMC11593963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
In Antigua and Barbuda, prostate cancer is known for its epidemiological burden; however, its economic burden on the healthcare system is unknown. This study aimed to assess the economic burden of prostate cancer in Antigua and Barbuda from the healthcare provider's perspective. To conduct this prevalence-based cost-of-illness study, we used patient data abstracted from records at key study sites for the period of 2017-2021 to establish a yearly prevalence. Top-down and bottom-up approaches were used to estimate the direct medical cost. The cost was computed at the 2021 price level and converted to United States dollars (USD). The total annual direct medical cost for prostate cancer was estimated at USD 1.8 million (ranging between USD 1.4 million and USD 2.3 million). Stages II and III disease accounted for a combined greater share of the cost. The direct medical unit cost for screening, diagnosing, and treating a prostate cancer patient was USD 126,388.98. The top contributors to this cost were surgery (USD 20,913.42), renal complications/renal failure (USD 20,674.86), and hormonal therapy (USD 31,824.00). The results of this study provide evidence of the economic burden of prostate cancer in Antigua and Barbuda. Our findings appear reasonable. Besides contributing to further economic research, they will be useful for policy development, resource allocation, and cost containment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre A. N. Bovell
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (C.N.); (J.N.); (T.G.G.)
| | - Cebisile Ngcamphalala
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (C.N.); (J.N.); (T.G.G.)
| | - Adrian Rhudd
- Urology Department, Sir Lester Bird Medical Centre, Saint John’s 4586, Antigua and Barbuda;
| | - Jabulani Ncayiyana
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (C.N.); (J.N.); (T.G.G.)
| | - Themba G. Ginindza
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (C.N.); (J.N.); (T.G.G.)
- Cancer & Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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2
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Qi Y, Xue B, Chen S, Wang W, Zhou H, Chen H. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of novel hydroxyzine derivatives as potential AR antagonists. Front Chem 2022; 10:1053675. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1053675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant tumor with a higher mortality rate in the male reproductive system. In this study, the hydroxyazine derivatives were synthesized with different structure from traditional anti-prostate cancer drugs. In the evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity and antagonistic activity of PC-3, LNCaP, DU145 and androgen receptor, it was found that the mono-substituted derivatives on the phenyl group (4, 6, 7, and 9) displayed strong cytotoxic activities, and compounds 11–16 showed relatively strong antagonistic potency against AR (Inhibition% >55). Docking analysis showed that compounds 11 and 12 mainly bind to AR receptor through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds, and the structure-activity relationship was discussed based on activity data. These results suggested that these compounds may have instructive implications for drug structural modification in prostate cancer.
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3
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Hagan CT, Bloomquist C, Kim I, Knape NM, Byrne JD, Tu L, Wagner K, Mecham S, DeSimone J, Wang AZ. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D printed drug-loaded spacers to improve prostate cancer brachytherapy treatment. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:163-170. [PMID: 35724920 PMCID: PMC10494976 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Brachytherapy, which is the placement of radioactive seeds directly into tissue such as the prostate, is an important curative treatment for prostate cancer. By delivering a high dose of radiation from within the prostate gland, brachytherapy is an effective method of killing prostate cancer cells while limiting radiation dose to normal tissue. The main shortcomings of this treatment are: less efficacy against high grade tumor cells, acute urinary retention, and sub-acute urinary frequency and urgency. One strategy to improve brachytherapy is to incorporate therapeutics into brachytherapy. Drugs, such as docetaxel, can improve therapeutic efficacy, and dexamethasone is known to decrease urinary side effects. However, both therapeutics have high systemic side effects. To overcome this challenge, we hypothesized that we can incorporate therapeutics into the inert polymer spacers that are used to correctly space brachytherapy seeds during brachytherapy to enable local drug delivery. To accomplish this, we engineered 3D printed drug-loaded brachytherapy spacers using continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) with different surface patterns to control drug release. These devices have the same physical size as existing spacers, allowing them to easily replace commercial spacers. We examined these drug-loaded spacers using docetaxel and dexamethasone as model drugs in a murine model of prostate cancer. We found that drug-loaded spacers led to higher therapeutic efficacy for brachytherapy, and there was no discernable systemic toxicity from the drug-loaded spacers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There has been high interest in the application of 3D printing to engineer novel medical devices. However, such efforts have been limited by the lack of technologies that can fabricate devices suitable for real world medical applications. In this study, we demonstrate a unique application for 3D printing to enhance brachytherapy for cancer treatment. We engineered drug-loaded brachytherapy spacers that can be fabricated using Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) 3D printing, allowing tunable printing of drug-loaded devices, and implanted intraoperatively with brachytherapy seeds. In combined chemotherapy and brachytherapy we are able to achieve greater therapeutic efficacy through local drug delivery and without systemic toxicities. We believe our work will facilitate further investigation in medical applications of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tilden Hagan
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cameron Bloomquist
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isaiah Kim
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole M Knape
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James D Byrne
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Litao Tu
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kyle Wagner
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sue Mecham
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph DeSimone
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Carbon, Inc, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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4
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Rana S, Valbuena GN, Curry E, Bevan CL, Keun HC. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis: a systematic review and a systematic reanalysis of public data. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:502-513. [PMID: 35022525 PMCID: PMC8810870 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable prognostic biomarkers to distinguish indolent from aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) are lacking. Many studies investigated microRNAs (miRs) as PCa prognostic biomarkers, often reporting inconsistent findings. We present a systematic review of these; also systematic reanalysis of public miR-profile datasets to identify tissue-derived miRs prognostic of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Methods Independent PubMed searches were performed for relevant articles from January 2007 to December 2019. For the review, 128 studies were included. Pooled-hazard-ratios (HRs) for miRs in multiple studies were calculated using a random-effects model (REM). For the reanalysis, five studies were included and Cox proportional-hazard models, testing miR association with BCR, performed for miRs profiled in all. Results Systematic review identified 120 miRs as prognostic. Five (let-7b-5p, miR-145-5p, miR152-3p, miR-195-5p, miR-224-5p) were consistently associated with progression in multiple cohorts/studies. In the reanalysis, ten (let-7a-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR-203a-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR30a-3p, miR-30c-5p, miR-30e-3p, miR-374a-5p, miR-425-3p, miR-582-5p) were significantly prognostic of BCR. Of these, miR-148a-3p (HR = 0.80/95% CI = 0.68-0.94) and miR-582-5p (HR = 0.73/95% CI = 0.61-0.87) were also reported in prior publication(s) in the review. Conclusions Fifteen miRs were consistently associated with disease progression in multiple publications or datasets. Further research into their biological roles is warranted to support investigations into their performance as prognostic PCa biomarkers.
