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Mallik SK, Patil PK, Shahi N, Kala K, Singh S, Pathak R, Tandel RS, Pande A, Pandey PK. Assessing safety, efficacy and residue depletion in golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822): biochemical and physiological responses to graded concentrations of oxytetracycline dietary supplementation. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1573-1593. [PMID: 38409399 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The safety and effectiveness of oxytetracycline can potentially manage bacterial infections in fish. This, in turn, might reduce the concerns related to its use in aquaculture and human consumption, such as toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and other associated risks. The primary objective of this study was to assess how adding oxytetracycline dihydrate to the diet affects its effectiveness, safety, and the presence of residues in T. putitora. T. putitora fingerlings, subjected to experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila at a concentration of 108 CFU mL- 1, received an oral administration of oxytetracycline dihydrate. The oxytetracycline dihydrate was added to the feed (corresponding to 2% of the fish body weight) at concentrations of 44.1, 88.2, 132.3 and 176.4 mg Kg- 1 fish body weight per day. This treatment was carried out for 10 consecutive days. The biochemical and physiological responses of T. putitora and efficacy of oxytetracycline dihydrate were determined through estimation of microbial load (CFU mL- 1), haematogram, serum biomarkers, behavioral characteristics, non-specific immunity and residue depletion. Experimentally infected fish showed disease progression and induced histopathological conditions with highest microbial load (CFU mL- 1) in the muscle of both control and treated fish. The fish haematogram showed increased leucocyte and haemoglobin content, influenced by dietary oxytetracycline dihydrate. The fish demonstrated adaptive physiological response to oxytetracycline dihydrate at 44.1 to 88.2 mg and resulted in increased albumin and globulin content. The serum-enzyme assay showed significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the test fish (< 0.05). Oxytetracycline dihydrate at 88.2 to 132.3 mg Kg- 1 fish body weight per day recorded higher feed intake (75%), significant survivability (66-68%) and histopathological recovery. The suppressed immune response was manifested with decreased respiratory burst and lysozyme activity. The palatability, treatment of bacterial infection, histopathological changes and survivability by fingerlings of golden mahseer determined the safety and optimized the therapeutic potential of the oxytetracycline dihydrate at 88.2 mg Kg- 1 fish body weight per day for 10 days to contain the infection by A. hydrophila. A withdrawal period of 8-d was recommended as oxytetracycline dihydrate concentration depleted below the legal maximum residue limit (MRL 2.0 mg g- 1) in the edible muscle of the golden mahseer reared at an average water temperature of 20 °C. This is considered safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Kumar Mallik
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India.
| | - Prasanna Kumar Patil
- ICAR- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIBA), Annamalai Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Neetu Shahi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India
| | - Krishna Kala
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India
| | - Shivam Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India
| | - Ritesh Shantilal Tandel
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India
| | - Amit Pande
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Anusandhan Bhavan, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 136, India
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Banjare LK, Saha H, Acharya A, Khan MIR. Investigating the impact of external application of formalin and potassium permanganate on hematological, immunological, and biochemical profiles in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38508688 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2318654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the suitability of formalin and KMnO4 as therapeutics for fish diseases in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, while considering their impact on fish stress levels. Acute toxicity tests revealed that the 96-hour LC50 values for formalin and KMnO4 were 66.58 ppm and 2.89 ppm, respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of formalin (6.65 ppm, 3.32 ppm, and 2.21 ppm) and KMnO4 (0.289 ppm, 0.145 ppm, and 0.096 ppm), along with control groups, were administered to the fish for different exposure periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) and different hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that formalin exposure resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in hematological parameters, immunological parameters, and serum protein levels. Conversely, formalin exposure led to significant increases (p < 0.05) in serum glucose, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels. In contrast, KMnO4 exposure significantly decreased (p < 0.05) hematological parameters and serum protein levels, while significantly increasing (p < 0.05) immunological parameters. To evaluate curative efficacy, challenge studies were conducted using three sub-lethal concentrations of formalin and KMnO4 against Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC 7966) infection. Based on the aforementioned results, the recommended doses of formalin and KMnO4 were found to be 6.65 ppm and 0.289 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukesh Kumar Banjare
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, India
| | - Himadri Saha
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, India
| | - Arpit Acharya
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, India
| | - Md Idrish Raja Khan
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, India
