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Elgendy MY, Ali SE, Abbas WT, Algammal AM, Abdelsalam M. The role of marine pollution on the emergence of fish bacterial diseases. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140366. [PMID: 37806325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution and bacterial disease outbreaks are two closely related dilemmas that impact marine fish production from fisheries and mariculture. Oil, heavy metals, agrochemicals, sewage, medical wastes, plastics, algal blooms, atmospheric pollutants, mariculture-related pollutants, as well as thermal and noise pollution are the most threatening marine pollutants. The release of these pollutants into the marine aquatic environment leads to significant ecological degradation and a range of non-infectious disorders in fish. Marine pollutants trigger numerous fish bacterial diseases by increasing microbial multiplication in the aquatic environment and suppressing fish immune defense mechanisms. The greater part of these microorganisms is naturally occurring in the aquatic environment. Most disease outbreaks are caused by opportunistic bacterial agents that attack stressed fish. Some infections are more serious and occur in the absence of environmental stressors. Gram-negative bacteria are the most frequent causes of these epizootics, while gram-positive bacterial agents rank second on the critical pathogens list. Vibrio spp., Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida, Tenacibaculum maritimum, Edwardsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Renibacterium salmoninarum, Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., and Mycobacterium spp. Are the most dangerous pathogens that attack fish in polluted marine aquatic environments. Effective management strategies and stringent regulations are required to prevent or mitigate the impacts of marine pollutants on aquatic animal health. This review will increase stakeholder awareness about marine pollutants and their impacts on aquatic animal health. It will support competent authorities in developing effective management strategies to mitigate marine pollution, promote the sustainability of commercial marine fisheries, and protect aquatic animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh Y Elgendy
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa E Ali
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; WorldFish, Abbassa, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Wafaa T Abbas
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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2
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Rist S, Le Du-Carrée J, Ugwu K, Intermite C, Acosta-Dacal A, Pérez-Luzardo O, Zumbado M, Gómez M, Almeda R. Toxicity of tire particle leachates on early life stages of keystone sea urchin species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122453. [PMID: 37633434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Particles from tires are a major fraction of microplastic pollution. They contain a wide range of chemical additives that can leach into the water and be harmful to aquatic organisms. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of tire particle leachates in early life stages of three keystone echinoderm species (Paracentrotus lividus, Arbacia lixula, Diadema africanum). Embryos were exposed for 72 h to a range of leachate dilutions, prepared using a concentration of 1 g L-1. Larval growth, abnormal development, and mortality were the measured endpoints. Furthermore, we estimated the activity of glutathione S transferase (GST) and the electron transport system (ETS) in P. lividus. Strong concentration-dependent responses were observed in all species, though with differing sensitivity. The median effect concentrations for abnormal development in P. lividus and A. lixula were 0.16 and 0.35 g L-1, respectively. In D. africanum, mortality overshadowed abnormal development and the median lethal concentration was 0.46 g L-1. Larvae of P. lividus were significantly smaller than the control from 0.125 g L-1, while the other two species were affected from 0.5 g L-1. ETS activity did not change but there was a non-significant trend of increasing GST activity with leachate concentration in P. lividus. Seven organic chemicals and eight metals were detected at elevated concentrations in the leachates. While we regard zinc as a strong candidate to explain some of the observed toxicity, it can be expected that tire particle leachates exhibit a cocktail effect and other leached additives may also contribute to their toxicity. Our results emphasize the importance of multi-species studies as they differ in their susceptibility to tire particle pollution. We found negative effects at concentrations close to projections in the environment, which calls for more research and mitigation actions on these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Rist
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR, IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Jessy Le Du-Carrée
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR, IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Kevin Ugwu
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR, IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Chiara Intermite
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR, IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Octavio Pérez-Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - May Gómez
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR, IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR, IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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3
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El Idrissi O, Gobert S, Delmas A, Demolliens M, Aiello A, Pasqualini V, Ternengo S. Effects of trace elements contaminations on the larval development of Paracentrotus lividus using an innovative experimental approach. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 246:106152. [PMID: 35381413 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several experiments were performed using larvae of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) in order to determine the consequences of different chronic contamination with mixtures of (i) fifteen trace elements from concentrations measured in the world ocean seawater, and (ii) seven trace elements from contamination resulting from mining. To predict the impact of increased marine pollution, higher concentrations were also used. These bioassays were conducted using spawners collected from Calvi (reference site, Corsica), and Albo (mining area, Corsica). The effects of trace elements have been studied on the entire larval development. The results show wider arms and delayed development as the number and concentration of trace elements increases. Therefore, the synergy between the different trace elements is of paramount importance with regard to the impact on organisms. Probably due to a hormesis phenomenon, larvae contaminated with seven trace elements at average concentrations developed more quickly. This work also highlighted the importance of the origin of spawners in ecotoxicological studies. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of such a broad combination of trace elements for chronic contamination on the entire larval stage of Paracentrotus lividus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O El Idrissi
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France; Université de Corse, UAR CNRS 3514 Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France; Université de Liège, Centre MARE, Focus, Laboratoire d'Océanologie, Sart Tilman, B6c, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - S Gobert
- Université de Liège, Centre MARE, Focus, Laboratoire d'Océanologie, Sart Tilman, B6c, 4000 Liège, Belgium; STAtion de REcherche Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), 20260 Calvi, France
| | - A Delmas
- Université de Corse, UAR CNRS 3514 Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - M Demolliens
- Université de Corse, UAR CNRS 3514 Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - A Aiello
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France; Université de Corse, UAR CNRS 3514 Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - V Pasqualini
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France; Université de Corse, UAR CNRS 3514 Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - S Ternengo
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France; Université de Corse, UAR CNRS 3514 Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
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4
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Mauro M, Cammilleri G, Celi M, Cicero A, Arizza V, Ferrantelli V, Vazzana M. Effects of diclofenac on the gametes and embryonic development of Arbacia lixula. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2059582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mauro
- Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e, Palermo, Italia
| | - G. Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Palermo, Italia
| | - M. Celi
- Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e, Palermo, Italia
| | - A. Cicero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Palermo, Italia
| | - V. Arizza
- Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e, Palermo, Italia
| | - V. Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Palermo, Italia
| | - M. Vazzana
- Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e, Palermo, Italia
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A novel system for intensive Diadema antillarum propagation as a step towards population enhancement. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11244. [PMID: 34045538 PMCID: PMC8160213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum was once an abundant reef grazing herbivore throughout the Caribbean. During the early 1980s, D. antillarum populations were reduced by > 93% due to an undescribed disease. This event resulted in a lack of functional reef herbivory and contributed to ongoing ecological shifts from hard coral towards macroalgae dominated reefs. Limited natural recovery has increased interest in a range of strategies for augmenting herbivory. An area of focus has been developing scalable ex situ methods for rearing D. antillarum from gametes. The ultimate use of such a tool would be exploring hatchery origin restocking strategies. Intensive ex situ aquaculture is a potentially viable, yet difficult, method for producing D. antillarum at scales necessary to facilitate restocking. Here we describe a purpose-built, novel recirculating aquaculture system and the broodstock management and larval culture process that has produced multiple D. antillarum cohorts, and which has the potential for practical application in a dedicated hatchery setting. Adult animals held in captivity can be induced to spawn year-round, with some evidence for annual and lunar periodicity. Fecundity and fertilization rates are both consistently very high, yet challenges persist in both late stage larval development and early post-settlement survival. Initial success was realized with production of 100 juvenile D. antillarum from ~ 1200 competent larvae. While the system we describe requires a significant level of investment and technical expertise, this work advances D. antillarum culture efforts in potential future hatchery settings and improves the viability of scalable ex situ production for population enhancement.
