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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, van der Meiden E, Moraga-Amaro R, Vazquez-Matias DA, Barazzuol L, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Effects of the adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist KW6002 on the dopaminergic system, motor performance, and neuroinflammation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2024; 247:109862. [PMID: 38325770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A-receptors (A2AR) and dopamine D2-receptors (D2R) are known to work together in a synergistic manner. Inhibiting A2ARs by genetic or pharmacological means can relief symptoms and have neuroprotective effects in certain conditions. We applied PET imaging to evaluate the impact of the A2AR antagonist KW6002 on D2R availability and neuroinflammation in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Male Wistar rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage to the right striatum were given 3 mg/kg of KW6002 daily for 20 days. Motor function was assessed using the rotarod and cylinder tests, and neuroinflammation and dopamine receptor availability were measured using PET scans with the tracers [11C]PBR28 and [11C]raclopride, respectively. On day 7 and 22 following 6-OHDA injection, rats were sacrificed for postmortem analysis. PET scans revealed a peak in neuroinflammation on day 7. Chronic treatment with KW6002 significantly reduced [11C]PBR28 uptake in the ipsilateral striatum [normalized to contralateral striatum] and [11C]raclopride binding in both striata when compared to the vehicle group. These imaging findings were accompanied by an improvement in motor function. Postmortem analysis showed an 84% decrease in the number of Iba-1+ cells in the ipsilateral striatum [normalized to contralateral striatum] of KW6002-treated rats compared to vehicle rats on day 22 (p = 0.007), corroborating the PET findings. Analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase levels showed less dopaminergic neuron loss in the ipsilateral striatum of KW6002-treated rats compared to controls on day 7. These findings suggest that KW6002 reduces inflammation and dopaminergic neuron loss, leading to less motor symptoms in this animal model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Esther van der Meiden
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Aaron Vazquez-Matias
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ferré S, Sarasola LI, Quiroz C, Ciruela F. Presynaptic adenosine receptor heteromers as key modulators of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109329. [PMID: 36375695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. In the present essay we first review the extensive evidence that indicates this modulation is mediated by adenosine A1 and A2A receptors (A1Rs and A2ARs) differentially expressed by the components of the striatal microcircuit that include cortico-striatal glutamatergic and mesencephalic dopaminergic terminals, and the cholinergic interneuron. This microcircuit mediates the ability of striatal glutamate release to locally promote dopamine release through the intermediate activation of cholinergic interneurons. A1Rs and A2ARs are colocalized in the cortico-striatal glutamatergic terminals, where they form A1R-A2AR and A2AR-cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) heteromers. We then evaluate recent findings on the unique properties of A1R-A2AR and A2AR-CB1R heteromers, which depend on their different quaternary tetrameric structure. These properties involve different allosteric mechanisms in the two receptor heteromers that provide fine-tune modulation of adenosine and endocannabinoid-mediated striatal glutamate release. Finally, we evaluate the evidence supporting the use of different heteromers containing striatal adenosine receptors as targets for drug development for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome, based on the ability or inability of the A2AR to demonstrate constitutive activity in the different heteromers, and the ability of some A2AR ligands to act preferentially as neutral antagonists or inverse agonists, or to have preferential affinity for a specific A2AR heteromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Laura I Sarasola
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - César Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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The Role of the Adenosine System on Emotional and Cognitive Disturbances Induced by Ethanol Binge Drinking in the Immature Brain and the Beneficial Effects of Caffeine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111323. [DOI: 10.3390/ph15111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge drinking intake is the most common pattern of ethanol consumption by adolescents, which elicits emotional disturbances, mainly anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as cognitive alterations. Ethanol exposure may act on the adenosine neuromodulation system by increasing adenosine levels, consequently increasing the activation of adenosine receptors in the brain. The adenosine modulation system is involved in the control of mood and memory behavior. However, there is a gap in the knowledge about the exact mechanisms related to ethanol exposure’s hazardous effects on the immature brain (i.e., during adolescence) and the role of the adenosine system thereupon. The present review attempts to provide a comprehensive picture of the role of the adenosinergic system on emotional and cognitive disturbances induced by ethanol during adolescence, exploring the potential benefits of caffeine administration in view of its action as a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors.