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5
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Sun P, Li Y, Li J, Zhang Y. Entrapment of horseradish peroxidase into nanometer-scale metal-organic frameworks: a new nanocarrier for signal amplification in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:409. [PMID: 34739603 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was highly loaded into large holes of nanometer-scale metal-organic frameworks (i.e., PCN-333(Al)) for signal amplification in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The enzyme-labeled antibody complex prepared using nanometer-scale PCN-333(Al) maintained a high catalytic efficiency. Its Vm and Kcat values with 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H2O2 as substrates were 4.84 × 10-5 mM/s and 4.84 × 104 min-1, respectively. We demonstrated an HRP@PCN-333 signal amplification strategy for colorimetric assay of human prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The linear range of PSA detection by using this method was 15-165 pg/mL, and the limit of detection was 6 pg/mL (S/N = 3), indicating the potential application of this method in detecting disease markers under clinical conditions. The presented strategy exhibited the characteristics of significantly increased amount of labeled enzymes, improved stability and utilization of enzymes, simple preparation process of enzyme-labeled antibodies, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Changan West Road 620, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Changan West Road 620, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Changan West Road 620, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Changan West Road 620, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Moris L, Devos G, Van den Broeck T, Milonas D, Albersen M, Berghen C, De Meerleer G, Devlies W, Everaerts W, Gevaert T, Van Poppel H, Claessens F, Joniau S. Current and emerging therapies for localized high-risk prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:267-282. [PMID: 33225759 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1852932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite progress in the field of high-risk localized prostate cancer (HRPCa) treatments, high-risk patients treated with curative intent are at increased risk of biochemical recurrence, metastatic progression and cancer-related death. The optimal treatment strategy remains a topic of debate. This review provides an overview of the current and investigational therapeutic options for HRPCa.Areas covered: A PubMed search was performed for papers on the current perspectives on the multimodality treatment of HRPCa. We focus on both primary local treatment as well as systemic treatment options. Finally, relevant ongoing trials focusing on systemic treatments (including [neo]adjuvant treatments) enrolling at least 50 patients were retrieved, to highlight ongoing research and treatment optimization.Expert opinion: Disease progression in HRPCa patients is driven by local tumor extension and subclinical metastases. Therefore, the main treatment concept is a multimodal approach targeting the primary tumor with extended surgery or RT with long-term ADT and simultaneously targeting micro-metastatic deposits. However, there is still room for optimization. Upcoming clinical trials comparing surgery versus RT as local treatment, trials with (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy or androgen receptor signaling inhibitors will likely change the treatment landscape. However, a multimodal treatment strategy will stay as the cornerstone in the treatment of HRPCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Moris
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaëtan Devos
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Daimantas Milonas
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Urology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlien Berghen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Meerleer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Devlies
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Everaerts
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Van Poppel
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Multiparametric MRI has a changing role in prostate cancer diagnosis. Internationally recognized consensus documents such as prostate imaging reporting and data system version have been developed and adapted to standardize the acquisition and reporting of prostate MRI. The improvement in scanning techniques and development of highly sensitive functional sequences have improved the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer as well as treatment planning and follow up. This has led to a recent NICE recommendation to use prostate MRI as the initial investigation in men with clinically suspected localized disease. The results of several recent international MRI prostate trials are influencing the way imaging is used to stratify which patients require a prostate biopsy as well as how MRI guidance is used to target biopsies.
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8
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Chen H, Qian Y, Jia H, Yu Y, Zhang H, Shen J, Zhao S. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of naftopidil-based arylpiperazine derivatives containing the bromophenol moiety. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1058-1068. [PMID: 32048266 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and in the absence of any effective treatments available. METHODS For the development of potential anticancer agents, 24 kinds of naftopidil-based arylpiperazine derivatives containing the bromophenol moiety were synthesized and characterized by using spectroscopic methods. Their pharmacological activities were evaluated against human PCa cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP) and a1-adrenergic receptors (a1-ARs; α1a, α1b, and α1d-ARs). The structure-activity relationship of these designed arylpiperazine derivatives was rationally explored and discussed. RESULTS Among these derivatives, 3c, 3d, 3h, 3k, 3o, and 3s exhibited the most potent activity against the tested cancer cells, and some derivatives with potent anticancer activities exhibited better a1-AR subtype selectivity than others did (selectivity ratio > 10). CONCLUSION This work provided a potential lead compound for the further development of anticancer agents for PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, China
| | - Yuna Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Huixia Jia
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, China
| | - Yuzhong Yu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China. .,Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325001, China.
| | - Shanchao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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NCL1, A Highly Selective Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Inhibitor, Suppresses Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Growth via Regulation of Apoptosis and Autophagy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040442. [PMID: 30935141 PMCID: PMC6517972 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that epigenetic alterations lead to oncogenic activation, thus indicating that these are therapeutic targets. Herein, we analyzed the efficacy and therapeutic potential of our developed histone lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor, NCL1, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The CRPC cell lines 22Rv1, PC3, and PCai1CS were treated with NCL1, and LSD1 expression and cell viability were assessed. The epigenetic effects and mechanisms of NCL1 were also evaluated. CRPC cells showed strong LSD1 expression, and cell viability was decreased by NCL1 in a dose-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that NCL1 induced histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation accumulation at promoters of P21. As shown by Western blot and flow cytometry analyses, NCL1 also dose-dependently induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. The stimulation of autophagy was observed in NCL1-treated 22Rv1 cells by transmission electron microscopy and LysoTracker analysis. Furthermore, WST-8 assay revealed that the anti-tumor effect of NCL1 was reinforced when autophagy was inhibited by chloroquine in 22Rv1 cells. Combination index analysis revealed that a concurrent use of these drugs had a synergistic effect. In ex vivo analysis, castrated nude mice were injected subcutaneously with PCai1 cells and intraperitoneally with NCL1. Tumor volume was found to be reduced with no adverse effects in NCL1-treated mice compared with controls. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis using consecutive human specimens in pre- and post-androgen deprivation therapy demonstrated that LSD1 expression levels in CRPC, including neuroendocrine differentiation cases, were very high, and identical to levels observed in previously examined prostate biopsy specimens. NCL1 effectively suppressed prostate cancer growth in vitro and ex vivo without adverse events via the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, suggesting that NCL1 is a potential therapeutic agent for CRPC.
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10
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Wu C, Chen W, Huang X, Lin R, Wu J, Zhang X. Effect of Diphosphonates on Bone Mineral Density in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018; 16:e1243-e1250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and SAR of naftopidil-based arylpiperazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1534-1539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel Arylpiperazine Derivatives Containing the Saccharin Moiety. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111857. [PMID: 29109383 PMCID: PMC6150201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. For the development of potential anti-prostate cancer agents, a series of novel arylpiperazine derivatives containing the saccharin moiety based on previous studies was designed, synthesized, and evaluated in prostate (PC-3, LNCaP, and DU145) cancer cell lines for their anticancer activities. The majority of the compounds exhibited excellent selective activity for the tested cancer cells. Compounds 4 and 12 exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against DU145 cells (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) < 2 μM). The structure–activity relationship (SAR) of these arylpiperazine derivatives was also discussed based on the obtained experimental data. This work provides a potential lead compound for anticancer agent development focusing on prostate cancer therapy.
