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Turn JT, Mayer J, Nagata K, Banovic F, Meichner K, Hurley DJ, Koslowski E, Gogal RM. Impact of apitherapy on canine, equine, and chicken lymphocytes, in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 268:110700. [PMID: 38217942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Apitherapy is a form of alternative medicine that utilizes products from the western honeybee (Apis mellifera), including honey, propolis, and honeybee venom, to improve the health status of human patients by altering host immunity. An added benefit of these products is that they are nutraceuticals and relatively inexpensive to aquire. Currently, little is known about the use of honeybee products in veterinary species, as well as their impact on host immunity. In the present in vitro study, honey, propolis, and honeybee venom were co-cultured with enriched canine, equine, and chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with cell proliferation, cell viability/apoptosis, and cellular morphology evaluated. Concanavalin A (Con A) and dexamethasone were used as stimulatory and suppressive controls, respectively. Honeybee products' effects on the three veterinary species varied by product and the species. Honey stimulated the PBLs proliferation in all three species but also displayed some increased cytotoxicity. Propolis stimulated proliferation in canine and equine PBLs, however, it suppressed proliferation in the chicken PBLs. Honeybee venom was the strongest PBL stimulant for all three species and in the equine, surpassed the stimulant response of Con A and yet, enhanced PBL cell viability post culture. In summary, the results of this preliminary in vitro study show that these three honeybee products do impact lymphocyte proliferation and viability in dogs, horses, and chickens, and that more research both in vitro and in vivo will be necessary to draw conclusions regarding their future use as immune stimulants or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Turn
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA
| | - Joerg Mayer
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Meichner
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA
| | - David J Hurley
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert M Gogal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, and ETR Laboratories, Inc., Leominster, MA, USA.
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Ivantsova E, Huang M, Wengrovitz AS, Souders CL, Martyniuk CJ. Molecular and behavioral assessment in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) following exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the antineoplastic cyclophosphamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 90:103809. [PMID: 35033682 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastics treat cancers and enter aquatic ecosystems through wastewater and hospital effluent. Risks associated with antineoplastics are not well characterized in aquatic organisms. We conducted zebrafish embryo/larvae toxicity assays to evaluate responses to cyclophosphamide (0.01-50 µM). Zebrafish survival was affected by 5 µM cyclophosphamide and deformities were noted at > 1 µM. Oxidative respiration remained unchanged in embryos with exposure up to 200 µM. Reactive oxygen species were not increased by 50 µM cyclophosphamide exposure. More than 15 oxidative stress and immune-related transcripts were measured. Superoxide dismutase 2 and heat shock protein 70 and 90a were induced in larvae by cyclophosphamide. Immune-related transcripts were assessed due to immunosuppressive properties of cyclophosphamide, and mmp9 and myd88 levels were altered in expression. Hyperactivity of larvae was noted following 5 µM cyclophosphamide exposure. There was no change in anxiety-related endpoints (light-dark preference). Risks for larval fish exposed to cyclophosphamide in the environment may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ivantsova
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michelle Huang
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrew S Wengrovitz
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Oyeniran DO, Sogbanmu TO, Adesalu TA. Antibiotics, algal evaluations and subacute effects of abattoir wastewater on liver function enzymes, genetic and haematologic biomarkers in the freshwater fish, Clarias gariepinus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:111982. [PMID: 33529921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Abattoirs are positioned close to freshwaters in most developing countries where untreated wastewaters are discharged into with potential risk to aquatic life such as fish and ultimately human health. We assessed physicochemical parameters, antibiotics (oxytetracycline and diclofenac) and algal load of effluent collected from a major abattoir in Nigeria. Furthermore, liver function enzymes, genotoxic and haemotoxic effects of subacute concentration (10% of 96 hLC50 value) of the wastewater were evaluated over a period of 28 d in Clarias gariepinus (The African Sharptooth Catfish). The 96 hLC50 value of the abattoir wastewater against C. gariepinus was 154.14 mL/L (15.4%). Nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, chloride, ammonia, TDS, TSS, BOD5 and heavy metals (Fe and Pb) in the wastewater were above permissible limits while diclofenac and oxytetracycline were below detection limit (BDL). Microalgae in the wastewater were mostly Bacilliariophyta (Navicula spp.) (45.64%) and euglenoids (Euglena and Phacus spp.) (49.48%). Liver function enzymes (LDH, AST, ALT) level were higher in exposed fishes except for ALP which was lower at day 28 compared to control levels. Erythrocytic genotoxic indices (nuclear abnormalities) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the exposed fishes particularly at day 28 compared to control. Haematologic indices level such as WBC, MCV MCH, MCHC increased significantly (p < 0.05) while lymphocytes, HGB, RBC, HCT levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the exposed C. gariepinus by day 28 compared to control. These results demonstrate potential adverse effects posed to aquatic fish species in the Ogun River by the discharge of the abattoir effluent. The microalgae species identified in the effluent may be explored for pre-treatment of the effluent before discharge in order to prevent eutrophication and increased pollutant load in the River. The study results will contribute to evidence-based environmental risk management of the River which is relevant to the UN SDGs 6 (clean water and sanitation), 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and 14 (sustaining life below water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Oyeniran
