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Lombaert N, Gilles M, Verougstraete V. Cadmium Monitoring at the Workplace: Effectiveness of a Combination of Air- and Biomonitoring. TOXICS 2023; 11:354. [PMID: 37112581 PMCID: PMC10147057 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to cadmium at the workplace has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and non-cancer respiratory effects. To ensure levels of cadmium remain below effect levels, air quality is monitored and regulations specifying an air limit value are implemented. The EU Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive of 2019 recommended values for the inhalable fraction and the respirable fraction but the latter only for a transitional period. Cadmium exposure has also been associated with systemic effects, following its storage in the kidneys and due to its long half-life. The accumulation of cadmium occurs via different exposure routes and from different sources, including workplace dust and fumes, food, and smoking. Biomonitoring (in blood, urine) has been identified as the most appropriate method to follow up cumulative exposure and total cadmium body burden, as it conveniently reflects intakes by all routes. However, it is not systematically implemented. This paper has a double objective: first, proposing a possible limit value for the respirable fraction, using an approach integrating epidemiological data. Secondly, demonstrating that the implementation of both air and biological limit values is key to protecting workers' health in occupational settings. The paper summarizes the current knowledge on cadmium health effects and how biomarkers reflect those. It presents an approach to derive a respirable value, using recent human data, and describes how the combination of air monitoring and biomonitoring is applied by the EU industry to protect the workforce. While a respirable fraction value helps protect workers against local respiratory adverse health effects, air monitoring alone is not sufficient to protect workers against systemic effects of cadmium. Therefore, complementary biomonitoring and the implementation of a biological limit value is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noömi Lombaert
- International Cadmium Association, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
- International Zinc Association, Reach Cadmium Consortium, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mik Gilles
- International Cadmium Association, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
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Jiang Z, Guo Z, Peng C, Liu X, Zhou Z, Xiao X. Heavy metals in soils around non-ferrous smelteries in China: Status, health risks and control measures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117038. [PMID: 33838438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-ferrous smelting is a primary cause of serious soil pollution. Contamination and health risks of heavy metals in soils around various types of non-ferrous smelteries in China were assessed using data from peer-reviewed papers published between 2000 and 2019. Development in the relevant environmental policy in China was discussed. The studied non-ferrous smelting sites were mainly located in provinces that produced non-ferrous metals on a large scale. The average concentrations of the heavy metals in soils around the non-ferrous smelteries (in mg per kg of soil) were as follows: Cd, 19.8; Cu, 265; Pb, 1536; and Zn, 1371; the concentrations greatly exceeded their corresponding background values. The smelting sites with high soil contamination in terms of metal concentrations, geo-accumulation (Igeo), and pollution index (PI) were mainly distributed in several provinces of China, including Guangxi, Gansu, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, and Liaoning. Soils near smelteries that processed copper were the most polluted based on Igeo and PI. The accumulation of Cd and Pb in soils around non-ferrous smelteries would pose potentially high risks to residents. A series of environmental policies have proven successful in lowering the emissions of contaminants from the non-ferrous in China. The findings of the study suggested that the strategies to control soil pollution around non-ferrous smelteries should primarily focus on Cd and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chi Peng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ziruo Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiyuan Xiao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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Association Between Serum Cadmium and Arsenic Levels with Bladder Cancer: A Case-control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the genitourinary system and the eighth cause of cancer death. In addition to known risk factors such as smoking and urinary stones, trace elements are also effective in causing bladder cancer and other cancers. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the association between bladder cancer and the carcinogens cadmium and arsenic. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 40 patients with bladder cancer admitted to Shahid Bahonar Hospital and a control group of 40 healthy individuals in Kerman, Iran, in 2018. The serum levels of arsenic and cadmium were measured by atomic absorptiometry. The paired t-test and chi-square tests were employed to assess the difference between cases and controls groups. An unadjusted and 2 multivariable conditional regression models were separately adjusted on sex, family cancer history, residence, occupation, and smoking and were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the association between arsenic and cadmium levels and bladder cancer. The statistical software SPSS version 26 and R software version 3.6.3 were used to perform the statistical analyses. Results: The mean cadmium level was 2.99 ± 1.45 and 2.59 ± 0.46 in the case and control groups, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.100). The mean arsenic level was 2.12 ± 1.04 and 1.43 ± 0.73 in the case and control groups, respectively, demonstrating a statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.001). Unadjusted and adjusted conditional logistic regression models indicated significant association between arsenic levels and bladder cancer (unadjusted: odds ratio (OR) (95% CI): 0.66 (0.46 - 0.94), P-value = 0.022; adjusted: OR (95% CI): 0.64 (0.44 - 0.92), P-value = 0.018). Conclusions: Overall, cadmium and arsenic levels are higher in patients with bladder cancer, with a statistically significant difference for arsenic. However, these elements are not interrelated and are not related to other factors.
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Qing Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zheng W, Wu M, He G. Dose-response evaluation of urinary cadmium and kidney injury biomarkers in Chinese residents and dietary limit standards. Environ Health 2021; 20:75. [PMID: 34193170 PMCID: PMC8247151 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal that mainly causes renal damage. There is a lack of research on the large-scale and systematic evaluation of the association between urinary Cd (U-Cd) and various effect biomarkers among Chinese residents. METHODS Based on the establishment process of dietary Cd limit standards by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the dose-response relationships between U-Cd and four biomarkers, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), N-acetyl-β-glucosidase (NAG), microalbumin (mALB), and retinol binding Protein (RBP) were explored, respectively. Toxicokinetic model was used to derive the dietary Cd exposure limit for Chinese residents after critical U-Cd concentration was calculated. RESULTS As the sensitive biomarkers of renal injury, β2-MG and NAG were selected to estimate the 95% confidence interval lower limit of the U-Cd benchmark dose (BMDL5) to be 3.07 and 2.98 μg/g Cr, respectively. Dietary Cd exposure limit was calculated to be 0.28 μg/kg bw/day (16.8 μg/day, based on the body weight of 60 kg), which was lower than the average Chinese Cd exposure (30.6 μg/day) by the China National Nutrient and Health Survey. CONCLUSION This study established an overall association between U-Cd and renal injury biomarkers, and explored the Chinese dietary Cd exposure limits, which helps improve Chinese Cd exposure risk assessment and provides a reference basis for formulating reasonable exposure standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanshen Zhu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Barregard L, Ellingsen DG, Berlinger B, Weinbruch S, Harari F, Sallsten G. Normal variability of 22 elements in 24-hour urine samples - Results from a biobank from healthy non-smoking adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 233:113693. [PMID: 33581414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is often used for biomonitoring the exposure to elements. However, most studies report concentrations in spot urine samples, which may not accurately mirror the "gold standard" of complete 24-h (24 h) urine samples. There are relatively few data published for 24 h samples, and little information on the within- and between person variability. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed at assessing variability within and between individuals in 24 h excretion for a number of elements in adults from the general population and the typical 24 h excretion of these elements. In addition, we assessed concentrations adjusted for creatinine and specific gravity (SG), and associations between elements. METHODS 60 healthy non-smokers (31 women and 29 men) from Sweden, aged 21-64 years, collected all urine during 24 h (split into six separate samples) on two occasions, about one week apart. Concentrations of As, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, U, V, W, and Zn in urine were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma sector-field mass spectrometry (ICP-SF-MS) and 24 h excretion rates were calculated for each day. The ratio of between-individual variance and the total variance, the intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated based on natural log-transformed 24 h excretion. Correlation coefficients were calculated between excretion rates (mass/24 h), and concentrations adjusted for creatinine and SG. RESULTS Geometric means (GM), and 90-percentiles are presented for each element. The 24 h excretion was higher in men than in women for most elements, and the difference was statistically significant for Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, P, Pb, S, Se, U, V, and Zn. However, for Cd and Co, the excretion was higher in women. Variability between days was low for Cd, Co, Hg, Pb, Sn, Se, V, and Zn (ICC 0.75-0.90), highest for Cr (ICC = 0.3) and Sb (ICC = 0.18), and moderate for the other elements. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were about 0.8-0.9 for 17 elements, and 0.3-0.7 for Br, Cu, P, S, Se. Excretion of P and S were highly correlated, and also associated with excretion of most of the other elements, especially Cu, Se, V, and Zn. A high correlation was also found between As and Hg, between Mo and W, as well as between Cr, Fe and Mn. CONCLUSIONS These data present normal variability of 24 h excretion of a number of elements, and can also be used as updated reference levels for elements with no or limited previous literature available. Information on variability within- and between individuals is important to know when designing studies with urine levels of elements used as exposure biomarker in studies of associations with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
| | | | - Balazs Berlinger
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway; Soos Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Zrinyi Miklos str. 18, H-8800, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florencia Harari
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
