1
|
Sawant AM, Sunder AV, Vamkudoth KR, Ramasamy S, Pundle A. Process Development for 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid Production Using Lentikats-Encapsulated Escherichia coli Cells Expressing Penicillin V Acylase. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28972-28976. [PMID: 33225127 PMCID: PMC7675567 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin V acylase (PVA, EC 3.5.1.11) hydrolyzes the side chain of phenoxymethylpenicillin (Pen V) and finds application in the manufacture of the pharmaceutical intermediate 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). Here, we report the scale-up of cultivation of Escherichia coli whole cells expressing a highly active PVA from Pectobacterium atrosepticum and their encapsulation in polyvinyl alcohol-poly(ethylene glycol) Lentikats hydrogels. A biocatalytic process for the hydrolysis of 2% (w/v) Pen V was set up in a 2 L reactor using the Lentikats-immobilized whole cells, with a customized setup to enable continuous downstream processing of the reaction products. The biocatalytic reaction afforded complete conversion of Pen V for 10 reaction cycles, with an overall 90% conversion up to 50 cycles. The bioprocess was further scaled up to the pilot-scale at 10 L, enabling complete conversion of Pen V to 6-APA for 10 cycles. The 6-APA and phenoxy acetic acid products were recovered from downstream processing with isolated yields of 85-90 and 87-92%, respectively. Immobilization in Lentikats beads improved the stability of the whole cells on storage, maintaining 90-100% activity and similar conversion efficiency after 3 months at 4 °C. The robust PVA biocatalyst can be employed in a continuous process to provide a sustainable route for bulk 6-APA production from Pen V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol M. Sawant
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
- Biochemical
Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory-CSIR, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
- Biochemical
Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory-CSIR, Pune 411008, India
- . Phone: +912025902217
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- Biochemical
Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory-CSIR, Pune 411008, India
| | - Archana Pundle
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
- Biochemical
Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory-CSIR, Pune 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Efficient synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics with in situ product removal by a newly isolated penicillin G acylase. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
3
|
Meghwanshi GK, Kaur N, Verma S, Dabi NK, Vashishtha A, Charan PD, Purohit P, Bhandari HS, Bhojak N, Kumar R. Enzymes for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:586-601. [PMID: 32248597 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are highly efficient and selective biocatalysts, present in the living beings. They exist in enormous varieties in terms of the types of reactions catalyzed by them for instance oxidation-reduction, group transfers within the molecules or between the molecules, hydrolysis, isomerization, ligation, bond cleavage, and bond formation. Besides, enzyme based catalyses are performed with much higher fidelity, under mild reaction conditions and are highly efficient in terms of number of steps, giving them an edge over their chemical counter parts. The unique characteristics of enzymes makes them highly applicable fora number of chemical transformation reactions in pharmaceutical industries, such as group protection and deprotection, selective acylation and deacylation, selective hydrolysis, deracemization, kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures, esterification, transesterification, and many others. In this review, an overview of the enzymes, their production and their applications in pharmaceutical syntheses and enzyme therapies are presented with diagrams, reaction schemes and table for easy understanding of the readers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, M.G.S. University, Bikaner, India
| | - Swati Verma
- Department of Microbiology, M.G.S. University, Bikaner, India
| | | | | | - P D Charan
- Department of Environmental Science, M.G.S. University, Bikaner, India
| | - Praveen Purohit
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering College, Bikaner, India
| | - H S Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry, GCRC Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner, India
| | - N Bhojak
- Department of Chemistry, GCRC Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Overview of Immobilized Enzymes' Applications in Pharmaceutical, Chemical, and Food Industry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:27-63. [PMID: 31939114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of immobilized enzymes in industry is becoming a routine process for the manufacture of many key compounds in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industry. Some enzymes like lipases are naturally robust and efficient, can be used for the production of many different molecules, and have found broad industrial applications. Some more specific enzymes, like transaminases, have required protein engineering to become suitable for applications in industrial manufacture. For all enzymes, the possibility to be immobilized and used in a heterogeneous form brings important industrial and environmental advantages such as simplified downstream processing or continuous process operations. Here, we present a series of large-scale applications of immobilized enzymes with benefits for the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and medical device industries, some of them hardly reported before.