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Benavides BJ, Drohan PJ, Spargo JT, Maximova SN, Guiltinan MJ, Miller DA. Cadmium phytoextraction by Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Brassica napus cv Wichita (rapeseed), and Chyrsopogon zizanioides (vetiver). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129086. [PMID: 33340834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of phytoextraction plant species to accumulate soil metals into harvestable plant parts is a method used for managing soils with high cadmium (Cd). We evaluated three Cd accumulating species recently recommended for such use in cacao farms where Cd removal is needed to maintain markets: Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Brassica napus (rapeseed), and Chyrsopogon zizanioides (vetiver). Plants were grown in two greenhouse pot experiments with different Cd-spiked growth media: (sand plus perlite) and a natural soil. Plant total Cd and Cd uptake in shoot biomass of all species, across both experiments, increased linearly with increasing amounts of added Cd. Rapeseed had the highest plant total Cd and sunflower had the highest Cd uptake in shoot biomass. The highest application of Cd corresponded to the highest plant total Cd and shoot biomass Cd uptake, regardless of species. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for each species increased in a curvilinear manner with added Cd, with maximum BCF values for plants grown in the sand and perlite matrix at 2.5 mg kg-1 added Cd and in the natural soil at 5.0 mg kg-1 added Cd. We conclude that the Cd uptake (shoot biomass only) capability of the three species examined is greatest for sunflower given its increased uptake with Cd additions, its BCF value > 1, and lack of observed visual Cd toxicity symptoms, fungus and insect damage. Although these species had BCF >1, the potential annual removal of Cd would have been too small to support a meaningful phytoextraction practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolaños J Benavides
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - P J Drohan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - J T Spargo
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - S N Maximova
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - M J Guiltinan
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - D A Miller
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Prabhakar AK, Cadiam Mohan B, Tay TS, Lee SSC, Teo SLM, Wang CH. Incinerated Sewage Sludge Bottom Ash- Chemical processing, Leaching patterns and Toxicity testing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123350. [PMID: 32736175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge bottom ash, which is the major fraction obtained from the incineration of sewage sludge was treated with various organic and inorganic acids for heavy metal removal, along with a comparative phosphate treatment for heavy metal fixation. Malonic acid, an organic acid, was found to remove heavy metals better as compared to nitric acid, a strong inorganic acid. The acid treated samples were further examined for heavy metal leaching, followed by marine toxicity/abnormality testing of the leachates, where acid treated and phosphate treated ash leachate displayed higher (with malonic acid proving to be most toxic) and similar toxicity profiles as compared to raw ash leachate respectively. Raw ash was tested for its leaching patterns at different liquid/solid ratios(L/S = 5 and 10), salinities and time points (24, 48 and 72 h), where the leaching was found to saturate at L/S = 5 and at 24 h with varied salinity effecting the leaching insignificantly. When raw ash was benchmarked against concrete sand for marine toxicity, a material commonly used for land reclamation, acute toxicity patterns were found to be mostly similar except in case of the sea urchin embryonic assay, where toxicity was detected, indicating the sensitivity of the assay to residual levels of heavy metals. The raw ash was also tested against human cell lines where it displayed size and dose-dependent toxicity. To enable the use of ash for environment applications such as coastal reclamation, appropriate treatments are required to minimize leaching of potential harmful contaminants and this study demonstrates the importance of post-treatment of ash on its subsequent toxicity to organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Prabhakar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - Babu Cadiam Mohan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Teresa Stephanie Tay
- St John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227, Singapore
| | - Serina Siew-Chen Lee
- St John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227, Singapore
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- St John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227, Singapore
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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Klein RD, Nogueira LS, Domingos-Moreira FXV, Gomes Costa P, Bianchini A, Wood CM. Effects of sublethal Cd, Zn, and mixture exposures on antioxidant defense and oxidative stress parameters in early life stages of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 217:105338. [PMID: 31711008 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress parameters were evaluated during the first 72 h of embryonic development of purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus continuously exposed to control conditions, to cadmium alone (Cd, 30 μg/L), to zinc alone (Zn, 9 μg/L) or to a Cd (28 μg/L) plus Zn (9 μg/L) mixture. These sublethal concentrations represent ∼ 10% of the acute EC50. Bioaccumulation, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), total glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analyzed at 24 h (blastula), 48 h (gastrula), and 72 h (pluteus) stages of development. Zinc (an essential metal) was well-regulated, whereas Cd (non-essential) bioaccumulated and whole-body [Cd] increased from blastula to pluteus stage in sea urchin larvae. In controls, ACAP progressively declined from 24 h to 72 h, while LPO reciprocally increased, but other parameters did not change. Cd alone was more potent than Zn alone as a pro-oxidant, with the major effects being decreases in SOD activity and parallel increases in LPO throughout development; GST activity also increased at 24 h. Zn alone caused only biphasic disturbances of ACAP. In all cases, the simultaneous presence of the other metal prevented the effects, and there was no instance where the oxidative stress response in the presence of the Cd/Zn mixture was greater than in the presence of either Cd or Zn alone. Therefore the sublethal effects of joint exposures were always less than additive or even protective, in agreement with classical toxicity data. Furthermore, our results indicate that SOD and Zn can play important roles in protecting sea urchin embryos against Cd-induced lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Daniele Klein
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (ICB/FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Lygia S Nogueira
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, 70040-020, Brazil; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, 12, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fabíola Xochilt Valdez Domingos-Moreira
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, 12, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrícia Gomes Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (ICB/FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (ICB/FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, 12, V6T 1Z4, Canada; McMaster University Dept. of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Lozano-Bilbao E, Viñé R, Lozano G, Hardisson A, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Matos-Perdomo E, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Metal content in Mullus surmuletus in the Canary Islands (North-West African Atlantic). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21044-21051. [PMID: 31140089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The contents of 3 heavy metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) and 10 trace elements (B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Ni, Sr, V, Zn) were determined by means of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) in 117 specimens of red mullet, Mullus surmuletus. The specimens were taken in two of the Canary Islands; two locations on the island of Tenerife: Candelaria on the northeast coast and Punta de Hidalgo on the north coast and Arguineguín, on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria. No significant differences were found between the two sites in Tenerife regarding the metal content of the specimens studied, but differences were found between the specimens captured in Arguineguín and the two sites in Tenerife, the latter having higher concentrations of the analyzed metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lozano-Bilbao
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Raquel Viñé
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Lozano
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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10
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Oliviero M, Tato T, Schiavo S, Fernández V, Manzo S, Beiras R. Leachates of micronized plastic toys provoke embryotoxic effects upon sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:706-715. [PMID: 30721861 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are defined as plastic fragments <5 mm, and they are found in the ocean where they can impact on the ecosystem. Once released in seawater, microplastics can be internalized by organisms due to their small size, moreover they can also leach out several additives used in plastic manufacturing, such as plasticizers, flame retardants, etc., resulting toxic for biota. The aim of this study was to test the toxicity of micronized PVC products with three different colors, upon Paracentrotus lividus embryos. In particular, we assessed the effects of micronized plastics and microplastic leachates. Results showed a decrease of larval length in plutei exposed to low concentrations of micronized plastics, and a block of larval development in sea urchin embryos exposed to the highest dose. Virgin PVC polymer did not result toxic on P. lividus embryos, while an evident toxic effect due to leached substances in the medium was observed. In particular, the exposure to leachates induced a development arrest immediately after fertilization or morphological alterations in plutei. Finally, PVC products with different colors showed different toxicity, probably due to a different content and/or combination of heavy metals present in coloring agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oliviero
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy; Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Tania Tato
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Simona Schiavo
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy; Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Verónica Fernández
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sonia Manzo
- Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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11