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Abu-Zahra NIS, Elseify MM, Atia AA, Al-Sokary ET. Impacts of florfenicol on immunity, antioxidant activity, and histopathology of Oreochromis niloticus: a potential protective effect of dietary spirulina platensis. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:125-138. [PMID: 37563419 PMCID: PMC10811121 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics enhances the development of resistant microorganisms and decreases the efficacy of treatments. Florfenicol (FF) is one of the antibiotics approved for use in aquaculture in Egypt. Because of its extensive usage, potential negative impacts on aquatic creatures are a major concern. This motivates us to search for an appropriate neoadjuvant to work synergistically with FF and reduce adverse effects. Results from this study will contribute towards improving the understanding of the impacts of FF on Oreochromis niloticus and the possible amelioratory effects of Spirulina platensis algae (SP). O. niloticus (n = 240; 40 ± 2.5 g) were fed on two diets supplemented with or without SP for 4 weeks, then divided into four treatments each in three replicates (n = 60/treatment). G1; was fed a control diet, and the other groups were fed diets supplemented with FF (10 mg /kg of BW, G2), SP (2 g/kg of diet, G3), or FF + SP (G4) for 10 days. Among the four groups, the SP group (G3) had the best immunostimulatory effects as observed by a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, IL6, and TNF-α. The treatment with FF had significantly impacted hepatic and renal tissues, as the values of liver enzymes and creatinine demonstrated tissue deterioration and also resulted in oxidative stress, which was expressed by an increase of GPx, CAT, and SOD in (G2). Additionally, the combined FF + SP improved the hematological parameters and decreased the oxidative damage induced by FF (G4). Thus, it was clear that FF has harmful effects on O. niloticus and that SP can modulate such impacts. These data recommend the use of SP as an effective immunostimulant and a probable adjuvant to FF in O. niloticus diets to attain maximum disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I S Abu-Zahra
- Department of Fish Diseases, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Elseify
- Department of Immunology, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Atia
- Department of Pathology, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman T Al-Sokary
- Department of Biochemistry, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
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Zanuzzo FS, Sandrelli RM, Peroni EDFC, Hall JR, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) bacterial and viral innate immune responses are not impaired by florfenicol or tetracycline administration. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:298-313. [PMID: 35189324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections in fish aquaculture, and these drugs can interact with immune cells/the immune system and potentially leave fish vulnerable to viral, fungal, parasitic, or other bacterial infections. However, the effects of antibiotics on fish immunity have largely been overlooked by the aquaculture industry. We tested, at 12 and 20 °C, whether tetracycline and florfenicol (the most commonly used antibiotics in commercial aquaculture), affected the Atlantic salmon's capacity to respond to bacterial or viral stimulation. Atlantic salmon were acclimated to 12 or 20 °C and fed with tetracycline or florfenicol (100 and 10 mg kg of body weight-1 day-1, respectively) medicated feed for 15 or 10 days, respectively. Thereafter, we evaluated their immune function prior to, and after, an intraperitoneal injection of Forte Micro (containing inactivated cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio ordalii and Vibrio salmonicida) or the viral mimic polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC). We measured the transcript expression levels of 8 anti-bacterial and 8 anti-viral putative biomarker genes, and the innate (leukocyte respiratory burst, plasma lysozyme activity and hemolytic activity of the alternative complement pathway) and cellular (relative number of erythrocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, and granulocytes such as monocytes and neutrophils) responses to these challenges. Overall, we only found a few minor effects of either tetracycline or florfenicol on immune gene expression or function at either temperature. Although several studies have reported that antibiotics may negatively affect fish immune responses, our results show that industry-relevant dietary tetracycline and florfenicol treatments do not substantially impact the salmon's innate immune responses. Currently, this is the most comprehensive study on the effects of antibiotics administrated according to industry protocols on immune function in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ellen de Fátima C Peroni
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Goswami M, Yashwanth BS, Trudeau V, Lakra WS. Role and relevance of fish cell lines in advanced in vitro research. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2393-2411. [PMID: 35013860 PMCID: PMC8747882 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cell line derived from fish has been established as a promising tool for studying many key issues of aquaculture covering fish growth, disease, reproduction, genetics, and biotechnology. In addition, fish cell lines are very useful in vitro models for toxicological, pathological, and immunological studies. The easier maintenance of fish cell lines in flexible temperature regimes and hypoxic conditions make them preferable in vitro tools over mammalian cell lines. Great excitement has been observed in establishing and characterizing new fish cell lines representing diverse fish species and tissue types. The well-characterized and authenticated cell lines are of utmost essential as these represent cellular functions very similar to in vivo state of an organism otherwise it would affect the reproducibility of scientific research. Conclusion The fish cell lines have exhibited encouraging results in several key aspects of in vitro research in aquaculture including virology, nutrition and metabolism, production of vaccines, and transgenic fish production. The review paper reports the cell lines developed from fish, their characterization, and biobanking along with their potential applications and challenges in in vitro research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goswami
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India.