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Lamkarkach F, Ougier E, Garnier R, Viau C, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lange R, Apel P. Human biomonitoring initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) derived for cadmium and its compounds. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106337. [PMID: 33385924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The methodology agreed within the framework of the HBM4EU project is used in this work to derive HBM-GVs for the general population (HBM-GVGenPop) and for workers (HBM-GVWorker) exposed to cadmium (Cd) and its compounds. METHODS For Cd, a significant number of epidemiological studies with dose-response relationships are available, in particular for kidney effects. These effects are described in terms of a relation between urinary Cd (U-Cd) or blood Cd (B-Cd) levels and low molecular weight proteinuria (LMWP) markers like beta-2-microglobulin (β2M) and retinol-binding protein (RBP). In order to derive HBM-GVs for the general population and workers, an assessment of data from evaluations conducted by national or international organisations was undertaken. In this work, it appeared relevant to select renal effects as the critical effect for the both groups, however, differences between general population (including sensitive people) and workers (considered as an homogenous population of adults who should not be exposed to Cd if they suffer from renal diseases) required the selection of different key studies (i.e. conducted in general population for HBM-GVGenPop and at workplace for HBM-GVWorker). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS For U-Cd, a HBM-GVGenPop of 1 µg/g creatinine (creat) is recommended for adults older than 50 years, based on a robust meta-analysis performed by EFSA (EFSA, 2009a). To take into account the accumulation of Cd in the human body throughout life, threshold or 'alert' values according to age were estimated for U-Cd. At workplace, a HBM-GVWorker of 2 μg/g creat is derived from the study of Chaumont et al., (2011) for U-Cd, and in addition to this recommendation a HBM-GVworker for B-Cd of 5 µg/L is also proposed. The HBM-GVWorker for U-Cd is similar to the biological limit value (BLV) set by the new amendment of the European Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive in June 2019 (2 µg/g creat for U-Cd).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Lamkarkach
- ANSES, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Eva Ougier
- ANSES, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Robert Garnier
- Paris Poison Centre, Toxicology Department (FeTox), APHP, Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Claude Viau
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Rehman AU, Nazir S, Irshad R, Tahir K, ur Rehman K, Islam RU, Wahab Z. Toxicity of heavy metals in plants and animals and their uptake by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082966. [PMID: 32344678 PMCID: PMC7215360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although toxic Cd (cadmium) and Cr (chromium) in the aquatic environment are mainly from natural sources, human activities have increased their concentrations. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of Cd and Cr in the aquatic environment of Malaysia; however, the association between metal ingestion via drinking water and human health risk has not been established. This study collected water samples from four stages of the drinking water supply chain at Langat River Basin, Malaysia in 2015 to analyze the samples by inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of Cd and Cr and the time-series river data (2004–2014) of these metals were significantly within the safe limit of drinking water quality standard proposed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the World Health Organization. Hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of Cd and Cr in 2015 and 2020 also indicate no significant human health risk of its ingestion via drinking water. Additionally, management of pollution sources in the Langat Basin from 2004 to 2015 decreased Cr concentration in 2020 on the basis of autoregression moving average. Although Cd and Cr concentrations were found to be within the safe limits at Langat Basin, high concentrations of these metals have been found in household tap water, especially due to the contamination in the water distribution pipeline. Therefore, a two-layer water filtration system should be introduced in the basin to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 agenda of a better and more sustainable future for all, especially via SDG 6 of supplying safe drinking water at the household level.
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Chen X, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang M, Liang Y, Zhu G, Jin T. A nomogram for predicting the renal dysfunction in a Chinese population with reduction in cadmium exposure based on an 8 years follow up study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110251. [PMID: 32006870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium exposure is associated with renal dysfunction. However, the outcome of renal function in subjects who have had a reduction in cadmium exposure for years has not been completely clarified, particularly for individuals with normal baseline renal function. In this study, we used a nomogram model to predict renal dysfunction after a reduction in cadmium exposure in subjects with normal baseline renal function. In 1998, a survey was performed in 790 subjects living in control and cadmium-polluted areas. A total of 497 subjects was followed up in 2006. 404 subjects with normal baseline urinary β2-microglobulin (UBMG), 373 subjects with normal baseline urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (UNAG) and 407 subjects with normal baseline urinary albumin (UALB) were included in this analysis. Cadmium in the blood (BCd) and urine (UCd) was detected using graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. A logistic regression model was used to identify potential predicting factors of renal function at follow-up. Nomograms were developed based on those predictive factors. Bootstrap self-sampling, calibration curves and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to quantify our modeling strategy. Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models both showed that age, BCd and UBMG or UNAG at baseline were independent risk factors for renal tubular dysfunction. Baseline age, sex, BCd and UNAG or UBMG or UALB were used to construct the nomogam. The internal validation showed that the C-index was 0.70-0.74 for predicting renal dysfunction. The area under the curve of the nomogram was 0.70-0.74. Decision curve analysis verified the predictive value of the nomogram. A nomogram may be a useful risk assessment tool for predicting the progress of renal function in a cadmium-exposed population with normal baseline kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Chen X, Cui W, Duan N, Zhu G, Jin T, Wang Z. The Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Renal Tubular Dysfunction Induced by Cadmium Exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 194:58-65. [PMID: 31134451 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with the risk of chronic kidney diseases. However, this association has not been reported in populations exposed to cadmium. In the present study, we examined the association between alcohol consumption and renal tubular dysfunction in populations living in cadmium-polluted areas. A total of 446 subjects (170 men and 276 women) were finally included in our analysis. The urinary cadmium (UCd) and cadmium in blood (BCd) were determined as the exposure biomarkers. Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (UNAG) and β2-microgloblin (UBMG) were measured as renal indicators. Alcohol drinking patterns were obtained from a questionnaire and divided into four categories: non-drinking, light drinking (< 3 drinks/week), moderate drinking (3-7 drinks/week), and heavy drinking (> 7 drinks /week). If UNAG was the indicator of renal dysfunction, the prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction was decreased in subjects with alcohol consumption both in men (χ2 = 8.5, p < 0.01) and women (χ2 = 8.3, p < 0.01). The odds ratio (OR) of subjects with light and moderate alcohol drinking was 0.31 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1-0.99) and 0.30 (95%CI, 0.1-0.96), respectively, compared with those of non-drinkers after adjusting with the confounders in men. Similar results were observed in women with light drinking (OR = 0.33, 95%CI, 0.15-0.70). Similar trends were observed in those subjects with high BCd (> 3.0 μg/L) or UCd (> 5.0 μg/g creatinine). Our data show that alcohol consumption is inversely associated with cadmium-induced renal tubular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 150 Hanzhong road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 150 Hanzhong road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Na Duan
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 150 Hanzhong road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, 2094 Xietu road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, 150 Dongan road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 150 Hanzhong road, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Chapman E, Haby MM, Illanes E, Sanchez-Viamonte J, Elias V, Reveiz L. Risk factors for chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes: a systematic review. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e35. [PMID: 31093259 PMCID: PMC6461065 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the potential associations between chronic kidney disease of uncertain or non-traditional etiology (CKDnT) and agrochemicals, heat stress, heavy metals, and other factors identified in the literature in any region of the world and at any time. METHODS This was a systematic review of the most frequent exposures suspected to be possible causes of CKDnT. A search was conducted of PubMed, LILACS, World Wide Science electronic databases, among other sources. Only medium- and high-quality studies were included. The synthesis of evidence included a narrative synthesis, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. RESULTS Four systematic reviews and 61 primary studies were included. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that exposure to agrochemicals and working in agriculture increase the risk of CKDnT, but this only reached significance for working in agriculture. When cross-sectional studies were excluded, agrochemical exposure became significant. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS Based on the existing evidence and the precautionary principle, it is important to implement preventive measures to mitigate the damage caused by CKDnT to both agricultural workers and their communities (i.e., improvement of working conditions, cautious management of agrochemicals, etc.). More high-quality research is needed to measure impact and to build the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Chapman
- Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) Brasilia Brazil Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Michelle M Haby
- Universidad de Sonora Universidad de Sonora Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences HermosilloSonora Mexico Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Illanes
- Universidad Mayor, a Ringgold standard institution Universidad Mayor, a Ringgold standard institution School of Psychology Santiago Chile School of Psychology, Universidad Mayor, a Ringgold standard institution, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julian Sanchez-Viamonte
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata Escuela Universitaria de Recursos Humanos del Equipo de Salud Informática en Ciencias de la Salud Buenos Aires Argentina Informática en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Universitaria de Recursos Humanos del Equipo de Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanessa Elias
- Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health WashingtonDC United States of America Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ludovic Reveiz
- Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health WashingtonDC United States of America Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Wang H, Zhang L, Abel GM, Storm DR, Xia Z. Cadmium Exposure Impairs Cognition and Olfactory Memory in Male C57BL/6 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:87-102. [PMID: 29029324 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal of high interest to the superfund initiative. Recent epidemiology studies have suggested a possible association between Cd exposure and cognitive as well as olfactory impairments in humans. However, studies in animal models are needed to establish a direct causal relationship between Cd exposure and impairments in cognition and olfaction. This study aims to investigate the toxic effect of Cd on cognition and olfactory function in mice. One group of 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice was exposed to 3 mg/l Cd (in the form of CdCl2) through drinking water for 20 weeks for behavior tests and final blood Cd concentration analysis. The behavior tests were conducted before, during, and after Cd exposure to analyze the effects of Cd on cognition and olfactory function. Upon completion of behavior tests, blood was collected to measure final blood Cd concentration. Two additional groups of mice were similarly exposed to Cd for 5 or 13 weeks for peak blood Cd concentration measurement. The peak blood Cd concentration was 2.125-2.25 μg/l whereas the final blood Cd concentration was 0.18 μg/l. At this exposure level, Cd impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in novel object location test, T-maze test, and contextual fear memory test. It also caused deficits in short-term olfactory memory and odor-cued olfactory learning and memory. Results in this study demonstrate a direct relationship between Cd exposure and cognitive as well as olfactory impairments in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Liang Zhang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Glen M Abel
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Daniel R Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
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Singh P, Tiwari D, Mishra M, Kumar D. Molecular Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Cancer Progression. NETWORKING OF MUTAGENS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96511-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Huang L, Liu L, Zhang T, Zhao D, Li H, Sun H, Kinney PL, Pitiranggon M, Chillrud S, Ma LQ, Navas-Acien A, Bi J, Yan B. An interventional study of rice for reducing cadmium exposure in a Chinese industrial town. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:301-309. [PMID: 30477816 PMCID: PMC6368677 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing cadmium (Cd) exposure in Cd-polluted areas in Asia is urgently needed given the toxic effects of Cd. The short-term and long-term benefits of lowering Cd exposure are unknown because of its long half-life in the body. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate whether an intervention with low-Cd rice in a contaminated area of China reduced urinary Cd (UCd) levels and improved blood pressure and kidney function outcomes compared to no-intervention in consumers of high-Cd rice in the same region. METHODS 106 non-smoking subjects were divided into three treatment groups: the intervention group (replacing homegrown high-Cd rice with market low-Cd rice, n = 34), the non-intervention group (continue eating high-Cd rice, n = 36) and the control group (continued eating low-Cd rice they have been eating for years, n = 36). The intervention period lasted for almost 8 months, during which participants were visited on up to 4 occasions and UCd, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), kidney function biomarkers (β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase) were measured. RESULTS After 3 months, the geometric mean UCd in the intervention (Int) group decreased significantly by 0.32 μg/g (p = 0.007), while changes were not significant in the non-intervention (non-Int) group (0.13 μg/g, p = 0.95) or the control group (-0.01 μg/g, p = 0.52). UCd in the Int group remained lower than in the non-Int group but higher than in the Control group through the end of follow up. DBP in the Int group decreased significantly from 80 mm Hg at month three (p = 0.03) and stayed around 74 mm Hg for the remainder of the study. SBP also decreased in the Int group but with variations similar to those observed in the other two groups. The two kidney biomarkers showed variations without a clear pattern. CONCLUSION This study suggested that UCd reflected both short-term (<3 months) and long-term Cd exposure. In addition, the low-Cd rice intervention showed initial benefits in lowering blood pressure levels, especially DBP, but not kidney biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, Road 172, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Masha Pitiranggon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W. Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Steven Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W. Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Lena Qiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W. Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W. Palisades, New York 10964, United States.
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Zhou M, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Ye J, Wang S. Development and Collaborative Study of a Diluted Acid Mild Extraction Method for Determination of Cadmium in Grain by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:283-287. [PMID: 30393237 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The traditional pretreatment methods for the determination of cadmium in grain are time-consuming, cost-consuming, and unfriendly to human health and the environment. To eliminate these disadvantages, we developed an accurate, time-, energy- and cost-efficient method for determination of Cd in grain coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The optimization conditions of the extraction were achieved, the accuracy was verified and a collaborative study was organized to evaluate the methods. The detection limit and quantification limit were 0.016 and 0.048 μg L-1, respectively. The whole pretreatment time was reduced to 15 min, and there was no significant difference (P >0.05) between the extraction method and the classic pretreatment method. The method proved to be highly consistent with the results of laboratories in different countries, as determined from two international proficiency tests (| Z | ≤0.3). The repeatability, reproducibility, and HorRat values of the collaborative results were 2.7 - 4.9%, 9.4 - 11.7%, and 0.42 - 0.58, respectively. The method of diluted acid mild extraction coupled with GFAAS is efficient, cost-saving, convenient and friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhou
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
| | - Yanxiang Wu
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
| | - Jieqiong Zhang
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Standards and Quality Center of State Administration of Grain
| | - Xi Chen
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
| | - Jin Ye
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
| | - Songxue Wang
- The Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (Former name: Academy of State Administration of Grain, ab. ASAG)
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16
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Chen X, Wang Z, Zhu G, Nordberg GF, Ding X, Jin T. The Association Between Renal Tubular Dysfunction and Zinc Level in a Chinese Population Environmentally Exposed to Cadmium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 186:114-121. [PMID: 29574673 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies in vivo and in vitro have shown a protective effect of zinc against renal dysfunction caused by cadmium exposure. However, limited human data is available. In this study, we evaluated the association between renal tubular dysfunction and body zinc burden in a Chinese population exposed to cadmium. A total of 331 subjects (170 women and 161 men) living in control and cadmium-polluted area were included. Blood cadmium (BCd), urinary cadmium (UCd), serum zinc (SZn), zinc in hair (HZn), Zn/Cd ratio, and urinary β2Microglobulin (UBMG) were measured. The median UCd, BCd, SZn, and HZn were 2.8 and 13.6 μg/g cr, 1.3 and 12.2 μg/L, 1.31 and 1.12 mg/L, and 0.14 and 0.12 mg/g in subjects living in control and polluted areas. The UBMG level of subjects living in the polluted area was significantly higher than that of the control (0.27 vs 0.11 mg/g cr, p < 0.01). SZn, HZn, and Zn/Cd ratios were negatively correlated with UBMG (p < 0.05 or 0.01). Subjects with high SZn concentrations (≥ 1.62 mg/L) had reduced risks of elevated UBMG [(odds ratio (OR) = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07-0.99)] after controlling for multiple covariates compared with those with lower zinc levels. A similar result was observed in subjects with high HZn (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.48). The ORs of the second, third, and fourth quartiles of Zn/Cd ratio were 0.40 (95% CI 0.19-0.84), 0.14 (95% CI 0.06-0.37), and 0.01 (95% CI 0.02-0.18) for renal dysfunction compared with those of the first quartile, respectively. For those subjects with high level of UCd, high level of SZn and HZn also had reduced risks of elevated UBMG. The results of the present study show that high zinc body burden is associated with a decrease risk of renal tubular dysfunction induced by cadmium. Zinc nutritional status should be considered in evaluating cadmium-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of kidney and Dialysis, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, 2094 Xietu road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gunnar F Nordberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of kidney and Dialysis, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 150 Dongan road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Selvi A, Aruliah R. A statistical approach of zinc remediation using acidophilic bacterium via an integrated approach of bioleaching enhanced electrokinetic remediation (BEER) technology. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:753-763. [PMID: 29859487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to isolate an indigenous acidophilic bacterium from tannery effluent contaminated sludge (TECS) sample and evaluate its potentiality towards the removal of zinc using an integrated approach of bioleaching enhanced electrokinetic remediation (BEER) technology in zinc spiked soil at an initial concentration of 1000 mg/kg. The isolated acidophilic bacterium was characterized by biochemical and 16S rRNA molecular identification and was named as Serratia marcescens SMAR1 bearing an accession no. MG742410 in NCBI database. The effect of pH and inoculum dosage of SMAR 1 strain showed an optimal growth at pH 5.0 and 4% (v/v) respectively. Based on these experimental data, a statistical analysis was done using Design Expert computer software, v11 to study the interaction between the process parameters with respect to zinc reduction as an output response. Electrokinetic experiments were conducted in a customised EK cell under optimised process conditions, employing titanium electrodes. Experiments for zinc removal were demonstrated for bioleaching, electrokinetic (EK) and BEER technology. On comparing, the integrated process was found to evidence as an excellent metal remediation option with a maximum zinc removal of 93.08% in 72 h than plain bioleaching (72.86%) and EK (56.67%) in 96 h. This is the first report of zinc removal in a short period of time using Serratia marcescens. It is therefore concluded that the BEER approach can be regarded as an effective technology in cleaning up the metal contaminated environment with an easy recovery and reuse option within short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adikesavan Selvi
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Rajasekar Aruliah
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, Tamilnadu, India.