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Dorey N, Maboloc E, Chan KYK. Development of the sea urchin Heliocidaris crassispina from Hong Kong is robust to ocean acidification and copper contamination. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 205:1-10. [PMID: 30296660 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metallic pollution is of particular concern in coastal cities. In the Asian megacity of Hong Kong, despite water qualities have improved over the past decade, some local zones are still particularly affected and could represent sinks for remobilization of labile toxic species such as copper. Ocean acidification is expected to increase the fraction of the most toxic form of copper (Cu2+) by 2.3-folds by 2100 (pH ≈7.7), increasing its bioavailability to marine organisms. Additionally, multiple stressors are likely to exert concomitant effects (additive, synergic or antagonist) on the organisms living in the sea. Here, we tested the hypothesis that copper-contaminated waters are more toxic to sea urchin larvae under future pH conditions. We exposed sea urchin embryos and larvae to two low-pH and two copper treatments (0.1 and 1.0 μM) in three separate experiments. Over the short time typically used for toxicity tests (up to 4-arm plutei, i.e. 3 days), larvae of the sea urchin Heliocidaris crassispina were robust and survived the copper levels present in Hong Kong waters today (≤0.19 μM) as well as the average pH projected for 2100. We, however, observed significant mortality with lowering pH in the longer, single-stressor experiment (Expt A: 8-arm plutei, i.e. 9 days). Abnormality and arm asymmetry were significantly increased by pH or/and by copper presence (depending on the experiment and copper level). Body size (d3; but not body growth rates in Expt A) was significantly reduced by both lowered pH and added copper. Larval respiration (Expt A) was doubled by a decrease at pHT from 8.0 to 7.3 on d6. In Expt B1.0 and B0.1, larval morphology (relative arm lengths and stomach volume) were affected by at least one of the two investigated factors. Although the larvae appeared robust, these sub-lethal effects may have indirect consequences on feeding, swimming and ultimately survival. The complex relationship between pH and metal speciation/uptake is not well-characterized and further investigations are urgently needed to detangle the mechanisms involved and to identify possible caveats in routinely used toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimane Dorey
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Elizaldy Maboloc
- School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kit Yu Karen Chan
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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12
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Dorey N, Martin S, Oberhänsli F, Teyssié JL, Jeffree R, Lacoue-Labarthe T. Ocean acidification modulates the incorporation of radio-labeled heavy metals in the larvae of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 190-191:20-30. [PMID: 29738950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The marine organisms which inhabit the coastline are exposed to a number of anthropogenic pressures that may interact. For instance, the accumulation of toxic metals present in coastal waters is expected to be modified by ocean acidification through e.g. changes in physiological performance and/or elements availability. Changes in bioaccumulation due to lowering pH are likely to be differently affected depending on the nature (essential vs. non-essential) and speciation of each element. The Mediterranean is of high concern for possible cumulative effects due to strong human influences on the coastline. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ocean acidification (from pH 8.1 down to -1.0 pH units) on the incorporation kinetics of six trace metals (Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Cs) and one radionuclide (241Am) in the larvae of an economically- and ecologically-relevant sea urchin of the Mediterranean coastline: Paracentrotus lividus. The radiolabelled metals and radionuclides added in trace concentrations allowed precise tracing of their incorporation in larvae during the first 74 h of their development. Independently of the expected indirect effect of pH on larval size/developmental rates, Paracentrotus lividus larvae exposed to decreasing pHs incorporated significantly more Mn and Ag and slightly less Cd. The incorporation of Co, Cs and 241Am was unchanged, and Zn and Se exhibited complex incorporation behaviors. Studies such as this are necessary prerequisites to the implementation of metal toxicity mitigation policies for the future ocean. We discuss possible reasons and mechanisms for the specific effect of pH on each metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimane Dorey
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine Ier, Monaco; Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Institut du Littoral et Environnement, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Sophie Martin
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine Ier, Monaco; Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR7144, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - François Oberhänsli
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine Ier, Monaco
| | - Jean-Louis Teyssié
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine Ier, Monaco
| | - Ross Jeffree
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine Ier, Monaco; Life Sciences, C3, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine Ier, Monaco; Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Institut du Littoral et Environnement, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
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13
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Negm NA, Abd El Wahed MG, Hassan ARA, Abou Kana MT. Feasibility of metal adsorption using brown algae and fungi: Effect of biosorbents structure on adsorption isotherm and kinetics. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Camacho C, Rocha AC, Barbosa VL, Anacleto P, Carvalho ML, Rasmussen RR, Sloth JJ, Almeida CM, Marques A, Nunes ML. Macro and trace elements in Paracentrotus lividus gonads from South West Atlantic areas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 162:297-307. [PMID: 29407761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchin represents one of the most valuable seafood product being harvested and explored for their edible part, the gonads or roe. This species is generally considered a sentinel organism for ecotoxicological studies being widely used in monitoring programs to assess coastal aquatic environments quality, because is directly exposed to anthropogenic contaminants in their habitat. In this context, the aim of this study is to evaluate the concentrations of macro (Cl, K, P, Ca, S) and trace (Zn, Br, Fe, Sr, I, Se, Rb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, iAs, Cd, Pb, Hg) elements in Paracentrotus lividus gonads from three South West Atlantic production areas subjected to distinct environmental and anthropogenic pressures. In all studied areas, the elements profile in sea urchin gonads was Cl > K > P > Ca > S > Zn > Br > Fe > Sr > I > Rb > Cu > Se > Cr > Ni, suggesting an element guide profile with special interest for sea urchin farming development. Concerning toxic elements, the profile was the following: As > Cd > Pb > Hg > iAs. The results evidenced higher levels of Pb and Hg in open areas. Distinct area characteristics and anthropogenic pressures of production areas evidence the importance of biomonitoring contaminants, particularly toxic elements. In general, the levels of these elements were below maximum levels in foodstuffs (MLs) which pose a minimal health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Camacho
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vera L Barbosa
- Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - M Luísa Carvalho
- Center of Atomic Physics, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology - New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rie R Rasmussen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Jens J Sloth
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - C Marisa Almeida
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Nunes
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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15
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Sarkar SK, Mondal P, Biswas JK, Kwon EE, Ok YS, Rinklebe J. Trace elements in surface sediments of the Hooghly (Ganges) estuary: distribution and contamination risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:1245-1258. [PMID: 28401375 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate distribution and accumulation of trace elements (TEs) in surface sediments along the Hooghly (Ganges) River Estuary, India, and to assess the potential risk with view to human health. The TE concentrations (mg kg-1 dry weight) exhibited a wide range in the following order: Al (31.801 ± 15.943) > Fe (23.337 ± 7584) > Mn (461 ± 147) > S (381 ± 235) > Zn (54 ± 18) > V (43 ± 14) > Cr (39 ± 15) > As (34 ± 15) > Cu (27 ± 11) > Ni (24 ± 9) > Se (17 ± 8) > Co (11 ± 3) > Mo (10 ± 2) > Hg (0.02 ± 0.01). Clay, silt, iron, manganese and sulphur were important for the accumulation of TE in the sediments as confirmed by factor analysis and Pearson correlation. The accumulation and dispersal of TEs were most likely to be governed by both tide-induced processes and anthropogenic inputs from point and non-point sources. Enrichment factor analysis and geoaccumulation index revealed serious contamination of the sediments with Se and As, while comparing the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), adverse biological effects to benthic fauna might be caused by As, Cu, Ni and Cr. This investigation may serve as a model study and recommends continuous monitoring of As, Se, Cu, Ni and Cr to ascertain that SQGs with respect to acceptable levels of TEs to safeguard geochemical health and ecology in the vicinity of this estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Priyanka Mondal
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies, International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany.
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16
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Martino C, Bonaventura R, Byrne M, Roccheri M, Matranga V. Effects of exposure to gadolinium on the development of geographically and phylogenetically distant sea urchins species. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:98-106. [PMID: 27296320 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd), a metal of the lanthanide series used as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging, is released into the aquatic environment. We investigated the effects of Gd on the development of four sea urchin species: two from Europe, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, and two from Australia, Heliocidaris tuberculata and Centrostephanus rodgersii. Exposure to Gd from fertilization resulted in inhibition or alteration of skeleton growth in the plutei. The similar morphological response to Gd in the four species indicates a similar mechanism underlying abnormal skeletogenesis. Sensitivity to Gd greatly varied, with the EC50 ranging from 56 nM to 132 μM across the four species. These different sensitivities highlight the importance of testing toxicity in several species for risk assessment. The strong negative effects of Gd on calcification in plutei, together with the plethora of marine species that have calcifying larvae, indicates that Gd pollution is urgent issue that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosa Bonaventura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Byrne
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, F13, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Maria Roccheri
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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17
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Metallothionein Gene Family in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus: Gene Structure, Differential Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040812. [PMID: 28417916 PMCID: PMC5412396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are small and cysteine-rich proteins that bind metal ions such as zinc, copper, cadmium, and nickel. In order to shed some light on MT gene structure and evolution, we cloned seven Paracentrotus lividus MT genes, comparing them to Echinodermata and Chordata genes. Moreover, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of 32 MTs from different classes of echinoderms and 13 MTs from the most ancient chordates, highlighting the relationships between them. Since MTs have multiple roles in the cells, we performed RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization experiments to understand better MT functions in sea urchin embryos. Results showed that the expression of MTs is regulated throughout development in a cell type-specific manner and in response to various metals. The MT7 transcript is expressed in all tissues, especially in the stomach and in the intestine of the larva, but it is less metal-responsive. In contrast, MT8 is ectodermic and rises only at relatively high metal doses. MT5 and MT6 expression is highly stimulated by metals in the mesenchyme cells. Our results suggest that the P. lividus MT family originated after the speciation events by gene duplications, evolving developmental and environmental sub-functionalization.
