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Carr LM, Mustafa S, Care A, Collins-Praino LE. More than a number: Incorporating the aged phenotype to improve in vitro and in vivo modeling of neurodegenerative disease. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:554-571. [PMID: 38663775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Age is the number one risk factor for developing a neurodegenerative disease (ND), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD). With our rapidly ageing world population, there will be an increased burden of ND and need for disease-modifying treatments. Currently, however, translation of research from bench to bedside in NDs is poor. This may be due, at least in part, to the failure to account for the potential effect of ageing in preclinical modelling of NDs. While ageing can impact upon physiological response in multiple ways, only a limited number of preclinical studies of ND have incorporated ageing as a factor of interest. Here, we evaluate the aged phenotype and highlight the critical, but unmet, need to incorporate aspects of this phenotype into both the in vitro and in vivo models used in ND research. Given technological advances in the field over the past several years, we discuss how these could be harnessed to create novel models of ND that more readily incorporate aspects of the aged phenotype. This includes a recently described in vitro panel of ageing markers, which could help lead to more standardised models and improve reproducibility across studies. Importantly, we cannot assume that young cells or animals yield the same responses as seen in the context of ageing; thus, an improved understanding of the biology of ageing, and how to appropriately incorporate this into the modelling of ND, will ensure the best chance for successful translation of new therapies to the aged patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Carr
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sanam Mustafa
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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2
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Lengel D, Romm ZL, Bostwick AL, Huh JW, Snyder NW, Smith G, Raghupathi R. Glucocorticoid Receptor Overexpression in the Dorsal Hippocampus Attenuates Spatial Learning and Synaptic Plasticity Deficits Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:979-998. [PMID: 35293260 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children younger than 4 years old leads to long-term deficits in cognitive and learning abilities that can persist or even worsen as children age into adolescence. In this study, the role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) in hippocampal-dependent cognitive function and synaptic plasticity were assessed following injury to the 11-day-old rat. Brain injury produced significant impairments in spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze in male and female rats at 1-month post-injury (adolescence) which was accompanied by impairments in induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the DH. Brain injury resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of the glucocorticoid-inducible gene, serum- and glucocorticoid-kinase 1 (sgk1), suggestive of an impairment in GR transcriptional activity within the hippocampus. Lentiviral transfection of the human GR (hGR) in the DH improved spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze and attenuated LTP deficits following TBI. GR overexpression in the DH was also associated with a significant increase in the mRNA expression levels of sgk1, and the glutamate receptor subunits GluA1 and GluA2 within the hippocampus. Overall, these findings support an important role of dorsal hippocampal GR function in learning and memory deficits following pediatric TBI and suggest that these effects may be related to the regulation of glutamate receptor subunit expression in the DH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lengel
- Drexel University College of Medicine, 12312, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5925, Neuroscience, New York, New York, United States;
| | - Zoe L Romm
- Drexel University College of Medicine, 12312, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Anna L Bostwick
- Temple University, 6558, Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Jimmy W Huh
- Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Critical Care Office-7C26, 34th Street & Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104;
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Temple University, 6558, Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - George Smith
- Temple University, 6558, Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Drexel University, 6527, Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104-2816;
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3
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Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Attenuates Social Recognition Deficits and Increases Prefrontal Cortex Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents following Traumatic Brain Injury. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0061-21.2021. [PMID: 34035071 PMCID: PMC8205495 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0061-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in heightened risk for social deficits that can emerge during adolescence and adulthood. A moderate TBI in male and female rats on postnatal day 11 (equivalent to children below the age of 4) resulted in impairments in social novelty recognition, defined as the preference for interacting with a novel rat compared with a familiar rat, but not sociability, defined as the preference for interacting with a rat compared with an object in the three-chamber test when tested at four weeks (adolescence) and eight weeks (adulthood) postinjury. The deficits in social recognition were not accompanied by deficits in novel object recognition memory and were associated with a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded from pyramidal neurons within Layer II/III of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Whereas TBI did not affect the expression of oxytocin (OXT) or the OXT receptor (OXTR) mRNAs in the hypothalamus and mPFC, respectively, intranasal administration of OXT before behavioral testing was found to reduce impairments in social novelty recognition and increase IPSC frequency in the mPFC in brain-injured animals. These results suggest that TBI-induced deficits in social behavior may be linked to increased excitability of neurons in the mPFC and suggests that the regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in this region as a potential mechanism underlying these deficits.
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Skalny AV, Gluhcheva Y, Ajsuvakova OP, Pavlova E, Petrova E, Rashev P, Vladov I, Shakieva RA, Aschner M, Tinkov AA. Perinatal and early-life cobalt exposure impairs essential metal metabolism in immature ICR mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:111973. [PMID: 33421458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the impact of cobalt (Co) exposure on tissue distribution of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), as well as serum hepcidin levels in immature mice (18, 25, 30 days). Pregnant mice were exposed to 75 mg/kg b.w. cobalt chloride (CoCl2 × 6H2O) with drinking water starting from 3 days before delivery and during lactation. At weaning (day 25) the offspring were separated and housed in individual cages with subsequent exposure to 75 mg/kg b.w. CoCl2 until 30 days postnatally. Evaluation of tissue metal levels was performed by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Serum hepcidin level was assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cobalt exposure resulted in a time- and tissue-dependent increase in Co levels in kidney, spleen, liver, muscle, erythrocytes, and serum on days 18, 25, and 30. In parallel with increasing Co levels, CoCl2 exposure resulted in a significant accumulation of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the studied tissues, with the effect being most pronounced in 25-day-old mice. Cobalt exposure significantly increased serum hepcidin levels only in day18 mice. The obtained data demonstrate that Co exposure may alter essential metal metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia; KG Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yordanka Gluhcheva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Pavlova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia Petrova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Rashev
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. Kiril Bratanov" - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelin Vladov
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia.
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Garrigos D, Martínez-Morga M, Toval A, Kutsenko Y, Barreda A, Do Couto BR, Navarro-Mateu F, Ferran JL. A Handful of Details to Ensure the Experimental Reproducibility on the FORCED Running Wheel in Rodents: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:638261. [PMID: 34040580 PMCID: PMC8141847 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.638261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-documented method and experimental design are essential to ensure the reproducibility and reliability in animal research. Experimental studies using exercise programs in animal models have experienced an exponential increase in the last decades. Complete reporting of forced wheel and treadmill exercise protocols would help to ensure the reproducibility of training programs. However, forced exercise programs are characterized by a poorly detailed methodology. Also, current guidelines do not cover the minimum data that must be included in published works to reproduce training programs. For this reason, we have carried out a systematic review to determine the reproducibility of training programs and experimental designs of published research in rodents using a forced wheel system. Having determined that most of the studies were not detailed enough to be reproducible, we have suggested guidelines for animal research using FORCED exercise wheels, which could also be applicable to any form of forced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Morga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Barreda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Navarro-Mateu
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Unidad de Docencia, Investigación y Formación en Salud Mental (UDIF-SM), Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Luis Ferran,
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Lengel D, Huh JW, Barson JR, Raghupathi R. Progesterone treatment following traumatic brain injury in the 11-day-old rat attenuates cognitive deficits and neuronal hyperexcitability in adolescence. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113329. [PMID: 32335121 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children younger than 4 years old results in cognitive and psychosocial deficits in adolescence and adulthood. At 4 weeks following closed head injury on postnatal day 11, male and female rats exhibited impairment in novel object recognition memory (NOR) along with an increase in open arm time in the elevated plus maze (EPM), suggestive of risk-taking behaviors. This was accompanied by an increase in intrinsic excitability and frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs), and a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents in layer 2/3 neurons within the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region that is implicated in both object recognition and risk-taking behaviors. Treatment with progesterone for the first week after brain injury improved NOR memory at the 4-week time point in both sham and brain-injured rats and additionally attenuated the injury-induced increase in the excitability of neurons and the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs. The effect of progesterone on cellular excitability changes after injury may be related to its ability to decrease the mRNA expression of the β3 subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel and increase the expression of the neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 in the medial PFC in sham- and brain-injured animals and also increase glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression in sham- but not brain-injured animals. Progesterone treatment did not affect injury-induced changes in the EPM test. These results demonstrate that administration of progesterone immediately after TBI in 11-day-old rats reduces cognitive deficits in adolescence, which may be mediated by progesterone-mediated regulation of excitatory signaling mechanisms within the medial PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lengel
