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Kosmela P, Sałasińska K, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Barczewski M, Piasecki A, Saeb MR, Hejna A. Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:656. [PMID: 38475340 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke generation. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was used to classify and label PU/GTR composites such that the amount of GTR was found to be more important than that of FR type. The wide range of FRI (0.94-7.56), taking Poor to Good performance labels, was indicative of the sensitivity of flame retardancy to the hybridization of FR with GTR components, a feature of practicality. The results are promising for fire protection requirements in buildings; however, the flammability reduction was achieved at the expense of mechanical and thermal insulation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
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2
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Zemła M, Michałowski S, Prociak A. Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Types of Blowing Agents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7217. [PMID: 38005146 PMCID: PMC10673181 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, rigid polyurethane foams modified with non-halogenated flame retardant were obtained. The foams were synthesized using two systems containing different blowing agents. In the first one, cyclopentane and water were used as a mixture of blowing agents, and in the second one, only water was used as a chemical blowing agent. The systems were modified with the additive phosphorus flame retardant Roflam F5. The obtained modified foams were tested for their flammability and basic properties, such as apparent density, closed-cell contents and analyses of the cell structures, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and water absorption. Increasing the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in temperature during the combustion of the material and extended the burning time. The addition of 1.0 wt.% phosphorus derived from Roflam F5 caused the modified rigid polyurethane foam to become a self-extinguishing material. The increase in the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in the total heat release and the maximum heat release rate during the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The foams with the highest content of flame retardant and foamed with a chemical-physical and chemical blowing agent had a lower total heat release by 19% and 11%, respectively, compared to reference foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zemła
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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3
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Zhou X, Jiang F, Hu Z, Wu F, Gao M, Chai Z, Wang Y, Gu X, Wang Y. Study on the Flame Retardancy of Rigid Polyurethane Foam with Phytic Acid-Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Molecules 2023; 28:6267. [PMID: 37687096 PMCID: PMC10488967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composite was prepared by compounding phytic acid (PA)-functionalized Graphite oxide (PA-GO) with flame-retardant poly (Ammonium phosphate) (APP) and expandable graphite (EG). The effects of PA-GO on the thermal, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties of RPUF were studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer, a limiting oxygen index (LOI) tester, a UL-94 vertical combustion tester, a cone calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy, and a universal tensile testing machine. The results indicated that there was a significant synergistic flame-retardant effect between PA-GO and the intumescent flame retardants (IFR) in the RPUF matrix. Compared with RPUF-1, the addition of 0.3 wt% PA-GO could increase LOI from 25.7% to 26.5%, increase UL-94 rating from V-2 to V-0, and reduce the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) by 28.5% and 22.2%, respectively. Moreover, the amount of residual char increased from 22.2 wt% to 24.6 wt%, and the char layer was continuous and dense, with almost no holes. Meanwhile, the loss of mechanical properties was apparently lightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Zhiyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Faqun Wu
- Dean’s Office, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China;
| | - Ming Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhihua Chai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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Xu J, Wu Y, Zhang B, Zhang G. Synthesis and synergistic flame‐retardant effects of rigid polyurethane foams used reactive
DOPO
‐based polyols combination with expandable graphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshui Xu
- Shantou Guangyou‐Malion New Materials Research Institute Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming China
| | - Yuqiang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Bangling Zhang
- Shantou Guangyou‐Malion New Materials Research Institute Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology and Education Tianjin China
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Composites of Semi-Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Keratin Fibers Derived from Poultry Feathers and Flame Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122943. [PMID: 33317209 PMCID: PMC7764476 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-rigid composites of polyurethane foams (SRPUF) modified with the addition of keratin flour from poultry feathers and flame retardant additives were manufactured. Ten percent by mass of keratin fibers was added to the foams as well as halogen-free flame retardant additives such as Fyrol PNX, expandable graphite, metal oxides, in amounts such that their total mass did not exceed 15%. Thermal and mechanical properties were tested. Water absorption, dimensional stability, apparent density and flammability of produced foams were determined. It was found that the use of keratin fibers and flame retardant additives changes the foam synthesis process, changes their structure and properties as well as their combustion process. The addition of the filler made of keratin fibers significantly limits the amount of smoke generated during foam burning. The most favorable reduction of heat and smoke release rate was observed for foams with the addition of 10% keratin fibers and 10% expandable graphite. Systems of reducing combustibility of polyurethane foams using keratin fillers are a new solution on a global scale.