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Directed evolution of a penicillin V acylase from Bacillus sphaericus to improve its catalytic efficiency for 6-APA production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 119:65-70. [PMID: 30243389 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin acylase is commonly used to produce the medical intermediates of 6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and 7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) in industrial process. Nowadays, Penicillin G acylase (PGA) has been widely applied for making pharmaceutical intermediates, while penicillin V acylase (PVA) has been less used for that due to its low activity and poor conversion. In this study, a PVA from Bacillus sphaericus (BspPVA) was employed for directed evolution study with hoping to increase its catalytic efficiency. Finally, a triple mutant BspPVA-3 (T63S/N198Y/S110C) was obtained with 12.4-fold specific activity and 11.3-fold catalytic efficiency higher than BspPVA-wt (wild type of BspPVA). Moreover, the conversion yields of 6-APA catalyzed by BspPVA-3 reached 98% with 20% (w/v) penicillin V as substrate, which was significantly higher than that of the BspPVA-wt (85%). Based on the analysis of modeling, the enhancement of specific activity of mutant BspPVA-3 was probably attributed to the changes in the number of hydrogen bonds within the molecules. The triple mutant PVA developed in this study has a potential for large-scale industrial application for 6-APA production.
Collapse
|
7
|
Salari AA, Talebi Tari M, Noei M, Tahan A. The ab initio study and NBO interpretation of solvent effects on the structural stability and the chemical reactivity of penicillin-V conformations. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sunder AV, Utari PD, Ramasamy S, van Merkerk R, Quax W, Pundle A. Penicillin V acylases from gram-negative bacteria degrade N-acylhomoserine lactones and attenuate virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2383-2395. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Philem PD, Sonalkar VV, Dharne MS, Prabhune AA. Purification and partial characterization of novel penicillin V acylase from Acinetobacter sp. AP24 isolated from Loktak Lake, an Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:524-30. [PMID: 26445220 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1084636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the bacterial genus Acinetobacter have attracted great attention over the past few decades, on account of their various biotechnological applications and clinical implications. In this study, we are reporting the first experimental penicillin V acylase (PVA) activity from this genus. Penicillin acylases are pharmaceutically important enzymes widely used in the synthesis of semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. The bacterium, identified as Acinetobacter sp. AP24, was isolated from the water of Loktak Lake (Manipur, India), an Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. PVA production was increased threefold in an optimized medium with 0.2% sodium glutamate and 1% glucose as nitrogen and carbon sources respectively, after 24 hr of fermentation at 28°C and pH 7.0 with shaking at 180 rpm. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by cation-exchange chromatography using SP-sepharose resin. The PVA is a homotetramer with subunit molecular mass of 34 kD. The enzyme was highly specific toward penicillin V with optimal hydrolytic activity at 40°C and pH 7.5. The enzyme was stable from pH 5.0 to 9.0 at 25 °C for 2 hr. The enzyme retained 75% activity after 1 hr of incubation at 40°C at pH 7.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidya V Sonalkar
- b NCIM Resource Centre , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Mahesh S Dharne
- b NCIM Resource Centre , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Asmita A Prabhune
- a Biochemical Sciences Division , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Avinash VS, Chauhan PD, Gaikwad S, Pundle A. Biotransformation of penicillin V to 6-aminopenicillanic acid using immobilized whole cells of E. coli expressing a highly active penicillin V acylase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:52-57. [PMID: 26986755 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1163580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) is a key step in the manufacture of semisynthetic antibiotics in the pharmaceutical industry. The penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli has long been utilized for this purpose. However, the use of penicillin V acylases (PVA) presents some advantages including better stability and higher conversion rates. The industrial application of PVAs has so far been limited due to the nonavailability of suitable bacterial strains and cost issues. In this study, whole-cell immobilization of a recombinant PVA enzyme from Pectobacterium atrosepticum