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA United States of America
| | - Jimmy W Huh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA United States of America; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA United States of America; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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7
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Roffe C, Nevatte T, Bishop J, Sim J, Penaloza C, Jowett S, Ives N, Gray R, Ferdinand P, Muddegowda G. Routine low-dose continuous or nocturnal oxygen for people with acute stroke: three-arm Stroke Oxygen Supplementation RCT. Health Technol Assess 2019; 22:1-88. [PMID: 29595449 DOI: 10.3310/hta22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Hypoxia is common after stroke and is associated with worse outcomes. Oxygen supplementation could prevent hypoxia and secondary brain damage. OBJECTIVES (1) To assess whether or not routine low-dose oxygen supplementation in patients with acute stroke improves outcome compared with no oxygen; and (2) to assess whether or not oxygen given at night only, when oxygen saturation is most likely to be low, is more effective than continuous supplementation. DESIGN Multicentre, prospective, randomised, open, blinded-end point trial. SETTING Secondary care hospitals with acute stroke wards. PARTICIPANTS Adult stroke patients within 24 hours of hospital admission and 48 hours of stroke onset, without definite indications for or contraindications to oxygen or a life-threatening condition other than stroke. INTERVENTIONS Allocated by web-based minimised randomisation to: (1) continuous oxygen: oxygen via nasal cannula continuously (day and night) for 72 hours after randomisation at a flow rate of 3 l/minute if baseline oxygen saturation was ≤ 93% or 2 l/minute if > 93%; (2) nocturnal oxygen: oxygen via nasal cannula overnight (21:00-07:00) for three consecutive nights. The flow rate was the same as the continuous oxygen group; and (3) control: no routine oxygen supplementation unless required for reasons other than stroke. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome: disability assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months by postal questionnaire (participant aware, assessor blinded). Secondary outcomes at 7 days: neurological improvement, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), mortality, and the highest and lowest oxygen saturations within the first 72 hours. Secondary outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months: mortality, independence, current living arrangements, Barthel Index, quality of life (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, three levels) and Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living scale by postal questionnaire. RESULTS In total, 8003 patients were recruited between 24 April 2008 and 17 June 2013 from 136 hospitals in the UK [continuous, n = 2668; nocturnal, n = 2667; control, n = 2668; mean age 72 years (standard deviation 13 years); 4398 (55%) males]. All prognostic factors and baseline characteristics were well matched across the groups. Eighty-two per cent had ischaemic strokes. At baseline the median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 15 (interquartile range 15-15) and the mean and median NIHSS scores were 7 and 5 (range 0-34), respectively. The mean oxygen saturation at randomisation was 96.6% in the continuous and nocturnal oxygen groups and 96.7% in the control group. Primary outcome: oxygen supplementation did not reduce disability in either the continuous or the nocturnal oxygen groups. The unadjusted odds ratio for a better outcome (lower mRS) was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89 to 1.05; p = 0.5] for the combined oxygen groups (both continuous and nocturnal together) (n = 5152) versus the control (n = 2567) and 1.03 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.13; p = 0.6) for continuous versus nocturnal oxygen. Secondary outcomes: oxygen supplementation significantly increased oxygen saturation, but did not affect any of the other secondary outcomes. LIMITATIONS Severely hypoxic patients were not included. CONCLUSIONS Routine low-dose oxygen supplementation in stroke patients who are not severely hypoxic is safe, but does not improve outcome after stroke. FUTURE WORK To investigate the causes of hypoxia and develop methods of prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN52416964 and European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (EudraCT) number 2006-003479-11. FUNDING DETAILS This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research for Patient Benefit and Health Technology Assessment programmes and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 14. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roffe
- Institute for Applied Clinical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | | | - Jon Bishop
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Susan Jowett
- Health Economics Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Girish Muddegowda
- Neurosciences Department, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Zhao S, Wang X, Gao X, Chen J. Delayed and progressive damages to juvenile mice after moderate traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7339. [PMID: 29743575 PMCID: PMC5943589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms are commonly more severe in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients than in young adult TBI patients. To understand the mechanism, juvenile mice received a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury at moderate level. Tissue lesion and cell death were measured and compared to our previous reports on brain injury in the young adult mice that received same level of impact using same injury device. Tissue lesion and cell death in the cortex was much less in the juvenile mouse brain in the first few hours after injury. However, once the injury occurred, it developed more rapidly, lasted much longer, and eventually led to exaggerated cell death and a 32.7% larger tissue lesion cavity in the cortex of juvenile mouse brain than of young adult mouse brain. Moreover, we found significant cell death in the thalamus of juvenile brains at 72 h, which was not commonly seen in the young adult mice. In summary, cell death in juvenile mice was delayed, lasted longer, and finally resulted in more severe brain injury than in the young adult mice. The results suggest that pediatric TBI patients may have a longer therapeutic window, but they also need longer intensive clinical care after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320W 15th street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320W 15th street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320W 15th street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320W 15th street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
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Aridas JDS, Yawno T, Sutherland AE, Nitsos I, Ditchfield M, Wong FY, Hunt RW, Fahey MC, Malhotra A, Wallace EM, Jenkin G, Miller SL. Systemic and transdermal melatonin administration prevents neuropathology in response to perinatal asphyxia in newborn lambs. J Pineal Res 2018; 64:e12479. [PMID: 29464766 PMCID: PMC5947141 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia remains a principal cause of infant mortality and long-term neurological morbidity, particularly in low-resource countries. No neuroprotective interventions are currently available. Melatonin (MLT), a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic agent, offers promise as an intravenous (IV) or transdermal therapy to protect the brain. We aimed to determine the effect of melatonin (IV or transdermal patch) on neuropathology in a lamb model of perinatal asphyxia. Asphyxia was induced in newborn lambs via umbilical cord occlusion at birth. Animals were randomly allocated to melatonin commencing 30 minutes after birth (60 mg in 24 hours; IV or transdermal patch). Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was undertaken at 12 and 72 hours. Animals (control n = 9; control+MLT n = 6; asphyxia n = 16; asphyxia+MLT [IV n = 14; patch n = 4]) were euthanised at 72 hours, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brains were collected for analysis. Asphyxia resulted in severe acidosis (pH 6.9 ± 0.0; lactate 9 ± 2 mmol/L) and altered determinants of encephalopathy. MRS lactate:N-acetyl aspartate ratio was 2.5-fold higher in asphyxia lambs compared with controls at 12 hours and 3-fold higher at 72 hours (P < .05). Melatonin prevented this rise (3.5-fold reduced vs asphyxia; P = .02). Asphyxia significantly increased brain white and grey matter apoptotic cell death (activated caspase-3), lipid peroxidation (4HNE) and neuroinflammation (IBA-1). These changes were significantly mitigated by both IV and patch melatonin. Systemic or transdermal neonatal melatonin administration significantly reduces the neuropathology and encephalopathy signs associated with perinatal asphyxia. A simple melatonin patch, administered soon after birth, may improve outcome in infants affected by asphyxia, especially in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. S. Aridas
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Tamara Yawno
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Amy E. Sutherland
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
| | | | - Flora Y. Wong
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Monash Children's HospitalMonash HealthClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Rod W. Hunt
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Michael C. Fahey
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Monash Children's HospitalMonash HealthClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Monash Children's HospitalMonash HealthClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Euan M. Wallace
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVic.Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
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10