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Biodegradable, Flame-Retardant, and Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams for Thermal Insulation Application. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111816. [PMID: 31694273 PMCID: PMC6918136 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article raised the issue of studies on the use of new bio-polyol based on white mustard seed oil and 2,2’-thiodiethanol (3-thiapentane-1,5-diol) for the synthesis of rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. For this purpose, new formulations of polyurethane materials were prepared. Formulations contained bio-polyol content from 0 to 0.4 chemical equivalents of hydroxyl groups. An industrial flame retardant, tri(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (Antiblaze TCMP), was added to half of the formulations. Basic foaming process parameters and functional properties, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, absorbability and water absorption, aging resistance, thermal conductivity coefficient λ, structure of materials, and flammability were examined. The susceptibility of the foams to biodegradation in soil was also examined. The increase in the bio-polyol content caused a slight increase in processing times. Also, it was noted that the use of bio-polyol had a positive effect on the functional properties of obtained RPU/PIR foams. Foams modified by bio-polyol based on mustard seed oil showed lower apparent density, brittleness, compressive strength, and absorbability and water absorption, as well as thermal conductivity, compared to the reference (unmodified) foams. Furthermore, the obtained materials were more resistant to aging and more susceptible to biodegradation.
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8
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The Use of Waste from the Production of Rapeseed Oil for Obtaining of New Polyurethane Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091431. [PMID: 31480439 PMCID: PMC6780192 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of research on obtaining new polyurethane materials modified by a by-product from vegetable oils industry—rapeseed cake. The chemical composition of rapeseed cake was examined. Rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams containing a milled rapeseed cake in their composition were obtained as part of the conducted research. Biofiller was added in amount of 30 wt.% up to 60 wt.%. Effects of rapeseed cake on the foaming process, cell structure and selected properties of foams, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, flammability, absorbability, water absorption, thermal resistance and thermal conductivity are described. The foaming process of RPU/PIR foams modified by rapeseed cake was characterized by a lower reactivity, lower foaming temperature and decrease in dielectric polarization. This resulted in a slowed formation of the polyurethane matrix. Apparent density of RPU/PIR foams with biofiller was higher than in unmodified foam. Addition of rapeseed cake did not have a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of obtained materials. However, we observed a tendency for opening the cells of modified foams and obtaining a smaller cross-sectional area of cells. This led to an increase of absorbability and water absorption of obtained materials. However, an advantageous effect of using rapeseed cake in polyurethane formulations was noted. Modified RPU/PIR foams had higher compressive strength, lower brittleness and lower flammability than reference foam.
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9
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Chen X, Li J, Gao M. Thermal Degradation and Flame Retardant Mechanism of the Rigid Polyurethane Foam Including Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E78. [PMID: 30960062 PMCID: PMC6402230 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) system containing functionalized graphene oxide (fGO), expandable graphite (EG), and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was prepared and investigated. The results show that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the flame-retardant-polyurethane-fGO (FRPU/fGO) composites reached 28.1% and UL-94 V-0 rating by adding only 0.25 g fGO. The thermal degradation of FRPU samples was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The activation energies (Ea) for the main stage of thermal degradation were obtained using the Kissinger equation. It was found that the fGO can considerably increase the thermal stability and decrease the flammability of RPUF. Additionally, the Ea of FRPU/fGO reached 191 kJ·mol-1, which was 61 kJ·mol-1 higher than that of the pure RPUF (130 kJ·mol-1). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that fGO strengthened the compactness and the strength of the "vermicular" intumescent char layer improved the insulation capability of the char layer to gas and heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexi Chen
- School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
| | - Junfei Li
- School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
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Gama NV, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1841. [PMID: 30262722 PMCID: PMC6213201 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams can be found virtually everywhere due to their advantageous properties compared with counterparts materials. Possibly the most important class of polymeric foams are polyurethane foams (PUFs), as their low density and thermal conductivity combined with their interesting mechanical properties make them excellent thermal and sound insulators, as well as structural and comfort materials. Despite the broad range of applications, the production of PUFs is still highly petroleum-dependent, so this industry must adapt to ever more strict regulations and rigorous consumers. In that sense, the well-established raw materials and process technologies can face a turning point in the near future, due to the need of using renewable raw materials and new process technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing. In this work, the fundamental aspects of the production of PUFs are reviewed, the new challenges that the PUFs industry are expected to confront regarding process methodologies in the near future are outlined, and some alternatives are also presented. Then, the strategies for the improvement of PUFs sustainability, including recycling, and the enhancement of their properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno V Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda-Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas, No. 28, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Wang W, Peng Y, Zammarano M, Zhang W, Li J. Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate to Aluminum Hydroxide Mass Ratio on the Properties of Wood-Flour/Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110615. [PMID: 30965918 PMCID: PMC6418642 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two halogen-free inorganic flame retardants, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were added to wood-flour/polypropylene composites (WPCs) at different APP to ATH mass ratios (APP/ATH ratios), with a constant total loading of 30 wt % (30% by mass). Water soaking tests indicated a low hygroscopicity and/or solubility of ATH as compared to APP. Mechanical property tests showed that the flexural properties were not significantly affected by the APP/ATH ratio, while the impact strength appeared to increase with the increasing ATH/APP ratio. Cone calorimetry indicated that APP appeared to be more effective than ATH in reducing the peak of heat release rate (PHRR). However, when compared to the neat WPCs, total smoke release decreased with the addition of ATH but increased with the addition of APP. Noticeably, WPCs containing the combination of 20 wt % APP and 10 wt % ATH (WPC/APP-20/ATH-10) showed the lowest PHRR and total heat release in all of the formulations. WPCs combustion residues were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the organic volatiles that were produced during the thermal decomposition of WPCs. WPC/APP-20/ATH-10 showed the most compact carbonaceous residue with the highest degree of graphitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Yao Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Mauro Zammarano
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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12
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Eceiza I, Barrio A, Martín L, Veganzones MA, Fernández-Berridi MJ, Irusta L. Thermal and fire behavior of isophorone diisocyanate based polyurethane foams containing conventional flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Eceiza
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - A. Barrio
- TECNALIA, Construction Division, Area Anardi 5; Azpeitia E-20730 Spain
| | - L. Martín
- Macrobehaviour-Mesostructure-Nanotechnology SGIker Service, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Plaza Europa 1; Donostia San Sebastian 20018 Spain
| | - M. A. Veganzones
- GIPSA-Lab, CNRS, 11 rue des Mathématiques, Grenoble Campus, BP.46; F-38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex France
- NEM Solutions; Paseo Mikeletegi 54 San Sebastian 20009 Spain
| | - M. J. Fernández-Berridi
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - L. Irusta
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
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13
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Wang C, Wu Y, Li Y, Shao Q, Yan X, Han C, Wang Z, Liu Z, Guo Z. Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam with a phosphorus-nitrogen single intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; No. 3 Xueyuan Road Taiyuan Shanxi 030051 PR China
| | - Yicheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; No. 3 Xueyuan Road Taiyuan Shanxi 030051 PR China
| | - Yingchun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; No. 3 Xueyuan Road Taiyuan Shanxi 030051 PR China
| | - Qian Shao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shandong University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266590 China
| | - Xingru Yan
- Integrated Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Cui Han
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shandong University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266590 China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Xavier University of Louisiana; New Orleans Louisiana 70125 USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Physics and Engineering; Frostburg State University; Frostburg Maryland 21532 USA
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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15
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Synthesis and Characterization of Non-halogen Type Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants. ELASTOMERS AND COMPOSITES 2014. [DOI: 10.7473/ec.2014.49.4.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and fire properties of rigid polyurethane foams made from a polyol derived from melamine and cardanol. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Yang H, Wang X, Song L, Yu B, Yuan Y, Hu Y, Yuen RKK. Aluminum hypophosphite in combination with expandable graphite as a novel flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Department of Building and Construction; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Department of Building and Construction; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Richard K. K. Yuen
- Department of Building and Construction; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
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18
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Gao L, Zheng G, Zhou Y, Hu L, Feng G, Zhang M. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite, diethyl ethylphosphonate and organically-modified layered double hydroxide on flame retardancy and fire behavior of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foam nanocomposite. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Jin J, Dong QX, Shu ZJ, Wang WJ, He K. Flame Retardant Properties of Polyurethane/Expandable Praphite Composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Wang W, He K, Dong Q, Zhu N, Fan Y, Wang F, Xia Y, Li H, Wang J, Yuan Z, Wang E, Lai Z, Kong T, Wang X, Ma H, Yang M. Synergistic effect of aluminum hydroxide and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Kui He
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Xia
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Erpo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Lai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Kong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Ma
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