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Rendón-Ochoa EA, Padilla-Orozco M, Calderon VM, Avilés-Rosas VH, Hernández-González O, Hernández-Flores T, Perez-Ramirez MB, Palomero-Rivero M, Galarraga E, Bargas J. Dopamine D 2 and Adenosine A 2A Receptors Interaction on Ca 2+ Current Modulation in a Rodent Model of Parkinsonism. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221102075. [PMID: 36050845 PMCID: PMC9178983 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A1 and A2A receptors are expressed in striatal projection neurons (SPNs). A1 receptors are located in direct (dSPN) and indirect SPNs (iSNP). A2A receptors are only present in iSPNs. Dopamine D2 receptors are also expressed in iSPNs and interactions between D2 and A2A receptors have received attention. iSPNs activity increases during parkinsonism (PD) and A2A receptors may be responsible by enhancing Ca2+ currents (iCa2+). Therefore, A2A receptors blockade is a therapeutic approach. We asked whether A2A receptors need the interaction with D2 receptors (D2R) to exert their actions. By using isolated and identified iSPNs to avoid indirect influences, we show that D2R action habilitates A2A receptors (A2AR) modulation. iCa2+ through voltage gated Ca2+ channels (CaV) was used as a signal to observe this interaction. Voltage-clamp recordings in acutely dissociated iSPNs, current-clamp recordings in slices and calcium imaging in transgenic A2A-Cre mice, showed that D2R reduction in iCa2+ endows A2AR to restore iCa2+ on iSPNs showing an antagonistic interaction between D2 and A2A receptors. A2A receptors were blocked by the antagonist istradefylline, however, this blockade differed in control and dopamine-depleted iSPNs: istradefylline reduced D2R modulation in parkinsonian animals as compared to controls. Calcium imaging recordings show that istradefylline occludes D2R actions in the parkinsonian circuitry and this effect depends on the order of drugs application. Thus, while D2 activation enables A2A receptors action, blockade of A2AR induces a reduction in the action of D2 agonists, confirming a complex interaction. Summary Statement A2A receptor required previous D2 receptor activation to modulate Ca2+ currents. Istradefylline decreases pramipexole modulation on Ca2+ currents. Istradefylline reduces A2A + neurons activity in striatial microcircuit, but pramipexole failed to further reduce neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Alberto Rendón-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Psicofarmacología, Unidad de Investigación Interdisciplinaria y de Ciencias de la Salud y Educación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Padilla-Orozco
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Vladimir Melesio Calderon
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Victor Hugo Avilés-Rosas
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Omar Hernández-González
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento dé Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Teresa Hernández-Flores
- Brain Mechanism for behavior Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - María Belén Perez-Ramirez
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marcela Palomero-Rivero
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Elvira Galarraga
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Bargas
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Li W, Hu B, Liu H, Luan J, Chen L, Wang S, Fan L, Wang J. In silico investigation of the selectivity mechanism of A 1AR and A 2AAR antagonism. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03536g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) are AR isoforms that share high homology but play many different roles in terms of regulating arteriolar pressure and urine flow as well as relieving neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Baichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasi Luan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Liye Fan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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Research progress in pharmacological activities and structure-activity relationships of tetralone scaffolds as pharmacophore and fluorescent skeleton. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113964. [PMID: 34743062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The tetralone and tetralone derivatives, as crucial structural scaffolds of potential novel drugs targeted at multiple biological end-points, are normally found in several natural compounds and also, it can be used as parental scaffold and/or intermediate for the synthesis of a series of pharmacologically active compounds with a broad-spectrum of bioactivities including antibacterial, antitumor, CNS effect and so on. Meanwhile, SAR information of its analogues has drawn attentions among medicinal chemists, which could contribute to the further research related to tetralone derivatives aimed at multiple targets. This review encompasses pharmacological activities, SAR analysis and docking study of tetralone and its derivatives, expecting to provide a general retrospect and prospect on tetralone derivatives.