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Foerster K, Benk C, Beyersdorf F, Cristina Schmitz H, Wittmann K, Taunyane I, Heilmann C, Trummer G. Twenty minutes of normothermic cardiac arrest in a pig model: the role of short-term hypothermia for neurological outcome. Perfusion 2017; 33:270-277. [PMID: 29125053 DOI: 10.1177/0267659117742478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary resuscitation restores circulation, but with inconsistent blood-flow and pressures. Our recent approach using an extracorporeal life support system, named "controlled integrated resuscitation device" (CIRD), may lead to improved survival and neurological recovery after cardiac arrest (CA). The basic idea is to provide a reperfusion tailored to the individual patient by control of the conditions of reperfusion and the composition of the reperfusate. Hypothermia is one aspect of this concept. Here, we investigated the role of immediate short-term blood cooling after experimental CA and its influence on survival and neurological recovery. METHODS Twenty-one pigs were exposed to 20 minutes of normothermic CA. Afterwards, CIRD was immediately started for 60 minutes in all animals and the heart was converted to a sinus rhythm. The pigs either received normothermic reperfusion (37°C, n=11) or the temperature was maintained at 32°C for the first 30 minutes (n=10). Thermometric, hemodynamic and serologic data were collected during the experiment. After weaning from CIRD, neurological recovery was assessed daily by a species-specific neurological deficit score (NDS; 0: normal; 500: brain death). RESULTS One pig in each group could not be successfully resuscitated. Due to severe neurological deficits, only 6/11 animals in the normothermic group finished the observation time of seven days with an NDS of 37±34. In the hypothermic group, all nine surviving animals reached day seven with an NDS of 16±13. Analogous to the lower NDS, animals in the hypothermic group also showed lower neuron-specific enolase end values as a marker of brain injury. CONCLUSIONS Within this experimental setting, immediate moderate and short-term hypothermia after CA improves survival and seems to result in statistically non-significant better neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Foerster
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Benk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Beyersdorf
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Cristina Schmitz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karin Wittmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Itumeleng Taunyane
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Heilmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Trummer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Jackson SJ, Andrews N, Ball D, Bellantuono I, Gray J, Hachoumi L, Holmes A, Latcham J, Petrie A, Potter P, Rice A, Ritchie A, Stewart M, Strepka C, Yeoman M, Chapman K. Does age matter? The impact of rodent age on study outcomes. Lab Anim 2017; 51:160-169. [PMID: 27307423 PMCID: PMC5367550 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216653984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models produce data which underpin biomedical research and non-clinical drug trials, but translation from rodents into successful clinical outcomes is often lacking. There is a growing body of evidence showing that improving experimental design is key to improving the predictive nature of rodent studies and reducing the number of animals used in research. Age, one important factor in experimental design, is often poorly reported and can be overlooked. The authors conducted a survey to assess the age used for a range of models, and the reasoning for age choice. From 297 respondents providing 611 responses, researchers reported using rodents most often in the 6-20 week age range regardless of the biology being studied. The age referred to as 'adult' by respondents varied between six and 20 weeks. Practical reasons for the choice of rodent age were frequently given, with increased cost associated with using older animals and maintenance of historical data comparability being two important limiting factors. These results highlight that choice of age is inconsistent across the research community and often not based on the development or cellular ageing of the system being studied. This could potentially result in decreased scientific validity and increased experimental variability. In some cases the use of older animals may be beneficial. Increased scientific rigour in the choice of the age of rodent may increase the translation of rodent models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Jackson
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, UK
| | - Nick Andrews
- Division of Neurology, Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, US
| | - Doug Ball
- Immunoinflammation TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James Gray
- Immunoinflammation TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Lamia Hachoumi
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Alan Holmes
- Centre for Rheumatology, UCL Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Judy Latcham
- Laboratory Animal Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Anja Petrie
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Paul Potter
- Disease Models and Translation, Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell, UK
| | - Andrew Rice
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Ritchie
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Yeoman
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Kathryn Chapman
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, UK
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12
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Hendaus MA, Jomha FA, Alhammadi AH. Melatonin in the management of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: light at the end of the tunnel? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2473-2479. [PMID: 27729791 PMCID: PMC5045913 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s115533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) affects one to three per 1,000 live full-term births and can lead to severe and permanent neuropsychological sequelae, such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, mental retardation, and visual motor or visual perceptive dysfunction. Melatonin has begun to be contemplated as a good choice in order to diminish the neurological sequelae from hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Melatonin emerges as a very interesting medication, because of its capacity to cross all physiological barriers extending to subcellular compartments and its safety and effectiveness. The purpose of this commentary is to detail the evidence on the use of melatonin as a neuroprotection agent. The pharmacologic aspects of the drug as well as its potential neuroprotective characteristics in human and animal studies are described in this study. Melatonin seems to be safe and beneficial in protecting neonatal brains from perinatal HIE. Larger randomized controlled trials in humans are required, to implement a long-awaited feasible treatment in order to avoid the dreaded sequelae of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima A Jomha
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Khiara, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed H Alhammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
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13
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Zhang J, Klufas D, Manalo K, Adjepong K, Davidson JO, Wassink G, Bennet L, Gunn AJ, Stopa EG, Liu K, Nishibori M, Stonestreet BS. HMGB1 Translocation After Ischemia in the Ovine Fetal Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:527-38. [PMID: 27151753 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to the evolution of hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that is translocated from the nucleus and released after ischemia in adult rodents and thereby initiates inflammatory responses. However, there is very little information regarding the effects of HI on HMGB1 in immature brains. To investigate the effects of HI on HMGB1 in the term-equivalent fetal brain, ovine fetuses at 127 days gestation were studied after 30 minutes of carotid occlusion. Groups were sham-control and ischemia with 48 hours and ischemia with 72 hours of reperfusion. By immunohistochemistry, HMGB1 was found to be localized primarily in cell nuclei and partially in cytoplasmic compartments in the cerebral cortex of controls. Ischemia increased the area fraction of neuronal cells with cytoplasmic HMGB1 staining, and Western immunoblot revealed that cytosolic HMGB1 expression increased after ischemia (p < 0.05) and decreased in nuclei in ischemic versus the sham-control brains (p < 0.05). These data indicate that HMGB1 translocates from the nuclear to cytosolic compartments after ischemic brain injury in fetal sheep. This translocation may enable the action of HMGB1 as a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to HI injury in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Zhang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Daniel Klufas
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Karina Manalo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Kwame Adjepong
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Guido Wassink
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Laura Bennet
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Edward G Stopa
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Keyue Liu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN)
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- From the Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island (JZ, DK, KM, KA, BSS); Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (JOD, GW, LB, AJG); Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (EGS); and Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (KL, MN).
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14
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Heylen L, Naesens M, Jochmans I, Monbaliu D, Lerut E, Claes K, Heye S, Verhamme P, Coosemans W, Bammens B, Evenepoel P, Meijers B, Kuypers D, Sprangers B, Pirenne J. The effect of anastomosis time on outcome in recipients of kidneys donated after brain death: a cohort study. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2900-7. [PMID: 26484837 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Whether warm ischemia during the time to complete the vascular anastomoses determines renal allograft function has not been investigated systematically. We investigated the effect of anastomosis time on allograft outcome in 669 first, single kidney transplantations from brain-dead donors. Anastomosis time independently increased the risk of delayed graft function (odds ratio per minute [OR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.07, p < 0.001) and independently impaired allograft function after transplantation (p = 0.009, mixed-models repeated-measures analysis). In a subgroup of transplant recipients, protocol-specified biopsies at 3 months (n = 186), 1 year (n = 189), and 2 years (n = 153) were blindly reviewed. Prolonged anastomosis time independently increased the risk of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy on these protocol-specified biopsies posttransplant (p < 0.001, generalized linear models). In conclusion, prolonged anastomosis time is not only detrimental for renal allograft outcome immediately after transplantation, also longer-term allograft function and histology are affected by the duration of this warm ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heylen
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Naesens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Jochmans
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Monbaliu
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Lerut
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Claes
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Heye
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Coosemans
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Bammens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Evenepoel
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Meijers
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Kuypers
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Sprangers
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Pirenne