- Ecotoxicology and Conservation Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Temitope O Sogbanmu
- Ecotoxicology and Conservation Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Environmental Evidence Synthesis and Knowledge Translation (EESKT) Research Cluster, TETFund Centre of Excellence on Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management (TCEBCEM), University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Taofikat A Adesalu
- Phycology Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
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de Assis RWS, Urbinati EC. Physiological activity of Aloe vera in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1421-1430. [PMID: 32222856 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aloe vera is a traditional medicinal plant; however, its use in fish is fairly recent. We evaluated the effects of dietary A. vera on stress, innate immunity, and energy metabolism in pacu inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. For 7 days, 192 fish were fed with diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of the plant extract and then inoculated with bacteria and sampled 3, 6, and 24 h later. All concentrations of A. vera reduced basal levels of cortisol, and 1.0% reduced cortisol levels more intensely 3 h after inoculation. A. vera increased the basal respiratory activity of leukocytes/RAL (0.5 and 1.0%), increased the serum levels of lysozyme (1.0 and 2.0%) 6 h after inoculation, and increased the activity of the complement system after 3 h. Spleen somatic index/SSI increased with 1.0 and 2.0% A. vera. A. vera also promoted metabolic effects. It increased basal levels of lipids in the liver and muscle, as well as hepatosomatic index (1.0%) and, 3 h after inoculation, prevented the reduction of serum triglyceride (1.0%) and reduced the mesenteric fat (1.0%). Bacterial inoculation increased RAL from 3 to 24 h and lysozyme levels at 24 h, increased serum cholesterol at 24 h, and decreased serum triglyceride from 3 to 24 h, regardless of A. vera. We concluded that A. vera offered for only 7 days had stress-reducing effects, stimulated innate immunity, protected triglyceride levels in blood, lipid depots in the liver and muscle, and directed the energy mobilization to visceral depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudney Weiber Silva de Assis
- Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Passantino L, Zupa R, Pousis C, Mylonas CC, Hala E, Jirillo E, Corriero A. Increased melanomacrophage centres in the liver of reproductively dysfunctional female greater amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:503-514. [PMID: 32103518 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The greater amberjack Seriola dumerili is a new aquaculture fish that may display reproductive dysfunctions. During extensive follicular atresia, which is a common reproductive dysfunction in females during vitellogenesis, part of the reabsorbed yolk returns to the liver to be metabolized and recycled. Melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) are aggregates of macrophage-like cells that play a role in the destruction, detoxification and recycling of endogenous and exogenous materials, and have been associated with systemic stress. Wild and captive-reared greater amberjack were sampled in the Mediterranean Sea during two different phases of the reproductive cycle. The liver of reproductively dysfunctional captive-reared females sampled during the spawning season showed a high density of both MMCs and apoptotic cells. A weak liver anti-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A immunoreactivity was observed, suggesting that the examined fish were not exposed to environmental pollutants. We propose that the observed increase in MMCs and apoptosis in captive-reared fish was related to the hepatic overload associated to the metabolism of yolk proteins reabsorbed during extensive follicular atresia. Since follicular atresia is a frequent physiological and pathological event in teleosts, we suggest that the reproductive state should be always assessed when MMCs are used as markers of exposure to stress or pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Passantino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Rosa Zupa
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Chrysovalentinos Pousis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Constantinos C Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Edmond Hala
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Aldo Corriero
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