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18
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El-Naggar NEA, Hamouda RA, Mousa IE, Abdel-Hamid MS, Rabei NH. Statistical optimization for cadmium removal using Ulva fasciata biomass: Characterization, immobilization and application for almost-complete cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12456. [PMID: 30127459 PMCID: PMC6102212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a global heavy metal pollutant. Marine green algae were used as efficient, low cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for cadmium ions removal from aqueous solutions. Plackett-Burman design was applied to determine the most significant factors for maximum cadmium removal from aqueous solutions using dry Ulva fasciata biomass. The most significant factors affecting cadmium removal process were further optimized by the face centered central composite design. The results indicated that 4 g of dry Ulva fasciata biomass was found to successfully remove 99.96% of cadmium from aqueous solution under the conditions of 200 mg/L of initial cadmium concentration at pH 5, 25 °C for 60 min of contact time with static condition. Dry Ulva fasciata biomass samples before and after cadmium biosorption were analyzed using SEM, EDS and FTIR. Furthermore, the immobilized biomass in sodium alginate-beads removed 99.98% of cadmium from aqueous solution at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L after 4 h which is significantly higher than that for control using sodium alginate beads without incorporation of the algal biomass (98.19%). Dry biomass of Ulva fasciata was proven to be cost-effective and efficient to eliminate heavy metals especially cadmium from aquatic effluents and the process is feasible, reliable and eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ragaa A Hamouda
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim E Mousa
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Nashwa H Rabei
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 22857, Menoufyia Governorate, Egypt
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19
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The references level of cadmium intake for renal dysfunction in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9011. [PMID: 29899356 PMCID: PMC5998016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent several studies indicated that a more restrictive dietary intake guideline for cadmium should be made for sufficient health protection. In the present study, we showed the references level of food cadmium intake (FCd) and total cadmium intake (TCd) for renal dysfunction by using benchmark dose (BMD) approach. 342 subjects living in a control and a cadmium polluted area were included in this study. The FCd, TCd and cadmium in urine (UCd) and blood (BCd) were calculated or determined. Urinary β2Microglobulin (UBMG) was determined as indicator of renal function. The median FCd, TCd, UCd and BCd were 1.4 g, 1.4 g, 3.1 μg/g creatinine(cr) and 1.3 μg/L in control and 3.3 g, 3.6 g, 13.5 μg/g cr and 12.1 μg/L in polluted area. The 95% lower confidence bounds of BMD (BMDLs) of FCd for renal dysfunction were 1.36-1.55 g (BMR = 10%) and 0.88-1.11 g (BMR = 5%). The BMDLs of TCd were 1.29-1.46 g (BMR = 10%) and 0.73-0.95 g (BMR = 5%). FCd and TCd are valuable markers for the predication of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium. The BMDLs of FCd were close to previous report in Japan and the BMDLs of TCd were lower than the critical standard previously reported, in particular at BMR of 5% which can be interpreted as representing the influence of smoking.
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20
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Chen X, Zhu G, Wang Z, Liang Y, Chen B, He P, Nordberg M, Nordberg GF, Ding X, Jin T. The association between dietary cadmium exposure and renal dysfunction - the benchmark dose estimation of reference levels: the ChinaCad study. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1365-1373. [PMID: 29888394 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tolerable dietary intake of cadmium was recommended at provisional tolerable monthly intake of 25 μg kg-1 body weight. However, several studies indicated that this tolerable level should be re-evaluated for sufficient health protection. In this study, we show the reference levels of dietary cadmium intake for renal dysfunction by using a benchmark dose (BMD) approach. A total of 790 subjects (302 men and 488 women) living in control and cadmium-polluted areas were included. The dietary cadmium intake was estimated by a food survey. Blood cadmium, urinary cadmium and renal function markers (microalbuminuria, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase [NAG] and its isoform B [NAGB], β2 -microglobulin and retinol binding protein) in urine were measured. We calculated the 95% lower confidence bounds of BMD (BMDLs) of cumulative cadmium intake. In control and two polluted areas, the median cumulative cadmium intake was 0.5, 2.1 and 11.1 g. The odds ratio of the intermediate (1.0-3.0 g), second highest (3.0-11.0 g) and the highest cumulative cadmium intake (>11.0 g) compared with the lowest cumulative cadmium intake (<1.0 g) were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4-5.8), 8.1 (95% CI: 3.8-17.2) and 11.4 (95% CI: 6.5-26.4) for urinary NAG and 6.6 (95% CI: 3.2-13.8), 14.8 (95% CI: 6.8-32.2) and 22.5 (95% CI: 10.7-47.5) for urinary NAGB. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake were 1.1-1.2 g (benchmark response [BMR] = 5%) for urinary NAG, and were 0.7-0.9 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary NAGB, and were 1.3-1.4 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary β2 -microglobulin. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake in a Chinese population were lower than the critical standard previously reported. Further evaluations are needed for sufficient health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Monica Nordberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar F Nordberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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21
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Wang X, Dong F, Wang F, Yan S, Chen X, Tozawa H, Ushijima T, Kapron CM, Wada Y, Liu J. Low dose cadmium upregulates the expression of von Willebrand factor in endothelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 290:46-54. [PMID: 29571895 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a persistent and widespread environmental pollutant of continuing worldwide concern. Previous studies have suggested that Cd exposure increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we observed that low dose Cd treatment induced von Willebrand factor (vWF) expression in vascular endothelial cells in mouse lung and kidney tissues. In vitro analysis showed that 1 μM Cd specifically upregulated vWF mRNA and protein expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), indicating that Cd targets vascular endothelial cells even at relatively low concentrations. Further study demonstrated that nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and GATA3, two established transcription regulators of the vWF gene, were not altered in the presence of Cd. However, ETS-related gene (ERG) was significantly induced by 1 μM Cd. When ERG was knocked down by siRNA, Cd induced upregulation of vWF was totally blocked. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that Cd increases the binding of ERG on the -56 ETS motif on the human vWF promoter. These results indicated that ERG mediated the increased expression of vWF by Cd. Since vWF is a key regulator for vascular homeostasis, our findings may provide a novel mechanism for understanding low dose Cd induced development of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Fengyun Dong
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Fufang Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014 China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Hideto Tozawa
- The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, and Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ushijima
- The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, and Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Carolyn M Kapron
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Youichiro Wada
- The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, and Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
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Sissoko F, Brunet D, Cointot ML, Pillière F, Maître A, Sari-Minodier I, Viau C. Élaboration des valeurs biologiques françaises en vue de la mise à disposition de valeurs biologiques d’interprétation pour la surveillance biologique des expositions professionnelles. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vacchi-Suzzi C, Porucznik CA, Cox KJ, Zhao Y, Ahn H, Harrington JM, Levine KE, Demple B, Marsit CJ, Gonzalez A, Luft B, Meliker JR. Temporal variability of urinary cadmium in spot urine samples and first morning voids. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:306-312. [PMID: 27168395 PMCID: PMC5461949 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a carcinogenic heavy metal. Urinary levels of cadmium are considered to be an indicator of long-term body burden, as cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and has a half-life of at least 10 years. However, the temporal stability of the biomarker in urine samples from a non-occupationally exposed population has not been rigorously established. We used repeated measurements of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) in spot urine samples and first morning voids from two separate cohorts, to assess the temporal stability of the samples. Urine samples from two cohorts including individuals of both sexes were measured for cadmium and creatinine. The first cohort (Home Observation of Perinatal Exposure (HOPE)) consisted of 21 never-smokers, who provided four first morning urine samples 2-5 days apart, and one additional sample roughly 1 month later. The second cohort (World Trade Center-Health Program (WTC-HP)) consisted of 78 individuals, including 52 never-smokers, 22 former smokers and 4 current smokers, who provided 2 spot urine samples 6 months apart, on average. Intra-class correlation was computed for groups of replicates from each individual to assess temporal variability. The median creatinine-adjusted U-Cd level (0.19 and 0.21 μg/g in the HOPE and WTC-HP, respectively) was similar to levels recorded in the United States by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The intra-class correlation (ICC) was high (0.76 and 0.78 for HOPE and WTC-HP, respectively) and similar between cohorts, irrespective of whether samples were collected days or months apart. Both single spot or first morning urine cadmium samples show good to excellent reproducibility in low-exposure populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vacchi-Suzzi
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and
Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Christina A. Porucznik
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Kyley J. Cox
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Hongshik Ahn
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - James M. Harrington