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Bondi CO, Semple BD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Osier ND, Carlson SW, Dixon CE, Giza CC, Kline AE. Found in translation: Understanding the biology and behavior of experimental traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:123-46. [PMID: 25496906 PMCID: PMC4465064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss in greater detail the topics covered in the recent symposium entitled "Traumatic brain injury: laboratory and clinical perspectives," presented at the 2014 International Behavioral Neuroscience Society annual meeting. Herein, we review contemporary laboratory models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) including common assays for sensorimotor and cognitive behavior. New modalities to evaluate social behavior after injury to the developing brain, as well as the attentional set-shifting test (AST) as a measure of executive function in TBI, will be highlighted. Environmental enrichment (EE) will be discussed as a preclinical model of neurorehabilitation, and finally, an evidence-based approach to sports-related concussion will be considered. The review consists predominantly of published data, but some discussion of ongoing or future directions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Neurological Surgery and the Graduate Program in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Neurological Surgery and the Graduate Program in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nicole D Osier
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shaun W Carlson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christopher C Giza
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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16
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Sun H, Juul HM, Jensen FE. Models of hypoxia and ischemia-induced seizures. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:252-60. [PMID: 26434705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite greater understanding and improved management, seizures continue to be a major problem in childhood. Neonatal seizures are often refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs, and can result in later life epilepsy and cognitive deficits, conditions for which there are no specific treatments. Hypoxic and/or ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most common cause for neonatal seizures, and accounts for more than two-thirds of neonatal seizure cases. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms is essential for identifying new therapeutic strategies that control the neonatal seizures and its cognitive consequences. This heavily relies on animal models that play a critical role in discovering novel mechanisms underlying both epileptogenesis and associated cognitive impairments. To date, a number of animal models have provided a tremendous amount of information regarding the pathophysiology of HIE-induced neonatal seizures. This review provides an overview on the most important features of the main animal models of HIE-induced seizures. In particular, we focus on the methodology of seizure induction and the characterizations of post-HIE injury consequences. These aspects of HIE-induced seizure models are discussed in the light of the suitability of these models in studying human HIE-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Halvor M Juul
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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17
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Campanille V, Saraceno GE, Rivière S, Logica T, Kölliker R, Capani F, Castilla R. Long lasting cerebellar alterations after perinatal asphyxia in rats. Brain Res Bull 2015; 116:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Iqbal S, Ali M, Iqbal F. Long term creatine monohydrate supplementation, following neonatal hypoxic ischemic insult, improves neuromuscular coordination and spatial learning in male albino mouse. Brain Res 2014; 1603:76-83. [PMID: 25445997 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is known to rescue animals following brain damage. Present study was designed to demonstrate the effect of long term (15 week) supplementation of 2% creatine monohydrate (Cr), following neonatal hypoxic ischemic insult, on learning and memory formation in male albino mouse. Albino mice pups were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation followed by 8% hypoxia for 25 minutes. Following weaning, animals were separated and grouped on the basis of dietry supplementation for 15 weeks followed by a battery of neurological tests including Morris water maze, open field and rota rod. It was observed that HI mice fed on 2% Cr for 15 weeks performed better than their littermates mice on normal rodent diet during water maze (learning and memory) and rotating rod (neuro-muscular coordination and balance) test while the results of open field test remained unaffected. It was also observed that Cr treated animals had a reduced brain infarct volume than untreated but this difference did not reached statistical significance. We have also observed an overall increase in body weight in Cr treated mice during the study. Over all our results are indicating that long term Cr supplementation is beneficial for male albino following hypoxic ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Iqbal
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
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19
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Blood component transfusion increases the risk of death in children with traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:1082-7; discussion 1087-8. [PMID: 24662875 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood transfusion has been associated with worse outcomes in adult trauma patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the effects in injured children have not been evaluated. We hypothesize that blood transfusion is also associated with worse outcomes in children with TBI. METHODS A retrospective review of the trauma database at two Level I pediatric trauma centers was performed. We reviewed all patients 18 years and younger with TBI, who survived at least 24 hours, from 2002 to 2011. Exclusion criteria include those who underwent craniotomy, thoracotomy, exploratory laparotomy, and any orthopedic procedure. RESULTS A total of 1,607 children with TBI were included in the study population (mean age, 6.4 [5.7] years; 65% male), 178 of whom received a blood transfusion. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 16.5 (9.1). Patients who received a transfusion had a higher ISS than those who did not (26.7 vs. 15.3). After controlling for age, sex, ISS, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on presentation, and mechanism of injury, patients who received a blood transfusion were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (p < 0.0001), less likely to survive to hospital discharge (p = 0.02), more likely to be discharged to a rehabilitation facility (p = 0.01) and be dependent on caretakers at follow-up (p < 0.0001), as well as more likely to develop urinary tract infection (p = 0.02) and bacteremia (p = 0.02) during their hospital stay. These differences in outcomes among those who did and did not receive a blood transfusion began to disappear in patients with a nadir hemoglobin of less than 8.0 g/dL. CONCLUSION Pediatric patients sustaining TBI who receive blood transfusion and do not require operative intervention have worse outcomes compared with patients who do not receive transfusion. This includes an increased risk of death. These data suggest that a transfusion trigger of hemoglobin level at 8.0 g/dL in injured children with TBI may be beneficial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic study, level III. Therapeutic study, level IV.
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Roffe C, Nevatte T, Crome P, Gray R, Sim J, Pountain S, Handy L, Handy P. The Stroke Oxygen Study (SO2S) - a multi-center, study to assess whether routine oxygen treatment in the first 72 hours after a stroke improves long-term outcome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:99. [PMID: 24684940 PMCID: PMC3977676 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild hypoxia is common in stroke patients and may have significant adverse effects on the ischemic brain after stroke. The use of oxygen treatment is rapidly increasing in European stroke units but is not without side effects. It impedes early mobilization, could pose an infection risk, and may encourage the formation of toxic free radicals, leading to further damage to the ischemic brain. In the Stroke Oxygen Pilot Study (2 or 3 L/min for 72 hours) neurological recovery at one week was better in the oxygen group than in controls, and after correction for difference in baseline stroke severity and prognostic factors, there was a trend to better outcome with oxygen at six months. Oxygen was as effective in mild as in severe strokes.Oxygen saturation is lower at night than during the day, and episodes of oxygen desaturation are common during sleep. Nocturnal oxygen supplementation is likely to reduce the burden of hypoxia without interfering with daytime mobilization and rehabilitation.Before wider use of oxygen supplementation becomes established it is important to obtain better evidence on which patients benefit from such treatment. METHODS Participants will be randomized to one of three groups: the first will receive continuous oxygen for 72 hours (at a rate of 2 or 3 L/min depending on baseline oxygen saturation), the second group will receive nocturnal oxygen only (at a rate of 2 or 3 L/min depending on baseline oxygen saturation) and the third group will not receive any oxygen (control). A baseline assessment is performed at randomization and a one-week follow-up completed. Outcome data at three, six and twelve months will be obtained via a questionnaire sent to the patient by the trial center. DISCUSSION This study will provide evidence on the effectiveness of oxygen supplementation for the treatment of stroke and whether nocturnal oxygen is a potentially beneficial therapy regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the ISRCTN register ID number ISRCTN52416964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roffe
- Stroke Research, North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust, Holly Lodge, 62 Queens Road, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LH, UK
| | - Tracy Nevatte
- Stroke Research, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Peter Crome
- Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Richard Gray
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Julius Sim
- Health Services Research Unit, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Sarah Pountain
- Stroke Research, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Linda Handy
- Strokes R Us, High Lane, Stoke on Trent ST6 7DZ, UK
| | - Peter Handy
- Strokes R Us, High Lane, Stoke on Trent ST6 7DZ, UK
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Lalonde CC, Mielke JG. Selective vulnerability of hippocampal sub-fields to oxygen–glucose deprivation is a function of animal age. Brain Res 2014; 1543:271-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Protective role of melatonin in neonatal diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:980374. [PMID: 24349616 PMCID: PMC3852086 DOI: 10.1155/2013/980374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the severity of several newborn conditions to the extent that Saugstad coined the phrase “oxygen radical diseases of neonatology.” In order to counteract free radicals damage many strategies to augment antioxidant status in ill-term and preterm infants have been proposed and several medications have been experimented with mixed results. Several studies have tested the efficacy of melatonin to counteract oxidative damage in diseases of newborns such as chronic lung disease, perinatal brain injury, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity, giving promising results. The peculiar perinatal susceptibility to oxidative stress indicates that prophylactic use of antioxidants as melatonin could help to prevent or at least reduce oxidative stress related diseases in newborns. However, more studies are needed to confirm these beneficial effects.
