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Steffen LS, Bacher JW, Peng Y, Le PN, Ding LH, Genik PC, Ray FA, Bedford JS, Fallgren CM, Bailey SM, Ullrich RL, Weil MM, Story MD. Molecular characterisation of murine acute myeloid leukaemia induced by 56Fe ion and 137Cs gamma ray irradiation. Mutagenesis 2012; 28:71-9. [PMID: 22987027 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sparsely ionising gamma- or X-ray irradiation is known to increase the risk of leukaemia in humans. However, heavy ion radiotherapy and extended space exploration will expose humans to densely ionising high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation for which there is currently no understanding of leukaemia risk. Murine models have implicated chromosomal deletion that includes the hematopoietic transcription factor gene, PU.1 (Sfpi1), and point mutation of the second PU.1 allele as the primary cause of low-LET radiation-induced murine acute myeloid leukaemia (rAML). Using array comparative genomic hybridisation, fluorescence in situ hybridisation and high resolution melt analysis, we have confirmed that biallelic PU.1 mutations are common in low-LET rAML, occurring in 88% of samples. Biallelic PU.1 mutations were also detected in the majority of high-LET rAML samples. Microsatellite instability was identified in 42% of all rAML samples, and 89% of samples carried increased microsatellite mutant frequencies at the single-cell level, indicative of ongoing instability. Instability was also observed cytogenetically as a 2-fold increase in chromatid-type aberrations. These data highlight the similarities in molecular characteristics of high-LET and low-LET rAML and confirm the presence of ongoing chromosomal and microsatellite instability in murine rAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leta S Steffen
- Genetic Analysis Group, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Pereira S, Vayntrub T, Hiraki DD, Cherry AM, Arai S, Dvorak CC, Grumet FC. Short tandem repeat and human leukocyte antigen mutations or losses confound engraftment and typing analysis in hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:503-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Seedhouse C, Russell N. Advances in the understanding of susceptibility to treatment-related acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2007; 137:513-29. [PMID: 17539774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-related acute myeloid leukaemia (t-AML) is a devastating complication following exposure to the cytotoxic and genotoxic agents used to treat a primary malignancy. Whilst the incidence of t-AML is rising, it still only occurs in a minority of patients who have received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatment and hence it is important to identify factors that may confer susceptibility to the development of the condition. This paper reviews the literature and discusses the advances and limitations in our understanding of susceptibility factors to t-AML. In particular, it concentrates upon genetic polymorphisms in detoxification genes and in genes belonging to the major DNA repair pathways. This review also considers more novel susceptibility factors, such as those proposed to determine stem cell number. Increased understanding of t-AML susceptibility may enable steps to be taken to prevent its development and increase the effectiveness of treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Seedhouse
- Department of Academic Haematology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.
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4
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Rund D, Krichevsky S, Bar-Cohen S, Goldschmidt N, Kedmi M, Malik E, Gural A, Shafran-Tikva S, Ben-Neriah S, Ben-Yehuda D. Therapy-related leukemia: clinical characteristics and analysis of new molecular risk factors in 96 adult patients. Leukemia 2005; 19:1919-28. [PMID: 16167058 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-related leukemia or myelodysplasia (t-leuk/MDS) is a serious problem that is increasing in frequency. We studied the clinical characteristics of 96 patients (pts) with a mean age of 48 years, and analyzed the molecular parameters that could predispose to t-leuk/MDS. Hematological malignancies were the most common primary (53%), followed by breast and ovarian cancer (30% combined). The mean latency until the development of t-AML was 45.5 months. Median survival was 10 months. Cytogenetics was abnormal in 89% of pts. FLT3 internal tandem duplications were found in six of 41 (14.6%) pts, of whom four had an abnormal karyotype. Analysis of drug metabolism and disposition genes showed a protective effect of the CYP3A4 1*B genotype against the development of t-leuk/MDS, whereas the CC genotype of MDR1 C3435T and the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 codon 187 polymorphism were both noncontributory. Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis using fluoresceinated PCR with ABI sequence analyzer demonstrated that 41% of pts had high levels of MSI in four or more of 10 microsatellite loci. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated reduced expression of MSH2 and MLH1 in 6/10 pts with MSI as compared to 0/5 of pts without MSI. In conclusion, genetic predisposition as well as epigenetic events contribute to the etiology of t-AML/MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rund