| | - B S Yashwanth
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Vance Trudeau
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - W S Lakra
- NABARD Chair Unit, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mumbai Research Centre, Versova, Mumbai, India
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Slinger J, Wynne JW, Adams MB. Profiling Branchial Bacteria of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Following Exposure to Antimicrobial Agents. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.756101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial gill diseases caused by either opportunistic or specific pathogens are an emerging area of concern for aquaculture producers in part due to their sometimes complex and/or cryptic nature. Many antimicrobial treatments used in aquacultural settings are broad spectrum in nature. The effect of such therapeutics upon reduction and recolonization of commensal or pathogenic microbiota post-treatment has received little attention to date. Commensal bacteria are an integral component of the barrier function of mucosal surfaces in animals. This study evaluated the effect of several commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments upon the diversity and composition of branchial bacteria of Atlantic salmon. Here we exposed Atlantic salmon smolt to a number of commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments including chemotherapeutants (chloramine-t and hydrogen peroxide) and antibiotics (oxytetracycline and florfenicol) in vivo. Subsequently we examined the change in bacterial load, 16S rRNA gene expression, and taxonomic diversity post-treatment upon the gills. Results revealed a decrease in cultivable bacterial colonies after antimicrobial treatment, and a downstream decrease in bacterial richness and abundance post-treatment, with colonization of several prominent pathogenic taxa including Vibrio and Tenacibaculum. Temporal tracing over a 14-day period demonstrated that the bacteriome of gill mucus is sensitive to change, and altered by antimicrobial treatment and handling. This study identified candidate antimicrobial treatments which could be implemented in future studies to illustrate the effect of dysbiosis on microbial gill diseases.
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Zhou W, Tang Y, Du X, Han Y, Shi W, Sun S, Zhang W, Zheng H, Liu G. Fine polystyrene microplastics render immune responses more vulnerable to two veterinary antibiotics in a bivalve species. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:111995. [PMID: 33493858 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Living in close proximity to the sediment of coastal areas, bivalves may be exposed to veterinary antibiotic residuals and microplastics (MPs) simultaneously. However, the immunotoxic impacts of veterinary antibiotics remain unknown in bivalves, let alone their interactions with MPs. Therefore, the immune responses of two representative veterinary antibiotics, oxytetracycline and florfenicol, was investigated in a bivalve species, the blood clam (Tegillarca granosa). The effects of the copresence of MPs on the immune responses triggered by these antibiotics were also analyzed. Results showed that exposure to antibiotics investigated led to significant alteration in hematic parameters and reduction in lectin content in serum. In addition to inducing ROS production, aggravating lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and suppressing the hemocyte viability, antibiotic treatments also downregulated the expression of immune- and detoxification-related genes but upregulated apoptosis-related Caspase-3. Furthermore, the toxic impacts of antibiotics were found to be significantly increased by the copresence of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuge Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Weixia Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Immunomodulatory effects of orally administrated florfenicol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following experimental challenge with streptococcosis/lactococcosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:236-245. [PMID: 31108388 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to determine whether florfenicol (FFC) as the prominent broad-spectrum antibiotic could affect serum biochemical and immunological parameters, as well as immune-related genes expression in rainbow trout (55 ± 7.6 g) challenged with the Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus iniae. In the first trial, the doses of the pathogens for challenge test were determined based on LD50. The therapeutic dosage of the drug (15 mg.kg-1 BW for 10 consecutive days) was administrated as medicated feed. After anesthesia, blood and kidney samples were collected from individual fish and were kept in deep freezing mode until the beginning of the measurements. Serum biochemical and enzymatic indices were measured using commercial kits. Immune parameters including total immunoglobulin level, lysozyme, ACH50, respiratory burst (RB), and phagocytic activities (PA) and the expression of immune genes namely TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IgM was evaluated. The levels of lysozyme and RB activities, as well as the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β genes, showed a significant increase in the FFC treated/infected fish compared to untreated diseased fish (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum total immunoglobulin and IgM-related genes expression were suppressed following drug administration represented by a significant reduction in untreated streptococcal infected fish compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). However, no significant effect of FFC was observed on serum ACH50 activity, PA values and IL-8-related gene expression (P > 0.05). These results demonstrated that FFC treatment could improve some physiological status including stress resistance and some liver function parameters, and much innate immunity was invigorated, but at the same time, the suppressive effects of FFC on acquainted immunity cannot be ignored.