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23
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Seo KA, Kim S, Lee NM, Chae SA. Susceptibility of rat hippocampal neurons to hypothermia during development. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2013; 56:446-50. [PMID: 24244213 PMCID: PMC3827493 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2013.56.10.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the extent of damage due to hypothermia in the mature and immature brain. Methods Hippocampal tissue cultures at 7 and 14 days in vitro (DIV) were used to represent the immature and mature brain, respectively. The cultures were exposed at 25℃ for 0, 10, 30, and 60 minutes (n=30 in each subgroup). Propidium iodide fluorescent images were captured 24 and 48 hours after hypothermic injury. Damaged areas of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) were measured using image analysis. Results At 7 DIV, the tissues exposed to cold injury for 60 minutes showed increased damage in CA1 (P<0.001) and CA3 (P=0.005) compared to the control group at 48 hours. Increased damage to DG was observed at 24 (P=0.008) and 48 hours (P=0.011). The 14 DIV tissues did not demonstrate any significant differences compared with the control group, except for the tissues exposed for 30 minutes in which DG showed less damage at 48 hours than the control group (P=0.048). In tissues at 7 DIV, CA1 (P=0.040) and DG (P=0.013) showed differences in the duration of cold exposure. Conclusion The immature brain is more vulnerable to hypothermic injury than the mature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Trummer G, Foerster K, Buckberg GD, Benk C, Mader I, Heilmann C, Liakopoulos O, Beyersdorf F. Superior neurologic recovery after 15 minutes of normothermic cardiac arrest using an extracorporeal life support system for optimized blood pressure and flow. Perfusion 2013; 29:130-8. [PMID: 23885022 DOI: 10.1177/0267659113497776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death. Conventional CPR techniques after cardiac arrest provide circulation with reduced and varying blood flow and pressure. We hypothesize that using pressure- and flow-controlled reperfusion of the whole body improves neurological recovery and survival after 15 min of normothermic cardiac arrest. METHODS Pigs were randomized in two experimental groups and exposed to 15 min of ventricular fibrillation (VF). After this period, the animals in the control group received conventional CPR with open chest compression (n=6), while circulation in the treatment group (n=6) was established with an extracorporeal life support system (ECLS) to control blood pressure and flow. Follow-up included the assessment of neurological recovery and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for up to 7 days. RESULTS Five of the six animals in the control group died, one animal was resuscitated successfully. In the treatment group, 1/6 could not be separated from ECLS. Five out of the six pigs survived and were transferred to the animal facility. One animal was unable to walk and had to be sacrificed 30 hours after ECLS. The remaining 4 animals of the treatment group and the surviving pig from the control group showed complete neurological recovery. Brain MRI revealed no pathological changes. CONCLUSION We were able to demonstrate a significant improvement in survival after 15 minutes of normothermic cardiac arrest. These results support our hypothesis that using an ECLS for pressure- and flow-controlled circulation after circulatory arrest is superior to conventional CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trummer
- 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Foerster K, D'Inka M, Beyersdorf F, Benk C, Nguyen-Thanh T, Mader I, Fritsch B, Ihling C, Mueller K, Heilmann C, Trummer G. Prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation by extracorporeal life support: favourable outcome without preceding anticoagulation in an experimental setting. Perfusion 2013; 28:520-8. [PMID: 23827862 DOI: 10.1177/0267659113495081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) restores circulation with inconsistent blood-flow and pressure. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) following CPR opens the opportunity for "controlled reperfusion". In animal experiments investigating CPR with ECLS, systemic anticoagulation before induced cardiac arrest is normal, but a major point of dispute, since preliminary heparinization in patients undergoing unwitnessed cardiac arrest is impossible. In this study, we investigated options for ECLS after an experimental 15 minutes normothermic cardiac arrest, without preceding anticoagulation, in pigs. Neurological recovery was assessed by a scoring system, electroencephalography and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, brain histology was performed on day seven after cardiac arrest. We demonstrated that preliminary heparin administration was not necessary for survival or neurological recovery in this setting. Heparin flushing of the cannulae seemed sufficient to avoid thrombus formation. These findings may ease the way to using ECLS in patients with sudden cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Foerster
- 1Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
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Semple BD, Blomgren K, Gimlin K, Ferriero DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:1-16. [PMID: 23583307 PMCID: PMC3737272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1338] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic brain injuries are leading causes of long-term mortality and disability in infants and children. Although several preclinical models using rodents of different ages have been developed, species differences in the timing of key brain maturation events can render comparisons of vulnerability and regenerative capacities difficult to interpret. Traditional models of developmental brain injury have utilized rodents at postnatal day 7-10 as being roughly equivalent to a term human infant, based historically on the measurement of post-mortem brain weights during the 1970s. Here we will examine fundamental brain development processes that occur in both rodents and humans, to delineate a comparable time course of postnatal brain development across species. We consider the timing of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, oligodendrocyte maturation and age-dependent behaviors that coincide with developmentally regulated molecular and biochemical changes. In general, while the time scale is considerably different, the sequence of key events in brain maturation is largely consistent between humans and rodents. Further, there are distinct parallels in regional vulnerability as well as functional consequences in response to brain injuries. With a focus on developmental hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury, this review offers guidelines for researchers when considering the most appropriate rodent age for the developmental stage or process of interest to approximate human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Q2:07, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kayleen Gimlin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Donna M. Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Cerio FGD, Lara-Celador I, Alvarez A, Hilario E. Neuroprotective therapies after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Brain Sci 2013; 3:191-214. [PMID: 24961314 PMCID: PMC4061821 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is one of the main causes of disabilities in term-born infants. It is the result of a deprivation of oxygen and glucose in the neural tissue. As one of the most important causes of brain damage in the newborn period, the neonatal HI event is a devastating condition that can lead to long-term neurological deficits or even death. The pattern of this injury occurs in two phases, the first one is a primary energy failure related to the HI event and the second phase is an energy failure that takes place some hours later. Injuries that occur in response to these events are often manifested as severe cognitive and motor disturbances over time. Due to difficulties regarding the early diagnosis and treatment of HI injury, there is an increasing need to find effective therapies as new opportunities for the reduction of brain damage and its long term effects. Some of these therapies are focused on prevention of the production of reactive oxygen species, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic interventions and in a later stage, the stimulation of neurotrophic properties in the neonatal brain which could be targeted to promote neuronal and oligodendrocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Goñi de Cerio
- Biotechnology Area, GAIKER Technology Centre, Parque Tecnológico de Zamudio Ed 202, 48170 Zamudio, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Idoia Lara-Celador
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48949 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Antonia Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48949 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48949 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Semple BD, Canchola SA, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Deficits in social behavior emerge during development after pediatric traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2672-83. [PMID: 22888909 PMCID: PMC3510450 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pediatric brain may be particularly vulnerable to social deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to the protracted nature of psychosocial development through adolescence. However, the majority of pre-clinical studies fail to assess social outcomes in experimental pediatric TBI. The current study evaluated social behavior in mice subjected to TBI at post-natal day (p)21. Social behaviors were assessed by a partition test, resident-intruder, three-chamber, and tube dominance tasks during adolescence (p35-42) and again during early adulthood (p60-70), during encounters with unfamiliar, naïve stimulus mice. Despite normal olfactory function and normal social behaviors during adolescence, brain-injured mice showed impaired social investigation by adulthood, evidenced by reduced ano-genital sniffing and reduced following of stimulus mice in the resident-intruder task, as well as a loss of preference for sociability in the three-chamber task. TBI mice also lacked a preference for social novelty, suggestive of a deficit in social recognition or memory. By adulthood, brain-injured mice exerted more frequent dominance in the tube task compared to sham-operated controls, a finding suggestive of aggressive tendencies. Together these findings reveal reduced social interaction and a tendency towards increased aggression, which evolves across development to adulthood. This emergence of aberrant social behavior, which parallels the development of other cognitive deficits in this model and behaviors seen in brain-injured children, is consistent with the hypothesis that the full extent of deficits is not realized until the associated skills reach maturity. Thus, efficacy of therapeutics for pediatric TBI should take into account the time-dependent emergence of abnormal behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA.
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29
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Montori S, DosAnjos S, Poole A, Regueiro-Purriños MM, Llorente IL, Darlison MG, Fernández-López A, Martínez-Villayandre B. Differential effect of transient global ischaemia on the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor subunit mRNAs in young and older rats. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:710-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates severe brain injury by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in newborn rats. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:277-84. [PMID: 22669296 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe brain injury induced by neonatal stroke causes significant mortality and disability, and effective therapies are currently lacking. We hypothesized that human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can attenuate severe brain injury induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rat pups. METHODS After confirming severe brain injury involving more than 50% of the ipsilateral hemisphere volume at 1 h after MCAO using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in postnatal day (P)10 rats, human UCB-derived MSCs were transplanted intraventricularly. The brain MRI was evaluated periodically up to 28 d after MCAO (P38). Sensorimotor function and histology in the peri-infarct tissues were evaluated at the end of the experiment. RESULTS Severe brain injury induced by permanent MCAO resulted in decreased survival and body weight gain, increased brain infarct volume as measured by MRI, impaired functional tests such as the rotarod and cylinder test, and histologic abnormalities such as increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling, reactive microglial marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells in the penumbra. All of these abnormalities were significantly improved by MSC transplantation 6 h after MCAO. CONCLUSION These results suggest that human UCB-derived MSCs are a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of severe perinatal brain injury including neonatal stroke.