expressed in E. coli was performed. Membrane permeabilization with detergent was used to enhance the cell-bound PVA activity, and the cells were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Optimization of parameters for the biotransformation by immobilized cells showed that full conversion of pen V to 6-APA could be achieved within 1 hr at pH 5.0 and 35°C, till 4% (w/v) concentration of the substrate. The beads could be stored for 28 days at 4°C with minimal loss in activity and were reusable up to 10 cycles with 1-hr hardening in CaCl2 between each cycle. The high enzyme productivity of the PVA enzyme system makes a promising case for its application for 6-APA production in the industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Palna Dinesh Chauhan
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Shraddha Gaikwad
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Archana Pundle
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deng S, Ma X, Su E, Wei D. Efficient cascade synthesis of ampicillin from penicillin G potassium salt using wild and mutant penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. J Biotechnol 2016; 219:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Overexpression of penicillin V acylase from Streptomyces lavendulae and elucidation of its catalytic residues. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 81:1225-33. [PMID: 25501472 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02352-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pva gene from Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC 13664, encoding a novel penicillin V acylase (SlPVA), has been isolated and characterized. The gene encodes an inactive precursor protein containing a secretion signal peptide that is activated by two internal autoproteolytic cleavages that release a 25-amino-acid linker peptide and two large domains of 18.79 kDa (alpha-subunit) and 60.09 kDA (beta-subunit). Based on sequence alignments and the three-dimensional model of SlPVA, the enzyme contains a hydrophobicpocket involved in catalytic activity, including Serbeta1, Hisbeta23, Valbeta70, and Asnbeta272, which were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis studies. The heterologous expression of pva in S. lividans led to the production of an extracellularly homogeneous heterodimeric enzyme at a 5-fold higher concentration (959 IU/liter) than in the original host and in a considerably shorter time. According to the catalytic properties of SlPVA, the enzyme must be classified as a new member of the Ntn-hydrolase superfamily, which belongs to a novel subfamily of acylases that recognize substrates with long hydrophobic acyl chains and have biotechnological applications in semisynthetic antifungal production.
Collapse
|
13
|
Beyeh NK, Ala-Korpi A, Pan F, Jo HH, Anslyn EV, Rissanen K. Cooperative Binding of Divalent Diamides by N-Alkyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Chlorides. Chemistry 2015; 21:9556-62. [PMID: 26014834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-Alkyl ammonium resorcinarene chlorides, stabilized by an intricate array of hydrogen bonds leading to a cavitand-like structure, bind amides. The molecular recognition occurs through intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and the amide hydrogen of the guests and the cation-anion circular hydrogen-bonded seam of the hosts, as well as through CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The N-alkyl ammonium resorcinarene chlorides cooperatively bind a series of di-acetamides of varying spacer lengths ranging from three to seven carbons. Titration data fit either a 1:1 or 2:1 binding isotherm depending on the spacer lengths. Considering all the guests possess similar binding motifs, the first binding constants were similar (K1:10(2) M(-1)) for each host. The second binding constant was found to depend on the upper rim substituent of the host and the spacer length of the guests, with the optimum binding observed with the six-carbon spacer (K2:10(3) M(-2)). Short spacer lengths increase steric hindrance, whereas longer spacer lengths increase flexibility thus reducing cooperativity. The host with the rigid cyclohexyl upper rim showed stronger binding than the host with flexible benzyl arms. The cooperative binding of these divalent guests was studied in solution through (1)H NMR titration studies and supplemented by diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), X-ray crystallography, and mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kodiah Beyeh
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
| | - Altti Ala-Korpi
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
| | - Fangfang Pan
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)
| | - Hyun Hwa Jo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 (USA)
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 (USA).
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla (Finland).