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18
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Sundaramanickam A, Shanmugam N, Cholan S, Kumaresan S, Madeswaran P, Balasubramanian T. Spatial variability of heavy metals in estuarine, mangrove and coastal ecosystems along Parangipettai, Southeast coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:186-195. [PMID: 27572133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An elaborate survey on the contamination of heavy metals was carried out in surface sediments of different ecosystems such as Vellar-Coleroon estuarine, Pichavaram mangrove and coastal region of Parangipettai, Southeast coast of India. The study was intended since, the coal based thermal power plant and oil refinery plant are proposed to set up along this coast and aquaculture industries and dredging activities are developing. The parameters such as soil texture, pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni) concentrations were analyzed for the surface sediments during pre and postmonsoon seasons. Among the metals analyzed, Fe and Mn were found to have dominant as the levels were recorded as 11,804 μg g-1 and 845.2 μg g-1 respectively. A significant correlation was observed between total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals. In the mangrove ecosystem, the levels of heavy metals found to be maximum indicating that the rich organic matter acts as an efficient binding agent for metals. The overall finding of the present study indicated that the sediments from the entire Vellar-Coleroon estuarine and Pichavaram mangrove ecosystems were found moderately polluted with cadmium metal. The result of cluster analysis indicated disparity in accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of different ecosystems due to the variations in organic matter. The heavy metals were transported from land to coastal through flood during monsoon season reflecting the variations in their levels in different ecosystems at postmonsoon season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Sundaramanickam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Shanmugam Cholan
- Department of Physics, Arignar Anna College (Arts & Science) Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Kumaresan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Madeswaran
- Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Project Directorate (ICMAM PD), NIOT Campus, Velacherry-Tambaram Main Road, Pallikkaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - Thangavel Balasubramanian
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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Gharred T, Jebali J, Belgacem M, Mannai R, Achour S. Assessment of the individual and mixture toxicity of cadmium, copper and oxytetracycline, on the embryo-larval development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18064-18072. [PMID: 27259955 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pollutions by trace metals and pharmaceuticals have become one of the most important problems in marine coastal areas because of its excessive toxicity on organisms living in this area. This study aimed to assess the individual and mixture toxicity of Cu, Cd, and oxytetracycline frequently existing in the contaminated marine areas and the embryo-larval development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The individual contamination of the spermatozoid for 1 h with the increasing concentrations of Cd, Cu, and OTC decreases the fertility rate and increases larvae anomalies in the order Cu > Cd > OTC. Moreover, the normal larva frequency and the length of spicules were more sensitive than the fertilization rate and normal gastrula frequency endpoints. The mixture toxicity assessed by multiple experimental designs showed clearly that concentrations of Cd, Cu, and OTC superior to 338 μg/L, 0.56 μg/L, and 0.83 mg/L, respectively, cause significant larva malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahar Gharred
- Research Laboratory "Bioresources: Integrative Biology andValorisation", High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Jamel Jebali
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomic Sciences of Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Belgacem
- Research Laboratory "Bioresources: Integrative Biology andValorisation", High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rabeb Mannai
- Research Laboratory "Bioresources: Integrative Biology andValorisation", High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sami Achour
- Research Laboratory "Bioresources: Integrative Biology andValorisation", High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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20
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Rial D, Santos-Echeandía J, Álvarez-Salgado XA, Jordi A, Tovar-Sánchez A, Bellas J. Toxicity of seabird guano to sea urchin embryos and interaction with Cu and Pb. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:384-393. [PMID: 26692516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Guano is an important source of marine-derived nutrients to seabird nesting areas. Seabirds usually present high levels of metals and other contaminants because the bioaccumulation processes and biotic depositions can increase the concentration of pollutants in the receiving environments. The objectives of this study were to investigate: the toxicity of seabird guano and the joint toxicity of guano, Cu and Pb by using the sea urchin embryo-larval bioassay. In a first experiment, aqueous extracts of guano were prepared at two loading rates (0.462 and 1.952 g L(-1)) and toxicity to sea-urchin embryos was tested. Toxicity was low and not dependent of the load of guano used (EC50 0.42 ± 0.03 g L(-1)). Trace metal concentrations were also low either in guano or in aqueous extracts of guano and the toxicity of extracts were apparently related to dissolved organic matter. In a second experiment, the toxicity of Cu-Pb mixtures in artificial seawater and in extracts of guano (at two loadings: 0.015 and 0.073 g L(-1)), was tested. According to individual fittings, Cu added to extracts of guano showed less toxicity than when dissolved in artificial seawater. The response surfaces obtained for mixtures of Cu and Pb in artificial seawater, and in 0.015 g L(-1) and 0.073 g L(-1) of guano, were better described by Independent Action model adapted to describe antagonism, than by the other proposed models. This implied accepting that EC50 for Cu and Pb increased with the load of guano and with a greater interaction for Cu than for Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rial
- CIIMAR Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Antoni Jordi
- CSIC Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados -University of the Balearic Islands, Miguel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Tovar-Sánchez
- CSIC Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados -University of the Balearic Islands, Miguel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain; CSIC Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Bellas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai - Canido, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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21
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Gambardella C, Morgana S, Bari GD, Ramoino P, Bramini M, Diaspro A, Falugi C, Faimali M. Multidisciplinary screening of toxicity induced by silica nanoparticles during sea urchin development. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:486-495. [PMID: 26291678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential toxicity of Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) in seawater by using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as biological model. SiO2 NPs exposure effects were identified on the sperm of the sea urchin through a multidisciplinary approach, combining developmental biology, ecotoxicology, biochemistry, and microscopy analyses. The following responses were measured: (i) percentage of eggs fertilized by exposed sperm; (ii) percentage of anomalies and undeveloped embryos and larvae; (iii) enzyme activity alterations (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) in the early developmental stages, namely gastrula and pluteus. Sperms were exposed to seawater containing SiO2 NPs suspensions ranging from 0.0001mg/L to 50mg/L. Fertilization ability was not affected at any concentration, whereas a significant percentage of anomalies in the offspring were observed and quantified by means of EC50 at gastrula stage, including undeveloped and anomalous embryos (EC50=0.06mg/L), and at pluteus stage, including skeletal anomalies and delayed larvae (EC50=0.27mg/L). Moreover, morphological anomalies were observed in larvae at pluteus stage, by immunolocalizing molecules involved in larval development and neurotoxicity effects - such as acetylated tubulin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) - and measuring AChE activity. Exposure of sea urchins to SiO2 NPs caused neurotoxic damage and a decrease of AChE expression in a non-dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, through the multidisciplinary approach used in this study SiO2 NPs toxicity in sea urchin offspring could be assessed. Therefore, the measured responses are suitable for detecting embryo- and larval- toxicity induced by these NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Morgana
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Bari
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Ramoino
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16136 Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Bramini
- IIT, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- IIT, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DISVA), Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Migliaccio O, Castellano I, Cirino P, Romano G, Palumbo A. Maternal Exposure to Cadmium and Manganese Impairs Reproduction and Progeny Fitness in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131815. [PMID: 26125595 PMCID: PMC4488381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal contamination represents one of the major sources of pollution in marine environments. In this study we investigated the short-term effects of ecologically relevant cadmium and manganese concentrations (10-6 and 3.6 x 10-5 M, respectively) on females of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and their progeny, reared in the absence or presence of the metal. Cadmium is a well-known heavy metal, whereas manganese represents a potential emerging contaminant, resulting from an increased production of manganese-containing compounds. The effects of these agents were examined on both P. lividus adults and their offspring following reproductive state, morphology of embryos, nitric oxide (NO) production and differential gene expression. Here, we demonstrated that both metals differentially impaired the fertilization processes of the treated female sea urchins, causing modifications in the reproductive state and also affecting NO production in the ovaries. A detailed analysis of the progeny showed a high percentage of abnormal embryos, associated to an increase in the endogenous NO levels and variations in the transcriptional expression of several genes involved in stress response, skeletogenesis, detoxification, multi drug efflux processes and NO production. Moreover, we found significant differences in the progeny from females exposed to metals and reared in metal-containing sea water compared to embryos reared in non-contaminated sea water. Overall, these results greatly expanded previous studies on the toxic effects of metals on P. lividus and provided new insights into the molecular events induced in the progeny of sea urchins exposed to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Migliaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Cirino