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Eyo U, Dailey ME. Effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation on microglial mobility and viability in developing mouse hippocampal tissues. Glia 2012; 60:1747-60. [PMID: 22847985 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As brain-resident immune cells, microglia (MG) survey the brain parenchyma to maintain homeostasis during development and following injury. Research in perinatal stroke, a leading cause of lifelong disability, has implicated MG as targets for therapeutic intervention during stroke. Although MG responses are complex, work in developing rodents suggests that MG limit brain damage after stroke. However, little is known about how energy-limiting conditions affect MG survival and mobility (motility and migration) in developing brain tissues. Here, we used confocal time-lapse imaging to monitor MG viability and mobility during hypoxia or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in hippocampal tissue slices derived from neonatal GFP-reporter mice (CX3CR1(GFP/+) ). We found that MG remain viable for at least 6 h of hypoxia but begin to die after 2 h of OGD, while both hypoxia and OGD reduce MG motility. Unexpectedly, some MG retain or recover motility during OGD and can engulf dead cells. Additionally, MG from younger neonates (P2-P3) are more resistant to OGD than those from older ones (P6-P7), indicating increasing vulnerability with developmental age. Finally, transient (2 h) OGD also increases MG death, and although motility is rapidly restored after transient OGD, it remains below control levels for many hours. Together, these results show that MG in neonatal mouse brain tissues are vulnerable to both transient and sustained OGD, and many MG die within hours after onset of OGD. Preventing MG death may, therefore, provide a strategy for promoting tissue restoration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukpong Eyo
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Wang P, Tian WW, Song J, Guan YF, Miao CY. Deficiency of NG2+ cells contributes to the susceptibility of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 17:327-32. [PMID: 21951366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the NG2(+) cells, a class of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, is involved in the pathophysiology of stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR-SP). METHODS SHR-SP, SHR, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), and C57BJ/6 mice were used. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate the number of NG2(+) cells in frozen brain sections. Demyelination was evaluated by Sudan black staining and serum level of myelin basic protein. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to prepare experimental stroke model. RESULTS The number of NG2(+) cells was significantly decreased in infarct core and increased in penumbra in WKY rats after MCAO. In brain sections of 6-month-old SHR-SP, the number of NG2(+) cells was significantly (P < 0.01) less than that in age-matched SHR and WKY rats. However, this phenomenon was not observed in 3-month-old rats. Demyelination was found in 6-month-old SHR-SP but not in 3-month-old SHR-SP. Pharmacological treatment of cuprizone in mice induced demyelination and enlargement of cerebral infarction after MCAO. CONCLUSION The decline of NG2(+) cells may cause demyelination and contribute to the susceptibility of SHR-SP to ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from nicotinamide. This protein was originally cloned as a putative pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor and also found to be a visceral fat-derived adipokine (visfatin). As a multifunctional protein, visfatin plays an important role in immunity, metabolism, aging, inflammation, and responses to stress. Visfatin also participates in several pathophysiological processes contributing to cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke. However, whether visfatin is a friend or a foe in these diseases remains uncertain. This brief review focuses on the current understanding of the complex role of visfatin in the cardio-cerebro-vascular system under normal and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Otsuguro K, Wada M, Ito S. Differential contributions of adenosine to hypoxia-evoked depressions of three neuronal pathways in isolated spinal cord of neonatal rats. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:132-44. [PMID: 21410685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxic effects on neuronal functions vary significantly with experimental conditions, but the mechanism for this is unclear. Adenosine has been reported to play a key role in depression of neuronal activities in the CNS during acute hypoxia. Hence, we examined the effect of acute hypoxia on different spinal reflex potentials and the contribution of adenosine to them. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Spinal reflex potentials, monosynaptic reflex potential (MSR), slow ventral root potential (sVRP) and dorsal root potential (DRP), were measured in the isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat. Adenosine release was measured by using enzymatic biosensors. KEY RESULTS In the spinal cord preparation isolated from postnatal day 5-8 rats at 27°C, acute hypoxia induced adenosine release and depressed three reflex potentials. However, in postnatal day 0-3 rats at 27°C, the hypoxic-induced adenosine release and depression of MSR were negligible, while the depression of sVRP and DRP were perceptible responses. In postnatal day 0-3 rats at 33°C, hypoxia evoked adenosine release and depression of MSR. An adenosine A(1) receptor selective antagonist and a high [Ca(2+)](o), which suppressed adenosine release, abolished the hypoxic-induced depression of MSR but not those of sVRP and DRP. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hypoxic-induced depression of MSR depends on adenosine release, which is highly susceptible to age, temperature and [Ca(2+)](o). However, a large part of the depressions of DRP and sVRP are mediated via adenosine-independent mechanisms. This differential contribution of adenosine to depression is suggested to be an important factor for the variable effects of hypoxia on neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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35
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Neuronal death by repetitive cortical spreading depression in juvenile rat brain. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:438-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mehan ND, Strauss KI. Combined age- and trauma-related proteomic changes in rat neocortex: a basis for brain vulnerability. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1857-73. [PMID: 22088680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This proteomic study investigates the widely observed clinical phenomenon, that after comparable brain injuries, geriatric patients fare worse and recover less cognitive and neurologic function than younger victims. Utilizing a rat traumatic brain injury model, sham surgery or a neocortical contusion was induced in 3 age groups. Geriatric (21 months) rats performed worse on behavioral measures than young adults (12-16 weeks) and juveniles (5-6 weeks). Motor coordination and certain cognitive deficits showed age-dependence both before and after injury. Brain proteins were analyzed using silver-stained two-dimensional electrophoresis gels. Spot volume changes (>2-fold change, p<0.01) were identified between age and injury groups using computer-assisted densitometry. Sequences were determined by mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides. The 19 spots identified represented 13 different genes that fell into 4 general age- and injury-dependent expression patterns. Fifteen isoforms changed differentially with respect to both age and injury (p<0.05). Further investigations into the nature and function of these isoforms may yield insights into the vulnerability of older patients and resilience of younger patients in recovery after brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D Mehan
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0517, USA
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Roffe C, Ali K, Warusevitane A, Sills S, Pountain S, Allen M, Hodsoll J, Lally F, Jones P, Crome P. The SOS pilot study: a RCT of routine oxygen supplementation early after acute stroke--effect on recovery of neurological function at one week. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19113. [PMID: 21625533 PMCID: PMC3098237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mild hypoxia is common after stroke and associated with poor long-term outcome. Oxygen supplementation could prevent hypoxia and improve recovery. A previous study of routine oxygen supplementation showed no significant benefit at 7 and 12 months. This pilot study reports the effects of routine oxygen supplementation for 72 hours on oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes at 1 week after a stroke. METHODS Patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke were recruited within 24 h of hospital admission between October 2004 and April 2008. Participants were randomized to oxygen via nasal cannulae (72 h) or control (room air, oxygen given only if clinically indicated). Clinical outcomes were assessed by research team members at 1 week. Baseline data for oxygen (n = 148) and control (n = 141) did not differ between groups. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score for the groups at baseline was 6 (7) and 5 (7) respectively. The median Nocturnal Oxygen Saturation during treatment was 1.4% (0.3) higher in the oxygen than in the control group (p<0.001) during the intervention. At 1 week, the median NIHSS score had reduced by 2 (3) in the oxygen and by 1 (2) in the control group. 31% of participants in the oxygen group and 14% in the control group had an improvement of ≥4 NIHSS points at 1 week doubling the odds of improvement in the oxygen group (OR: 2.9). CONCLUSION Our data show that routine oxygen supplementation started within 24 hours of hospital admission with acute stroke led to a small, but statistically significant, improvement in neurological recovery at 1 week. However, the difference in NIHSS improvement may be due to baseline imbalance in stroke severity between the two groups and needs to be confirmed in a larger study and linked to longer-term clinical outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN12362720; European Clinical Trials Database 2004-001866-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roffe