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Penicillin V acylase from Pectobacterium atrosepticum exhibits high specific activity and unique kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:1-7. [PMID: 25931393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin V acylases (PVAs, E.C.3.5.11) belong to the Ntn hydrolase super family of enzymes that catalyze the deacylation of the side chain from phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V). Penicillin acylases find use in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of semi-synthetic antibiotics. PVAs employ the N-terminal cysteine residue as catalytic nucleophile and are structurally and evolutionarily related to bile salt hydrolases (BSHs). Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a PVA enzyme from the Gram-negative plant pathogen, Pectobacterium atrosepticum (PaPVA). The enzyme was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli attaining a very high yield (250 mg/l) and a comparatively high specific activity (430 IU/mg). The enzyme showed marginally better pH and thermo-stability over PVAs characterized from Gram-positive bacteria. The enzyme also showed enhanced activity in presence of organic solvents and detergents. The enzyme kinetics turned out to be significantly different from that of previously reported PVAs, displaying positive cooperativity and substrate inhibition. The presence of bile salts had a modulating effect on PaPVA activity. Sequence analysis and characterization reveal the distinctive nature of these enzymes and underscore the need to study PVAs from Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
|
15
|
Beyeh NK, Pan F, Valkonen A, Rissanen K. Encapsulation of secondary and tertiary ammonium salts by resorcinarenes and pyrogallarenes: the effect of size and charge concentration. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01927j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple weak interactions are manifested in the complexation of different categories of secondary and tertiary alkyl ammonium salts with resorcinarenes and pyrogallarene leading to open inclusion and dimeric capsular assemblies with varying binding affinities, and analyzed in solid, liquid and gas phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. K. Beyeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| | - F. Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| | - A. Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
| | - K. Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Avinash VS, Pundle AV, Ramasamy S, Suresh CG. Penicillin acylases revisited: importance beyond their industrial utility. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:303-16. [PMID: 25430891 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.960359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to study the physiological roles of enzymes in nature; however, in some cases, it is not easily apparent. Penicillin acylases are pharmaceutically important enzymes that cleave the acyl side chains of penicillins, thus paving the way for production of newer semi-synthetic antibiotics. They are classified according to the type of penicillin (G or V) that they preferentially hydrolyze. Penicillin acylases are also used in the resolution of racemic mixtures and peptide synthesis. However, it is rather unfortunate that the focus on the use of penicillin acylases for industrial applications has stolen the spotlight from the study of the importance of these enzymes in natural metabolism. The penicillin acylases, so far characterized from different organisms, show differences in their structural nature and substrate spectrum. These enzymes are also closely related to the bacterial signalling phenomenon, quorum sensing, as detailed in this review. This review details studies on biochemical and structural characteristics of recently discovered penicillin acylases. We also attempt to organize the available insights into the possible in vivo role of penicillin acylases and related enzymes and emphasize the need to refocus research efforts in this direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vellore Sunder Avinash
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Archana Vishnu Pundle
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Romero O, Araya E, Illanes A, Wilson L. Evaluation of kinetic parameters of immobilized penicillin G acylase subject to an inactivation and reactivation process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Koreishi M, Tani K, Ise Y, Imanaka H, Imamura K, Nakanishi K. Enzymatic Synthesis of β-Lactam Antibiotics andN-Fatty-Acylated Amino Compounds by the Acyl-Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by Penicillin V Acylase fromStreptomyces mobaraensis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1582-6. [PMID: 17587696 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin V acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (Sm-PVA) showed high acyl-transfer activity in reactions using methyl esters of carboxylic acid (acyl donor) and amino compounds (nucleophile), to produce the corresponding amides. Moreover, Sm-PVA had broad substrate specificity, as indicated by the fact that it catalyzed the efficient synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics, capsaicin derivatives, and N-fatty-acyl-amino acid/N-fatty-acyl-peptide derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Koreishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Current state and perspectives of penicillin G acylase-based biocatalyses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2867-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Avinash V, Panigrahi P, Suresh C, Pundle AV, Ramasamy S. Structural modelling of substrate binding and inhibition in penicillin V acylase from Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:538-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