- Marine Resources for Research Service, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Migliaccio O, Castellano I, Romano G, Palumbo A. Stress response to cadmium and manganese in Paracentrotus lividus developing embryos is mediated by nitric oxide. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 156:125-134. [PMID: 25181703 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of contaminants, often resulting from anthropogenic activities, have been reported to occur in the marine environment and affect marine organisms. Among these, the metal ions cadmium and manganese have been shown to induce developmental delay and abnormalities, mainly reflecting skeleton elongation perturbation, in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, an established model for toxicological studies. Here, we provide evidence that the physiological messenger nitric oxide (NO), formed by l-arginine oxidation by NO synthase (NOS), mediates the stress response induced by cadmium and manganese in sea urchins. When NO levels were lowered by inhibiting NOS, the proportion of abnormal plutei increased. Quantitative expression of a panel of 19 genes involved in stress response, skeletogenesis, detoxification and multidrug efflux processes was followed at different developmental stages and under different conditions: metals alone, metals in the presence of NOS inhibitor, NO donor and NOS inhibitor alone. These data allowed the identification of different classes of genes whose metal-induced transcriptional expression was directly or indirectly mediated by NO. These results open new perspectives on the role of NO as a sensor of different stress agents in sea urchin developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Migliaccio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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Baker TJ, Tyler CR, Galloway TS. Impacts of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on marine organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 186:257-271. [PMID: 24359692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles [Me(O)NPs] in products means many will inevitably find their way into marine systems. Their likely fate here is sedimentation following hetero-aggregation with natural organic matter and/or free anions, putting benthic, sediment-dwelling and filter feeding organisms most at risk. In marine systems, Me(O)NPs can absorb to micro-organisms with potential for trophic transfer following consumption. Filter feeders, especially bivalves, accumulate Me(O)NPs through trapping them in mucus prior to ingestion. Benthic in-fauna may directly ingest sedimented Me(O)NPs. In fish, uptake is principally via the gut following drinking, whilst Me(O)NPs caught in gill mucus may affect respiratory processes and ion transport. Currently, environmentally-realistic Me(O)NP concentrations are unlikely to cause significant adverse acute health problems, however sub-lethal effects e.g. oxidative stresses have been noted in many organisms, often deriving from dissolution of Ag, Cu or Zn ions, and this could result in chronic health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Baker
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Ghandour IM, Basaham AS, Al-Washmi HA, Masuda H. Natural and anthropogenic controls on sediment composition of an arid coastal environment: Sharm Obhur, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:1465-1484. [PMID: 24158459 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the natural and anthropogenic processes that control the composition of the bottom sediments of Sharm Obhur, Red Sea. Mineralogical analysis using XRD indicated that the sediments consist of carbonate and non-carbonate minerals. Elemental interrelationships allowed differentiating two groups of elements of different sources and origin. Elements that are in the same group are positively correlated, while they correlate negatively with elements of the other group. The first group includes silicon, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, whereas the other group includes Ca, Sr, and CaCO3. The highest concentration levels of the first group and the highest content of non-carbonate minerals were obtained from the sediments near the head of the sharm (zone A), whereas the sediments near the mouth of the sharm (zone B) yielded high concentrations of second group and carbonate minerals. Metal enrichment and contamination factors and pollution load index were calculated. The values of these indices differentiate two groups of metals: lithogenic and non-lithogenic. Except for lead (Pb) at one sampling site, metals in zone A sediments are of lithogenic source, supplied to the sharm either naturally by aeolian transportation and through Wadi Al-Kuraa'a during rare but major floods or by human activities such as dumping and shore protection. Non-lithogenic Cr, Pb, V, and Mn were documented from some sampling sites in zone B, and their occurrences are related to waste disposal and fossil fuel combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Ghandour
- Marine Geology Department, Faculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia,
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Tellis MS, Lauer MM, Nadella S, Bianchini A, Wood CM. Sublethal mechanisms of Pb and Zn toxicity to the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) during early development. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 146:220-229. [PMID: 24326189 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand sublethal mechanisms of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) toxicity, developing sea urchins were exposed continuously from 3h post-fertilization (eggs) to 96 h (pluteus larvae) to 55 (±2.4) μgPb/L or 117 (±11)μgZn/L, representing ~ 70% of the EC50 for normal 72 h development. Growth, unidirectional Ca uptake rates, whole body ion concentrations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), Ca(2+) ATPase activity, and metal bioaccumulation were monitored every 12h over this period. Pb exhibited marked bioaccumulation whereas Zn was well-regulated, and both metals had little effect on growth, measured as larval dry weight, or on Na, K, or Mg concentrations. Unidirectional Ca uptake rates (measured by (45)Ca incorporation) were severely inhibited by both metals, resulting in lower levels of whole body Ca accumulation. The greatest disruption occurred at gastrulation. Ca(2+) ATPase activity was also significantly inhibited by Zn but not by Pb. Interestingly, embryos exposed to Pb showed some capacity for recovery, as Ca(2+)ATPase activities increased, Ca uptake rates returned to normal intermittently, and whole body Ca levels were restored to control values by 72-96 h of development. This did not occur with Zn exposure. Both Pb and Zn rendered their toxic effects through disruption of Ca homeostasis, though likely through different proximate mechanisms. We recommend studying the toxicity of these contaminants periodically throughout development as an effective way to detect sublethal effects, which may not be displayed at the traditional toxicity test endpoint of 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Tellis
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Mariana M Lauer
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), 96203-900 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sunita Nadella
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), 96203-900 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Chris M Wood
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
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Nadella SR, Tellis M, Diamond R, Smith S, Bianchini A, Wood CM. Toxicity of lead and zinc to developing mussel and sea urchin embryos: critical tissue residues and effects of dissolved organic matter and salinity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 158:72-83. [PMID: 23603691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) EC50 values in the very sensitive early development phases (48-72h post-fertilization) of the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossolus and sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in 100% sea water were: M. trossolus - 45 (95% C.I.=22-72) μgL(-1); M. galloprovincialis - 63 (36-94) μgL(-1); S. purpuratus - 74 (50-101) μgL(-1). Salinity thresholds for normal development varied: M. trossolus>21ppt; M. galloprovincialis>28ppt; S. purpuratus≥30ppt. Addition of two spectroscopically distinct dissolved organic matters (DOM) from fresh water (Nordic Reservoir) and sea water (Inshore) moderately decreased the toxicity of Pb to both mussels, but not in a concentration-dependent fashion, with only an approximate doubling of EC50 over the range of 1.4-11.2mgCL(-1). Independent Pb binding capacity determinations for DOC explained the lack of a relationship between DOM concentration and toxicity. Salinity had no effect on Pb toxicity down to 21ppt in M. trossolus, and low salinity (21ppt) did not enhance the protective effect of DOC. Both DOMs increased the toxicity of Pb in developing sea urchin embryos, in contrast to mussels. Relative to Pb, the organisms were 6-9 fold less sensitive to Zn on a molar basis in 100% seawater with the following Zn EC50s: M. trossolus - 135 (103-170) μgL(-1); M. galloprovincialis - 172 (126-227) μgL(-1), S. purpuratus - 151 (129-177) μgL(-1). Nordic Reservoir and Inshore DOM (2-12mgCL(-1)) had no significant effect on Zn toxicity to mussels, in accord with voltammetry data showing an absence of any strong ligand binding for Zn by DOMs. As with Pb, DOMs increased Zn toxicity to urchin larvae. Critical Tissue Residues (CTR) based on whole body concentrations of Pb and Zn were determined for M. galloprovincialis at 48h and S. purpuratus at 72h. The median lethal CTR values (LA50s), useful parameters for development of saltwater Biotic Ligand Models (BLMs), were approximately 4-fold higher on a molar basis for Zn than for Pb. The latter were not altered by DOM exposure, despite increased EC50 values, in accord with the tenets of the BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita R Nadella
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada.