- Stoke Stroke Research Group, North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare Trust, Stoke-On-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species-mediated damage because of its high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, high rate of oxygen consumption, low concentrations of antioxidants, high content of metals catalyzing free radical formation, and large proportion of sensitive immature cells. In this review, we outline the dynamic changes of energy resources, metabolic requirements, and endogenous free radical scavenging systems during physiologic brain development. We further discuss the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neuronal death after exposure of the infant brain to hyperoxia, hypoxia/ischemia, sedative drugs, ethanol, and mechanical trauma. Several approaches have been developed to combat oxidative stress, but neuroprotective treatment strategies are limited in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Rosenkranz K, Meier C. Umbilical cord blood cell transplantation after brain ischemia--from recovery of function to cellular mechanisms. Ann Anat 2011; 193:371-9. [PMID: 21514122 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation has been proposed as a potential approach to the treatment of neurological disorders. One cell population of interest consists of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cells, which have previously been shown to be useful for reparative medicine in haematological diseases. However, hUCB cells are also capable of differentiating into various non-haematopoietic cells, including those of the neural lineage. Moreover, hUCB cells can secrete numerous neurotrophic factors and modulate immune function and inflammatory reaction. Several studies on animal models of ischemic brain injury have demonstrated the potential of hUCB cells to minimize damage and promote recovery after ischemic brain injury.This review focuses on the treatment of both stroke and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury using hUCB cells. We discuss the therapeutic effects demonstrated after hUCB cell transplantation and emphasize possible mechanisms counteracting pathophysiological events of ischemia, thus leading to the generation of a regenerative environment that allows neural plasticity and functional recovery. The therapeutic functional effects of hUCB cells observed in animal models make the transplantation of hUCB cells a promising experimental approach in the treatment of ischemic brain injury. Together with its availability, low risk of transplantation, immaturity of cells, and simple route of application, hUCB transplantation may stand a good chance of being translated into a clinical setting for the therapy of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rosenkranz
- Department of Functional Proteomics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Lai MC, Yang SN. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:609813. [PMID: 21197402 PMCID: PMC3010686 DOI: 10.1155/2011/609813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of brain injury in the newborn and can result in long-term devastating consequences. Perinatal hypoxia is a vital cause of long-term neurologic complications varying from mild behavioural deficits to severe seizure, mental retardation, and/or cerebral palsy in the newborn. In the mammalian developing brain, ongoing research into pathophysiological mechanism of neuronal injury and therapeutic strategy after perinatal hypoxia is still limited. With the advent of promising therapy of hypothermia in HIE, this paper reviews the pathophysiology of HIE and the future potential neuroprotective strategies for clinical potential for hypoxia sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - San-Nan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Zihyou 1st Road, Sanmin District Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Terpstra M, Rao R, Tkac I. Region-specific changes in ascorbate concentration during rat brain development quantified by in vivo (1)H NMR spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:1038-1043. [PMID: 20806228 PMCID: PMC3274381 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C, Asc) was quantified in vivo using short-TE (1)H NMR spectra from a previously published study on regional and developmental changes in the neurochemical profile of the rat brain (Tkac I, Rao R, Georgieff MK, Gruetter R. Magn Reson Med. 2003; 50: 24-32). Asc concentration was quantified on postnatal days P7-P28 from three regions that are of interest in the study of neurocognitive development, i.e. the hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. The previously measured (1)H NMR spectra were re-analyzed using LCModel with the Asc spectrum included in the basis set. The Asc concentration was consistently quantified from all 110 re-analyzed spectra with an estimated fitting error of 7% (i.e. the average Cramer-Rao lower bound). The sensitivity of Asc quantification was sufficiently high to detect regional and developmental changes in Asc concentration. The concentration of Asc was highest on P7, and decreased with age in all three brain regions (p < 0.001) in agreement with previous in vitro studies. At P10 and older postnatal ages, an inhomogeneous distribution of Asc among brain regions was detected. In addition to facilitating the quantification of this important antioxidant concentration, the inclusion of the Asc spectrum in the LCModel basis set improved the quantification accuracy of other brain metabolite concentrations in the neurochemical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Terpstra
- Radiology and Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Jafarian M, Rahimi S, Behnam F, Hosseini M, Haghir H, Sadeghzadeh B, Gorji A. The effect of repetitive spreading depression on neuronal damage in juvenile rat brain. Neuroscience 2010; 169:388-94. [PMID: 20438812 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is pronounced depolarization of neurons and glia that travels slowly across brain tissue followed by massive redistribution of ions between intra- and extracellular compartments. There is a relationship between SD and some neurological disorders. In the present study the effects of repetitive SD on neuronal damage in cortical and subcortical regions of juvenile rat brain were investigated. The animals were anesthetized and the electrodes as well as cannula were implanted over the brain. SD-like event was induced by KCl injection. The brains were removed after 2 or 4 weeks after induction of 2 or 4 SD-like waves (with interval of 1 week), respectively. Normal saline was injected instead of KCl in sham group. For stereological study, paraffin-embedded brains were cut in 5 microm sections. The sections were stained with Toluidine Blue to measure the volume-weighted mean volume of normal neurons and the numerical density of dark neurons. The volume-weighted mean volume of normal neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus and layer V of the temporal cortex in SD group were significantly decreased after four repetitive SD. Furthermore, densities of dark neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus (after 2 weeks), the caudate-putamen, and layer V of the temporal cortex (after 4 weeks) were significantly increased in SD group. Repetitive cortical SD in juvenile rats may cause neuronal damage in cortical and subcortical areas of the brain. This may important in pathophysiology of SD-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jafarian
- Department of Anatomy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran
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The effect of blood transfusion on brain oxygenation in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010; 11:325-31. [PMID: 19794323 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e3181b80a8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The indications for blood transfusion in traumatic brain injury are controversial. In particular, little is known about the effect of blood transfusion in childhood traumatic brain injury. This study aimed to examine the influence of blood transfusion on brain tissue oxygen tension in children with severe traumatic brain injury. DESIGN A retrospective analysis of a prospective observational database of children with severe traumatic brain injury who received brain tissue oxygen tension monitoring and a blood transfusion. SETTING University-affiliated pediatric hospital. PATIENTS Children with severe traumatic brain injury and blood transfusion. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Brain tissue oxygen tension was measured in normal-appearing white matter with a commercially available polarographic Clarke-type electrode. Brain tissue oxygen tension values after blood transfusion were compared with pre-transfusion values in hemodynamically stable patients. Limited interventions were allowed during the studied period. Brain tissue oxygen tension values were examined for early (1-4 hrs) and late (24 hrs) changes after blood transfusion, controlling for multiple clinical and physiologic variables with regression techniques. Further comparison was made with matched non-transfused controls to examine the influence of time after injury. Nineteen blood transfusions in 17 patients were evaluated. Brain tissue oxygen tension increased significantly in the early period after blood transfusion (p = .0018; 79% increased, 21% decreased) in comparison with baseline values and matched controls, but the overall changes were small and, in part, influenced by accompanying cerebral perfusion pressure changes. Also, this effect was limited to the early period after blood transfusion and was not significant after 24 hrs. In general, the brain tissue oxygen tension increase was larger in patients with higher baseline brain tissue oxygen tension and lower initial hemoglobin; however, no factors associated with the magnitude of the brain tissue oxygen tension change were significant in multivariate analysis. Increased age of blood did not appear to impair brain tissue oxygen tension changes, but most blood transfusion were <14 days old. CONCLUSIONS Brain tissue oxygen tension increased transiently in 79% of blood transfusion in pediatric traumatic brain injury patients, and decreased transiently in 21%. Brain tissue oxygen tension returned to baseline within 24 hrs. Reliable predictors of this brain tissue oxygen tension response to blood transfusion, however, remain elusive.
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Yoneyama-Sarnecky T, Olivas AD, Azari S, Ferriero DM, Manvelyan HM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Heme oxygenase-2 modulates early pathogenesis after traumatic injury to the immature brain. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:81-90. [PMID: 20389079 DOI: 10.1159/000258700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined if heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), an enzyme that degrades the pro-oxidant heme, confers neuroprotection in the developing brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Male HO-2 wild-type (WT) and homozygous knockout (KO) mice at postnatal day 21 were subjected to TBI and euthanized 1, 7, and 14 days later. Relative cerebral blood flow, measured by laser Doppler, cortical and hippocampal pathogenesis, and motor recovery were evaluated at all time points. Cerebral blood flow was found to be similar between experimental groups. Blood flow significantly decreased immediately after injury, returned to baseline by 1 day, and was significantly elevated by 7 days, post-injury. Nonheme iron preferentially accumulated in the ipsilateral cortex, hippocampus, and external capsule in both WT and KO brain-injured genotypes. There were, however, a significantly greater number of TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and a significantly greater cortical lesion volume in KOs relative to WTs within the first week post-injury. By 14 days post-injury, however, cortical lesion volume and cell density in the hippocampal CA3 region and dorsal thalamus were similar between the two groups. Assays of fine motor function (grip strength) over the first 2 weeks post-injury revealed a general pattern of decreased strength in the contralateral forelimbs of KOs as compared to WTs. Together, these findings demonstrate that deficiency in HO-2 alters both the kinetics of secondary damage and fine motor recovery after TBI.