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13
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Etani T, Suzuki T, Naiki T, Naiki-Ito A, Ando R, Iida K, Kawai N, Tozawa K, Miyata N, Kohri K, Takahashi S. NCL1, a highly selective lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor, suppresses prostate cancer without adverse effect. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2865-78. [PMID: 25605246 PMCID: PMC4413623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigated therapeutic potential of a novel histone lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor, NCL1, in prostate cancer. Hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cells, (LNCaP) and castration resistant cancer cells (PC3 and PCai1) were treated with NCL1, and LSD1 expression and cell viability were assessed. Prostate cancer cells showed strong LSD1 expression, and cell viability was decreased by NCL1. ChIP analysis showed that NCL1 induced H3K9me2 accumulation at the promoters of androgen-responsive genes. NCL1 also induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, autophagosomes and autolysosomes were induced by NCL1 treatment in LNCaP. Furthermore, LC3-II expression was significantly increased by NCL1 and chloroquine. In mice injected subcutaneously with PCai1 and intraperitoneally with NCL1, tumor volume was reduced with no adverse effects in NCL1-treated mice. Finally, LSD1 expression in human cancer specimens was significantly higher than that in normal prostate glands. In conclusion, NCL1 effectively suppressed prostate cancer growth without adverse events. We suggest that NCL1 is a potential therapeutic agent for hormone-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Etani
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taku Naiki
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keitaro Iida
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kawai
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tozawa
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyata
- Institute of Drug Discovery Science, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kohri
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Ding H, Yang L, Du W, Teng Y, Fu SJ, Tao Y, Lu JZ, Wang ZP. Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis in nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:3337-43. [PMID: 23803126 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.5.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of bisphosphonates for prevention and treatment of osteopenia or osteoporosis in men with non-metastatic prostate cancer receiving androgen- deprivation therapy. We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of bisphosphonates compared with placebo from Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ISI - Science Citation Index. Meta-analyses of pre- specified outcomes (bone mineral density, fractures, and adverse events) were performed using Review Manager. Ten RCTs with a total patient population of 1,017 were identified. There was generally more improvement in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine for patients who received bisphosphonate treatment than placebo or other medical treatment at 12 months (WMD 6.02,95%CI 5.39 to 6.65). Similar effects were also observed for total hip, trochanter or femoral neck bone mineral density. However, there was no significant reduction in fractures. Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common adverse events (10.4% vs. 1.2%; 0.10% vs. 0.03%). Currently, our meta-analysis suggested that oral and intravenous bisphosphonates caused a rapid increase in spine and hip or femoral BMD in non-metastatic prostate cancer patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy. Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms were common with the use of bisphosphonates. These short-term trials (maximum of 12 months) did not show fracture reduction. In future, more efficient performance of higher quality, more rigorous, large sample, long-term randomised controlled trials (>12 months) are needed where outcomes are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Institute of Urology, Key Laboratory of Diseases of Urological System Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, China
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Chen H, Liang X, Xu F, Xu B, He X, Huang B, Yuan M. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation of novel arylpiperazine derivatives on human prostate cancer cell lines. Molecules 2014; 19:12048-64. [PMID: 25120056 PMCID: PMC6271825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel arylpiperazine derivatives was synthesized. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of all synthesized compounds against three human prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, LNCaP, and DU145) were evaluated by a CCK-8 assay. Compounds 9 and 15 exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against LNCaP cells (IC50 < 5 μM), and compound 8 (IC50 = 8.25 μM) possessed the most potent activity against DU145 cells. However, these compounds also exhibited cytotoxicity towards human epithelial prostate normal cells RWPE-1. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) of these arylpiperazine derivatives was also discussed based on the obtained experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Xue Liang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Fang Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Bingbing Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Xuelan He
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Biyun Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Mu Yuan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
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Rolfo A, Giuffrida D, Giuffrida MC, Todros T, Calogero AE. New perspectives for prostate cancer treatment: in vitro inhibition of LNCaP and PC3 cell proliferation by amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells conditioned media. Aging Male 2014; 17:94-101. [PMID: 24597941 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2014.896894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether normal human amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) secrete trophic mediators able to inhibit human prostate cancer cell lines growth. METHODS Human prostate cancer and normal cell lines were used. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) were isolated through mechanical and enzymatic digestion from amniotic membranes and were evaluated for specific mesenchymal stromal cells antigens. Cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. Staining with propidium iodide (PI) followed by flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle phase. RESULTS hAMSC showed proper mesenchymal stem cells phenotype. We found that hAMSC conditioned media (CM) inhibited prostate cancer cells proliferation. Indeed, we demonstrated that hAMSC CM treatment increased percentage of G1 cancer cells and decreased percentage of cancer cells in S and G2M phases, suggesting that the hAMSC factors slow progression of prostate cancer cells through cell cycle inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our study provide evidences that hAMSC microenvironment secretes soluble factors able to inhibit prostate cancer cells growth. This may represent a novel strategy to control proliferation of prostate cancer through modulation of the host microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rolfo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin , Italy
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17
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Nakandi H, Kirabo M, Semugabo C, Kittengo A, Kitayimbwa P, Kalungi S, Maena J. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Ugandan men regarding prostate cancer. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2013; 19:165-170. [PMID: 25221428 DOI: 10.1016/j.afju.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of prostate cancer in Uganda is one of the highest recorded in Africa. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in Uganda. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the current knowledge, attitudes and practices of adult Ugandan men regarding prostate cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using interviewer administered questionnaires and focus group discussions among 545 adult men aged 18-71 years, residing in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. Quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS version 20. Qualitative data were collected using audio recorded focus group discussions, transcribed and analyzed by clustering into themes. RESULTS The majority of the respondents (324, 59.4%) were aged 18-28 years, 295 (54.1%) had heard about prostate cancer and 250 (45.9%) had never heard about it. The commonest source of information about prostate cancer was the mass media. Only 12.5% of the respondents obtained information about prostate cancer from a health worker, 37.4% did not know the age group that prostate cancer affects and 50.2% could not identify any risk factor for prostate cancer. Participants in the focus group discussions confused prostate cancer with gonorrhea and had various misconceptions about the causes of prostate cancer. Only 10.3% of the respondents had good knowledge of the symptoms of prostate cancer and only 9% knew about serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing. Although 63.5% thought they were susceptible to prostate cancer, only 22.9% considered getting and only 3.5% had ever undergone a serum PSA test. CONCLUSION There was generally poor knowledge and several misconceptions regarding prostate cancer and screening in the study population. Community based health education programs about prostate cancer are greatly needed for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakandi
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - M Kirabo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - C Semugabo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Kittengo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - P Kitayimbwa
- Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - S Kalungi
- Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J Maena
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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18
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Shukla HD, Vaitiekunas P, Cotter RJ. Advances in membrane proteomics and cancer biomarker discovery: current status and future perspective. Proteomics 2012; 12:3085-104. [PMID: 22890602 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteomic analysis has been proven to be a promising tool for identifying new and specific biomarkers that can be used for prognosis and monitoring of various cancers. Membrane proteins are of great interest particularly those with functional domains exposed to the extracellular environment. Integral membrane proteins represent about one-third of the proteins encoded by the human genome and assume a variety of key biological functions, such as cell-to-cell communication, receptor-mediated signal transduction, selective transport, and pharmacological actions. More than two-thirds of membrane proteins are drug targets, highlighting their immensely important pharmaceutical significance. Most plasma membrane proteins and proteins from other cellular membranes have several PTMs; for example, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and nitrosylation, and moreover, PTMs of proteins are known to play a key role in tumor biology. These modifications often cause change in stoichiometry and microheterogeneity in a protein molecule, which is apparent during electrophoretic separation. Furthermore, the analysis of glyco- and phosphoproteome of cell membrane presents a number of challenges mainly due to their low abundance, their large dynamic range, and the inherent hydrophobicity of membrane proteins. Under pathological conditions, PTMs, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation are frequently altered and have been recognized as a potential source for disease biomarkers. Thus, their accurate differential expression analysis, along with differential PTM analysis is of paramount importance. Here we summarize the current status of membrane-based biomarkers in various cancers, and future perspective of membrane biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem D Shukla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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19