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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Ren X, Chen JF. Caffeine and Parkinson's Disease: Multiple Benefits and Emerging Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:602697. [PMID: 33390888 PMCID: PMC7773776 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor impairment and non-motor symptoms. Epidemiological and experimental investigations into potential risk factors have firmly established that dietary factor caffeine, the most-widely consumed psychoactive substance, may exerts not only neuroprotective but a motor and non-motor (cognitive) benefits in PD. These multi-benefits of caffeine in PD are supported by convergence of epidemiological and animal evidence. At least six large prospective epidemiological studies have firmly established a relationship between increased caffeine consumption and decreased risk of developing PD. In addition, animal studies have also demonstrated that caffeine confers neuroprotection against dopaminergic neurodegeneration using PD models of mitochondrial toxins (MPTP, 6-OHDA, and rotenone) and expression of α-synuclein (α-Syn). While caffeine has complex pharmacological profiles, studies with genetic knockout mice have clearly revealed that caffeine’s action is largely mediated by the brain adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and confer neuroprotection by modulating neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity and mitochondrial function. Interestingly, recent studies have highlighted emerging new mechanisms including caffeine modulation of α-Syn degradation with enhanced autophagy and caffeine modulation of gut microbiota and gut-brain axis in PD models. Importantly, since the first clinical trial in 2003, United States FDA has finally approved clinical use of the A2AR antagonist istradefylline for the treatment of PD with OFF-time in Sept. 2019. To realize therapeutic potential of caffeine in PD, genetic study of caffeine and risk genes in human population may identify useful pharmacogenetic markers for predicting individual responses to caffeine in PD clinical trials and thus offer a unique opportunity for “personalized medicine” in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Ren
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
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Ott M, Tomaszowski KH, Marisetty A, Kong LY, Wei J, Duna M, Blumberg K, Ji X, Jacobs C, Fuller GN, Langford LA, Huse JT, Long JP, Hu J, Li S, Weinberg JS, Prabhu SS, Sawaya R, Ferguson S, Rao G, Lang FF, Curran MA, Heimberger AB. Profiling of patients with glioma reveals the dominant immunosuppressive axis is refractory to immune function restoration. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134386. [PMID: 32721947 PMCID: PMC7526457 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to prioritize available immune therapeutics, immune profiling across glioma grades was conducted, followed by preclinical determinations of therapeutic effect in immune-competent mice harboring gliomas. T cells and myeloid cells were isolated from the blood of healthy donors and the blood and tumors from patients with glioma and profiled for the expression of immunomodulatory targets with an available therapeutic. Murine glioma models were used to assess therapeutic efficacy of agents targeting the most frequently expressed immune targets. In patients with glioma, the A2aR/CD73/CD39 pathway was most frequently expressed, followed by the PD-1 pathway. CD73 expression was upregulated on immune cells by 2-hydroxyglutarate in IDH1 mutant glioma patients. In murine glioma models, adenosine receptor inhibitors demonstrated a modest therapeutic response; however, the addition of other inhibitors of the adenosine pathway did not further enhance this therapeutic effect. Although adenosine receptor inhibitors could recover immunological effector functions in T cells, immune recovery was impaired in the presence of gliomas, indicating that irreversible immune exhaustion limits the effectiveness of adenosine pathway inhibitors in patients with glioma. This study illustrates vetting steps that should be considered before clinical trial implementation for immunotherapy-resistant cancers, including testing an agent’s ability to restore immunological function in the context of intended use. Immune profiling of glioma patients reveals that the immune suppressive adenosine axis predominates but is refractory to modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Park Y, Park MH, Byeon JJ, Shin SH, Lee BI, Choi JM, Kim N, Park SJ, Park MJ, Lim JH, Shin YG. Assessment of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Profiles of SCH 58261 in Rats Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092209. [PMID: 32397307 PMCID: PMC7248953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c) pyrimidine (SCH 58261) is one of the new chemical entities that has been developed as an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. Although SCH 58261 has been reported to be beneficial, there is little information about SCH 58261 from a drug metabolism or pharmacokinetics perspective. This study describes the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of SCH 58261 in order to understand its behaviors in vivo. Rats were used as the in vivo model species. First, an LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of SCH 58261 in rat plasma. A GastroPlus™ simulation, in vitro microsomal metabolic stability, and bile duct-cannulated studies were also performed to understand its pharmacokinetic profile. The parameter sensitivity analysis of GastroPlus™ was used to examine the factors that influence exposure when the drug is orally administered. The factors are as follows: permeability, systemic clearance, renal clearance, and liver first-pass effect. In vitro microsomal metabolic stability indicates how much the drug is metabolized. The extrapolated hepatic clearance value of SCH 58261 was 39.97 mL/min/kg, indicating that the drug is greatly affected by hepatic metabolism. In vitro microsomal metabolite identification studies revealed that metabolites produce oxidized and ketone-formed metabolites via metabolic enzymes in the liver. The bile duct-cannulated rat study, after oral administration of SCH 58261, showed that a significant amount of the drug was excreted in feces. These results imply that the drug is not absorbed well in the body after oral administration. Taken together, SCH 58261 showed quite a low bioavailability when administered orally and this was likely due to significantly limited absorption, as well as high metabolism in vivo.