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45
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Roffe C, Sills S, Pountain SJ, Allen M. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fixed-dose routine nocturnal oxygen supplementation on oxygen saturation in patients with acute stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 19:29-35. [PMID: 20123224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild hypoxia is common in patients with stroke, and associated with worse long-term outcome. Oxygen supplementation could prevent hypoxia and improve recovery. A previous study of routine oxygen supplementation showed no benefit after acute stroke, but did not report compliance and the effect on oxygenation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of routine low-flow oxygen supplementation on oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) in patients with acute stroke. METHODS In all, 63 patients with normoxic stroke and no indications for oxygen treatment were randomized to 2 L/min oxygen supplementation via nasal cannulae overnight or to control (room air) within 72 hours of symptom onset. Additional oxygen was given at the discretion of the clinical team, if medically indicated. SpO(2) was assessed from 22:00 to 09:00 by pulse oximetry. Compliance with the trial treatment and sleep status were recorded by nursing staff. RESULTS In all, 59 patients were confirmed to have had a stroke and available for overnight monitoring. Six (2 oxygen, 4 control) had no or insufficient oximetry data for analysis. The mean nocturnal SpO(2) was 2.5% higher in the oxygen group (n = 27) than in the control group (n = 26) (P < .001). More patients on oxygen than control subjects had SpO(2) greater than 90% throughout the night (59% v 23%). Patients on oxygen had fewer desaturations than control subjects (oxygen desaturation index 4%, 0.8 v 2.1) (P = .001). Oxygen was found to be in place as prescribed in 71%. Oxygen supplementation was not associated with insomnia or restlessness. No patient in either group was given oxygen for clinical indications. CONCLUSIONS Nocturnal oxygen supplementation at a rate of 2 L/min increases the mean nocturnal SpO(2) by 2.5% and reduces the number of nocturnal desaturations in patients with acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roffe
- Stroke Research Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
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Braeuninger S, Kleinschnitz C. Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia: procedural pitfalls and translational problems. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2009; 1:8. [PMID: 20150986 PMCID: PMC2820446 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia are essential tools in experimental stroke research. They have added tremendously to our understanding of injury mechanisms in stroke and have helped to identify potential therapeutic targets. A plethora of substances, however, in particular an overwhelming number of putative neuroprotective agents, have been shown to be effective in preclinical stroke research, but have failed in clinical trials. A lot of factors may have contributed to this failure of translation from bench to bedside. Often, deficits in the quality of experimental stroke research seem to be involved. In this article, we review the commonest rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia - middle cerebral artery occlusion, photothrombosis, and embolic stroke models - with their respective advantages and problems, and we address the issue of quality in preclinical stroke modeling as well as potential reasons for translational failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Braeuninger
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-Universitaet Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Tsuru-Aoyagi K, Potts MB, Trivedi A, Pfankuch T, Raber J, Wendland M, Claus CP, Koh SE, Ferriero D, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Glutathione peroxidase activity modulates recovery in the injured immature brain. Ann Neurol 2009; 65:540-9. [PMID: 19475669 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice subjected to traumatic brain injury at postnatal day 21 show emerging cognitive deficits that coincide with hippocampal neuronal loss. Here we consider glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity as a determinant of recovery in the injured immature brain. METHODS Wild-type and transgenic (GPxTg) mice overexpressing GPx were subjected to traumatic brain injury or sham surgery at postnatal day 21. Animals were killed acutely (3 or 24 hours after injury) to assess oxidative stress and cell injury in the hippocampus or 4 months after injury after behavioral assessments. RESULTS In the acutely injured brains, a reduction in oxidative stress markers including nitrotyrosine was seen in the injured GPxTg group relative to wild-type control mice. In contrast, cell injury, with marked vulnerability in the dentate gyrus, was apparent despite no differences between genotypes. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an emerging cortical lesion during brain maturation that was also indistinguishable between injured genotypes. Stereological analyses of cortical volumes likewise confirmed no genotypic differences between injured groups. However, behavioral tests beginning 3 months after injury demonstrated improved spatial memory learning in the GPxTg group. Moreover, stereological analysis within hippocampal subregions demonstrated a significantly greater number of neurons within the dentate of the GPx group. INTERPRETATION Our results implicate GPx in recovery of spatial memory after traumatic brain injury. This recovery may be attributed, in part, to a reduction in early oxidative stress and selective, long-term sparing of neurons in the dentate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tsuru-Aoyagi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Potts MB, Rola R, Claus CP, Ferriero DM, Fike JR, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Glutathione peroxidase overexpression does not rescue impaired neurogenesis in the injured immature brain. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1848-57. [PMID: 19170177 PMCID: PMC3306805 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability among young children and is associated with long-term cognitive deficits. These clinical findings have prompted an investigation of the hippocampus in an experimental model of trauma to the developing brain at postnatal day (p21). Previous studies using this model have revealed a progressive loss of neurons in the hippocampus as brain-injured animals mature to young adulthood. Here we determined whether this hippocampal vulnerability is likewise reflected in altered neurogenesis and whether the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GPx) modulates neurogenesis during maturation of the injured immature brain. Male transgenic mice that overexpress GPx and wild-type littermates were subjected to controlled cortical impact or sham surgery on p21. At 2 weeks postinjury, the numbers of proliferating cells and immature neurons within the subgranular zone were measured by using Ki-67 and doublecortin, respectively. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label dividing cells beginning 2 weeks postinjury. Survival (BrdU(+)) and neuronal differentiation (BrdU(+)/NeuN(+)) were then measured 4 weeks later via confocal microscopy. Two-way ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between genotype and injury. Subsequent analysis of the individual effects of injury and genotype, however, showed a significant reduction in subgranular zone proliferation (Ki-67) at 2 weeks postinjury (P = 0.0003) and precursor cell survival (BrdU(+)) at 6 weeks postinjury (P = 0.016) and a trend toward reduced neuronal differentiation (BrdU(+)/NeuN(+)) at 6 weeks postinjury (P = 0.087). Overall, these data demonstrate that traumatic injury to the injured immature brain impairs neurogenesis during maturation and suggest that GPx cannot rescue this reduced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Radoslaw Rola
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Catherine P Claus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - John R Fike
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
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Pediatric stroke recovery: a descriptive analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90:657-62. [PMID: 19345783 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate recovery patterns and potential prognostic factors of pediatric stroke. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Acute rehabilitation at a university-based children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS Children (N=44; 25 boys, 19 girls; age range, 8mo-17y) with diagnosis of first-ever stroke. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Functional outcomes at discharge and 1-year follow-up. Modified Brunnstrom stages, Gross Motor Function Classification System, activities of daily living (ADLs), swallowing, speech, and sphincter function were measured. RESULTS Recovery of swallowing function occurred earlier than other functions in the first 2 to 3 months poststroke. Less than half of the patients were able to use the affected arms and legs without assistive devices. Eleven of 32 patients who initially had poor body control became ambulatory without assistive devices. A total of 18 of 44 patients were able to walk without assistive devices. Bilateral hemisphere lesions and flaccid muscle tone of the affected extremity at stroke onset had a less favorable prognosis in terms of ambulation and ADLs. Hemorrhagic strokes without surgical complications had a better prognosis than nonhemorrhagic strokes. CONCLUSIONS Similar to the adult stroke population, most of the functional recovery in pediatric stroke occurs within the first 2 to 3 months after stroke, but the quality of functional recovery was better in the pediatric population. The lesion size of the stroke was found to be related to prognosis. Additional large cohort studies are suggested to understand the complex similarities and differences in recovery between pediatric and adult stroke.
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Giza CC, Kolb B, Harris NG, Asarnow RF, Prins ML. Hitting a moving target: Basic mechanisms of recovery from acquired developmental brain injury. Dev Neurorehabil 2009; 12:255-68. [PMID: 19956795 PMCID: PMC2772114 DOI: 10.3109/17518420903087558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acquired brain injuries represent a major cause of disability in the pediatric population. Understanding responses to developmental acquired brain injuries requires knowledge of the neurobiology of normal development, age-at-injury effects and experience-dependent neuroplasticity. In the developing brain, full recovery cannot be considered as a return to the premorbid baseline, since ongoing maturation means that cerebral functioning in normal individuals will continue to advance. Thus, the recovering immature brain has to 'hit a moving target' to achieve full functional recovery, defined as parity with age-matched uninjured peers. This review will discuss the consequences of developmental injuries such as focal lesions, diffuse hypoxia and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Underlying cellular and physiological mechanisms relevant to age-at-injury effects will be described in considerable detail, including but not limited to alterations in neurotransmission, connectivity/network functioning, the extracellular matrix, response to oxidative stress and changes in cerebral metabolism. Finally, mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity will be reviewed in conjunction with their effects on neural repair and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Giza
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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