21
|
Bahamondes C, Wilson L, Aguirre C, Illanes A. Comparative study of the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin at high substrate concentration in aqueous and organic media using statistical model. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Rathinaswamy P, Gaikwad SM, Suresh C, Prabhune AA, Brannigan JA, Dodson GG, Pundle AV. Purification and characterization of YxeI, a penicillin acylase from Bacillus subtilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
23
|
Vellore Sunder A, Kumar A, Naik N, Pundle AV. Characterization of a new Bacillus cereus ATUAVP1846 strain producing penicillin V acylase, and optimization of fermentation parameters. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
24
|
Kumar A, Gowda NM, Gaikwad S, Pundle A. Rhodotorula aurantiaca penicillin V acylase: active site characterization and fluorometric studies. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 97:109-16. [PMID: 19819716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin V acylase (PVA), a member of newly evolved Ntn-hydrolase superfamily, is a pharmaceutically important enzyme to produce 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Active site characterization of recently purified monomeric PVA from Rhodotorula aurantiaca (Ra-PVA), the yeast source, showed the involvement of serine and tryptophan in the enzyme activity. Modification of the protein with serine and tryptophan specific reagents such as PMSF and NBS showed partial loss of PVA activity and substrate protection. Ra-PVA was found to be a multi-tryptophan protein exhibiting one tryptophan, in native and, four in its denatured condition. Various solute quenchers and substrate were used to probe the microenvironment of the putative reactive tryptophan through fluorescence quenching. The results obtained indicate that the tryptophan residues of Ra-PVA were largely buried in hydrophobic core of the protein matrix. Quenching of the fluorescence by acrylamide was collisional. Acrylamide was the most effective quencher amongst all the used quenchers, which quenched 71.6% of the total intrinsic fluorescence of the protein, at a very less final concentration of 0.1M. Surface tryptophan residues were found to have predominantly more electropositively charged amino acids around them, however differentially accessible for ionic quenchers. Denaturation led to shift in lambda(max) from 336, in native state, to 357 nm and more exposed to the solvent, consequently increase in fluorescence quenching with all quenchers. This is an attempt towards the conformational studies of Ra-PVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effect of organic solvents on cell-bound penicillin V acylase activity of Erwinia aroideae (DSMZ 30186): A permeabilization effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Wilson L, Illanes A, Soler L, Henríquez MJ. Effect of the degree of cross-linking on the properties of different CLEAs of penicillin acylase. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
27
|
Kumar A, Pundle A. A permeabilization effect of organic solvents on cell bound penicillin v acylase activity of Erwinia aroideae (DSMZ 30186). J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Kumar A, Prabhune A, Suresh C, Pundle A. Characterization of smallest active monomeric penicillin V acylase from new source: A yeast, Rhodotorula aurantiaca (NCIM 3425). Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Effect of Cultural Conditions and Media Constituents on Production of Penicillin V Acylase and CTAB Treatment to Enhance Whole-Cell Enzyme Activity of Rhodotorula aurantiaca (NCIM 3425). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 157:463-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
30
|
Zhang D, Koreishi M, Imanaka H, Imamura K, Nakanishi K. Cloning and characterization of penicillin V acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis. J Biotechnol 2007; 128:788-800. [PMID: 17289203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on the molecular cloning and characterization of penicillin V acylase (PVA) from an actinomycete, Streptomyces mobaraensis (Sm-PVA), which was originally isolated as an acylase that efficiently hydrolyzes the amide bond of various N-fatty-acyl-l-amino acids and N-fatty-acyl-peptides as well as capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide). In addition, the purified Sm-PVA hydrolyzed penicillin V with the highest activity (k(cat)) among the PVAs so far reported, penicillin G, and 2-nitro-5-phenoxyacetamide benzoic acid. The BLAST search revealed that the Sm-PVA precursor is composed of a polypeptide that is characteristic of enzymes belonging to the beta-lactam acylase family with four distinct segments; a signal sequence (43 amino acids), an alpha subunit (173 amino acids), a linker peptide (28 amino acids), and a beta subunit (570 amino acids). The mature, active Sm-PVA is a heterodimeric protein with alpha and beta subunits, in contrast to PVAs isolated from Bacillus sphaericus and B. subtilis, which have a homotetrameric structure. The amino acid sequence of Sm-PVA showed identities to PVA from S. lavendulae, N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading acylase from Streptomyces sp., cyclic lipopeptide acylase from Streptomyces sp., and aculeacin A acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis with 68, 67, 67, and 41% identities, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demin Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aguirre C, Opazo P, Venegas M, Riveros R, Illanes A. Low temperature effect on production of ampicillin and cephalexin in ethylene glycol medium with immobilized penicillin acylase. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Shen S, Chang Z, Sun X, Liu H. Process integration for production of 6-aminnopenicillanic acid from penicillin G fermentation broth. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