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Basilone G, Gargano A, Corriero A, Zupa R, Santamaria N, Mangano S, Ferreri R, Pulizzi M, Mazzola S, Bonanno A, Passantino L. Liver melanomacrophage centres and CYP1A expression as response biomarkers to environmental pollution in European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) from the western Mediterranean Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 131:197-204. [PMID: 29886937 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to verify the suitability of using melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) as response biomarkers of marine pollution in European anchovy, which are short-lived, migratory, small pelagic fish. This suitability was verified by analysing the MMC density and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A (CYP1A) expression in livers of anchovies from four areas of southern Italy. Age 2 anchovies sampled from three areas exposed to pollutants of industrial/agricultural origin (Gulf of Gela, Mazara del Vallo and Gulf of Naples) showed liver areas occupied by MMCs and numbers of MMCs that were significantly higher than those in the anchovies from Pozzallo, which is a marine area not subjected to any source of pollution. Anti-CYP1A immunoreactivity was observed in the hepatocytes of all specimens sampled from the Gulf of Gela. These findings suggest the utility of liver MMCs as biomarkers of exposure to pollutants in this small pelagic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gualtiero Basilone
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Capo Granitola 91021 (TP), Via del Mare, 3 Torretta Granitola, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Antonella Gargano
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Capo Granitola 91021 (TP), Via del Mare, 3 Torretta Granitola, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Aldo Corriero
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| | - Rosa Zupa
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Santamaria
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mangano
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Capo Granitola 91021 (TP), Via del Mare, 3 Torretta Granitola, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Rosalia Ferreri
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Capo Granitola 91021 (TP), Via del Mare, 3 Torretta Granitola, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pulizzi
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Capo Granitola 91021 (TP), Via del Mare, 3 Torretta Granitola, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Capo Granitola 91021 (TP), Via del Mare, 3 Torretta Granitola, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Angelo Bonanno
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Capo Granitola 91021 (TP), Via del Mare, 3 Torretta Granitola, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Letizia Passantino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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Ibrahim El M. Serum Biochemical and Histopathological Changes Associated with Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Oreochromis niloticus and Sparus aurata with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2017.222.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kaya H, Çelik EŞ, Yılmaz S, Tulgar A, Akbulut M, Demir N. Hematological, serum biochemical, and immunological responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to phosalone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Bado-Nilles A, Jolly S, Porcher JM, Palluel O, Geffard A, Gagnaire B, Betoulle S, Sanchez W. Applications in environmental risk assessment of leucocyte apoptosis, necrosis and respiratory burst analysis on the European bullhead, Cottus sp. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:9-17. [PMID: 24012786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of a biochemical multi-biomarker approach proved insufficient to obtain clear information about ecosystem health. The fish immune system is considered as an attractive non-specific marker for environmental biomonitoring which has direct implications in individual fitness and population growth. Thus, the present work proposes the use of fish immunomarkers together with more common biochemical biomarkers in sampling conditions optimized to reduce biomarker variability and increase parameter robustness. European bullheads (Cottus sp.) from 11 stations in the Artois-Picardie watershed (France) were sampled. In the multiple discriminant analysis, the sites were highly correlated with apoptosis, respiratory burst, GST and EROD activities. Moreover, the use together of biochemical and immune markers increased the percentage of fish correctly classed at each site and enhanced site separation. This study argues in favor of the utilization of apoptosis, necrosis and respiratory burst for the determination of environmental risk assessment in addition to the set of biochemical biomarkers commonly used in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bado-Nilles
- Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4689 Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Corriero A, Zupa R, Pousis C, Santamaria N, Bello G, Jirillo E, Carrassi M, De Giorgi C, Passantino L. Increased liver apoptosis and tumor necrosis factor expression in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) reared in the northern Adriatic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 71:23-28. [PMID: 23632087 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus (ABFT) is intensely fished in the Mediterranean Sea to supply a prosperous capture-based mariculture industry. Liver apoptotic structures and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene expression were determined in: wild ABFT caught in the eastern Atlantic; juvenile ABFT reared in the central Adriatic Sea; juvenile ABFT reared in the northern Adriatic Sea; adult ABFT reared in the western Mediterranean. The highest density of liver apoptotic structures was found in the juveniles from the northern Adriatic. Two partial TNF cDNAs (TNF1 and TNF2) were cloned and sequenced. TNF1 gene expression was higher in juveniles than in adults. The highest expression of TNF2 was found in the juveniles from the northern Adriatic. These findings might be related to the juvenile exposure to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Corriero