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Zhao Y, Liu H, Wang Q, Li B. The influence of three antibiotics on the growth, intestinal enzyme activities, and immune response of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus selenka. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:434-440. [PMID: 30308294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The global abuse and misuse of antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections has resulted in the ubiquitous existence of these drugs in aquatic environments, which causes frequent antimicrobial resistance and pollution in ecosystems. However, the chronic effects of antimicrobial agents on aquatic animal growth and health have not been fully evaluated. In the present study, three typical antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin, and norfloxacin) were administered orally to juvenile sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus for 45 days, to mimic the long-term use of antibiotics. As a result, tetracycline and erythromycin promoted the growth and digestive activity of lipase, pepsin, and trypsin, but norfloxacin did not show significant prompting effect on digestive activity and even retarded the weight gain of the sea cucumbers. The mortality was higher in antibiotic treated groups between the 2nd and 4th days after challenge with Vibrio splendidus. At the same time, lower immune-related parameters were found in antibiotic feeding juveniles, suggesting that the use of antibiotics might weaken the immune defense system of sea cucumbers. This study revealed that antibiotic administration could facilitate the growth of sea cucumbers to varying degrees yet coupled with high risks of impaired immune function and compromised disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, PR China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, PR China.
| | - Bingjun Li
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, PR China
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El-Ela FIA, Shany S, El-Deen MB, El-Banna H, El-Gendy A, Hendy K, Tohamy M. Investigating the potential role of vitamin E in modulating the immunosuppressive effects of tylvalosin and florfenicol in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2016; 108:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nwani CD, Nnaji MC, Oluah SN, Echi PC, Nwamba HO, Ikwuagwu OE, Ajima MNO. Mutagenic and physiological responses in the juveniles of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) following short term exposure to praziquantel. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:264-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The effects of florfenicol on the values of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and other biochemical markers in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia in brown trout. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:464373. [PMID: 24876673 PMCID: PMC4020297 DOI: 10.1155/2014/464373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of florfenicol on the expected changes in sTNF-α, damage markers of the liver and kidney, and the lipid metabolism parameters in endotoxemic brown trout. Ninety-six brown trout were included in this study. After six of the fish were reserved as the control group, the remaining 90 fish were divided equally into 3 groups as follows: LPS (2 mg/kg, IP), LPS (2 mg/kg, IP) + florfenicol (40 mg/kg, IM), and florfenicol (40 mg/kg, IM). Blood samples were obtained from the tail of the fish at 1.5, 3, 6, 10, and 24 hours. The levels of sTNF-α were determined by ELISA and biochemical markers were evaluated with an autoanalyzer. A significant increase was observed in the values of sTNF-α in the LPS and LPS + florfenicol groups (P < 0.05). Significant increases were found in the kidney and liver damage determinants in the LPS and LPS + florfenicol groups (P < 0.05). Irregular changes in the lipid metabolism parameters were observed in all the subgroups. In conclusion, florfenicol does not affect the increases of sTNF-α caused by LPS and does not prevent liver or kidney damage; at least, it can be said that florfenicol does not have any evident positive effects on the acute endotoxemia of fish.
