2
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Whitman MC, Miyake N, Nguyen EH, Bell JL, Matos Ruiz PM, Chan WM, Di Gioia SA, Mukherjee N, Barry BJ, Bosley TM, Khan AO, Engle EC. Decreased ACKR3 (CXCR7) function causes oculomotor synkinesis in mice and humans. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3113-3125. [PMID: 31211835 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor synkinesis is the involuntary movement of the eyes or eyelids with a voluntary attempt at a different movement. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 regulate oculomotor nerve development; mice with loss of either molecule have oculomotor synkinesis. In a consanguineous family with congenital ptosis and elevation of the ptotic eyelid with ipsilateral abduction, we identified a co-segregating homozygous missense variant (c.772G>A) in ACKR3, which encodes an atypical chemokine receptor that binds CXCL12 and functions as a scavenger receptor, regulating levels of CXCL12 available for CXCR4 signaling. The mutant protein (p.V258M) is expressed and traffics to the cell surface but has a lower binding affinity for CXCL12. Mice with loss of Ackr3 have variable phenotypes that include misrouting of the oculomotor and abducens nerves. All embryos show oculomotor nerve misrouting, ranging from complete misprojection in the midbrain, to aberrant peripheral branching, to a thin nerve, which aberrantly innervates the lateral rectus (as seen in Duane syndrome). The abducens nerve phenotype ranges from complete absence, to aberrant projections within the orbit, to a normal trajectory. Loss of ACKR3 in the midbrain leads to downregulation of CXCR4 protein, consistent with reports that excess CXCL12 causes ligand-induced degradation of CXCR4. Correspondingly, excess CXCL12 applied to ex vivo oculomotor slices causes axon misrouting, similar to inhibition of CXCR4. Thus, ACKR3, through its regulation of CXCL12 levels, is an important regulator of axon guidance in the oculomotor system; complete loss causes oculomotor synkinesis in mice, while reduced function causes oculomotor synkinesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Whitman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noriko Miyake
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elaine H Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola M Matos Ruiz
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Silvio Alessandro Di Gioia
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Mukherjee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda J Barry
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - T M Bosley
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif O Khan
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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5
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Matthes M, Preusse M, Zhang J, Schechter J, Mayer D, Lentes B, Theis F, Prakash N, Wurst W, Trümbach D. Mouse IDGenes: a reference database for genetic interactions in the developing mouse brain. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2014; 2014:bau083. [PMID: 25145340 PMCID: PMC4139671 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of developmental processes in the mouse and other vertebrates includes the understanding of patterning along the anterior–posterior, dorsal–ventral and medial– lateral axis. Specifically, neural development is also of great clinical relevance because several human neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism disorders or drug addiction and also brain malformations are thought to have neurodevelopmental origins, i.e. pathogenesis initiates during childhood and adolescence. Impacts during early neurodevelopment might also predispose to late-onset neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease. The neural tube develops from its precursor tissue, the neural plate, in a patterning process that is determined by compartmentalization into morphogenetic units, the action of local signaling centers and a well-defined and locally restricted expression of genes and their interactions. While public databases provide gene expression data with spatio-temporal resolution, they usually neglect the genetic interactions that govern neural development. Here, we introduce Mouse IDGenes, a reference database for genetic interactions in the developing mouse brain. The database is highly curated and offers detailed information about gene expressions and the genetic interactions at the developing mid-/hindbrain boundary. To showcase the predictive power of interaction data, we infer new Wnt/β-catenin target genes by machine learning and validate one of them experimentally. The database is updated regularly. Moreover, it can easily be extended by the research community. Mouse IDGenes will contribute as an important resource to the research on mouse brain development, not exclusively by offering data retrieval, but also by allowing data input. Database URL:http://mouseidgenes.helmholtz-muenchen.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Matthes
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Martin Preusse
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Julia Schechter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Daniela Mayer
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Bernd Lentes
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 München, Germany, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Emil-Ramannstr. 8, 85354 Freising, Germany, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Technische Universität München, Zentrum Mathematik, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany, Max-Planck-In
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