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and
Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709,
USA
| | - Keith E. Levine
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and
Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709,
USA
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University,
Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer
Center, Dartmouth Medical School, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer
Center, Dartmouth Medical School, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Adam Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin Luft
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, USA
| | - Jaymie R. Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and
Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Kawada T. Cadmium exposure and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11860-11861. [PMID: 28293823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
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25
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Liu C, Li Y, Zhu C, Dong Z, Zhang K, Zhao Y, Xu Y. Response to the letter to editor "Cadmium exposure and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase: a meta-analysis". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11862-11863. [PMID: 28353105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Yubiao Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chunshui Zhu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, LianYungang, Jiangsu, 222005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Yilu Xu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Gifford FJ, Gifford RM, Eddleston M, Dhaun N. Endemic Nephropathy Around the World. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:282-292. [PMID: 28367535 PMCID: PMC5362147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been several global epidemics of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu). Some, such as Itai-Itai disease in Japan and Balkan endemic nephropathy, have been explained, whereas the etiology of others remains unclear. In countries such as Sri Lanka, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and India, CKDu is a major public health problem and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Despite their geographical separation, however, there are striking similarities between these endemic nephropathies. Young male agricultural workers who perform strenuous labor in extreme conditions are the worst affected. Patients remain asymptomatic until end-stage renal failure. Biomarkers of tubular injury are raised, and kidney biopsy shows chronic interstitial nephritis with associated tubular atrophy. In many of these places access to dialysis and transplantation is limited, leaving few treatment options. In this review we briefly describe the major historic endemic nephropathies. We then summarize the epidemiology, clinical features, histology and clinical course of CKDu in Mesoamerica, Sri Lanka, India, Egypt, and Tunisia. We draw comparisons between the proposed etiologies and supporting research. Recognition of the similarities may reinforce the international drive to establish causality and to effect prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J. Gifford
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration (SACTRC), University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert M. Gifford
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration (SACTRC), University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration (SACTRC), University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence: Neeraj Dhaun, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 3 Floor Centre, Room C3.27, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.The Queen’s Medical Research Institute3 Floor Centre, Room C3.27, 47 Little France CrescentEdinburgh EH16 4TJUK
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Fierens S, Rebolledo J, Versporten A, Brits E, Haufroid V, De Plaen P, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Human biomonitoring of heavy metals in the vicinity of non-ferrous metal plants in Ath, Belgium. Arch Public Health 2016; 74:42. [PMID: 27729976 PMCID: PMC5047349 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-016-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study revealed an environmental contamination by heavy metals in the vicinity of two non-ferrous metal plants in Ath, Belgium. The purpose of the current cross-sectional study was to estimate exposure of the population to heavy metals in the vicinity of the plants, in comparison with population living further away. METHODS We did a random sampling in the general population of Ath in two areas: a central area, including the plants, and a peripheral area, presumably less exposed. We quantified cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium and cobalt in blood and/or urine of children and adults in three age groups: (i) children aged 2.5 to 6 years (n = 98), (ii) children aged 7 to 11 years (n = 74), and (iii) adults aged 40 to 60 years (n = 106). We also studied subclinical health effects by quantifying retinol-binding protein and microalbuminuria, and by means of a Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS We obtained a participation rate of 24 %. Blood lead levels were significantly higher in young children living in the central area (18.2 μg/l ; 95 % CI: 15.9-20.9) compared to the peripheral area (14.8 μg/l ; 95 % CI: 12.6-17.4). We observed no other significant mean difference in metal concentrations between the two areas. In the whole population, blood lead levels were higher in men (31.7 μg/l ; 95 % CI: 27.9-36.1) than in women (21.4 μg/l ; 95 % CI: 18.1-25.3). Urine cadmium levels were 0.06 μg/g creatinine (95 % CI: 0.05-0.07), 0.21 μg/g creatinine (95 % CI: 0.17-0.27), and 0.25 μg/g creatinine (95 % CI: 0.20-0.30) for children, men, and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher blood lead levels in young children living close to the plants, observed metal concentrations remain in the range found in other similar biomonitoring studies in the general population and are below the levels of concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fierens
- Direction of Public Health and Surveillance, Health and Environment Service, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javiera Rebolledo
- Direction of Public Health and Surveillance, Health and Environment Service, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Versporten
- Direction of Public Health and Surveillance, Health and Environment Service, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ethel Brits
- Direction of Public Health and Surveillance, Health and Environment Service, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Industrial and Environmental Toxicology, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre De Plaen
- Direction of Public Health and Surveillance, Health and Environment Service, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Direction of Public Health and Surveillance, Health and Environment Service, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium ; Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Gao Y, Zhang Y, Yi J, Zhou J, Huang X, Shi X, Xiao S, Lin D. A longitudinal study on urinary cadmium and renal tubular protein excretion of nickel-cadmium battery workers after cessation of cadmium exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:1137-45. [PMID: 27376891 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to predict the outcome of urinary cadmium (Cd) excretion and renal tubular function by analyzing their evolution through 10 years after Cd exposure ceased. METHODS Forty-one female, non-smoking workers were recruited from the year 2004 to 2009 when being removed from a nickel-cadmium battery factory, and they were asked to provide morning urine samples on three consecutive days at enrollment and in every follow-up year until 2014. Urinary Cd and renal tubular function biomarkers including urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) concentrations were determined with the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. RESULTS The medians of baseline Cd, β2-m and RBP concentrations at enrollment were 6.19, 105.38 and 71.84 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Urinary β2-m and RBP concentrations were both related to Cd concentrations over the years (β absolute-β2-m = 9.16, P = 0.008 and β absolute-RBP = 6.42, P < 0.001, respectively). Cd, β2-m and RBP concentrations in the follow-up years were all associated with their baseline concentrations (β absolute-Cd = 0.61, P < 0.001; β absolute-β2-m = 0.64, P < 0.001; and β absolute-RBP = 0.60, P < 0.001, respectively), and showed a decreasing tendency with the number of elapsed years relative to their baseline concentrations (β relative-Cd = -0.20, P = 0.010; β relative-β2-m = -17.19, P = 0.002; and β relative-RBP = -10.66, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Urinary Cd might eventually decrease to the general population level, and Cd-related tubular function would improve under the baseline conditions of this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Gao
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Juan Yi
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xianqing Huang
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xinshan Shi
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Shunhua Xiao
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Dafeng Lin
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Buxin Rd. 2019, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
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29
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Zeng X, Xu X, Boezen HM, Huo X. Children with health impairments by heavy metals in an e-waste recycling area. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:408-15. [PMID: 26829309 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
E-waste recycling has become a global environmental health issue. Pernicious chemicals escape into the environment due to informal and nonstandard e-waste recycling activities involving manual dismantling, open burning to recover heavy metals and open dumping of residual fractions. Heavy metals derived from electronic waste (e-waste), such as, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al) and cobalt (Co), differ in their chemical composition, reaction properties, distribution, metabolism, excretion and biological transmission. Our previous studies showed that heavy metal exposure have adverse effects on children's health including lower birth weight, lower anogenital distance, lower Apgar scores, lower current weight, lower lung function, lower hepatitis B surface antibody levels, higher prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and higher DNA and chromosome damage. Heavy metals influence a number of diverse systems and organs, resulting in both acute and chronic effects on children's health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, urinary and reproductive disease, as well as aggravation of pre-existing symptoms and disease. These effects of heavy metals on children's health are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 1 Hanzeplein, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 1 Hanzeplein, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 1 Hanzeplein, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 1 Hanzeplein, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Xia Huo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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30