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Zopf EM, Braun M, Machtens S, Zumbé J, Bloch W, Baumann FT. Implementation and scientific evaluation of rehabilitative sports groups for prostate cancer patients: study protocol of the ProRehab Study. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:312. [PMID: 22827935 PMCID: PMC3414755 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although treatment regimen have improved in the last few years, prostate cancer patients following a radical prostatectomy still experience severe disease- and treatment-related side effects, including urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction and psychological issues. Despite high incidence rates and the common adverse effects there is a lack of supportive measures for male patients and specific physical exercise recommendations for prostate cancer patients during rehabilitation or in the aftercare are still missing. METHODS/DESIGN The ProRehab Project aims to establish rehabilitative sports groups particularly for prostate cancer patients and to evaluate the effects of the offered exercise program. Starting 8-12 weeks after prostatectomy or combination therapy, prostate cancer patients will exercise for 15 months within a patient preference randomized controlled trial. One exercise session will be conducted within a pre-established rehabilitative sports group, while the other will be completed independently. Patients in the control group will not participate in the intervention. The main outcomes of the study include aerobic fitness, quality of life, incontinence and erectile dysfunction. DISCUSSION By combining science, practice, and public relations the first rehabilitative sports groups for prostate cancer patients in Germany have been set up and thus contribute to the care structure for prostate cancer patients. By offering a 15-month physical exercise intervention that is conducted in supervised group sessions, long-term lifestyle changes and therefore improvements in quality of life in prostate cancer patients can be expected. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00004184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Zopf
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Moritz Braun
- Heilig-Geist-Hospital Cologne-Longerich, Graseggerstr. 105, Cologne-Longerich, 50737, Germany
| | - Stefan Machtens
- Marien Hospital Bergisch Gladbach, Dr.-Robert-Koch-Str. 18, Bergisch Gladbach, 51465, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zumbé
- Clinical Centre Leverkusen, Am Gesundheitspark 11, Leverkusen, 51375, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Freerk T Baumann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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20
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Willmann D, Lim S, Wetzel S, Metzger E, Jandausch A, Wilk W, Jung M, Forne I, Imhof A, Janzer A, Kirfel J, Waldmann H, Schüle R, Buettner R. Impairment of prostate cancer cell growth by a selective and reversible lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2704-9. [PMID: 22447389 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histones by chromatin modifying enzymes regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. As deregulation of histone modifications contributes to cancer progression, inhibition of chromatin modifying enzymes such as histone demethylases is an attractive therapeutic strategy to impair cancer growth. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) removes mono- and dimethyl marks from lysine 4 or 9 of histone H3. LSD1 in association with the androgen receptor (AR) controls androgen-dependent gene expression and prostate tumor cell proliferation, thus highlighting LSD1 as a drug target. By combining protein structure similarity clustering and in vitro screening, we identified Namoline, a γ-pyrone, as a novel, selective and reversible LSD1 inhibitor. Namoline blocks LSD1 demethylase activity in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of LSD1 by Namoline leads to silencing of AR-regulated gene expression and severely impairs androgen-dependent proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Namoline is a novel promising starting compound for the development of therapeutics to treat androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominica Willmann
- Urologische Klinik/Frauenklinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Pašalić D, Pauković P, Cvijetić S, Pizent A, Jurasović J, Milković-Kraus S, Dodig S, Mück-Šeler D, Mustapić M, Pivac N, Lana-Feher-Turković, Pavlović M. Prostate cancer in elderly Croatian men: 5-HT genetic polymorphisms and the influence of androgen deprivation therapy on osteopenia--a pilot study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:598-604. [PMID: 22420486 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index, biochemical parameters, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) genetic polymorphisms and prostate dysfunction in an elderly general male population. RESULTS One hundred and seventeen elderly male subjects [60 men without symptoms of prostate hyperplasia, 42 men with untreated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 15 men with prostate cancer (PCa)] treated with finasteride or flutamide were included. Multiple comparisons showed significant difference in age, T-score, concentration of phosphorus, calcium, C-reactive protein, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) between the groups. T-score was the lowest and phosphorus concentration was the highest in the PCa group. Highest PSA, proteins, calcium, and Hekal's formula score were found in the BPH group. Patients with PCa were more frequent GG+GA carriers of 5-HT1B 1997A/G gene polymorphism (p=0.035). Univariate regression analysis showed association of PCa-treated subjects with age (p=0.010) and 5-HT1B genetic polymorphism (p=0.018). Antiandrogen therapy affects T-score (p=0.017), serum phosphorus (p=0.008), glucose (p=0.036), and total proteins (p=0.050). Multivariate-stepwise logistic regression analysis showed the significant association of treated PCa with age (p=0.028) and inorganic phosphorus (p=0.005), and a marginal association with ultrasonographic T-score (p=0.052). CONCLUSIONS Antiandrogen therapy might induce bone mineral loss in elderly PCa patients. Preliminary data imply that the genetic variants of the 5-HT1B receptor might be associated with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Pašalić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Targeting of α(v)-integrins in stem/progenitor cells and supportive microenvironment impairs bone metastasis in human prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2011; 13:516-25. [PMID: 21677875 DOI: 10.1593/neo.11122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of an invasive phenotype by cancer cells is a requirement for bone metastasis. Transformed epithelial cells can switch to a motile, mesenchymal phenotype by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recently, it has been shown that EMT is functionally linked to prostate cancer stem cells, which are not only critically involved in prostate cancer maintenance but also in bone metastasis. We showed that treatment with the non-peptide α(v)-integrin antagonist GLPG0187 dose-dependently increased the E-cadherin/vimentin ratio, rendering the cells a more epithelial, sessile phenotype. In addition, GLPG0187 dose-dependently diminished the size of the aldehyde dehydrogenase high subpopulation of prostate cancer cells, suggesting that α(v)-integrin plays an important role in maintaining the prostate cancer stem/progenitor pool. Our data show that GLPG0187 is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Real-time bioluminescent imaging in preclinical models of prostate cancer demonstrated that blocking α(v)-integrins by GLPG0187 markedly reduced their metastatic tumor growth according to preventive and curative protocols. Bone tumor burden was significantly lower in the preventive protocol. In addition, the number of bone metastases/mouse was significantly inhibited. In the curative protocol, the progression of bone metastases and the formation of new bone metastases during the treatment period was significantly inhibited. In conclusion, we demonstrate that targeting of integrins by GLPG0187 can inhibit the de novo formation and progression of bone metastases in prostate cancer by antitumor (including inhibition of EMT and the size of the prostate cancer stem cell population), antiresorptive, and antiangiogenic mechanisms.
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Clinical exercise interventions in prostate cancer patients--a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer 2011; 20:221-33. [PMID: 21989678 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-011-1271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, fatigue as well as fears and depression rank among the most common complaints in patients with prostate cancer, resulting in a reduced participation in daily life and social isolation. Consequently, the quality of life of prostate cancer patients is strongly affected in a negative way. Numerous studies focusing on physical exercise interventions in prostate cancers patients demonstrate positive physiological and psychological effects. Our objective was to evaluate the evidence of randomized controlled studies which examined exercise during medical treatment and in the aftercare of a prostate cancer disease. METHODS Twenty-five randomized controlled trials regarding physical activities in patients with prostate cancer were obtained by systematic literature research (Medpilot). Twenty-one studies examined clinical exercise interventions during the phase of medical treatment (irradiation, pre- and/or post-op, androgen deprivation therapy) and four studies during the aftercare. In order to evaluate the evidence of the included studies, the evaluation system of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine was used. Within this systematic review, we differentiated between "supervised clinical exercise" and "non-supervised clinical exercise." RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Current data suggest that incontinence, fitness, fatigue, body constitution, and also quality of life can be improved by clinical exercise in patients during and after prostate cancer. Studies were mostly ranked evidence level "2b." Only four studies, all conducted during medical treatment, reached the level "1b." It seems to be that "supervised exercise" is more effective than "non-supervised exercise." For future research, further randomized controlled trials with high methodological quality need to be conducted in order to establish evidence-based recommendations particularly for prostate cancer patients.
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Ten years of docetaxel-based therapies in prostate adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2244 patients in 12 randomized clinical trials. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2011; 9:115-23. [PMID: 21907635 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy can reduce serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and relieve pain in some patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To improve therapeutic efficacy numerous randomized trials have investigated docetaxel-based combination regimens. The present analysis tries to overcome the statistical limitations of the individual trials and investigates the treatment effects in total and in various combination groups. METHODS The Medline, Embase, Cancerlit, and American Society of Clinical Oncology Abstract databases were searched for published randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating the use of docetaxel-based regimens in patients with CRPC. The outcomes assessed were overall survival, overall response rate, PSA response rate, and adverse effects. RESULTS Twelve articles (2244 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis demonstrates a higher PSA response rate from docetaxel-based combinations when compared with docetaxel alone (relative risk [RR] = 1.16; P = .010). The estimated median survival in docetaxel-based combinations was statistically significantly longer than in the docetaxel-alone group (22.0 vs. 18.4 months; P = .037). Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia as well as grade 3 or 4 thromboembolic events were similar in both arms (overall RR, 0.87 [confidence interval (CI) 0.71-1.07]; P = .20 and overall RR 1.52 [0.79 - 2.90]; P = .21, respectively). CONCLUSION The analysis of 12 randomized trials provides evidence in favor of docetaxel-based combination chemotherapy for patients with CRPC and good performance status.
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van den Hoogen C, van der Horst G, Cheung H, Buijs JT, Pelger RCM, van der Pluijm G. Integrin αv expression is required for the acquisition of a metastatic stem/progenitor cell phenotype in human prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2559-68. [PMID: 21907176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrins participate in multiple cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, and the activation of growth factor receptors. Recent studies have shown that expression of αv integrins is elevated in the prostate cancer stem/progenitor cell subpopulation compared with more differentiated, committed precursors. Here, we examine the functional role of αv integrin receptor expression in the acquisition of a metastatic stem/progenitor phenotype in human prostate cancer. Stable knockdown of αv integrins expression in PC-3M-Pro4 prostate cancer cells coincided with a significant decrease of prostate cancer stem/progenitor cell characteristics (α2 integrin, CD44, and ALDH(hi)) and decreased expression of invasion-associated genes Snail, Snail2, and Twist. Consistent with these observations, αv-knockdown strongly inhibited the clonogenic and migratory potentials of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and significantly decreased tumorigenicity and metastatic ability in preclinical models of orthotopic growth and bone metastasis. Our data indicate that integrin αv expression is functionally involved in the maintenance of a highly migratory, mesenchymal cellular phenotype as well as the acquisition of a stem/progenitor phenotype in human prostate cancer cells with metastasis-initiating capacity.