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Manno D, Carata E, Tenuzzo BA, Panzarini E, Buccolieri A, Filippo E, Rossi M, Serra A, Dini L. High ordered biomineralization induced by carbon nanoparticles in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:495104. [PMID: 23165288 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/49/495104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A surprising and unexpected biomineralization process was observed during toxicological assessment of carbon nanoparticles on Paracentrotus lividus (sea urchin) pluteus larvae. The larvae activate a process of defense against external material, by incorporating the nanoparticles into microstructures of aragonite similarly to pearl oysters. Aiming at a better understanding of this phenomenon, the larvae were exposed to increasing concentrations of carbon nanoparticles and the biomineralization products were analyzed by electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the possible influence of Sp-CyP-1 expression on this biomineralization process by larvae, analyses of gene expression (Sp-CyP-1) and calcein labeling were performed. Overall, we report experimental evidence about the capability of carbon nanoparticles to induce an increment of Sp-CyP-1 expression with the consequent activation of a biomineralization process leading to the production of a new pearl-like biomaterial never previously observed in sea urchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Manno
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Physics Applied to Materials Science, Italy.
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29
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Ragusa MA, Costa S, Gianguzza M, Roccheri MC, Gianguzza F. Effects of cadmium exposure on sea urchin development assessed by SSH and RT-qPCR: metallothionein genes and their differential induction. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:2157-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xu L, Tian H, Wang W, Ru S. Effects of monocrotophos pesticide on serotonin metabolism during early development in the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:537-547. [PMID: 22824501 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides can interfere with the serotonergic nervous system and potentially lead to malformations and behavioral abnormalities during early development in sea urchin. To investigate the mechanism by which monocrotophos (MCP) pesticide disrupts the serotonergic nervous system, we evaluated its effects on serotonin metabolism. Fertilized embryos of sea urchin were incubated with 40% MCP pesticide at nominal concentrations of 0.01, 0.10 and 1.00mg/L, and the effects on tryptophan hydroxylase of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (HpTPH), serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and serotonin levels were investigated. The results indicated that MCP pesticide disturbed the baseline pattern of HpTPH and SERT mRNA expression and MAO activity during early development in H. pulcherrimus. When serotonin should be quickly metabolized at 36-hpf stage, HpTPH and SERT expression was decreased and MAO activity was induced by MCP pesticide, leading to the impairment of serotonergic synaptic activity. But when serotonin should be metabolized at low levels during the other six stages, MCP pesticide induced HpTPH and SERT expression, resulting in the improvement of serotonergic synaptic activity. We concluded that this metabolic disturbance is one of the major mechanisms by which MCP pesticides affect the serotonergic nervous system and potentially contribute to various developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong province, China.
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Bielmyer GK, Jarvis TA, Harper BT, Butler B, Rice L, Ryan S, McLoughlin P. Metal accumulation from dietary exposure in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:86-94. [PMID: 22402781 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination is a common problem in aquatic environments and may result in metal bioaccumulation and toxicity in aquatic biota. Recent studies have reported the significance of dietary metal accumulation in aquatic food chains, particularly in species of lower trophic levels. This research investigated the accumulation and effects of dietary metals in a macroinvertebrate. The seaweed species Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha prolifera were concurrently exposed to five metals (copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, and zinc) and then individually fed to the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis for a period of 2 weeks. Body mass, test length, total length, and coelomic fluid ion concentration and osmolality were measured. The sea urchins were also dissected and their organs (esophagus, stomach, intestine, gonads, and rectum) digested and analyzed for metals. The results demonstrated that metal accumulation and distribution varied between seaweed species and among metals. In general, there were greater concentrations of metals within the sea urchins fed E. prolifera compared with those fed U. lactuca. All of the metals accumulated within at least one organ of S. droebachiensis, with Cu being most significant. These results indicate that E. prolifera may accumulate metals in a more bioavailable form than within U. lactuca, which could impact the grazer. In this study, no significant differences in body length, growth, or coelomic fluid ion concentration and osmolality were detected between the control and metal-exposed sea urchins after the 2-week testing period. This research presents new data concerning metal accumulation in a marine herbivore after dietary metal exposure.
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Carballeira C, Ramos-Gómez J, Martín-Díaz L, DelValls TA. Identification of specific malformations of sea urchin larvae for toxicity assessment: application to marine pisciculture effluents. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 77:12-22. [PMID: 22341183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Standard toxicity screening tests are useful tools in the management of impacted coastal ecosystems. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the sea urchin embryo development test has been used to evaluate the potential impact of effluents from land-based aquaculture farms in coastal areas. The toxicity of effluents from 8 land-based turbot farms was determined by calculating the percentage of abnormal larvae, according to two criteria: (a) standard, considering as normal pyramid-shaped larvae with differentiated components, and (b) skeletal, a new criterion that considers detailed skeletal characteristics. The skeletal criterion appeared to be more sensitive and enabled calculation of effective concentrations EC(5), EC(10), EC(20) and EC(50), unlike the classical criterion. Inclusion of the skeleton criterion in the sea urchin embryo development test may be useful for categorizing the relatively low toxicity of discharges from land-based marine fish farms. Further studies are encouraged to establish any causative relationships between pollutants and specific larval deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carballeira
- UNITWIN/UNESCO/WiCoP, Physical Chemistry Department, CASEM, University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Leonard EM, Barcarolli I, Silva KR, Wasielesky W, Wood CM, Bianchini A. The effects of salinity on acute and chronic nickel toxicity and bioaccumulation in two euryhaline crustaceans: Litopenaeus vannamei and Excirolana armata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:409-19. [PMID: 21810485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of salinity (5 ppt versus 25 ppt) on acute (96-h LC(50)) and chronic toxicity (15-30 day LC(50)) of Ni in two euryhaline crustaceans, the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the isopod (Excirolana armata). 96-h LC50 values were 41 μmolL(-1) and 362 μmolL(-1) for L. vannamei and 278 μmolL(-1) and >1000 μmolL(-1) for E. armata at 5 ppt and 25 ppt, respectively. Speciation analysis demonstrated that complexation with anions such as SO(4)(2-), HCO(3)(-) and Cl(-) at 25 ppt had a negligible effect on reducing the free Ni(2+) ion component in comparison to 5 ppt. The salinity-dependent differences in acute Ni toxicity could not be explained by differences in Ni bioaccumulation. Therefore, differences in physiology of the organisms at the two salinities may be the most likely factor contributing to differences in acute Ni toxicity. Chronic LC(50) values (2.7-23.2 μmolL(-1)) were similar in the two species, but salinity had no significant effect, indicating that water chemistry and osmoregulatory strategy do not influence chronic toxicity. However chronic (15-day) mortality in both species could be predicted by acute (96-h) Ni bioaccumulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Leonard
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Carballeira C, Martín-Díaz L, Delvalls TA. Influence of salinity on fertilization and larval development toxicity tests with two species of sea urchin. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:196-203. [PMID: 21945655 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchin embryo-larval development (ELD) and fertilization tests have been widely used in ecotoxicity studies and are included in regulatory frameworks. Biological processes occur naturally within a range of salinity that depends on the species considered. In an attempt to determine the optimum range of salinity, ELD and fertilization bioassays were performed at different salinities (15-40.5‰) with two species of Atlantic sea urchin: Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus. In the ELD assay, the optimum range of salinity was wider for A. lixula (29-35.5‰) than for P. lividus (29-33‰). In the fertilization assay with P. lividus as a bioindicator species, the highest percentage of fertilization (90%) was obtained at salinities of between 29 and 33‰. More research on A. lixula is required, since the fertilization success was below 60%. The results of the present study demonstrate that salinity may be a confounding factor in interpreting ELD test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carballeira
- UNITWIN/UNESCO/WiCoP. Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Uluturhan E, Kontas A, Can E. Sediment concentrations of heavy metals in the Homa Lagoon (Eastern Aegean Sea): assessment of contamination and ecological risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1989-1997. [PMID: 21764081 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of heavy metals and organic carbon in sediment of the Homa Lagoon which is one of the most productive lagoons and commercial important active fish trap in the Eastern Aegean Sea, were investigated in order to describe the temporal and spatial distributions of metals. These results were used to evaluate possible ecological risks that could be a problem for the environment of the lagoon in the future. Sediments were enriched with Cr, Ni and considered as heavily polluted per the SQG. The C(f) of Ni and Cr were presented moderate level of contamination in this area. The C(d) levels indicated moderate degree of contamination at station B, C, D and E due to agricultural drainage water, industrial and domestic wastewater, are transported by the Gediz River. Sediments from Homa Lagoon were most toxic for Ni due to exceedances of the TEL and PEL values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Uluturhan
- Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey.