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Bernard A. Confusion about Cadmium Risks: The Unrecognized Limitations of an Extrapolated Paradigm. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1-5. [PMID: 26058085 PMCID: PMC4710609 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) risk assessment presently relies on tubular proteinuria as a critical effect and urinary Cd (U-Cd) as an index of the Cd body burden. Based on this paradigm, regulatory bodies have reached contradictory conclusions regarding the safety of Cd in food. Adding to the confusion, epidemiological studies implicate environmental Cd as a risk factor for bone, cardiovascular, and other degenerative diseases at exposure levels that are much lower than points of departure used for setting food standards. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine whether the present confusion over Cd risks is not related to conceptual or methodological problems. DISCUSSION The cornerstone of Cd risk assessment is the assumption that U-Cd reflects the lifetime accumulation of the metal in the body. The validity of this assumption as applied to the general population has been questioned by recent studies revealing that low-level U-Cd varies widely within and between individuals depending on urinary flow, urine collection protocol, and recent exposure. There is also evidence that low-level U-Cd increases with proteinuria and essential element deficiencies, two potential confounders that might explain the multiple associations of U-Cd with common degenerative diseases. In essence, the present Cd confusion might arise from the fact that this heavy metal follows the same transport pathways as plasma proteins for its urinary excretion and the same transport pathways as essential elements for its intestinal absorption. CONCLUSIONS The Cd risk assessment paradigm needs to be rethought taking into consideration that low-level U-Cd is strongly influenced by renal physiology, recent exposure, and factors linked to studied outcomes. CITATION Bernard A. 2016. Confusion about cadmium risks: the unrecognized limitations of an extrapolated paradigm. Environ Health Perspect 124:1-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509691.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Byber K, Lison D, Verougstraete V, Dressel H, Hotz P. Cadmium or cadmium compounds and chronic kidney disease in workers and the general population: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:191-240. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1076375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The structural and functional effects of Hg(II) and Cd(II) on lipid model systems and human erythrocytes: A review. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 193:36-51. [PMID: 26455331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The anthropogenic mobilization of mercury and cadmium into the biosphere has led to an increased and ineludible entry of these metals into biological systems. Here we discuss the impact of Hg(II) and Cd(II) on lipid model systems and human erythrocytes from a biophysical perspective. After a brief introduction to their implications on human health, studies that have investigated the effects of Hg(II) and Cd(II) on lipid model systems and human erythrocytes are discussed. In terms of lipids as toxicological target sites, predominantly variations in lipid head groups have been the source of investigation. However, as research in this field progresses, the effects of Hg(II) and Cd(II) on other structural features, such as acyl chain length and unsaturation, and other important lipid components and complex biomimetic lipid mixtures, will require further examinations. This review provides an analysis of what has been learned collectively from the diverse methodologies and experimental conditions used thus far. Consequently, there is a need for more comprehensive and thorough investigations into the effects of Hg(II) and Cd(II) on lipid membranes under consistent experimental conditions such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, and choice of lipid model system.
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Kim NH, Hyun YY, Lee KB, Chang Y, Rhu S, Oh KH, Ahn C. Environmental heavy metal exposure and chronic kidney disease in the general population. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:272-7. [PMID: 25729249 PMCID: PMC4330481 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.3.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are common heavy metal toxins and cause toxicological renal effects at high levels, but the relevance of low-level environmental exposures in the general population is controversial. A total of 1,797 adults who participated in the KNHANES (a cross-sectional nationally representative survey in Korea) were examined, and 128 of them (7.1%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study assessed the association between Pb, Hg, Cd exposure, and CKD. Blood Pb and Cd levels were correlated with CKD in univariate logistic regression model. However, these environmental heavy metals were not associated with CKD after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and these metals in multivariate logistic regression models. We stratified the analysis according to hypertension or diabetes. In the adults with hypertension or diabetes, CKD had a significant association with elevated blood Cd after adjustment, but no association was present with blood Pb and Hg. The corresponding odds ratio [OR] of Cd for CKD were 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-2.19, P=0.026) in adults with hypertension and 1.92 (95% CI, 1.14-3.25, P=0.014) in adults with diabetes. Environmental low level of Pb, Hg, Cd exposure in the general population was not associated with CKD. However, Cd exposure was associated with CKD, especially in adults with hypertension or diabetes. This finding suggests that environmental low Cd exposure may be a contributor to the risk of CKD in adults with hypertension or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Nephrology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Youl Hyun
- Department of Nephrology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Beck Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungho Rhu
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hu J, Li M, Han TX, Chen JW, Ye LX, Wang Q, Zhou YK. Benchmark dose estimation for cadmium-induced renal tubular damage among environmental cadmium-exposed women aged 35-54 years in two counties of China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115794. [PMID: 25536107 PMCID: PMC4275258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of factors, including gender, age, smoking habits, and occupational exposure, affect the levels of urinary cadmium. Few studies have considered these influences when calculating the benchmark dose (BMD) of cadmium. In the present study, we aimed to calculate BMDs and their 95% lower confidence bounds (BMDLs) for cadmium-induced renal tubular effects in an age-specific population in south-central China. METHODS In this study, urinary cadmium, β2-microglobulin, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase levels were measured in morning urine samples from 490 randomly selected non-smoking women aged 35-54 years. Participants were selected using stratified cluster sampling in two counties (counties A and B) in China. Multiple regression and logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the dose-response relationship between urinary cadmium levels and tubular effects. BMDs/BMDLs corresponding to an additional risk (benchmark response) of 5% and 10% were calculated with assumed cut-off values of the 84th and 90th percentile of urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase levels of the controls. RESULTS Urinary levels of β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase increased significantly with increasing levels of urinary cadmium. Age was not associated with urinary cadmium levels, possibly because of the narrow age range included in this study. Based on urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, BMDs and BMDLs of urinary cadmium ranged from 2.08 to 3.80 (1.41-2.18) µg/g cr for subjects in county A and from 0.99 to 3.34 (0.74-1.91) µg/g cr for those in county B. The predetermined benchmark response of 0.05 and the 90th percentiles of urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase levels of the subjects not exposed to cadmium (i.e., the control group) served as cut-off values. CONCLUSIONS The obtained BMDs of urinary cadmium were similar to the reference point of 1 µg/g cr, as suggested by the European Food Safety Authority, indicating that cadmium exposure must be reduced to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Li
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-xu Han
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-wei Chen
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-xiang Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YZ)
| | - Yi-kai Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YZ)
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Dietary cadmium exposure and chronic kidney disease: A population-based prospective cohort study of men and women. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:720-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Awodele O, Popoola TD, Ogbudu BS, Akinyede A, Coker HAB, Akintonwa A. Occupational hazards and safety measures amongst the paint factory workers in lagos, Nigeria. Saf Health Work 2014; 5:106-11. [PMID: 25180142 PMCID: PMC4147227 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The manufacture of paint involves a variety of processes that present with medical hazards. Safety initiatives are hence introduced to limit hazard exposures and promote workplace safety. This aim of this study is to assess the use of available control measures/initiatives in selected paint factories in Lagos West Senatorial District, Nigeria. Methods A total of 400 randomly selected paint factory workers were involved in the study. A well-structured World Health Organization standard questionnaire was designed and distributed to the workers to elicit information on awareness to occupational hazards, use of personal protective devices, and commonly experienced adverse symptoms. Urine samples were obtained from 50 workers randomly selected from these 400 participants, and the concentrations of the heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results The results show that 72.5% of the respondents are aware of the hazards associated with their jobs; 30% have had formal training on hazards and safety measures; 40% do not use personal protective devices, and 90% of the respondents reported symptoms relating to hazard exposure. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in the mean heavy metal concentrations in the urine samples obtained from paint factory workers as compared with nonfactory workers. Conclusion The need to develop effective frameworks that will initiate the integration and ensure implementation of safety regulations in paint factories is evident. Where these exist, there is a need to promote adherence to these practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunsho Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo D Popoola