Kallenberg A, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon R. Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase: The Key to Optimum Performance. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Wilson L, Illanes A, Abián O, Pessela BCC, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM. Co-Aggregation of Penicillin G Acylase and Polyionic Polymers: An Easy Methodology To Prepare Enzyme Biocatalysts Stable in Organic Media. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:852-7. [PMID: 15132672 DOI: 10.1021/bm0343895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of biocatalyst that combines the good properties of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and hydrophilic microenvironments has been developed. Dextran sulfate- and polyethyleneimine-coated CLEAs of penicillin acylase (CLEA-GDP) were prepared by adding the polymers of different sizes before the precipitation stage of the enzyme. This study presents the development and optimization of a protocol to produce such a biocatalyst using penicillin acylase as a model. Experiments show that CLEA-GDPs have a highly increased stability in organic media. The average half-life of the preparations was much higher than standard CLEA without a microenvironment (CLEA-G), (e.g., more than 25-fold) in the presence of dioxane. However, their thermal stability was not increased, which leads to the conclusion that the stability of CLEA-GDPs in organic media is due to the hydrophilic microenvironment that surrounds the protein enzyme more than to a conformational stiffening effect. This is further supported by solvation experiments that show a preferential hydration of CLEA when polymers are used to coat the enzyme. CLEA-GDPs are clearly better than other biocatalysts in terms of solvent stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Wilson
- Departamento de Biocatalisis, Instituto de Catalisis, CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P. Recent biotechnological interventions for developing improved penicillin G acylases. J Biosci Bioeng 2004; 97:1-13. [PMID: 16233581 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PAC; EC 3.5.1.11) is the key enzyme used in the industrial production of beta-lactam antibiotics. This enzyme hydrolyzes the side chain of penicillin G and related beta-lactam antibiotics releasing 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA), which is the building block in the manufacture of semisynthetic penicillins. PAC from Escherichia coli strain ATCC 11105, Bacillus megaterium strain ATCC 14945 and mutants of these two strains is currently used in industry. Genes encoding for PAC from various bacterial sources have been cloned and overexpressed with significant improvements in transcription, translation and post-translational processing. Recent developments in enzyme engineering have shown that PAC can be modified to gain conformational stability and desired functionality. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the production, stabilization and application of PAC, highlighting the recent biotechnological approaches for the improved catalysis of PAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Microbial Technology, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Temperature is a very relevant variable for any bioprocess. Temperature optimization of bioreactor operation is a key aspect for process economics. This is especially true for enzyme-catalyzed processes, because enzymes are complex, unstable catalysts whose technological potential relies on their operational stability. Enzyme reactor design is presented with a special emphasis on the effect of thermal inactivation. Enzyme thermal inactivation is a very complex process from a mechanistic point of view. However, for the purpose of enzyme reactor design, it has been oversimplified frequently, considering one-stage first-order kinetics of inactivation and data gathered under nonreactive conditions that poorly represent the actual conditions within the reactor. More complex mechanisms are frequent, especially in the case of immobilized enzymes, and most important is the effect of catalytic modulators (substrates and products) on enzyme stability under operation conditions. This review focuses primarily on reactor design and operation under modulated thermal inactivation. It also presents a scheme for bioreactor temperature optimization, based on validated temperature-explicit functions for all the kinetic and inactivation parameters involved. More conventional enzyme reactor design is presented merely as a background for the purpose of highlighting the need for a deeper insight into enzyme inactivation for proper bioreactor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Illanes
- Escuela de Ingenieria Bioquímica, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chand S, Mishra P. Research and application of microbial enzymes--India's contribution. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 85:95-124. [PMID: 12930094 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36466-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have attracted the attention of scientists world over due to their wide range of physiological, analytical and industrial applications. Although enzymes have been isolated, purified and studied from microbial, animal and plant sources, microorganisms represent the most common source of enzymes due to their broad biochemical diversity, feasibility of mass culture and ease of genetic manipulation. With the advent of molecular biology techniques, a number of genes of industrially important enzymes has been cloned and expressed in order to improve the production of enzymes, substrate utilization and other commercially useful properties. Special attention has been focused on enzymes isolated from thermophiles due to their inherent stability and industrial applications. In addition, a variety of methods have been employed to modify enzymes for their industrial usage including strain improvement, chemical modifications, modification of reaction environment, immobilization and protein engineering. A wide range of applications of enzymes in different bioprocess industries is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chand