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Hassanin O, Abdallah F, Awad A. Effects of florfenicol on the immune responses and the interferon-inducible genes in broiler chickens under the impact of E. coli infection. Vet Res Commun 2013; 38:51-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nwani CD, Mkpadobi BN, Onyishi G, Echi PC, Chukwuka CO, Oluah SN, Ivoke N. Changes in behavior and hematological parameters of freshwater African catfishClarias gariepinus(Burchell 1822) following sublethal exposure to chloramphenicol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:107-13. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.834348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhang C, Ling F, Chi C, Wang GX. Effects of praziquantel and sanguinarine on expression of immune genes and susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish (Carassius auratus) infected with Dactylogyrus intermedius. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1301-1308. [PMID: 23954698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel and sanguinarine have been demonstrated positive therapeutic effects on monogenean Dactylogyrus intermedius; however, few studies have considered the post impacts of these antiparasitic chemicals on host after repelling the parasites. The changes of expression of selected immune genes (CCL-1, CXCL-8, IL-1β-1, IL-1β-2, TNFα-1, TNFα-2 and TGF-β) in gill, kidney and spleen and bacterial loads of Aeromonas hydrophila in gill, kidney, spleen and liver following bath administration of these antiparasitic chemicals were evaluated. The results showed that praziquantel and sanguinarine up-regulated to varying degrees of CXCL-8, IL-1β-1, IL-1β-2, TNFα-1 and TNFα-2 in gill, kidney and spleen. They both decreased the CCL-1 expression in gill while increased it in kidney and spleen. However, in all the tested tissues, the expression of TGF-β decreased in praziquantel treated goldfish whereas that increased in sanguinarine treated goldfish. The A. hydrophila challenge test showed that the praziquantel treatment enhanced the susceptibility to A. hydrophila while sanguinarine treatment decreased the susceptibility, as compared with the non-treated group. Overall, the results indicate that bath administration of praziquantel and sanguinarine modulates the immune related genes in goldfish and these may, to some extent, affect their ability to resist bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Gaikowski MP, Wolf JC, Schleis SM, Tuomari D, Endris RG. Safety of Florfenicol Administered in Feed to Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:639-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312463986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The safety of Aquaflor® (50% w/w florfenicol [FFC]) incorporated in feed then administered to tilapia for 20 days (2× the recommended duration) at 0, 15, 45, or 75 mg/kg body weight/day (0, 1, 3, or 5× the recommended dose of 15 mg FFC/kg BW/d) was investigated. Mortality, behavioral change, feed consumption, body size, and gross and microscopic lesions were determined. Estimated delivered doses were >96.9% of target. Three unscheduled mortalities occurred but were considered incidental since FFC-related findings were not identified. Feed consumption was only affected during the last 10 dosing days when the 45 and 75 mg/kg groups consumed only 62.5% and 55.3% of the feed offered, respectively. There were significant, dose-dependent reductions in body size in the FFC-dose groups relative to the controls. Treatment-related histopathological findings included increased severity of lamellar epithelial hyperplasia, increased incidence of lamellar adhesions, decreased incidence of lamellar telangiectasis in the gills, increased glycogen-type and lipid-type hepatocellular vacuolation in the liver, decreased lymphocytes, increased blast cells, and increased individual cell necrosis in the anterior kidney, and tubular epithelial degeneration and mineralization in the posterior kidney. These changes are likely to be of minimal clinical relevance, given the lack of mortality or morbidity observed. This study has shown that FFC, when administered in feed to tilapia at the recommended dose (15 mg FFC/kg BW/day) for 10 days would be well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Gaikowski
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan M. Schleis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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Carraschi SP, da Cruz C, Machado Neto JG, Ignácio NF, Barbuio R, Machado MRF. Histopathological biomarkers in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) infected with aeromonas hydrophila and treated with antibiotics. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 83:115-120. [PMID: 22766414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacochemicals usage in fish farming disease treatment can cause morphological and functional changes in absorption capacity, metabolism and excretion organs. The aim of this research was to evaluate the histopathological biomarkers in the gills, liver, kidney and skin of pacu (P. mesopotamicus), which have been infected with A. hydrophila and treated with oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FFC). Fish were exposed to 2.4×10(7) mL(-1) of A. hydrophila bacteria experimental infection and after 24h exposed to FFC treatment for ten days and OTC for seven days. OTC was not effective in the A. hydrophila control in pacu in up to 170.0 mg kg(-1) concentration. Nevertheless, FFC was 100% effective with 10.0 mg kg(-1) concentration. After the treatment, skin, gills, liver and kidney samples were collected and processed for histopathological analysis. A. hydrophila caused lamellar fusion, sub epithelial edema, mucous hypertrophy and hyperplasia, lining, pillar and chloride cells. Hepatocytes hypertrophy was observed on liver, as a result of the antibiotics metabolism and bacteria cell wall. The histopathological biomarkers show the effects of the presence of the A. hydrophila. The use of the antibiotic florfenicol decreases the bacterial action effectiveness on tissues evaluated. Thus, the histopathological biomarkers show the A. hydrophila effect and the antibiotics treatment. The skin and liver are exposure biomarkers for both.