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Bawo S Ogbudu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akin Akinyede
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Herbert A B Coker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alade Akintonwa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Notarachille G, Arnesano F, Calò V, Meleleo D. Heavy metals toxicity: effect of cadmium ions on amyloid beta protein 1-42. Possible implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 2014; 27:371-88. [PMID: 24557150 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant, highly toxic to humans. This biologically non-essential element accumulates in the body, especially in the kidney, liver, lung and brain and can induce several toxic effects, depending on the concentration and the exposure time. Cd has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a probable risk factor, as it shows higher concentrations in brain tissues of AD patients than in healthy people, its implication in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and in the aggregation process of amyloid beta peptides (AβPs). AβPs seem to have toxic properties, particularly in their aggregated state; insoluble AβP forms, such as small and large aggregates, protofibrils and fibrils, appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. In our study, we have evaluated the effect of Cd, at different concentrations, both on the AβP1-42 ion channel incorporated in a planar lipid membrane made up of phosphatidylcholine containing 30 % cholesterol and on the secondary structure of AβP1-42 in aqueous environment. Cadmium is able to interact with the AβP1-42 peptide by acting on the channel incorporated into the membrane as well as on the peptide in solution, both decreasing AβP1-42 channel frequency and in solution forming large and amorphous aggregates prone to precipitate. These experimental observations suggesting a toxic role for Cd strengthen the hypothesis that Cd may interact directly with AβPs and may be a risk factor in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Notarachille
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Choong G, Liu Y, Templeton DM. Interplay of calcium and cadmium in mediating cadmium toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 211:54-65. [PMID: 24463198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The environmentally important toxic metal, cadmium, exists as the Cd(2+) ion in biological systems, and in this state structurally resembles Ca(2+). Thus, although cadmium exerts a broad range of adverse actions on cells by virtue of its propensity to bind to protein thiol groups, it is now well appreciated that Cd(2+) participates in a number of Ca(2+)-dependent pathways, attributable to its actions as a Ca(2+) mimetic, with a central role for calmodulin, and the Ca(2+)/calmodlin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) that mediates effects on cytoskeletal dynamics and apoptotic cell death. Cadmium interacts with receptors and ion channels on the cell surface, and with the intracellular estrogen receptor where it binds competitively to residues shared by Ca(2+). It increases cytosolic [Ca(2+)] through several mechanisms, but also decreases transcript levels of some Ca(2+)-transporter genes. It initiates mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, and activates calpains, contributing to mitochondria-independent apoptosis. However, the recent discovery of the role CaMK-II plays in Cd(2+)-induced cell death, and subsequent implication of CaMK-II in Cd(2+)-dependent alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics, has opened a new area of mechanistic cadmium toxicology that is a focus of this review. Calmodulin is necessary for induction of apoptosis by several agents, yet induction of apoptosis by Cd(2+) is prevented by CaMK-II block, and Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation of CaMK-II has been linked to increased Cd(2+)-dependent apoptosis. Calmodulin antagonism suppresses Cd(2+)-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and the Akt survival pathway. The involvement of CaMK-II in the effects of Cd(2+) on cell morphology, and particularly the actin cytoskeleton, is profound, favouring actin depolymerization, disrupting focal adhesions, and directing phosphorylated FAK into a cellular membrane. CaMK-II is also implicated in effects of Cd(2+) on microtubules and cadherin junctions. A key question for future cadmium research is whether cytoskeletal disruption leads to apoptosis, or rather if apoptosis initiates cytoskeletal disruption in the context of Cd(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Choong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Douglas M Templeton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Klotz K, Weistenhöfer W, Drexler H. Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples. Met Ions Life Sci 2013; 11:85-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Templeton DM, Liu Y. Effects of cadmium on the actin cytoskeleton in renal mesangial cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:1-7. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of our studies on cadmium and the actin cytoskeleton in mesangial cells, from earlier work on the effects of Cd2+ on actin polymerization in vivo and in vitro, to a role of disruption or stabilization of the cytoskeleton in apoptosis and apoptosis-like death. More recent studies implicate cadmium-dependent association of gelsolin and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) with actin filaments in cytoskeletal effects. We also present previously unpublished data concerning cadmium and the disruption of focal adhesions. The work encompasses studies on rat, mouse, and human mesangial cells. The major conclusions are that Cd2+ acts independently of direct effects on cellular Ca2+ levels to nevertheless activate Ca2+-dependent proteins that shift the actin polymerization–depolymerization in favour of depolymerization. Cadmium-dependent translocation of CaMK-IIδ, gelsolin, and a 50 kDa gelsolin cleavage fragment to the filamentous (F-)actin cytoskeleton appear to be involved. An intact filamentous actin cytoskeleton is required to initiate apoptotic and apoptotic-like death, but F-actin depolymerization is an eventual result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M. Templeton
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Liu Y, Templeton DM. Involvement of CaMK-IIδ and gelsolin in Cd2+-dependent cytoskeletal effects in mesangial cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:78-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liang Y, Lei L, Nilsson J, Li H, Nordberg M, Bernard A, Nordberg GF, Bergdahl IA, Jin T. Renal function after reduction in cadmium exposure: an 8-year follow-up of residents in cadmium-polluted areas. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:223-8. [PMID: 22027495 PMCID: PMC3279438 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Long-term exposure to cadmium (Cd) causes renal dysfunction, but the change in renal function with exposure is unknown. We assessed the evolution of Cd-induced renal effects after a reduction in dietary exposure to Cd in rice. METHODS Four hundred twelve residents in previously Cd-polluted and nonpolluted areas were examined twice, in 1998 and in 2006. Changes in blood Cd, urinary Cd, and kidney function [N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin, and albumin in urine] were measured. RESULTS In the most polluted area, mean blood Cd was 8.9 μg/L and 3.3 μg/L in 1998 and in 2006, respectively, and urinary Cd was 11.6 and 9.0 μg/g creatinine. Urinary albumin in 1998 increased with urinary Cd, but no such exposure-response relation appeared for 2006 albumin versus urinary Cd 1998, indicating recovery. Other biomarkers of kidney function were also elevated in 1998. Partial recovery was observed for NAG among women and was suggested for β2-microglobulin among young individuals. The probability of having β2-microglobulin levels above the 95th percentile in 2006 was high in those with elevated β2-microglobulin in 1998 [odds ratio (OR) = 24.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 11.2, 55.3] compared with albumin (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 7.5) and NAG (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.6, 4.4). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a Cd-mediated increase in urinary albumin excretion is reversible upon substantial reduction of exposure. For markers of tubular effects, we observed a tendency toward improvement but not complete recovery. Data from repeated observations suggest that β2-microglobulin may be more informative than NAG as an indicator for an individual's future tubular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology (Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education of China), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Swaddiwudhipong W, Limpatanachote P, Mahasakpan P, Krintratun S, Punta B, Funkhiew T. Progress in cadmium-related health effects in persons with high environmental exposure in northwestern Thailand: a five-year follow-up. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 112:194-8. [PMID: 22033168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne cadmium was the principal source of exposure for persons living in the 12 cadmium-contaminated villages in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, northwestern Thailand. This report presents progress in cadmium-related health effects among persons with high cadmium exposure. The study included 436 persons who had urinary cadmium levels ≥5 μg/g creatinine and were screened for urinary cadmium, renal function, hypertension, diabetes and urinary stones in 2005 (baseline) and 2010 (5-year follow-up). Study renal biomarkers included urinary excretion of β(2)-microglobulin (β(2)-MG), total protein and calcium, serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The geometric mean level of urinary cadmium statistically significantly reduced from 9.5±1.6 μg/g creatinine in 2005 to 8.8±1.6 μg/g creatinine in 2010. Compared to baseline, the follow-up examination revealed significant increases in urinary β(2)-MG (tubular effect), urinary total protein and serum creatinine, and a decrease in GFR (glomerular effects). Progressive renal dysfunctions were similarly observed in persons both with and without reduction in cadmium intake. Significant increases in prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and urinary stones were also detected at follow-up. These three disorders were found to markedly impair renal functions in the study persons. Our study indicates that in persons with prolonged excessive cadmium exposure, toxic health effects may progress even after exposure reduction. Renal damage from cadmium can be due to its direct nephrotoxic effect and also through the related disorders causing nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witaya Swaddiwudhipong
- Department of Community and Social Medicine, Mae Sot General Hospital, Tak 63110, Thailand.