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Serpa Neto A, Tobias-Machado M, Esteves MAP, Senra MD, Wroclawski ML, Fonseca FLA, dos Reis RB, Pompeo ACL, Giglio AD. Bisphosphonate therapy in patients under androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011; 15:36-44. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Marques RB, Dits NF, Erkens-Schulze S, van IJcken WFJ, van Weerden WM, Jenster G. Modulation of androgen receptor signaling in hormonal therapy-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23144. [PMID: 21829708 PMCID: PMC3150397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate epithelial cells depend on androgens for survival and function. In (early) prostate cancer (PCa) androgens also regulate tumor growth, which is exploited by hormonal therapies in metastatic disease. The aim of the present study was to characterize the androgen receptor (AR) response in hormonal therapy-resistant PC346 cells and identify potential disease markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Human 19K oligoarrays were used to establish the androgen-regulated expression profile of androgen-responsive PC346C cells and its derivative therapy-resistant sublines: PC346DCC (vestigial AR levels), PC346Flu1 (AR overexpression) and PC346Flu2 (T877A AR mutation). In total, 107 transcripts were differentially-expressed in PC346C and derivatives after R1881 or hydroxyflutamide stimulations. The AR-regulated expression profiles reflected the AR modifications of respective therapy-resistant sublines: AR overexpression resulted in stronger and broader transcriptional response to R1881 stimulation, AR down-regulation correlated with deficient response of AR-target genes and the T877A mutation resulted in transcriptional response to both R1881 and hydroxyflutamide. This AR-target signature was linked to multiple publicly available cell line and tumor derived PCa databases, revealing that distinct functional clusters were differentially modulated during PCa progression. Differentiation and secretory functions were up-regulated in primary PCa but repressed in metastasis, whereas proliferation, cytoskeletal remodeling and adhesion were overexpressed in metastasis. Finally, the androgen-regulated genes ENDOD1, MCCC2 and ACSL3 were selected as potential disease markers for RT-PCR quantification in a distinct set of human prostate specimens. ENDOD1 and ACSL3 showed down-regulation in high-grade and metastatic PCa, while MCCC2 was overexpressed in low-grade PCa. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE AR modifications altered the transcriptional response to (anti)androgens in therapy-resistant cells. Furthermore, selective down-regulation of genes involved in differentiation and up-regulation of genes promoting proliferation and invasion suggest a disturbed balance between the growth and differentiation functions of the AR pathway during PCa progression. These findings may have implications in the current treatment and development of novel therapeutical approaches for metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute B. Marques
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja F. Dits
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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van den Hoogen C, van der Horst G, Cheung H, Buijs JT, Pelger RCM, van der Pluijm G. The aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme 7A1 is functionally involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:615-25. [PMID: 21647815 PMCID: PMC3198191 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity can be used to identify tumor-initiating and metastasis-initiating cells in various human carcinomas, including prostate cancer. To date, the functional importance of ALDH enzymes in prostate carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis has remained elusive. Previously we identified strong expression of ALDH7A1 in human prostate cancer cell lines, primary tumors and matched bone metastases. In this study, we evaluated whether ALDH7A1 is required for the acquisition of a metastatic stem/progenitor cell phenotype in human prostate cancer. Knockdown of ALDH7A1 expression resulted in a decrease of the α2hi/αvhi/CD44+ stem/progenitor cell subpopulation in the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3M-Pro4. In addition, ALDH7A1 knockdown significantly inhibited the clonogenic and migratory ability of human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, a number of genes/factors involved in migration, invasion and metastasis were affected including transcription factors (snail, snail2, and twist) and osteopontin, an ECM molecule involved in metastasis. Knockdown of ALDH7A1 resulted in decreased intra-bone growth and inhibited experimentally induced (bone) metastasis, while intra-prostatic growth was not affected. In line with these observations, evidence is presented that TGF-β, a key player in cancer invasiveness and bone metastasis, strongly induced ALDH activity while BMP7 (an antagonist of TGF-β signaling) down-regulated ALDH activity. Our findings show, for the first time, that the ALDH7A1 enzyme is functionally involved in the formation of bone metastases and that the effect appeared dependent on the microenvironment, i.e., bone versus prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel van den Hoogen
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre, J3-100, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje van der Horst
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre, J3-100, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Cheung
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre, J3-100, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen T. Buijs
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre, J3-100, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C. M. Pelger
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre, J3-100, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre, J3-100, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Serpa Neto A, Tobias-Machado M, Esteves MAP, Senra MD, Wroclawski ML, Fonseca FLA, dos Reis RB, Pompeo ACL, Del Giglio A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of bone metabolism in prostate adenocarcinoma. BMC Urol 2010; 10:9. [PMID: 20482867 PMCID: PMC2882358 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ary Serpa Neto
- Urologic Oncology Division, Dept. of Urology, ABC Medical School, Santo André, Brazil
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30
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Mearini E, Antognelli C, Del Buono C, Cochetti G, Giannantoni A, Nardelli E, Talesa VN. The combination of urine DD3PCA3mRNA and PSA mRNA as molecular markers of prostate cancer. Biomarkers 2009; 14:235-43. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500902807306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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KLF5 enhances SREBP-1 action in androgen-dependent induction of fatty acid synthase in prostate cancer cells. Biochem J 2008; 417:313-22. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20080762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
KLF5 (Krüppel-like factor 5) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular signalling involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and oncogenesis. In the present study, we showed that KLF5 acts as a key regulator controlling the expression of FASN (fatty acid synthase) through an interaction with SREBP-1 (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1) in the androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. The mRNA level of KLF5 increased when cells were treated with a synthetic androgen, R1881. Furthermore, KLF5 bound to SREBP-1 and enhanced the SREBP-1-mediated increase in FASN promoter activity. The results also demonstrated that the expression of KLF5 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells enhanced FASN expression, whereas silencing of KLF5 by small interfering RNA down-regulated FASN expression. The proximal promoter region and the first intron of the FASN gene contain multiple CACCC elements that mediate the transcriptional regulation of the gene by KLF5. However, other lipogenic and cholesterogenic genes, such as those encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ATP-citrate lyase, the LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor, HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) synthase and HMG-CoA reductase are irresponsive to KLF5 expression, owing to the absence of CACCC elements in their promoter regions. Taken together, these results suggest that the FASN gene is activated by the synergistic action of KLF5 and SREBP-1, which was induced by androgen in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells.