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Yonar ME. The effect of lycopene on oxytetracycline-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:994-1001. [PMID: 22554571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of lycopene on oxytetracycline (OTC)-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression in rainbow trout. The experimental fish analysed in this study were divided into 6 different experimental groups. Group 1 was the control group, and groups 2, 3 and 4 received corn oil, lycopene and OTC, respectively, for 14 days. Group 5 received OTC for 14 days after lycopene pre-treatment for 14 days, while group 6 received OTC for 14 days before lycopene post-treatment for 14 days. Blood and tissue samples were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed for the oxidant-antioxidant status and changes in the immune response. There was a significant increase in the malondialdehyde level, which is an index of lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity as well as a decrease in the glutathione level in the blood, liver, kidney and spleen of OTC-treated fish. Glutathione-S-transferase activity was significantly increased in the blood, liver, kidney and spleen samples of the group that received OTC alone. OTC also appeared to suppress specific and nonspecific immune system parameters, such as the haematocrit, leucocyte count, oxidative radical production (nitroblue tetrazolium activity), total plasma protein and immunoglobulin levels and phagocytic activity. Pre- and post-treatment with lycopene attenuated the OTC-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the tissue malondialdehyde level. The superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as the glutathione levels were significantly increased with lycopene administration, while glutathione-S-transferase activity was significantly decreased. Lycopene administration was also associated with a significant increase in the OTC-suppressed immune system parameters in fish. Thus, the present results suggest that pre- and post-treatment with lycopene (10 mg per kg fish weight, delivered orally) may alleviate OTC-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Enis Yonar
- Firat University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
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Luo PJ, Jiang WX, Chen X, Shen JZ, Wu YN. Technical note: Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of florfenicol and thiamphenicol in swine feed1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3612-6. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Enis Yonar M, Mişe Yonar S, Silici S. Protective effect of propolis against oxidative stress and immunosuppression induced by oxytetracycline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:318-325. [PMID: 21642000 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of propolis on oxytetracycline (OTC)-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression in fish. OTC (100 mg per kg⁻¹ body weight) was orally administered to fish for 14 days. A significant elevation in the level of malondialdehyde, as an index of lipid peroxidation, and reductions in antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and low molecular weight antioxidant (reduced glutathione) levels were observed in the blood, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart tissues of OTC-treated fish. OTC also had a suppressive effect on specific and non-specific immune system parameters, such as leucocyte counts, oxidative radical production (nitrobluetetrazolium activity), total plasma protein and immunoglobulin levels, and phagocytic activity. Pre-treatment, post-treatment, and simultaneous treatment with propolis (50 mg per kg⁻¹ body weight, orally) attenuated the OTC-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde in tissues. In addition, propolis significantly increased the level of reduced glutathione and the catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities. Upon the administration of propolis, the suppressed immune system parameters were significantly increased in fish treated with OTC. The present results suggest that pre-treatment, post-treatment, and simultaneous administration of propolis might alleviate OTC-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Enis Yonar
- Firat University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
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Shuang G, Yu S, Weixiao G, Dacheng W, Zhichao Z, Jing L, Xuming D. Immunosuppressive Activity of Florfenicol on the Immune Responses in Mice. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:356-66. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.551434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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He S, Zhou Z, Meng K, Zhao H, Yao B, Ringø E, Yoon I. Effects of dietary antibiotic growth promoter and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on production, intestinal bacterial community, and nonspecific immunity of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus female × Oreochromis aureus male)1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:84-92. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Caipang CMA, Lazado CC, Brinchmann MF, Berg I, Kiron V. In vivo modulation of immune response and antioxidant defense in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua following oral administration of oxolinic acid and florfenicol. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:459-64. [PMID: 19596082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxolinic acid and florfenicol are the commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. The changes in selected innate humoral immune response of the fish, bacterial proliferation in serum and transcriptional activity of selected immune and antioxidant defense-related genes following oral administration of these antimicrobial compounds were evaluated. Juvenile cod (75-100 g) were fed commercial feed coated with either florfenicol (10 mg kg(-1) fish, active ingredient) or oxolinic acid (20 mg kg(-1) fish, active ingredient) at a ration of 0.5% body weight for 10 days. Whole blood and serum samples were collected on the 10th day of feeding the antibiotics and at 3, 5 and 10 days after their withdrawal. Serum protein was significantly higher in fish at the 10th day post-withdrawal of both antibiotics. Florfenicol-fed fish had lower myeloperoxidase activity at 3 days post-withdrawal, while there were differential effects on alkaline phosphatase activity. Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida were significantly reduced in the sera of antibiotics-fed fish until the 5th day post-withdrawal. Florfenicol could inhibit V. anguillarum better than oxolinic acid, while A. salmonicida was more susceptible than V. anguillarum upon treatment with both antibiotics. Furthermore, transcriptional profiles of selected genes related to bacterial defense, inflammation and antioxidant defense were dependent on the type of antibiotics that was administered and the time of sampling. These results indicate that oral administration of antibiotics modulates the immune response and antioxidant defense in Atlantic cod and these may, in turn, affect their ability to resist bacterial pathogens.
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Lundén T, Bylund G. Effect of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim on the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 85:99-108. [PMID: 11867171 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A combination of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim at a ratio of 5:1 (SDZ/TMP) was tested for possible immunomodulatory effects. The aim of the study was to follow the immune response after vaccination with simultaneous drug treatment. The fish were immunised with a commercial oil-based divalent (furunculosis/vibriosis) vaccine and were simultaneously given oral drug treatment. The specific immune response was monitored by analysing the levels of specific antibodies with ELISA. As indicators of the nonspecific immune response, the lysozyme activity of serum was measured and the phagocytic activity of circulating leucocytes was monitored by a chemiluminescence assay. Total circulating leucocyte counts and differentials were also monitored. The disease resistance was evaluated by challenge tests at the end of the experiment. The results indicate that SDZ/TMP at a ratio of 5:1 does not interfere negatively with the immune response in rainbow trout after vaccination. A slight stimulation in the antibody response as well as in the chemiluminescence response of circulating granulocytes was recorded in fish treated with the drugs in connection with vaccination. The drugs did not significantly affect the survival after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Lundén
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Biology-Biocity, Abo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, FIN-20520, Abo/Turku, Finland.
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Lundén T, Bylund G. The influence of in vitro and in vivo exposure to antibiotics on mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphoid cells in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 10:395-404. [PMID: 10994585 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.1999.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The influence of five different antimicrobial drugs on mitogen-induced lymphoid cell proliferation in vitro and after oral administration of the drugs was studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The drugs tested were: oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, florfenicol and trimethoprim in combination with sulfadiazine in ratio 1:5. In the in vitro tests, trimethoprim:sulfadiazine increased the 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of phytohaemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lymphoid cells while all the other drugs tested interfered negatively with the incorporation in a dose dependent manner. In the experiment with oral drug administration, the fish were fed 10 days with a therapeutic dose of the drugs. After the drug treatment, lymphoid cells were isolated from the head kidney of the fish and tested for proliferating capacity. All drugs except trimethoprim+sulfadiazine, suppressed the mitogenic response of the head kidney cells. The suppression of the response was more severe in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated than in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells indicating that the T-cells were more vulnerable to the toxic effects of the drugs than B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lundén
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Finland.
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