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Chen JF, Cunha RA. The belated US FDA approval of the adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist istradefylline for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:167-174. [PMID: 32236790 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
After more than two decades of preclinical and clinical studies, on August 27, 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist Nourianz® (istradefylline) developed by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Inc., Japan, as an add-on treatment to levodopa in Parkinson's disease (PD) with "OFF" episodes. This milestone achievement is the culmination of the decade-long clinical studies of the effects of istradefylline in more than 4000 PD patients. Istradefylline is the first non-dopaminergic drug approved by FDA for PD in the last two decades. This approval also provides some important lessons to be remembered, namely, concerning disease-specific adenosine signaling and targeting subpopulation of PD patients. Importantly, this approval paves the way to foster entirely novel therapeutic opportunities for adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, such as neuroprotection or reversal of mood and cognitive deficits in PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Li J, Hong X, Li G, Conti PS, Zhang X, Chen K. PET Imaging of Adenosine Receptors in Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1445-1463. [PMID: 31284861 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190708163407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are a class of purinergic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Extracellular adenosine is a pivotal regulation molecule that adjusts physiological function through the interaction with four ARs: A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R. Alterations of ARs function and expression have been studied in neurological diseases (epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease), cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and inflammation and autoimmune diseases. A series of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) probes for imaging ARs have been developed. The PET imaging probes have provided valuable information for diagnosis and therapy of diseases related to alterations of ARs expression. This review presents a concise overview of various ARs-targeted radioligands for PET imaging in diseases. The most recent advances in PET imaging studies by using ARs-targeted probes are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindian Li
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xingfang Hong
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Guoquan Li
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Peter S Conti
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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13
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Lee BI, Park MH, Shin SH, Byeon JJ, Park Y, Kim N, Choi J, Shin YG. Quantitative Analysis of Tozadenant Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method in Rat Plasma and Its Human Pharmacokinetics Prediction Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071295. [PMID: 30987056 PMCID: PMC6479388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tozadenant is one of the selective adenosine A2a receptor antagonists with a potential to be a new Parkinson's disease (PD) therapeutic drug. In this study, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based bioanalytical method was qualified and applied for the quantitative analysis of tozadenant in rat plasma. A good calibration curve was observed in the range from 1.01 to 2200 ng/mL for tozadenant using a quadratic regression. In vitro and preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of tozadenant were studied through the developed bioanalytical methods, and human PK profiles were predicted using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling based on these values. The PBPK model was initially optimized using in vitro and in vivo PK data obtained by intravenous administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg in rats. Other in vivo PK data in rats were used to validate the PBPK model. The human PK of tozadenant after oral administration at a dose of 240 mg was simulated by using an optimized and validated PBPK model. The predicted human PK parameters and profiles were similar to the observed clinical data. As a result, optimized PBPK model could reasonably predict the PK in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Ill Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Min-Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Seok-Ho Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Jin-Ju Byeon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Yuri Park
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Nahye Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Jangmi Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Young G Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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14
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Balance between dopamine and adenosine signals regulates the PKA/Rap1 pathway in striatal medium spiny neurons. Neurochem Int 2019; 122:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Benzopyrone represents a privilege scaffold to identify novel adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonists. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Deganutti G, Zhukov A, Deflorian F, Federico S, Spalluto G, Cooke RM, Moro S, Mason JS, Bortolato A. Impact of protein-ligand solvation and desolvation on transition state thermodynamic properties of adenosine A 2A ligand binding kinetics. In Silico Pharmacol 2017; 5:16. [PMID: 29308352 PMCID: PMC5755719 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-017-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-protein binding kinetic rates are growing in importance as parameters to consider in drug discovery and lead optimization. In this study we analysed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) the transition state (TS) properties of a set of six adenosine A2A receptor inhibitors, belonging to both the xanthine and the triazolo-triazine scaffolds. SPR highlighted interesting differences among the ligands in the enthalpic and entropic components of the TS energy barriers for the binding and unbinding events. To better understand at a molecular level these differences, we developed suMetaD, a novel molecular dynamics (MD)-based approach combining supervised MD and metadynamics. This method allows simulation of the ligand unbinding and binding events. It also provides the system conformation corresponding to the highest energy barrier the ligand is required to overcome to reach the final state. For the six ligands evaluated in this study their TS thermodynamic properties were linked in particular to the role of water molecules in solvating/desolvating the pocket and the small molecules. suMetaD identified kinetic bottleneck conformations near the bound state position or in the vestibule area. In the first case the barrier is mainly enthalpic, requiring the breaking of strong interactions with the protein. In the vestibule TS location the kinetic bottleneck is instead mainly of entropic nature, linked to the solvent behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Deganutti
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrei Zhukov
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AX UK
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AX UK
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Robert M. Cooke
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AX UK
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padua, Italy
| | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AX UK
| | - Andrea Bortolato
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AX UK
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17