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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Offman J, Opelz G, Doehler B, Cummins D, Halil O, Banner NR, Burke MM, Sullivan D, Macpherson P, Karran P. Defective DNA mismatch repair in acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome after organ transplantation. Blood 2004; 104:822-8. [PMID: 15090454 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression after organ transplantation is an acknowledged risk factor for skin cancer and lymphoma. We examined whether there was also an excess of leukemia in patients after transplantation and whether this might be related to a particular immunosuppressive treatment. Data from more than 170 000 patients indicated that organ transplantation is associated with a significantly increased risk for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML was more frequent after heart transplantation and lung transplantation than after kidney transplantation and was associated with immunosuppression by azathioprine, a thiopurine prodrug. Cellular resistance to thiopurines is associated with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. We demonstrate that thiopurine treatment of human cells in vitro selects variants with defective MMR. Consistent with a similar selection in patient bone marrow, in 7 of 7 patients, transplant-related AML/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) exhibited the microsatellite instability (MSI) that is diagnostic for defective MMR. Because MSI occurs infrequently in de novo AML, we conclude that the selective proliferation of MMR-defective, azathioprine-resistant myeloid cells may contribute significantly to the development of AML/MDS in patients who have received organ transplants. Identifying azathioprine as a risk factor for AML/MDS suggests that discontinuing the use of azathioprine as an immunosuppressant might reduce the incidence of posttransplantation AML/MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Offman
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, United Kingdom
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6
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Ayres FM, Momotuk EG, Bastos CDC, Cruz ADD. Detection of mutator phenotype in Brazilian patients with acute and chronic myeloid leukemia. Genet Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572004000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Faulkner RD, Seedhouse CH, Das-Gupta EP, Russell NH. BAT-25 and BAT-26, two mononucleotide microsatellites, are not sensitive markers of microsatellite instability in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003; 124:160-5. [PMID: 14687025 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BAT-25 and BAT-26 are mononucleotide microsatellites with quasi-monomorphic allele length distribution in healthy controls but unstable, shortened alleles in solid organ tumours with a mutator phenotype (RER+). Both markers are highly sensitive and specific for RER+ colorectal cancer. This study evaluated three mononucleotide microsatellites, BAT-25, BAT-26 and BAT-40 (a polymorphic mononucleotide microsatellite) in RER+ acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Sixteen [six therapy-related AML (t-AML), 10 de novo AML] known RER+ AML, 22 healthy controls and five known RER- AML samples were analysed. In healthy controls and RER- AML, BAT-25 and BAT-26 were quasi-monomorphic and BAT-40 was polymorphic. Of the RER+ AML samples, 0 of 16 had microsatellite instability (MSI) at BAT-25, 0 of 16 had MSI at BAT-26 and three of 16 had MSI at BAT-40. We conclude that BAT-25, BAT-26 and BAT-40 microsatellites are insensitive to RER+ AML. Further studies are required to determine a consensus panel of sensitive microsatellites for use in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena D Faulkner
- Division of Haematology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
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Krsková-Honzátková L, Cermák J, Sajdová J, Starý J, Sedlácek P, Sieglová Z. Microsatellite instability in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:1979-86. [PMID: 12481896 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000015835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The replication error (RER+) phenotype, characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) has been recently related to mutations of genes involved in DNA mismatch repair pathway. These genetic alterations were first described in hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). We examined 44 patients with hematological malignancies (27 AML, 9 MDS, 2 CML-BP and 6 T-ALL) for evidence of MSI. Twenty seven percent of our patients showed differences for only one marker. In four cases (9.1%) MSI was observed in multiple markers and these cases were described as RER+ phenotype. Presented data suggest that this phenomenon may play a role in at least a subset of patients with hematological malignancies.