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32
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Glen A, Gan CS, Hamdy FC, Eaton CL, Cross SS, Catto JWF, Wright PC, Rehman I. iTRAQ-facilitated proteomic analysis of human prostate cancer cells identifies proteins associated with progression. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:897-907. [PMID: 18232632 DOI: 10.1021/pr070378x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The unpredictable behavior of prostate cancer presents a major clinical challenge during patient management. In order to gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with prostate cancer progression, we employed the shot-gun proteomic approach of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), followed by 2D-LC-MS/MS, using the poorly metastatic LNCaP cell line and its highly metastatic variant LNCaP-LN3 cell line as a model. A total number of 280 unique proteins were identified (> or =95% confidence), and relative expression data was obtained for 176 of these. Ten proteins were found to be significantly up-regulated (> or =1.50 fold), while 4 proteins were significantly down-regulated (> or = -1.50 fold), in LNCaP-LN3 cells. Differential expression of brain creatine kinase (CKBB), soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase (S-COMT), tumor rejection antigen (gp96), and glucose regulated protein, 78 kDa (grp78), was confirmed by Western blotting or independent 2D-PAGE analysis. Additionally, iTRAQ analysis identified absence of the lactate dehydrogenase-B (LDH-B) subunit in LNCaP-LN3 cells, confirming our published data. The clinical relevance of gp96 was assessed by immunohistochemistry using prostate tissues from benign ( n = 95), malignant ( n = 66), and metastatic cases ( n = 3). Benign epithelium showed absent/weak gp96 expression in the basal cells, in contrast to the moderate/strong expression seen in malignant epithelium. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference in the intensity of gp96 expression between benign and malignant cases ( p < 0.0005, Mann-Whitney U). Our study is the first to report the application of iTRAQ technology and its potential for the global proteomic profiling of prostate cancer cells, including the identification of absent protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Glen
- Academic Urology Unit, Section of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Floor K, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
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Leiblich A, Cross SS, Catto JWF, Pesce G, Hamdy FC, Rehman I. Human prostate cancer cells express neuroendocrine cell markers PGP 9.5 and chromogranin A. Prostate 2007; 67:1761-9. [PMID: 17929277 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proportion of men with prostate cancer will progress to develop metastatic disease involving the lymph-nodes and bone. To identify novel candidates associated with metastatic progression, we compared the proteomic profiles of LNCaP (lymph-node metastatic, androgen-dependant) and PC-3 (bone metastatic, androgen-independent), human prostate cancer cells. METHODS Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), followed by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Western blotting was used to validate the identity of any candidates. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess tissue expression. RESULTS 2D-PAGE followed by ESI-MS/MS analyses identified the expression of glutathione S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in PC-3 cells, but absent expression in LNCaP cells. PGP 9.5 expression in PC-3 cells was confirmed by Western blotting, in addition to expression in DU145 cells. Analysis of cell conditioned media showed that PGP 9.5 was secreted. Sequencing of the PGP 9.5 gene promoter region in bisulfite modified DNA, suggested that the regulation of expression involves promoter hypermethylation. RT-PCR analysis for Chromogranin A (ChA) mRNA (a marker of neuroendocrine cells), showed expression in PC-3 and DU145 cells but was undetectable in LNCaP cells. Immunohistochemistry localised PGP 9.5 expression exclusively within neuroendocrine cells and nerve fibres. CONCLUSIONS Our unexpected finding that the neuroendocrine cell markers PGP 9.5 and ChA are expressed by PC-3 and DU145 cells, suggests that these cells may have been derived from metastatic adenocarcinomas which had undergone neuroendocrine differentiation or alternatively the expression occurred ectopically as a result of cell culture.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromogranin A/biosynthesis
- Chromogranin A/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Glutathione S-Transferase pi/biosynthesis
- Glutathione S-Transferase pi/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/biosynthesis
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Leiblich
- Section of Oncology, Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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34
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Prowatke I, Devens F, Benner A, Gröne EF, Mertens D, Gröne HJ, Lichter P, Joos S. Expression analysis of imbalanced genes in prostate carcinoma using tissue microarrays. Br J Cancer 2006; 96:82-8. [PMID: 17146477 PMCID: PMC2360197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify candidate genes relevant for prostate tumour prognosis and progression, we performed an exhaustive gene search in seven previously described genomic-profiling studies of 161 prostate tumours, and four expression profiling studies of 61 tumours. From the resulting list of candidate genes, six were selected for protein-expression analysis based on the availability of antibodies applicable to paraffinised tissue: fatty acid synthase (FASN), MYC, β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (BARK1, GRK2) the catalytic subunits of protein phosphatases PP1α (PPP1CA) and PP2A (PPP2CB) and metastasis suppressor NM23-H1. These candidates were analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a tissue microarray containing 651 cores of primary prostate cancer samples and benign prostatic hyperplasias (BPH) from 175 patients. In univariate analysis, expression of PP1α (P=0.001) was found to strongly correlate with Gleason score. MYC immunostaining negatively correlated with both pT-stage and Gleason score (P<0.001 each) in univariate as well as in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, a subgroup of patients with high Gleason scores was characterised by a complete loss of BARK1 protein (P=0.023). In conclusion, our study revealed novel molecular markers of potential diagnostic and therapeutic relevance for prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prowatke
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Devens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E F Gröne
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Mertens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H-J Gröne
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Joos
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik (B060), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany. E-mail:
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35
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in many western countries. It is characterized by its propensity for bone metastases which occur in more than 80% of patients with advanced disease. Patients are at risk of complications including pain, hypercalcaemia, bone fracture and spinal cord compression. Hormonal treatment is the mainstay of treatment for these patients but most of them will then become hormone refractory. Bisphosphonates act by inhibiting osteoclast activities and are a potential therapeutic option for metastatic prostate cancer. In addition, they have been shown to reduce pain in patients with bone metastases as a consequence of multiple myeloma. Early uncontrolled studies of bisphosphonates in metastatic prostate cancer patients have shown encouraging results. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to determine the effectiveness of bisphosphonates in relieving pain in patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer. SEARCH STRATEGY Studies were identified by electronic search of bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CancerLit and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Handsearching included Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology and reference lists of all eligible trials identified. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled studies comparing the effectiveness of bisphosphonates with placebo or open control for pain relief in patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted from eligible studies and included study design, participants, interventions and outcomes. Comparable data were pooled together for meta-analysis with intention-to-treat principle. Outcomes included pain response, analgesic consumption, skeletal events (including pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, bone radiotherapy, bone surgery), prostate cancer death, disease progression, radiological response, PSA response, adverse events, performance status, quality of life and comparisons between different routes, doses and types of bisphosphonates. MAIN RESULTS One thousand nine hundred and fifty-five patients from ten studies were included in this review. The pain response rates were 27.9% and 21.1% for the treatment group and the control group, respectively, with an absolute risk difference of 6.8%. The OR for pain response was 1.54 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.44, P = 0.07), showing a trend of improved pain relief in the bisphosphonate group, although this was not statistically significant. The rates for skeletal events were 37.8% and 43.0% for the treatment group and the control group, respectively, with an absolute risk difference of 5.2%. The OR for skeletal events was 0.79 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.00, P = 0.05). A significant increase in nausea was observed in patients who received bisphosphonates compared to placebo. No increase in other adverse events was observed. There was no statistically significant difference between the bisphosphonate group and the control group in terms of prostate cancer death, disease progression, radiological response and PSA response. There are insufficient data to guide the choice of bisphosphonates or the dose and the route of administration . AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Bisphosphonates should be considered for patients with metastatic prostate cancer for the treatment of refractory bone pain and prevention of skeletal events. More research is needed to guide the choice of bisphosphonates, optimal treatment schedule as well as cost-benefit comparisons. Combining results from different studies is difficult because different tools were used to assess pain, and also, bisphosphonates vary considerably in potency. This review highlights the need for standardisation and co-ordination among researchers in cancer pain studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Yuen
- University of Hong Kong, Centre of Infection, Hong Kong, China.