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Chen X, Zhu G, Jin T, Shao C, Gu S, Tan M, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Hu H, Yu Y. Bone-prognostic status after cessation of cadmium exposure for one month in male rats. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:165-175. [PMID: 21630100 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated bone status after decreased cadmium (Cd) exposure in male rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups. One group was injected subcutaneously with sodium chloride as control. The others were given CdCl2 by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.5 mg Cd/kg body weight (bw) for 2 months (Cd+2m) and for 3 months (Cd+3m). For the Cd+2m group, the rats were shifted to cessation of Cd injection for 1 month after 2 months' exposure. At month 3, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses were performed on the proximal tibia and lumbar spine, and urine was collected from all rats. Rats were then killed and blood collected for metabolic-marker measurement and Cd assay. Bone tissues were also collected for bone-mass assay, biomechanical test, and bone-histology analysis. Cd burdens of rats in the Cd+2m and Cd+3m groups were both significantly greater than those in the control group. Cd burdens of rats were lower in the Cd+2m group compared with the Cd+3m group. Bone damage occurred in the Cd+2m and Cd+3m groups compared with the control group (p<0.05), but no significant improvement was found in the Cd+2m group compared with the Cd+3m group. Cd damage to bone could not be reversed over the short term. More attention should be paid to Cd's toxic effects on bone after decreased exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Hwangbo Y, Weaver VM, Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Lee BK, Navas-Acien A. Blood cadmium and estimated glomerular filtration rate in Korean adults. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1800-5. [PMID: 21835726 PMCID: PMC3261971 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a nephrotoxicant at high exposure levels. Few studies have evaluated the role of cadmium in kidney function at low-exposure levels. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of blood cadmium with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the Korean adult population. METHODS We evaluated 1,909 adults ≥ 20 years of age who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and had blood cadmium determinations. eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. RESULTS Blood cadmium geometric means were 1.57 μg/L for men and 1.49 μg/L for women. The difference in eGFR levels that compared participants in the highest versus lowest cadmium tertiles, after multivariable adjustment, was -1.85 [95% confidence interval (CI): -3.55, -0.16] mL/min per 1.73 m2 in women and 0.67 (-1.16, 2.50) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in men. Among men, the association between blood cadmium and eGFR was modified by blood lead levels (p-value for interaction = 0.048). The fully adjusted differences in eGFR levels for a 2-fold increase in blood cadmium levels were -1.14 (-3.35, 1.07) and 1.84 (0.54, 3.14) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in men with blood lead levels below and above the median (2.75 μg/dL), respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated blood cadmium levels were associated with lower eGFR in women, which supports the role of cadmium as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease. In men, there was no overall association, although elevated blood cadmium levels were associated with higher eGFR levels in men with high blood lead levels and nonstatistically associated with lower eGFR levels in men with low blood lead levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwangbo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Chen X, Zhu G, Jin T, Lei L, Liang Y. Bone mineral density is related with previous renal dysfunction caused by cadmium exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:46-53. [PMID: 21787729 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and previous renal dysfunction caused by cadmium exposure was investigated. A total of 457 persons, living in polluted and control areas, were followed up in this study. The inhabitants living in exposure areas ceased ingesting cadmium-contaminated rice in 1996. Blood and urinary cadmium levels and BMD in 1998 and 2006 were measured. Urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and albumin determined in 1998 and 2006 were used to evaluate kidney status. BMD of subjects with tubular damage was significant lower than those without damage in female (p < 0.05). The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly different between those with and without kidney damage (p = 0.003, in total population; p = 0.039, in female) and those with and without tubular damage (p = 0.0005, in total population; p = 0.007, in female). The results suggested that BMD was correlated with previous kidney impairment caused by cadmium exposure, especially to tubular damage and especially for female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Bone Metabolism, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shin M, Paek D, Yoon C. The relationship between the bone mineral density and urinary cadmium concentration of residents in an industrial complex. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:101-109. [PMID: 21167481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between cadmium exposure and bone mineral density (BMD) has been demonstrated in elderly women, but has not been well studied in youths and men. Some studies report either no or a weak association between cadmium exposure and bone damage. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the urinary cadmium (U-Cd) levels and BMD of females and males of all ages. METHODS A total of 804 residents near an industrial complex were surveyed in 2007. U-Cd and BMD on the heel (non-dominant calcaneus) were analyzed with AAS-GTA and Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Demographic characteristics were collected by structured questionnaires. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were defined by BMD cut-off values and T-scores set by the WHO; T score>-1, normal; -2.5<T score <-1, osteopenia; and T score <-2.5, osteoporosis. Logistic and multiple linear regressions were applied to estimate the association between U-Cd levels and BMD. RESULTS The U-Cd levels in females (0.64 μg/g creatinine) were higher than those in males (0.48 μg/g creatinine) (p<0.001). With the logistic regression model, osteopenia was associated with high U-Cd levels (≥ 1.0 μg/g creatinine) in females (OR=2.92; 95% CI, 1.51-5.64) and in males (OR=3.37; 95% CI, 1.09-10.38). With the multiple linear regression model, the BMD of the adult group was negatively associated with U-Cd (<0.05), gender (female, p<0.001) and age (p<0.001). The BMD of participants who were ≤ 19 years of age was negatively associated with gender (female, p<0.01), whereas it was positively associated with age and BMI (p<0.001). BMD was not associated with exercise, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, job or parental education. CONCLUSION Results suggested that U-Cd might be associated with osteopenia as well as osteoporosis in both male and female adults. Age and female gender were negatively associated with BMD in the adult group, whereas age was positively associated with BMD in the youth group. Cadmium exposure may be a potential risk factor for lower-BMD and osteopenia symptoms as well as for osteoporosis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Shin
- Institute of Health and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Wright PRD, Rattray R, Lalor G, Hanson R. Minimal health impact from exposure to diet-sourced cadmium on a population in central Jamaica. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2010; 32:567-581. [PMID: 20490623 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of naturally occurring Cd have been found mainly in the bauxitic soils of central Jamaica at levels up to 100-1,000 times higher than typical worldwide averages. Some food crops cultivated on these soils absorb significant amounts of Cd. Autopsy studies of kidney Cd concentrations confirm elevated human exposure, and some long-term residents in central Jamaica exceed the general population average by a factor of two. Diet studies have ascertained that a population in central Jamaica is at risk of being exposed to Cd levels in excess of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) set by the WHO of 7 μgCd/kg bodyweight/week, and the EU TWI of 2.5 μgCd/kg bodyweight/week. Elevated levels of urine cadmium (U-Cd) and beta-2 microglobulin (β2-MG) concentrations were confirmed with a strong correlation between soil Cd and the U-Cd. Also, higher β2-MG concentrations (>200μg/g creatinine) were found in the population with U-Cd concentrations greater than 2.5μg/L. While this identification is often taken to indicate impairment in the reabsorption capacity of the renal tubules leading to renal disease, there is no evidence in the mortality records of enhanced deaths in central Jamaica compared with the general population resulting from renal disease or diabetes related complications. The highest median age of death in the island is found in Manchester, the parish with the highest average Cd concentration. While we have identified a possible Cd linked renal dysfunction, significant indications of morbidity are not present in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R D Wright
- International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, University of the West Indies, 2 Anguilla Close, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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Templeton DM, Liu Y. Multiple roles of cadmium in cell death and survival. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Weaver VM, Kim NS, Jaar BG, Schwartz BS, Parsons PJ, Steuerwald AJ, Todd AC, Simon D, Lee BK. Associations of low-level urine cadmium with kidney function in lead workers. Occup Environ Med 2010; 68:250-6. [PMID: 20974743 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.056077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low-level cadmium exposure, resulting in, for example, urinary cadmium <2.0 μg/g creatinine, is widespread; recent data suggest nephrotoxicity even at these low levels. Few studies have examined the impact of low-level cadmium exposure in workers who are occupationally exposed to other nephrotoxicants such as lead. METHODS We evaluated associations of urine cadmium, a measure of cumulative dose, with four glomerular filtration measures and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in lead workers. Recent and cumulative lead doses were assessed via blood and tibia lead, respectively. RESULTS In 712 lead workers, mean (SD) blood and tibia lead values, urine cadmium values and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation were 23.1 (14.1) μg/dl, 26.6 (28.9) μg Pb/g bone mineral, 1.15 (0.66) μg/g creatinine and 97.4 (19.2) ml/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, urine creatinine, smoking, alcohol, education, annual income, diastolic blood pressure, current or former lead worker job status, new or returning study participant, and blood and tibia lead, higher ln-urine cadmium was associated with higher calculated creatinine clearance, eGFR (β = 8.7 ml/min/1.73 m(2); 95% CI 5.4 to 12.1) and ln-NAG but lower serum creatinine. CONCLUSIONS Potential explanations for these results include a normal physiological response in which urine cadmium levels reflect renal filtration, the impact of adjustment for urine dilution with creatinine in models of kidney outcomes, and cadmium-related hyperfiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Rm 7041, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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