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Lynch HT, Weisenburger DD, Quinn-Laquer B, Snyder CL, Lynch JF, Lipkin SM, Sanger WG. Family with acute myelocytic leukemia, breast, ovarian, and gastrointestinal cancer. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 137:8-14. [PMID: 12377407 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report a multigeneration family in which hematologic cancers, particularly acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), and solid tumors were interspersed in cancer-prone lineages consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of genetic transmission. This combination of AML and solid tumors, in the absence of a known hereditary disorder such as the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, appears to be unique. This pedigree appears to support our hypothesis of a genetic susceptibility to both solid tumors and hematologic cancer in this kindred. Our study involved the genetic work-up of the family and the education of high-risk patients. Medical and pathology reports were retrieved for cross-referencing and verification of family reports. Blood collected through venipuncture and, when available, diagnostic bone marrow specimens were obtained for cytogenetic studies, inclusive of multiflour fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) and G-banding methods. Slides and tissue blocks were reviewed, when available. No constitutional chromosomal abnormality or rearrangement and no abnormal platelet count or function was identified in cancer-affected members or high-risk relatives in this family. However, two family members affected with AML exhibited abnormal acquired clones in their bone marrow specimens by both G-band studies and interphase FISH, both with a deletion of 5q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Ribeiro EMSF, Rodriguez JM, Cóser VM, Sotero MG, Fonseca Neto JM, Pasquini R, Cavalli IJ. Microsatellite instability and cytogenetic survey in myeloid leukemias. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002; 35:153-9. [PMID: 11847518 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2002000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites are short tandem repeat sequences dispersed throughout the genome. Their instability at multiple genetic loci may result from mismatch repair errors and it occurs in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. This instability is also found in many sporadic cancers. In order to evaluate the importance of this process in myeloid leukemias, we studied five loci in different chromosomes of 43 patients, 22 with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase, 7 with CML in blast crisis, and 14 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), by comparing leukemic DNA extracted from bone marrow and constitutional DNA obtained from buccal epithelial cells. Only one of the 43 patients (2.1%), with relapsed AML, showed an alteration in the allele length at a single locus. Cytogenetic analysis was performed in order to improve the characterization of leukemic subtypes and to determine if specific chromosome aberrations were associated with the presence of microsatellite instability. Several chromosome aberrations were observed, most of them detected at diagnosis and during follow-up of the patients, according to current literature. These findings suggest that microsatellite instability is an infrequent genetic event in myeloid leukemias, adding support to the current view that the mechanisms of genomic instability in solid tumors differ from those observed in leukemias, where specific chromosome aberrations seem to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M S F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
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Sweetser DA, Chen CS, Blomberg AA, Flowers DA, Galipeau PC, Barrett MT, Heerema NA, Buckley J, Woods WG, Bernstein ID, Reid BJ. Loss of heterozygosity in childhood de novo acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2001; 98:1188-94. [PMID: 11493469 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.4.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide screening for loss of heterozygosity (LOH), a marker for possible involvement of tumor suppressor genes, was conducted in 53 children with de novo acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). A total of 177 highly polymorphic microsatellite repeat markers were used in locus-specific polymerase chain reactions. This comprehensive allelotyping employed flow-sorted cells from diagnostic samples and whole-genome amplification of DNA from small, highly purified samples. Nineteen regions of allelic loss in 17 patients (32%) were detected on chromosome arms 1q, 3q, 5q, 7q (n = 2), 9q (n = 4), 11p (n = 2), 12p (n = 3), 13q (n = 2), 16q, 19q, and Y. The study revealed a degree of allelic loss underestimated by routine cytogenetic analysis, which failed to detect 9 of these LOH events. There was no evidence of LOH by intragenic markers for p53, Nf1, or CBFA2/AML1. Most lymphocytes lacked the deletions, which were detected only in the leukemic myeloid blast population. Analysis of patients' clinical and biologic characteristics indicated that the presence of LOH was associated with a white blood cell count of 20 x 10(9)/L or higher but was not correlated with a shorter overall survival. The relatively low rate of LOH observed in this study compared with findings in solid tumors and in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and adult AML suggests that tumor suppressor genes are either infrequently involved in the development of pediatric de novo AML or are inactivated by such means as methylation and point mutations. Additional study is needed to determine whether these regions of LOH harbor tumor suppressor genes and whether specific regions of LOH correlate with clinical characteristics. (Blood. 2001;98:1188-1194)
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sweetser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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12