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Repolho TFBDR, Costa MH, Luís ODJ, Gago JAEDM. Broodstock diet effect on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) endotrophic larvae development: potential for their year-round use in environmental toxicology assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:584-592. [PMID: 21194749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of captive broodstock diet on fertilization and endotrophic larvae development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was assessed. Maize grain and five inert pelleted diets were tested, during a three-month experimental period. Maize flour, wheat flour, soybean flour, maize/wheat flour (MWF) and maize/soybean flour mixes were used as vegetal sources for inert feed. Gonad index, percent egg fertilization and larvae malformation occurrence were compared with the results obtained from wild sea urchins (W). Whole egg total amino acid composition was concomitantly analyzed as a tool to explain eventual endotrophic larvae malformations caused by lack of specific nutrients. For all treatment groups (wild and captive), percent egg fertilization values above 96% were always observed, fulfilling the requisites (70-90%) necessary to conduct environmental monitoring bioassays, according to USEPA (2002). Similar values for normal percent larval development were only obtained from P. lividus broodstock subjected to an inert feeding diet based on a maize/wheat flour mix (85.0±1.45%), in comparison to wild P. lividus (82.5±1.75%). Likewise, no statistical differences on resultant whole egg total amino acid composition were observed between P. lividus fed MWF and wild treatments. Moreover, statistical differences between MWF and all the other captive feeding treatments were found for six out of the seventeen amino acids analyzed. This study demonstrates the possibility to obtain high values for P. lividus endotrophic larvae percent normal development based on broodstock held in captivity as long as an appropriate inert diet is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Filipe Baptista da Rosa Repolho
- Centro de Oceanografia, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-354 Cascais, Portugal.
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Xu X, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Assessment of toxic interactions of heavy metals in multi-component mixtures using sea urchin embryo-larval bioassay. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pinsino A, Turturici G, Sconzo G, Geraci F. Rapid changes in heat-shock cognate 70 levels, heat-shock cognate phosphorylation state, heat-shock transcription factor, and metal transcription factor activity levels in response to heavy metal exposure during sea urchin embryonic development. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:246-254. [PMID: 21082241 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare the effects of several metals on the embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, a key species within the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem. Embryos were continuously exposed from fertilization to the following metals: 0.6 mg/l copper, 3 mg/l lead, and 6 mg/l nickel. The embryos were then monitored for metal responses at the gastrula stage, which occurred 24 h after exposure. A biochemical multi-experimental approach was taken and involved the investigation of the levels of HSC70 expression and the involvement of heat shock factor (HSF) and/or metal transcription factor (MTF) in the response. Immunoblotting assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were used to detect stress protein levels and to study the interaction between DNA and specific transcription factors, respectively. In the 1 h during exposure to heavy metals, changes in HSC70 levels and HSC70 a phosphorylation state were observed. Rapid changes in HSF and MTF DNA-binding activity also occurred during the early stages of heavy metal exposure. In contrast, few developmental abnormalities were observed at the gastrula stage but more abnormalities were observed 48 h after metal exposure. These data demonstrate that changes in HSC70 levels and phosphorylation state as well as in HSF and MTF binding activities may be used to rapidly detect responses to heavy metal exposure. Detection of biochemical and molecular changes in response to metal exposure before manifestation of morpho-pathological effects are important for the prediction of morbidity, and these markers will be useful for determining the response to exposure as part of a toxicological exposure-response experiment and for determining responses for an impact assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinsino
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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Rock MO, Davis-Berg EC, Wilson BA. Development of the Sea Urchin Arbacia Punctulata in the Presence of the Environmental Toxin Sodium Hypochlorite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.28131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Echinoderms as Blueprints for Biocalcification: Regulation of Skeletogenic Genes and Matrices. MOLECULAR BIOMINERALIZATION 2011; 52:225-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Manzo S, Buono S, Cremisini C. Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1209-23. [PMID: 20552397 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the combined effects of three heavy metals (copper, lead, cadmium) on the fertilization and offspring quality of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus at EC50, NOEL, and EC1 concentrations. The observed data were compared with the predictions derived from approaches of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) in order to evaluate the proper prediction of the observed mixture toxic effect. The P. lividus embryotoxicity of trace metals decreases as follows: Cu > Pb > Cd at all toxicity concentration tested. EC50 mixture revealed less toxic only than Cu; EC50 was 0.80 (± 0.07) mg/l, the offspring malformations were mainly P1 type (skeletal alterations) up to 20% mixture concentration, and P2 type from 70% concentration. The NOEL and EC1 mixtures evidenced that all compounds contribute to the overall toxicity, even if present at low concentrations: the former EC50 was 0.532 (± 0.058) mg/l and the latter was 1.081 (± 0.240) mg/l. The developmental defects observed were mainly P1 type in both mixtures. Both CA and IA models did not accurately predict mixture toxicity for EC50 and NOEL mixtures. Instead, EC1 mixture effects seemed well represented by the IA model. The protective action of the CA model, although quite accurate when applied to simple biological systems like algae and bacteria, but failed to represent the worst-case in this study with more complex organisms. It would be useful to introduce in the models one or more factors that take into account the complexity of these biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Manzo
- ENEA C. R. Portici, P.le E Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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Garmendia JM, Menchaca I, Belzunce MJ, Franco J, Revilla M. Seasonal variability in gonad development in the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) on the Basque coast (southeastern Bay of Biscay). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 61:259-266. [PMID: 20347453 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The main limiting factor to carrying out toxicological bioassays with sea urchin larvae is the restricted period for the availability of viable gametes. Although studies have been undertaken of the reproductive cycle of the sea urchin for several areas of the Bay of Biscay, only limited information exists for the southeasternmost area (the Basque coast). Furthermore, this geographical zone presents some particular environmental conditions, e.g., relatively warm waters. In this study, the gonad state of a population of Paracentrotus lividus, settled on the rocky shores of the city of Donostia-San Sebastian have been monitored. These sea urchins are observed to behave like a typical Atlantic population, with generally high gonad indices and a single yearly main spawning period, between April and May. Further, females show a shorter spawning period than males, becoming the limiting organisms for the availability of larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joxe Mikel Garmendia
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, E-20110 Pasaia, Spain.