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36
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Landers KA, Burger MJ, Tebay MA, Purdie DM, Scells B, Samaratunga H, Lavin MF, Gardiner RA. Use of multiple biomarkers for a molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:950-6. [PMID: 15609297 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers capable of providing a reliable molecular diagnostic test for prostate cancer (PCa) is highly desirable clinically. We describe here 4 biomarkers, UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine transferase (GalNAc-T3; not previously associated with PCa), PSMA, Hepsin and DD3/PCA3, which, in combination, distinguish prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). GalNAc-T3 was identified as overexpressed in PCa tissues by microarray analysis, confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and shown immunohistochemically to be localised to prostate epithelial cells with higher expression in malignant cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis across 21 PCa and 34 BPH tissues showed 4.6-fold overexpression of GalNAc-T3 (p = 0.005). The noncoding mRNA (DD3/PCA3) was overexpressed 140-fold (p = 0.007) in the cancer samples compared to BPH tissues. Hepsin was overexpressed 21-fold (p = 0.049, whereas the overexpression for PSMA was 66-fold (p = 0.047). When the gene expression data for these 4 biomarkers was combined in a logistic regression model, a predictive index was obtained that distinguished 100% of the PCa samples from all of the BPH samples. Therefore, combining these genes in a real-time PCR assay represents a powerful new approach to diagnosing PCa by molecular profiling. (Supplemental material for this article can be found on the International Journal of Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0020-7136/suppmat/index.html.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Landers
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical Division, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4072, Australia
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37
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Gududuru V, Hurh E, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 2-aryl-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl-amides for prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5289-93. [PMID: 15454213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described serine amide phosphates (SAPs) as a novel class of cytotoxic agents for prostate cancer. Several of them showed potent cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer cell lines, but were not selective in non-tumor cells. To improve the selectivity and further enhance the potency, we designed a new series of 2-aryl-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl amides. The current work describes synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of these compounds for their ability to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells. The antiproliferative effects of synthesized compounds were examined in five human prostate cancer cell lines (DU-145, PC-3, LNCaP, PPC-1, and TSU), and in RH7777 cells (negative controls). From this study, three potent compounds (8, 20, and 21) have been detected, which are effective in killing prostate cancer cells with improved selectivity compared to SAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeresa Gududuru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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38
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Gududuru V, Hurh E, Durgam GG, Hong SS, Sardar VM, Xu H, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cytotoxic phospholipids for prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4919-23. [PMID: 15341952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of a novel series of cytotoxic serine amide phosphates (SAPs) for prostate cancer. These compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity in five human prostate cancer cell lines (DU-145, PC-3, LNCaP, PPC-1, and TSU), and in CHO and RH7777 cells (negative controls). Comparison of anticancer effects of these compounds with a standard chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil shows that they are very effective in killing prostate cancer cells with low micromolar cytotoxicity and provide us a new lead for the development of drugs for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeresa Gududuru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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39
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Capitosti SM, Hansen TP, Brown ML. Thalidomide analogues demonstrate dual inhibition of both angiogenesis and prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:327-36. [PMID: 14723953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification of agents with antiproliferative activity against endothelial cells has significant value for the treatment of many angiogenesis-dependent pathologies. Herein, we describe the discovery of a series of thalidomide analogues possessing inhibitory effects against both endothelial and prostate cancer cells. More specifically, several analogues exhibited low micromolar to mid-nanomolar potency in the inhibition of human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC) proliferation, both in the presence and absence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with the tetrafluorophthalimido class of compounds demonstrating the greatest potency. Additionally, all the compounds were screened against two different androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU-145). Again, the tetrafluorophthalimido analogues exhibited the greatest effect with GI(50) values in the low micromolar range. Thalidomide was found to demonstrate selective inhibition of androgen receptor positive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we showed that, as an example, tetrafluorophthalimido analogue 19 was able to completely inhibit the prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion by the LNCaP cell line, while thalidomide demonstrated a 70% inhibition. We have also demonstrated that a correlation exists between HMEC and prostate cancer cell proliferation for this structural class. Altogether, our study suggests that these analogues may serve as promising leads for the development of agents that target both androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer and blood vessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Capitosti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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40
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McGregor S. What information patients with localised prostate cancer hear and understand. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2003; 49:273-278. [PMID: 12642199 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients with localised prostate cancer can decide on a treatment option that is appropriate for their needs and lifestyle only if their doctor provides information that they understand and can remember. This small study (n10) examined the knowledge of men who had been diagnosed but had not been treated for early stage disease. A semi-structured interview schedule enabled these men to demonstrate their knowledge of their disease and its treatment. They were aware that they had incomplete understanding, but no one asked that information should be provided until, and in a language, they understood. Only two men felt that the choice of treatment belonged to them, others agreed with the decision of their urologist although they did not understand why a specific treatment was recommended or the implications of that treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra McGregor
- Department of General Practice, University of Glasgow, 4 Lancaster Crescent, Glasgow G12 0RR, Scotland, UK.
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41
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Development of an education package for men with prostate cancer on hormonal manipulation therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1361-9004(03)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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McGregor S. Information on video format can help patients with localised prostate cancer to be partners in decision making. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2003; 49:279-283. [PMID: 12642200 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A video was produced to inform men diagnosed with localised prostate cancer of the different management options for their disease. It was tested for increased knowledge and understanding on a healthy population of similar age (n=10), who were assessed before and after watching the video (20 interviews). The video was then shown to 12 men who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer but had not started any treatment for their disease (24 interviews). Interviews among the healthy cohort revealed not only the lack of knowledge of anatomy and physiology but also the way in which these men used past experiences to help explain and remember complex medical procedures. The patients focused on the treatments and outcomes, remembering less of the technicalities. All men interviewed vividly remembered the patients participating in the video; they drew inferences and developed affinity towards specific individuals. Both groups felt that video provided information in a user friendly way. Although remembering few anatomical terms all participants described a visual image that led to a perception of understanding rather than a definitive increase in knowledge. Patients, however, felt they had a clearer understanding of the disease and its treatment, and therefore better able to be active informed partners in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra McGregor
- Department of General Practice, University of Glasgow, 4 Lancaster Crescent, Glasgow G12 0RR, Scotland, UK.
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43
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Barentsz J. MR imaging of pelvic lymph nodes. Cancer Imaging 2003; 3. [PMCID: PMC4437558 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2003.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of metastases to pelvic lymph nodes profoundly affects the prognosis of pelvic malignancies, making accurate staging crucial for selecting appropriate treatment. Modalities for the detection of metastatic lymph nodes are lymph node dissection, lymphangiography, and non-invasive techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the role of these techniques will be reviewed. Although this review will focus on prostate cancer, the statements may be generalised for other malignancies, as the metastases in pelvic lymph nodes have a similar pattern for other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Barentsz
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Brady SF, Pawluczyk JM, Lumma PK, Feng DM, Wai JM, Jones R, DeFeo-Jones D, Wong BK, Miller-Stein C, Lin JH, Oliff A, Freidinger RM, Garsky VM. Design and synthesis of a pro-drug of vinblastine targeted at treatment of prostate cancer with enhanced efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4706-15. [PMID: 12361397 DOI: 10.1021/jm020139f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy of prostate cancer with antimitotic agents such as vinblastine and doxorubicin is only marginally effective, due to dose-limiting systemic toxicity. Herein we report the development of peptidyl conjugate 5 of the cytotoxic agent vinblastine (1), along with the results of its in vitro and in vivo evaluation as a pro-drug targeted at prostate cancer cells. Prostate-derived tumors are known to produce significant amounts of prostate specific antigen (PSA), a serine protease with chymotrypsin-like properties. Earlier work in these laboratories established that an appropriately engineered peptidyl pro-drug will release active cytotoxic agent strictly within the microenvironment of the tumor tissue (Garsky, V. M., et al. J. Med.Chem. 2001, 44, 4216-4224). Conjugate 5, which features an octapeptide segment attached by an ester linkage at the 4-position of vinblastine (1), undergoes rapid cleavage by PSA (T(1/2) = 12 min) between the Gln and Ser residues. In nude mouse xenograft studies, 5 reduced circulating PSA levels by 99% and tumor weight by 85% at a dose just below its MTD. By contrast, the putative end-point metabolite, the cytotoxic agent des-acetyl vinblastine (1b), was ineffective in reducing PSA levels and tumor burden at its maximum tolerated doses. Additional data from metabolism studies on 5 support the supervention of a novel in vivo processing mechanism, the spontaneous release of 1b from a dipeptidyl intermediate driven by favorable diketopiperazine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Brady
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Livingston P, Cohen P, Frydenberg M, Borland R, Reading D, Clarke V, Hill D. Knowledge, attitudes and experience associated with testing for prostate cancer: a comparison between male doctors and men in the community. Intern Med J 2002; 32:215-23. [PMID: 12036219 DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2002.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Debate about testing for prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) continues. The evidence of benefit from screening for prostate cancer using PSA tests is inconclusive, and it is unclear how PSA can be used most effectively in the detection of prostate cancer. Given the lack of consensus, it is important that consumers understand the issues in a way that will permit them to decide whether or not to have a test and, if symptomatic, how their condition is managed. AIMS To compare prostate cancer knowledge, attitudes and testing experiences reported by male doctors and men in the community, despite the lack of evidence of a benefit. METHODS The primary method for ascertaining the attitudes of male doctors (MD) was a telephone survey, with some doctors electing to complete a written survey. Each MD was selected, at random, from a register of male practitioners aged > or = 49 years of age. A total of 266 MD participated in the survey. The community sample (CS) was accessed using a telephone survey. Five hundred male Victorian residents aged > or = 49 years of age participated in the study. RESULTS Knowledge - Overall, 55% of the CS indicated correctly that prostate disease is sometimes cancer, compared to 83% of MD. Attitudes - Fifty-five per cent of MD believed men should be tested for prostate disease at least every 2 years, compared to 68% of men in the CS. Testing experience - Forty-five per cent of MD had been tested for prostate cancer in the past, and 92% of those tests were reported as negative. In the CS, 56% had been tested for prostate cancer in the past, and 78% of the results were reported as negative. The significant independent predictors of having had a prostate test among MD were: (i) age (> or = 60 years; odds ratio (OR): 1.59; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.30-1.88) and (ii) positive attitudes towards regular testing for prostate cancer (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.98-2.56). The significant independent predictors for the CS were: (i) age (> or = 60 years; OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.40-1.89), (ii) being married (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.00-1.60), (iii) knowledge that prostate disease was sometimes cancer (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.26-1.66) and (iv) positive attitudes towards regular testing for prostate cancer (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.90-2.34). CONCLUSIONS The results highlight that testing for prostate cancer is widespread in the community and in the medical profession. Further research should be undertaken to identify how to help men make fully informed decisions about prostate cancer testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Livingston
- The Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, The Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia.