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant (D.E.T.O.), Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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11
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Baer KN, Bankston CR, Mosadeghi S, Schlenk D. The effects of pulp and paper mill effluent on physiological and hematological endpoints in fingerling largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 32:59-67. [DOI: 10.1080/01480540802432643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Pasnik DJ, Smith SA. Immunogenic and protective effects of a DNA vaccine for Mycobacterium marinum in fish. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 103:195-206. [PMID: 15621306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis, caused by numerous Mycobacterium spp., can be a devastating disease of both wild and cultured fishes. As no efficacious treatment exists, a vaccine against fish mycobacteriosis is essential for prevention and control of this disease. Thus, a DNA vaccine was constructed using the Mycobacterium marinum Ag85A gene that encodes one of the major secreted fibronectin-binding proteins of Mycobacterium spp., which was isolated and then subcloned into a commercially available eukaryotic expression vector. Juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops), a species known to be particularly susceptible to this disease, were immunized by i.m. and i.p. injection with the resulting construct and as a result produced specific immune responses towards the Ag85A. Increasing concentrations of humoral antibodies to the Ag85A antigen were generated in all DNA vaccine groups, while macrophage phagocytosis and respiratory burst functions failed to exhibit upregulation after vaccination. In addition, fish receiving the DNA vaccine developed a protective response to a live M. marinum challenge 90 days post-inoculation, as demonstrated by increased survival of vaccinated fish over control fish and by reduced splenic bacterial counts in vaccinated fish. Furthermore, humoral immune responses and protective effects were significantly increased at higher vaccine doses using the i.m. injection route.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Bass/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Fish Diseases/immunology
- Fish Diseases/microbiology
- Fish Diseases/prevention & control
- Flow Cytometry/veterinary
- Immunization/methods
- Immunization/veterinary
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/immunology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/prevention & control
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/veterinary
- Mycobacterium marinum/genetics
- Mycobacterium marinum/immunology
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Pasnik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine (VMRCVM), Virginia-Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI&SU), Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA
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Pasnik DJ, Vemulapalli R, Smith SA, Schurig GG. A recombinant vaccine expressing a mammalian Mycobacterium sp. antigen is immunostimulatory but not protective in striped bass. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 95:43-52. [PMID: 12969635 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant vaccine was constructed for piscine mycobacteriosis utilizing a Brucella abortus strain RB51 vector expressing a mammalian Mycobacterium sp. 85A antigen. Juvenile striped bass were inoculated with the resulting construct at doses equivalent to 10(6), 10(7), 10(8), 10(9), and 10(10) colony-forming units/fish. Blood and tissue samples from these fish demonstrated significant specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses towards the 85A antigen in a dose-dependent manner. However, survival studies determined that inoculated fish failed to demonstrate cross-protective responses after live Mycobacterium marinum challenge 70 days post-inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Pasnik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine (VMRCVM), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI&SU), Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Witonsky S, Gogal RM, Buechner-Maxwell V, Ahmed SA. Immunologic analysis of blood samples obtained from horses and stored for twenty-four hours. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:1003-9. [PMID: 12926593 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether immune function can be accurately assessed in blood samples obtained from horses and refrigerated overnight and whether a nonradioactive lymphocyte proliferation assay can be used to evaluate samples obtained from horses. SAMPLE POPULATION 224 blood samples from 28 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE Heparinized blood samples were collected. Each sample was divided into 2 equal aliquots. One aliquot was refrigerated overnight to simulate overnight shipping of blood samples, and the other aliquot was evaluated on the day of blood collection. Lymphocytes were isolated and enumerated by use of a modified single-gradient procedure. Cell viability and function were assessed by use of cytologic examination, flow cytometry, and mitogen-induced proliferation assays. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to T- and B-cell mitogens was measured by use of [3H]-thymidine incorporation and a nonradioactive lymphocyte proliferation assay. RESULTS Lymphocytes refrigerated for up to 24 hours continued to be acceptable for use in immunologic analysis on the basis that they maintained viability and did not have significant alterations in lymphocyte subsets, except for CD8, when compared with freshly isolated lymphocytes. Furthermore, results for mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assays were also comparable between fresh and refrigerated aliquots. CONDUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The nonradioactive lymphocyte proliferation assay is a reliable alternative to [3H]-thymidine assay for assessing proliferation of equine lymphocytes. Collectively, our results imply that blood samples refrigerated and shipped ovenight to a laboratory can be used to perform cellular-immune assays; results of those assays would enhance a clinician's diagnostic abilities to monitor the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Witonsky