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Pinsino A, Matranga V, Trinchella F, Roccheri MC. Sea urchin embryos as an in vivo model for the assessment of manganese toxicity: developmental and stress response effects. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:555-562. [PMID: 19882348 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the marine environment increasing concentrations of bio-available compounds often result from anthropogenic activities. Among metal ions, manganese represents a new emergent factor in environmental contamination. Here, we studied the effects of manganese on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos using biological and biochemical approaches for the analysis of impact on development, tissue accumulation and stress markers. Embryos were continuously exposed from fertilization to manganese at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 61.6 mg l(-1), monitored for developmental abnormalities at 48 h after fertilization, and used for atomic spectrometric analysis at various times from 6 to 72 h. We found that concentration- and time-dependent increases in morphological abnormalities were directly correlated to manganese accumulation, with major defects in skeleton formation at 48 h. Concurrently, we found an upregulation of the hsc70 and hsc60 stress proteins detected by immunoblotting, whereas no induction of apoptosis or ROS production was observed by TUNEL and live tests, respectively. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the observed manganese embryo-toxicity is related to both its intracellular accumulation and misregulated homeostasis, and confirm the importance of stress proteins as protective agents in the acquisition of tolerance and resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinsino
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo "A. Monroy", Università di Palermo, Italy
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Ahn IY, Ji J, Park H. Metal accumulation in sea urchins and their kelp diet in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2009; 58:1571-7. [PMID: 19682712 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Ahn
- Korea Polar Research Institute of Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Songdo Technopark, 7-50 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
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Wang C, Wang X, Tian Y, Xue Y, Xu X, Sui Y, Yu H. Oxidative stress and potential biomarkers in tomato seedlings subjected to soil lead contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:685-691. [PMID: 18397810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and defense response in leaves of tomato seedlings exposed to extraneous lead (Pb) at 0-500 mg kg(-1) soil for nearly 2 months were investigated. Superoxide radical (O(2)(-)) was quantified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Results showed that levels of O(2)(-), malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl group and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with the increase of bioavailable Pb. The O(2)(-) level was well correlated with MDA, carbonyl groups and SOD activities, suggesting that O(2)(-) might be responsible for them. Intensities in two bands of SOD isoenzymes increased along with added Pb in treatments against control, implying that multigenic expression in SOD enzymes were activated to counteract O(2)(-) stress. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was induced sensitively by soil Pb, which was to alleviate oxidative damage (i.e. increased carbonyl groups). The overall results indicated that HSP70 and O(2)(-) were the most sensitive parameters and the combination of them might be potential biomarkers of soil Pb contamination in tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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46
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Rosen G, Rivera-Duarte I, Chadwick DB, Ryan A, Santore RC, Paquin PR. Critical tissue copper residues for marine bivalve (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and echinoderm (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryonic development: conceptual, regulatory and environmental implications. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 66:327-336. [PMID: 18579199 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Critical tissue copper (Cu) residues associated with adverse effects on embryo-larval development were determined for the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) following laboratory exposure to Cu-spiked seawater collected from San Diego Bay, California, USA. Whole body no-observed-effect-residues (NOER) were similar, with means of 21 and 23 microg g(-1) dw, for M. galloprovincialis and S. purpuratus, respectively. Mean whole body median effect residues (ER50) were 49 and 142 microg g(-1) dw for M. galloprovincialis and S. purpuratus, respectively. The difference in ER50s between species was reduced to a factor of <2 when expressed as soft tissue residues. Coefficients of variation among whole body-ER50s were 3-fold lower than median waterborne effect concentrations (EC50) for both species exposed to samples varying in water quality characteristics. This suggests that tissue concentrations were a better predictor of toxicity than water concentrations. The CBRs described herein do not differentiate between the internal Cu concentrations that are metabolically available and those that are accumulated and then detoxified. They do appear, however, to be well enough related to the level of accumulation at the site of action of toxicity that they serve as useful surrogates for the copper concentration that affects embryonic development of the species tested. Results presented have potentially important implications for a variety of monitoring and assessment strategies. These include regulatory approaches for deriving saltwater ambient water quality criteria for Cu, contributions towards the development of a saltwater biotic ligand model, the conceptual approach of using CBRs, and ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Rosen
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Environmental Sciences and Applied Systems Branch, Code 71750, 53475 Strothe Road, San Diego, CA 92152, USA.
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Gopalakrishnan S, Thilagam H, Raja PV. Comparison of heavy metal toxicity in life stages (spermiotoxicity, egg toxicity, embryotoxicity and larval toxicity) of Hydroides elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:515-28. [PMID: 18022210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A toxicity test was developed to examine the effects of heavy metal contaminants on the early life stages of the marine polychaete. We have studied the effects of metals on fertilization and early development of marine polychaete Hydroides elegans. These heavy metals have often been found in polluted ground and water near industrial discharges, and have therefore been detected from time to time in the food chain. They have been reported to alter various reproduction functions in various animals including marine populations. The toxic effect of mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc on sperm viability, fertilization, embryogenesis and larvae of H. elegans was examined. We observed that the rate of fertilization decreased when the sperm was incubated with heavy metals. Treatment of eggs with each metal did not prevent fertilization, but delayed or blocked the first mitotic divisions, and altered early embryonic development. All these effects were observed at relatively high concentrations. However, bio-accumulation in sediments and aquatic organisms have been reported. Polychaete eggs may then be in contact with very high concentrations of these heavy metals in areas where these metals are not handled or stocked properly, and then develop into abnormal embryos. In addition to bivalves and sea-urchins, polychaete embryos can provide biological criteria for seawater quality standards taking into account the sensitivity of the invertebrates and their contribution in detection of harmful chemicals with no marked effect on the species. Our results indicate that the early development of H. elegans is highly sensitive to heavy metals and this polychaete can be routinely employed as a test organism for ecotoxicity bioassays in tropical and subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India.
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48
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Manzo S, Buono S, Cremisini C. Predictability of copper, irgarol, and diuron combined effects on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 54:57-68. [PMID: 17805469 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the mixture toxicity of Irgarol (2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine), Diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), and copper upon the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and to compare the observed data with the predictions derived from approaches of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). Copper spermiotoxicity was more sensitive (EC50 = 0.018 mg/L) than embryotoxicity (EC50 = 0.046 mg/L). The offspring malformations were mainly P1 type (skeletal alterations) in both cases, probably because copper competes to fix Ca2+. Irgarol and Diuron toxicity has been previously investigated. EC50 mixture embryotoxicity showed an EC50 of 1.79 mg/L, whereas spermiotoxicity mixture effects were lower than 11%. Both CA and IA modeling approaches failed to predict accurately mixture toxicity. For embryotoxicity, the IA model overestimated the mixture toxicity at effect levels of <80%. CA does not represent the worst-case approach showing values lower than IA (embryotoxicity) or similar (spermiotoxicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manzo
- ENEA C. R. Portici, Via Vecchio Macello, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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Casado-Martínez MC, Fernández N, Forja JM, DelValls TA. Liquid versus solid phase bioassays for dredged material toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:456-62. [PMID: 17174396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 1994 the results of the analyses of key chemical compounds (trace metals, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and the comparison with the corresponding sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) are used in decision-making for dredged material management in Spain. Nonetheless in the last decades a tiered testing approach is promoted for assessing the physical and chemical characteristics of dredged sediments and their potential biological effects in the environment. Bioassays have been used for sediment toxicity assessment in Spain but few or no experiences are reported on harbour sediments. We studied the incidence of toxicity in the 7 d bioassay using rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and the 48 h bioassay using sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) embryos over a series of experiments employing 22 different elutriates. The relative performance of this exposure phase was not comparable to data on the 10-d acute toxicity test using the burrowing amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina, carried out on the whole sediments. These results evidence the importance of the exposure route and the test selected in decision-making, as the toxicity registered for the undiluted elutriates was largely due to the different solubility of sediment-bound contaminants. This work and other studies indicate that for many sediments, a complete battery of test is recommended together with physico-chemical analyses to decide whether dredged sediments are suitable for open water disposal or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Casado-Martínez
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, S/N., C.P. 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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50
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Schröder HC, Di Bella G, Janipour N, Bonaventura R, Russo R, Müller WEG, Matranga V. DNA damage and developmental defects after exposure to UV and heavy metals in sea urchin cells and embryos compared to other invertebrates. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 39:111-37. [PMID: 17152696 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27683-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and the resulting increase in hazardous ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the Earth are of major concern not only for terrestrial but also for aquatic organisms. UV-B is able to penetrate clear water to ecologically significant depths. This chapter deals with the effects of UV radiation on DNA integrity in marine benthic organisms, in particular sea urchins in comparison to other marine invertebrates (sponges and corals). These animals cannot escape the damaging effects of UV-B radiation and may be additionally exposed to pollution from natural or anthropogenic sources. Besides eggs and larvae that lack a protective epidermal layer and are particularly prone to the damaging effects of UV radiation, coelomocytes from the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were used as a "cellular sensor" to analyse the effects on DNA caused by UV-B, heavy metals (cadmium), and their combined actions. From our data we conclude that sea urchin coelomocytes as well as cells from other marine invertebrates are useful bioindicators of UV-B and heavy metal stress, responding to these stressors with different extents of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Schröder
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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