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21
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Fabrication of nano-crystalline cellulose with phosphoric acid and its full application in a modified polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Wu D, Zhao P, Liu Y. Flame retardant property of novel intumescent flame retardant rigid polyurethane foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Wu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Peihua Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
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23
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Wu DH, Zhao PH, Liu YQ, Liu XY, Wang XF. Halogen Free flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam with a novel phosphorus−nitrogen intumescent flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Hui Wu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Pei-Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Ya-Qing Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Xue-Yi Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Xiao-feng Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
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24
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Wu D, Zhao P, Zhang M, Liu Y. Preparation and properties of flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam with phosphorus–nitrogen intumescent flame retardant. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313489997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolamine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (EMSPB), a novel intumescent flame retardant, was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The effects of EMSPB on the flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of RPUF were discussed, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compression strength tests showed that the EMSPB had favorable compatibility with the RPUF matrix and did not deteriorate the mechanical properties of the RPUF. Flammability of RPUF systems containing various contents of EMSPB was investigated by vertical burning test (UL-94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. Results indicated that when the content of EMSPB was 25 wt%, the LOI of flame retardant RPUF could reach 27.5%, and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that RPUF-containing EMSPB had a high yield of residual char at high temperatures, indicating that EMSPB was an effective charring agent. From the SEM observations of the residues of the flame retardant systems burned, the compact charred layers could be seen, which form protective shields to protect effectively the internal structure and inhibited the transmission of heat and heat diffusion during contacting fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Wu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peihua Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
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25
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Duan HJ, Kang HQ, Zhang WQ, Ji X, Li ZM, Tang JH. Core-shell structure design of pulverized expandable graphite particles and their application in flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ji Duan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Hai-Quan Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu PR China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Xu Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu PR China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu PR China
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26
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Synergism between Flame Retardant and Phosphonium Salt Modified Layered Silicate on Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Nanocomposite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.501.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current research was conducted to study the incorporation of phosphorus-based flame retardant (exolit OP 1230) and phosphonium salt treated montmorillonite (P-MMT) into polyol resin of polyurethane foam, with the purpose of imparting its compression properties and flammability resistance. To prepare the hybrid composite with a 2.5 wt% based on weight percentage of the overall weight of the system, fractions of exolit OP 1230 are mixed with P-MMT following a percentage ratio of 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25. The result of the mechanical property testing showed that the compression strength of composite was decreased with the presence of exolit OP 1230. However, the result obtained also demonstrated that the fire behaviour of the foam was improved. The study indicated that a combination of exolite OP 1230 and P-MMT generates a synergistic mechanism effect which could be used as an effective fire retardant as compared to sample with a 2.5% P-MMT alone. On the other hand, horizontal burning test following an ASTM D635 test procedure was conducted to determine the burning rate and bomb calorimeter model Ika C5003 was employed to detect the combustion enthalpy in this study. Finally, the findings of the analysis of the mechanical properties were further supported by the SEM micrographs.
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27
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Thirumal M, Khastgir D, Nando G, Naik Y, Singha NK. Halogen-free flame retardant PUF: Effect of melamine compounds on mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Patel RH, Patel HB, Shah MD. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Flame-Retardant Polyurethanes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660903031033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Singh H, Jain AK. Ignition, combustion, toxicity, and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams: A comprehensive review. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Singh H, Jain AK, Sharma TP. Effect of phosphorus-nitrogen additives on fire retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Fu M, Qu B. Synergistic flame retardant mechanism of fumed silica in ethylene-vinyl acetate/magnesium hydroxide blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Modesti M, Lorenzetti A. Flame retardancy of polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams: use of different charring agents. Polym Degrad Stab 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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