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, the Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA
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Evans DL, Leary JH, Jaso-Friedmann L. Nonspecific cytotoxic cells and innate immunity: regulation by programmed cell death. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:791-805. [PMID: 11602196 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although programmed cell death (PCD) and the cellular pathology of apoptosis have been extensively studied in mammals and invertebrates, little is known regarding these important regulatory processes in cold blooded vertebrates, especially teleost fish. In the present review, select immunoregulatory properties of PCD/apoptosis in nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) from catfish and tilapia were identified. The techniques used to define the characteristics of PCD in NCC were DNA ploidy, Annexin-V binding and cellular morphology. Using these procedures, we determined that the biochemical/genetic changes that NCC undergo during PCD are similar to those described in mammalian cells. We hypothesize that one immediate response of NCC to acute stress in teleost fish is the release of apoptosis regulatory factors (ARF) or stress activated serum factors (SASF) into the peripheral blood. These cytokine-like factors activate NCC by protecting them from initiation of: "activation induced cell death" (AICD); from "receptor induced apoptosis"; and from initiation of dexamethasone induced DNA hypoploidy. We predict that the mechanism of these actions is enhanced NCC recycling capacity and initiation of migration of NCC into sites of inflammation. In this review, studies were also summarized regarding the expression and release of "death and survival proteins" by NCC. Although the survey was not exhaustive, we showed that tilapia NCC that were activated in vitro with SASF contained increased levels of two adaptor proteins (i.e. CAS, FADD) and soluble FasL. At present the relevance of expression of the adaptor proteins by NCC is not known, however, additional evidence for the role of FasL in NCC innate immune responses was presented. Interestingly, NCC contained constitutive cytosolic FasL, and activation with tumor cells caused a significant decrease in the cytoplasmic levels of this "death protein". This indicated that FasL in NCC may function as a secretory cytokine-like molecule. Unlike mammalian NK cells and T-cells, activated NCC do not express membrane FasL. A level of phosphatase regulation of NCC apoptosis was indicated by demonstrating a reduced camptothecin induce DNA hypoploidy by pretreatment of NCC with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate. This review emphasized the important regulatory functions of PCD/apoptosis for NCC in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Saker KE, Kalnitsky J, Gogal RM, Ward DL. Evaluation of a nonradioactive colorimetric assay for analysis of lymphocyte proliferation in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:567-71. [PMID: 11327465 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare results of a nonradioactive colorimetric microplate assay with results of a traditional radioactive proliferation assay for determination of its use as a reliable and accurate alternative method for determination of proliferative activity of feline lymphocytes. SAMPLE POPULATION Blood samples from 10 clinically normal domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE Double-density gradient separation was used to isolate mononuclear cells. Isolated cells were stimulated with various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con-A) and cultured for 72 hours. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured by radioactive ([3H]thymidine) and nonradioactive (colorimetric) techniques. Immunophenotypic analysis with feline-specific CD4+ and CD8+ monoclonal antibody was performed, using flow cytometry. RESULTS Mononuclear cells were successfully isolated (97 to 99% purity and viability) from blood samples. A similar dose-dependent proliferative response to Con-A stimulation was measured with [3H]thymidine incorporation and the colorimetric assay. For both techniques, concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 microg of Con-A/ml were submitogenic, and 100 microg/ml was toxic to cultured cells. For both techniques, maximal proliferation was observed with 5 microg of Con-A/ml. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results indicate that the nonradioactive colorimetric technique is a reliable and accurate method for measuring proliferative activity of feline lymphocytes. Clinically, this assay can be used as part of a screening process to determine immunocompetence of at-risk cats and to evaluate treatments for cats with immune-mediated or T-cell-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Saker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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Gogal RM, Ahmed SA, Smith SA, Holladay SD. Mandates to develop non-mammalian models for chemical immunotoxicity evaluation: are fish a viable alternate to rodents? Toxicol Lett 1999; 106:89-92. [PMID: 10403652 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Gogal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0342, USA.
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