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Das-Gupta EP, Seedhouse CH, Russell NH. Microsatellite instability occurs in defined subsets of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2001; 114:307-12. [PMID: 11529848 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a sensitive fluorescent-polymerase chain reaction technique we looked for microsatellite instability (MSI) as functional evidence of mismatch repair defects in 71 cases of acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML). MSI was assessed at 11 loci in matched leukaemic and constitutional DNA. Nine out of 71 patients (13%) were found to have MSI. Four of these patients had therapy-related leukaemia and the remaining five were all over the age of 60 years. There was a high incidence of adverse-risk cytogenetics in the patients with MSI, including abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7. Of the nine cases of t-AML included in this study, four (44%) had MSI. MSI was also seen in five of 51 cases (10%) over the age of 60 years but not in any cases under the age of 60 years with de novo AML. Using a sensitive assay, our results suggest that MSI occurs in two subgroups of patients with AML: those with t-AML and the elderly (> 60 years), but is rare in younger patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/chemically induced
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Das-Gupta
- Division of Haematology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Ohyashiki K, Iwama H, Yahata N, Tauchi T, Kawakubo K, Shimamoto T, Ohyashiki JH. Telomere dynamics in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemic transformation. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42:291-9. [PMID: 11699393 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109064585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by cytopenias in the blood and dysplastic features in the hematopoietic cells. Although the impact of cytogenetic abnormalities is considerable for prognosis, the exact genetic mechanism of MDS remains undetermined. In this study we assessed cytogenetic changes, microsatellite alterations, and telomere dynamics in order to obtain further insight into the pathogenesis of MDS. Thirty-three percentage of MDS patients and 60% of post-MDS acute leukemia (post-MDS AML) had de novo microsatellite changes. In the MDS phase, however, > 60% of patients showed reduction of telomere lengths without microsatellite changes, indicating that telomere reduction in most MDS patients does not seem to be directly linked to genome instability, or that reduction of telomere length does not induce microsatellite changes in the MDS phase. Some MDS patients had microsatellite changes without telomerase elevation, indicating that genome instability might accumulate during the disease progression in some MDS patients, and this condition (cellular senescence) may be related to ineffective hemopoiesis in MDS patients. In contrast, 40% of post-MDS AML patients had elevated telomerase activity with microsatellite changes, indicating that approximately 40% of patients with post-MDS AML patients had accumulation of genome instability resulting in elevated telomerase activity in an attempt to obtain genetic stability. However, the remaining MDS patients had microsatellite changes without telomerase up-regulation, suggesting that some MDS had genome instability even after leukemic transformation. Most MDS patients with elevated telomerase activity in the AML phase had elevated telomerase activity even in the MDS phase without apparent change in telomere length before and after leukemic transformation. These findings indicate that telomerase activity in the MDS phase may be independent of telomere length, although telomere shortening seems to be related to genomic instability, and this process may be linked to apoptosis of MDS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohyashiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Department of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
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Rimsza LM, Kopecky KJ, Ruschulte J, Chen IM, Slovak ML, Karanes C, Godwin J, List A, Willman CL. Microsatellite instability is not a defining genetic feature of acute myeloid leukemogenesis in adults: results of a retrospective study of 132 patients and review of the literature. Leukemia 2000; 14:1044-51. [PMID: 10865971 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of acute leukemia in children with constitutional DNA repair defects implicates defective DNA repair in leukemogenesis. Whether sporadic cases of AML also arise from an inherited genetic predisposition remains to be determined. Prior studies have reported microsatellite instability (MSI) in AML, particularly secondary and relapsed AML. These studies included small numbers of cases in which key features such as cytogenetic abnormalities were not reported. To determine whether defective DNA mismatch repair, reflected by MSI, is a defining feature of adult myeloid leukemogenesis, we retrospectively studied 132 AML cases including 28 de novo, 62 secondary, 22 relapsed/refractory, 15 cases of paired diagnosis/relapse. 110 patients were elderly (55+ years). The cases included a range of cytogenetic abnormalities. MSI was assessed at three loci (BAT 25, BAT 26, BAT 40) in DNA isolated from sorted leukemic blasts and paired T cell controls. Fluoresceinated PCR products were analyzed using an automated capillary electrophoresis system. Of the 132 AML cases, no single case demonstrated MSI. Our studies indicate that MSI, and defective DNA mismatch repair, is not a defining feature of the majority of adult patients with AML. Furthermore, our data does not support the hypothesis that MSI could be acquired during the progression of AML from diagnosis to relapse, as a consequence of therapeutic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Rimsza
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
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