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-10016, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Aguirre C, Toledo M, Medina V, Illanes A. Effect of cosolvent and pH on the kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin with immobilised penicillin acylase. Process Biochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
40
|
Torres-Guzmán R, de la Mata I, Torres-Bacete J, Arroyo M, Castillón MP, Acebal C. Substrate specificity of penicillin acylase from Streptomyces lavendulae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:593-7. [PMID: 11855830 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic parameters of several substrates of penicillin acylase from Streptomyces lavendulae have been determined. The enzyme hydrolyses phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V) and other penicillins with aliphatic acyl-chains such as penicillin F, dihydroF, and K. The best substrate was penicillin K (octanoyl penicillin) with a k(cat)/K(m) of 165.3 mM(-1) s(-1). The enzyme hydrolyses also chromogenic substrates as NIPOAB (2-nitro-5-phenoxyacetamido benzoic acid), NIHAB (2-nitro-5-hexanoylamido benzoic acid) or NIOAB (2-nitro-5-octanoylamido benzoic acid), however failed to hydrolyse phenylacetil penicillin (penicillin G) or NIPAB (2-nitro-5-phenylacetamido benzoic acid) and penicillins with polar substituents in the acyl moiety. These results suggest that the structure of the acyl moiety of the substrate is more determinant than the amino moiety for enzyme specificity. The enzyme was inhibited by several organic acids and the extent of inhibition changed with the hydrophobicity of the acid. The best inhibitor was octanoic acid with a K(i) of 0.8 mM. All the results, taking together, point to an active site highly hydrophobic for this penicillin acylase from Streptomyces lavendulae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Torres-Guzmán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Arroyo M, Torres-Guzmán R, Torres-Bacete J, de la Mata I, Pilar Castillón M, Acebal C. Kinetic mechanism of penicillin V acylase activation byshort-chain alcohols. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
42
|
Prediction of penicillin V acylase stability in water-organic co-solvent monophasic systems as a function of solvent composition. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:122-126. [PMID: 10862911 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic activity of penicillin V acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) can be improved by using organic cosolvents in monophasic systems. However, the addition of these solvents may result in loss of stability of the enzyme. The thermal stability of penicillin V acylase from Streptomyces lavendulae in water-organic cosolvent monophasic systems depends on the nature of the organic solvent and its concentration in the media. The threshold solvent concentration (at which half enzymatic activity is displayed) is related to the denaturing capacity of the solvent. We found out linear correlations between the free energy of denaturation at 40 degrees C and the concentration of the solvent in the media. On one hand, those solvents with logP values lower than -1.8 have a protective effect that is enhanced when its concentration is increased in the medium. On the other hand, those solvents with logP values higher than -1.8 have a denaturing effect: the higher this value and concentration, the more deleterious. Deactivation constants of PVA at 40 degrees C can be predicted in any monophasic system containing a water-miscible solvent.
Collapse
|
43
|
Cao L, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates: a simple and effective method for the immobilization of penicillin acylase. Org Lett 2000; 2:1361-4. [PMID: 10814447 DOI: 10.1021/ol005593x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction--see text] Penicillin G acylase (penicillin amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.11) was immobilized in a simple and effective way by physical aggregation of the enzyme, using a precipitant, followed by chemical cross-linking to form insoluble cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). These had the same activity in the synthesis of ampicillin as cross-linked crystals of the same enzyme, but the accompanying hydrolysis of the side-chain donor was much less. Penicillin G acylase CLEAs also catalyzed the synthesis of ampicillin in a broad range of organic solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cao
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Arroyo M, Torres R, de la Mata I, Pilar Castillón M, Acebal C. Interaction of penicillin V acylase with organic solvents:. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
45
|
Kheirolomoom A, Ardjmand M, Vossoughi M, Kazemeini M. The stability analysis and modeling of pH- and ionic strength inactivation of penicillin G acylase obtained from various species of Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(98)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
46
|
Cosolvent effect on the synthesis of ampicillin and cephalexin with penicillin acylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(98)80016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
47
|
Isolation and characterization of soil strains producing glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|