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Legoabe LJ, Van der Walt MM, Terre'Blanche G. Evaluation of 2-benzylidene-1-tetralone derivatives as antagonists of A 1 and A 2A adenosine receptors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:234-244. [PMID: 28734058 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of the adenosine receptors (A1 and A2A ) are thought to be beneficial in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to explore 2-benzylidene-1-tetralone derivatives as antagonists of A1 and/or A2A adenosine receptors. In general, the test compounds were found to be selective for the A1 adenosine receptor, with only three test compounds possessing affinity for both the A1 and A2A adenosine receptor. The 2-benzylidene-1-tetralones bearing a hydroxyl substituent at either position C5, C6 or C7 of ring A displayed favourable adenosine A1 receptor binding, while C5 hydroxy substitution led to favourable A2A adenosine receptor affinity. Interestingly, para-hydroxy substitution on ring B in combination with ring A bearing a hydroxy at position C6 or C7 provided the 2-benzylidene-1-tetralones with both A1 and A2A adenosine receptor affinity. Compounds 4 and 8 displayed the highest A1 and A2A adenosine receptor affinity with values below 7 μm. Both these compounds behaved as A1 adenosine receptor antagonists in the performed GTP shift assays. In conclusion, the 2-benzylidene-1-tetralone derivatives can be considered as lead compounds to design a new class of dual acting adenosine A1 /A2A receptor antagonists that may have potential in treating both dementia and locomotor deficits in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mietha M Van der Walt
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gisella Terre'Blanche
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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18
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Jaberi E, Rohani M, Shahidi GA, Nafissi S, Arefian E, Soleimani M, Moghadam A, Arzenani MK, Keramatian F, Klotzle B, Fan JB, Turk C, Steemers F, Elahi E. Mutation inADORA1identified as likely cause of early-onset parkinsonism and cognitive dysfunction. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1004-11. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jaberi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Rohani
- Department of Neurology; Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Shahidi
- Department of Neurology; Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Shahriar Nafissi
- Department of Neurology; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- School of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Abolfazl Moghadam
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Farid Keramatian
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Science, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Science, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
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19
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Federico S, Ciancetta A, Porta N, Redenti S, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Moro S, Spalluto G. 5,7-Disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines as pharmacological tools to explore the antagonist selectivity profiles toward adenosine receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:529-541. [PMID: 26717203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of new 5,7-disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines as adenosine receptors (ARs) antagonists has been explored. The introduction of a benzylamino group at C5 with a free amino group at C7 increases the affinity toward all the ARs subtypes (10: KihA1 = 94.6 nM; KihA2A = 1.11 nM; IC50hA2B = 2214 nM; KihA3 = 30.8 nM). Replacing the free amino group at C7 with a phenylureido moiety yields a potent and quite selective hA2A AR antagonist (14: hA2A AR Ki = 1.44 nM; hA1/hA2A = 216.0; hA3/hA2A = 20.6). This trend diverges from the analysis on the pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine series previously reported. With the help of an in silico receptor-driven approach, we have rationalized these observations and elucidated from a molecular point of view the role of the benzylamino group at C5 in determining affinity toward the hA2A AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Porta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Redenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karl Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxicologie, Universität of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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20
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Vadalà M, Vallelunga A, Palmieri L, Palmieri B, Morales-Medina JC, Iannitti T. Mechanisms and therapeutic applications of electromagnetic therapy in Parkinson's disease. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2015; 11:26. [PMID: 26347217 PMCID: PMC4562205 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic therapy is a non-invasive and safe approach for the management of several pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative pathology caused by abnormal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain resulting in damage to the basal ganglia. Electromagnetic therapy has been extensively used in the clinical setting in the form of transcranial magnetic stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy which can also be used in the domestic setting. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of electromagnetic therapy to alleviate motor and non-motor deficits that characterize Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vadalà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Vallelunga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Lucia Palmieri
- Department of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy.
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy.
| | - Julio Cesar Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
| | - Tommaso Iannitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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21
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Dietary factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:672838. [PMID: 25688361 PMCID: PMC4320877 DOI: 10.1155/2015/672838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. The majority of cases do not arise from purely genetic factors, implicating an important role of environmental factors in disease pathogenesis. Well-established environmental toxins important in PD include pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals. However, many toxicants linked to PD and used in animal models are rarely encountered. In this context, other factors such as dietary components may represent daily exposures and have gained attention as disease modifiers. Several in vitro, in vivo, and human epidemiological studies have found a variety of dietary factors that modify PD risk. Here, we critically review findings on association between dietary factors, including vitamins, flavonoids, calorie intake, caffeine, alcohol, and metals consumed via food and fatty acids and PD. We have also discussed key data on heterocyclic amines that are produced in high-temperature cooked meat, which is a new emerging field in the assessment of dietary factors in neurological diseases. While more research is clearly needed, significant evidence exists that specific dietary factors can modify PD risk.
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22
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Tomiyama M. Adenosine receptors and dyskinesia in pathophysiology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:117-26. [PMID: 25175963 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
First, the recent progress in the pathogenesis of levodopa-induced dyskinesia was described. Serotonin neurons play an important role in conversion from levodopa to dopamine and in the release of converted dopamine into the striatum in the Parkinsonian state. Since serotonin neurons lack buffering effects on synaptic dopamine concentration, the synaptic dopamine markedly fluctuates depending on the fluctuating levodopa concentration in the serum after taking levodopa. The resultant pulsatile stimulation makes the striatal direct-pathway neurons get potential that releases excessive GABA into the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. When levodopa is administered, the stored GABA is released, the output nuclei become hypoactive, and then dyskinesias emerge. Second, effects of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists on dyskinesia were described. It has been demonstrated that the expression of adenosine A2A receptors is increased in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with dyskinesias, suggesting that blockade of A2A receptors is beneficial for dyskinesias. Preclinical studies have shown that A2A receptor antagonists reduce liability of dyskinesias in PD models. Clinical trials have demonstrated that A2A antagonists increase functional ON-time (ON without troublesome dyskinesia) in PD patients suffering from wearing-off phenomenon, although they may increase dyskinesia in patients with advanced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan.