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Errejon A, Crawford ED, Dayhoff J, O'Donnell C, Tewari A, Finkelstein J, Gamito EJ. Use of artificial neural networks in prostate cancer. MOLECULAR UROLOGY 2002; 5:153-8. [PMID: 11790276 DOI: 10.1089/10915360152745821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a type of artificial intelligence software inspired by biological neuronal systems that can be used for nonlinear statistical modeling. In recent years, these applications have played an increasing role in predictive and classification modeling in medical research. We review the basic concepts behind ANNs and examine the role of this technology in selected applications in prostate cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Errejon
- ANNs in CaP Project, Denver, Colorado 80209, USA
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Templeton HR, Coates VE. Adaptation of an instrument to measure the informational needs of men with prostate cancer. J Adv Nurs 2001; 35:357-64. [PMID: 11489016 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to adapt an instrument suitable for assessment of the informational needs of men with prostate cancer. BACKGROUND In recent years prostate cancer has become an important public health problem world-wide with considerable social and economic consequences. It is reported that it is the most common cancer affecting British men, with an average lifetime risk of occurrence of one in twelve. DESIGN/METHODS Methodological research was conducted to develop an instrument to assess the informational needs of men with prostate cancer on hormonal manipulation therapy (HMT) regarding their disease and treatment. The Toronto Informational Needs Questionnaire (TINQ-BC) (Galloway et al. 1997) was modified for use with this client group and was applied to a sample of 90 men generated from three urology centres in Northern Ireland. RESULTS/FINDINGS Construct and content validity of the instrument was established. Internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha was calculated and found to be satisfactory (0.92). Using confirmatory factor analysis, factor loadings ranging from 0.37 to 0.90 were obtained and considered satisfactory. The subsections of the TINQ-BC categorized as Disease, Investigative tests, Treatment, Psychosocial and Physical needs were confirmed as individual factors. These results indicate that this instrument can be validly applied to this client group. As the instrument was initially developed in Canada and successfully used in the United Kingdom (UK), it is suggested that this instrument also has the potential for cross-cultural application. It has the potential to be used as a clinical reference instrument to assess the informational needs of this patient group. Health care professionals must be aware of the domains of information that these men perceive important so that educational interventions can be accurately and appropriately planned.
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Abstract
Tumor markers are molecules that indicate the presence of malignancy. They are potentially useful in cancer screening, aiding diagnosis, assessing prognosis, predicting in advance a likely response to therapy, and monitoring patients with diagnosed disease. Because of the low prevalence of most cancers in the general population and the limited sensitivity and specificity of available markers, these tests alone are generally of little value in screening for cancer in healthy subjects. Currently, however, PSA in combination with digital rectal examination and CA 125 together with ultrasound are undergoing evaluation as screening modalities for prostate and ovarian cancer, respectively. Again, because of a lack of sensitivity and specificity, markers are rarely of use in the early diagnosis of cancer. As prognostic indicators, markers may provide information that is independent of traditionally used factors or within subgroups defined by traditional criteria, for example, urokinase plasminogen activator in node-negative breast cancer. At present, the best available marker for predicting response to therapy is the estrogen receptor for selecting hormone-sensitive breast cancers. Many different markers can be used in the surveillance of patients with diagnosed malignancies, the most useful of these being HCG in trophoblastic disease and both AFP and HCG for nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors. In general, the currently available tumor markers lack sensitivity for early cancer and specificity for malignancy. The goal of future research should be to develop more sensitive and specific markers, especially for the common cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Duffy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, and University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Batuello JT, Gamito EJ, Crawford ED, Han M, Partin AW, McLeod DG, ODonnell C. Artificial neural network model for the assessment of lymph node spread in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 57:481-5. [PMID: 11248624 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)01039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict lymph node (LN) spread in men with clinically localized prostate cancer and to describe a clinically useful method for interpreting the ANN's output scores. METHODS A simple, feed-forward ANN was trained and validated using clinical and pathologic data from two institutions (n = 6135 and n = 319). The clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum, and prostate-specific antigen level were the input parameters and the presence or absence of LN spread was the output parameter. Patients with similar ANN outputs were grouped and assumed to be part of a cohort. The prevalence of LN spread for each of these patient cohorts was plotted against the range of ANN outputs to create a risk curve. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the first and second validation data sets was 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. At an ANN output cutoff of 0.3, the sensitivity achieved for each validation set was 63.8% and 44.4%; the specificity was 81.5% and 81.3%; the positive predictive value was 13.6% and 6.5%; and the negative predictive value was 98.0% and 98.1%, respectively. The risk curve showed a nearly linear increase (best fit R(2) = 0.972) in the prevalence of LN spread with increases in raw ANN output. CONCLUSIONS The ANN's performance on the two validation data sets suggests a role for ANNs in the accurate clinical staging of patients with prostate cancer. The risk curve provides a clinically useful tool that can be used to give patients a realistic assessment of their risk of LN spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Batuello
- Artificial Neural Networks in CaP Project and the, Denver, Colorado 80209, USA
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Howard GC, Thomson CS, Stroner PL, Goodman CM, Windsor PM, Brewster DH. Patterns of referral, management and survival of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in Scotland during 1988 and 1993: results of a national, retrospective population-based audit. BJU Int 2001; 87:339-47. [PMID: 11251527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2001.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine patterns of referral, management and survival of men with prostate cancer, and to document changes over time. PATIENTS AND METHODS All men registered with prostate cancer in 1988 and 1993 were identified from the Scottish Cancer Registry. Data were abstracted according to standard definitions from the available medical records of 930 men in 1988 and 1355 in 1993. RESULTS There was limited evidence of multidisciplinary care, with only 8% of patients in 1988 being managed by both a urologist and a clinical oncologist within a year of diagnosis, increasing to 13% in 1993. Only a small proportion of patients were managed by clinical oncologists during the first year of care (14% in 1988 and 20% in 1993). Documentation of thorough staging information was poor, with a T stage being recorded in <30% of cases in both years. Documentation of metastatic status increased from 53% to 63% between 1988 and 1993, paralleling an increase in the use of bone scans. The proportion of cases with pathological grading obtained at diagnosis increased from 63% in 1988 to 68% by 1993. The use of PSA testing and core biopsies increased between the years while the use of transurethral prostatectomy decreased. More patients received radical radiotherapy within a year of diagnosis in 1993 than 1988, increasing from 6% to 9%, and more radical prostatectomies were also undertaken (0.2% to 2.3%). Nonetheless, most patients (81% in 1993) with no documented evidence of metastases received no active intervention (radical radiotherapy, radical prostatectomy, or 'watchful waiting'). The survival at 5 years increased nonsignificantly from 34% for the 1988 cohort to 38% for the 1993 cohort. CONCLUSION This audit reveals considerable inconsistency in the management of men with prostate cancer in Scotland. Against a background of controversy about numerous aspects of the management of this disease, the need for a multidisciplinary approach, comprehensive staging and appropriate documentation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Howard
- Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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