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23
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Bacilieri M, Ciancetta A, Paoletta S, Federico S, Cosconati S, Cacciari B, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Klotz KN, Spalluto G, Moro S. Revisiting a receptor-based pharmacophore hypothesis for human A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1620-37. [PMID: 23705857 DOI: 10.1021/ci300615u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of both structure- and ligand-based design approaches represents to date one of the most useful strategies in the discovery of new drug candidates. In the present paper, we investigated how the application of docking-driven conformational analysis can improve the predictive ability of 3D-QSAR statistical models. With the use of the crystallographic structure in complex with the high affinity antagonist ZM 241385 (4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]-triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol), we revisited a general pharmacophore hypothesis for the human A(2A) adenosine receptor of a set of 751 known antagonists, by applying an integrated ligand- and structure-based approach. Our novel pharmacophore hypothesis has been validated by using an external test set of 29 newly synthesized human adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bacilieri
- Molecular Modeling Section-MMS, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
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24
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Li J, Jonsson AL, Beuming T, Shelley JC, Voth GA. Ligand-dependent activation and deactivation of the human adenosine A(2A) receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8749-59. [PMID: 23678995 PMCID: PMC4120839 DOI: 10.1021/ja404391q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins with critical functions in cellular signal transduction, representing a primary class of drug targets. Acting by direct binding, many drugs modulate GPCR activity and influence the signaling pathways associated with numerous diseases. However, complete details of ligand-dependent GPCR activation/deactivation are difficult to obtain from experiments. Therefore, it remains unclear how ligands modulate a GPCR's activity. To elucidate the ligand-dependent activation/deactivation mechanism of the human adenosine A2A receptor (AA2AR), a member of the class A GPCRs, we performed large-scale unbiased molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations of the receptor embedded in a membrane. At the atomic level, we have observed distinct structural states that resemble the active and inactive states. In particular, we noted key structural elements changing in a highly concerted fashion during the conformational transitions, including six conformational states of a tryptophan (Trp246(6.48)). Our findings agree with a previously proposed view that, during activation, this tryptophan residue undergoes a rotameric transition that may be coupled to a series of coherent conformational changes, resulting in the opening of the G-protein binding site. Further, metadynamics simulations provide quantitative evidence for this mechanism, suggesting how ligand binding shifts the equilibrium between the active and inactive states. Our analysis also proposes that a few specific residues are associated with agonism/antagonism, affinity, and selectivity, and suggests that the ligand-binding pocket can be thought of as having three distinct regions, providing dynamic features for structure-based design. Additional simulations with AA2AR bound to a novel ligand are consistent with our proposed mechanism. Generally, our study provides insights into the ligand-dependent AA2AR activation/deactivation in addition to what has been found in crystal structures. These results should aid in the discovery of more effective and selective GPCR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute and Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Amanda L. Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute and Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Thijs Beuming
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 West 45 Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10036
| | - John C. Shelley
- Schrödinger, Inc., 101 Southwest Main Street, Suite 1300, Portland, OR 97204
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute and Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
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25
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Insight into the binding mode and the structural features of the pyrimidine derivatives as human A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Biosystems 2013; 115:13-22. [PMID: 23665268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of 278 monocyclic and bicyclic pyrimidine derivatives with human A2A adenosine receptor (AR) was investigated by employing molecular dynamics, thermodynamic analysis and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) approaches. The binding analysis reveals that the pyrimidine derivatives are anchored in TM2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 of A2A AR by the aromatic stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions. The key residues involving Phe168, Glu169, and Asn253 stabilize the monocyclic and bicyclic cores of inhibitors. The thermodynamic analysis by molecular mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) approach also confirms the reasonableness of the binding modes. In addition, the ligand-/receptor-based comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models of high statistical significance were generated and the resulting contour maps correlate well with the structural features of the antagonists essential for high A2A AR affinity. A minor/bulky group with negative charge at C2/C6 of pyrimidine ring respectively enhances the activity for all these pyrimidine derivatives. Particularly, the higher electron density of the ring in the bicyclic derivatives, the more potent the antagonists. The obatined results might be helpful in rational design of novel candidate of A2A adenosine receptor antagonist for treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Chen JF, Eltzschig HK, Fredholm BB. Adenosine receptors as drug targets--what are the challenges? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:265-86. [PMID: 23535933 PMCID: PMC3930074 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Moreover, drugs such as dipyridamole and methotrexate act by enhancing the activation of adenosine receptors. There is strong evidence that adenosine has a functional role in many diseases, and several pharmacological compounds specifically targeting individual adenosine receptors--either directly or indirectly--have now entered the clinic. However, only one adenosine receptor-specific agent--the adenosine A2A receptor agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan; Astellas Pharma)--has so far gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, we focus on the biology of adenosine signalling to identify hurdles in the development of additional pharmacological compounds targeting adenosine receptors and discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Jörg M, Agostino M, Yuriev E, Mak FS, Miller ND, White JM, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Synthesis, molecular structure, NMR spectroscopic and computational analysis of a selective adenosine A2A antagonist, ZM 241385. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Iravani MM, Jenner P. Mechanisms underlying the onset and expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and their pharmacological manipulation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:1661-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nicoletti A, Pugliese P, Nicoletti G, Arabia G, Annesi G, Mari MD, Lamberti P, Grasso L, Marconi R, Epifanio A, Morgante L, Cozzolino A, Barone P, Torchia G, Quattrone A, Zappia M. Voluptuary habits and clinical subtypes of Parkinson's disease: the FRAGAMP case-control study. Mov Disord 2011; 25:2387-94. [PMID: 20669181 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the possible association between smoking, coffee drinking, and alcohol consumption and Parkinson's disease (PD). The FRAGAMP study is a large Italian multicenter case-control study carried out to evaluate the possible role of environmental and genetic factors in PD. Adjusted ORs were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Smoking, coffee, and alcohol consumption were also considered as surrogate markers of lifestyle and analysis was carried out considering the presence of at least one, two, or three factors. This latter analysis was separately performed considering Tremor-Dominant (TD) and Akinetic-Rigid (AR) patients. Four hundred ninety-two PD patients (292 men and 200 women) and 459 controls (160 men and 299 women) were enrolled in the study. Multivariate analysis showed a significant negative association between PD and cigarette smoking (OR 0.51; 95%CI 0.36-0.72), coffee drinking (OR 0.61; 95%CI 0.43-0.87) and wine consumption (OR 0.62; 95%CI 0.44-0.86); a significant trend dose-effect (P < 0.05) has been found for all the factors studied. We have also found a trend dose-effect for the presence of at least one, two or three factors with a greater risk reduction (83%) for the presence of three factors. However, a different strength of association between TD and AR was found with a greater risk reduction for the AR patients. We found a significant inverse association between PD smoking, coffee, and alcohol consumption. When analysis was carried out considering the association of these factors as possible surrogate markers of a peculiar lifestyle the association was stronger for the AR phenotype.
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Federico S, Paoletta S, Cheong SL, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Stragliotto S, Klotz KN, Siegel J, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Moro S, Spalluto G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines as human A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists with improved water solubility. J Med Chem 2011; 54:877-89. [PMID: 21214204 PMCID: PMC3578427 DOI: 10.1021/jm101349u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine derivatives related to ZM241385 as antagonists of the A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) was explored through the synthesis of analogues substituted at the 5 position. The A(2A) AR X-ray structure was used to propose a structural basis for the activity and selectivity of the analogues and to direct the synthetic design strategy to provide access to solvent-exposed regions. Thus, we have identified a point of substitution for the attachment of solubilizing groups to enhance both aqueous solubility and physicochemical properties, maintaining potent interactions with the A(2A) AR and, in some cases, receptor subtype selectivity. Among the most potent and selective novel compounds were a long-chain ether-containing amine congener 20 (K(i) 11.5 nM) and its urethane-protected derivative 14 (K(i) 17.8 nM). Compounds 20 and 31 (K(i) 11.5 and 16.9 nM, respectively) were readily water-soluble up to 10 mM. The analogues were docked in the crystallographic structure of the hA(2A) AR and in a homology model of the hA(3) AR, and the per residue electrostatic and hydrophobic contributions to the binding were assessed and stabilizing factors were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Stragliotto
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Karl Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität of Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Siegel
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
The natural plant alkaloids caffeine and theophylline were the first adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists described in the literature. They exhibit micromolar affinities and are non-selective. A large number of derivatives and analogues were subsequently synthesized and evaluated as AR antagonists. Very potent antagonists have thus been developed with selectivity for each of the four AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Phone +49-228-73-2301, Fax +49-228-73-2567
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America, Phone +1-301-496-9024, Fax +1-301-480-8422
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Xu K, Xu YH, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA. Neuroprotection by caffeine: time course and role of its metabolites in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2010; 167:475-81. [PMID: 20167258 PMCID: PMC2849921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have raised the possibility of caffeine serving as a neuroprotective agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). This possibility has gained support from findings that dopaminergic neuron toxicity induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or other neurotoxins is attenuated by co-administration of caffeine in mice. Here we examined the time window of caffeine's neuroprotection as well as the effects of caffeine's metabolites (theophylline and paraxanthine) in the MPTP mouse model of PD. In the first experiment, caffeine pre-treatment (30 mg/kg ip) significantly attenuated MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion when it was given 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, or 2 h but not 6 h before MPTP (40 mg/kg ip) treatment. Meanwhile, caffeine post-treatment also significantly attenuated striatal dopamine loss when it was given 10 min, 30 min, 1 h or 2 h but not 4 h, 8 h or 24 h after MPTP injection. In the second experiment, both theophylline (10 or 20 mg/kg) and paraxanthine (10 or 30 mg/kg) administration (10 min before MPTP) significantly attenuated MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice, as did caffeine (10 mg/kg) treatment. Thus the metabolites of caffeine also provide neuroprotective effects in this mouse model of PD. The data suggest that if caffeine protects against putative toxin-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in humans, then precise temporal pairing between caffeine and toxin exposures may not be critical because the duration of neuroprotection by caffeine may be extended by protective effects of its major metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Yue-Hang Xu
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Neurology, 715 Albany Street, C314, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Michael A. Schwarzschild
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
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Pastorin G, Federico S, Paoletta S, Corradino M, Cateni F, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G, Moro S. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a new series of 5,7-disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine derivatives as adenosine receptor antagonists: A preliminary inspection of ligand-receptor recognition process. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2524-36. [PMID: 20304654 PMCID: PMC3106415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new series of triazolotriazines variously substituted at the C5 and N7 (5-25) positions was synthesized and fully characterized at the four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes. In particular, arylacetyl or arylcarbamoyl moieties were introduced at the N7 position, which enhanced affinity at the hA(2B) and hA(3) ARs, respectively, when utilized on the pyrazolo-triazolopyrimidine nucleus as we reported in the past. In general, compounds with a free amino group at the 7 position (5, 6), showed good affinity at the rat (r) A(2A) AR (range 18.3-96.5nM), while the introduction of a phenylcarbamoyl moiety at the N7 position (12, 19, 24) slightly increased the affinity at the hA(3) AR (range 311-633nM) with respect to the unsubstituted derivatives. The binding profiles of the synthesized analogues seemed to correlate with the substitutions at the C5 and N7 positions. At the hA(2B) AR, derivative 5, which contained a free amino group at the 7 position, was the most potent (EC(50) 3.42microM) and could represent a starting point for searching new non-xanthine hA(2B) AR antagonists. Molecular models of the rA(2A) and hA(3) ARs were constructed by homology to the recently reported crystallographic structure of the hA(2A) AR. A preliminary receptor-driven structure-activity relationship (SAR) based on the analysis of antagonist docking has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Corradino
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Cateni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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Massart R, Guilloux JP, Mignon V, Sokoloff P, Diaz J. Striatal GPR88 expression is confined to the whole projection neuron population and is regulated by dopaminergic and glutamatergic afferents. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:397-414. [PMID: 19656174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
GPR88, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, was designated Strg/GPR88 for striatum-specific G protein-coupled receptor (K. Mizushima et al. (2000)Genomics, 69, 314-321). In this study, we focused on striatal GPR88 protein localization using a polyclonal antibody. We established that the distribution of immunoreactivity in rat brain matched that of GPR88 transcripts and provided evidence for its exclusive neuronal expression. GPR88 protein is abundant throughout the striatum of rat and primate, with expression limited to the two subsets of striatal projection medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing preprotachykinin-substance P or preproenkephalin mRNAs. Ultrastructural immunolabelling revealed the GPR88 concentration at post-synaptic sites along the somatodendritic compartments of MSNs, with pronounced preference for dendrites and dendritic spines. The GPR88-rich expression, in both striatal output pathways, designates this receptor as a potential therapeutic target for diseases involving dysfunction of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's disease. Hence, we investigated changes of GPR88 expression in a model of Parkinson's disease (unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats) following repeated L-DOPA treatment. In dopamine-depleted striatum, GPR88 expression was differentially regulated, i.e. decreased in striatopallidal and increased in striatonigral MSNs. L-DOPA treatment led to a normalization of GPR88 levels through dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-mediated mechanisms in striatopallidal and striatonigral MSNs, respectively. Moreover, the removal of corticostriatal inputs, by ibotenate infusion, downregulated GPR88 in striatopallidal MSNs. These findings provide the first evidence that GPR88 is confined to striatal MSNs and indicate that L-DOPA-mediated behavioural effects in hemiparkinsonian rats may involve normalization of striatal GPR88 levels probably through dopamine receptor-mediated mechanisms and modulations of corticostriatal pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Massart
- INSERM U-573, Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
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Hodgson RA, Bertorelli R, Varty GB, Lachowicz JE, Forlani A, Fredduzzi S, Cohen-Williams ME, Higgins GA, Impagnatiello F, Nicolussi E, Parra LE, Foster C, Zhai Y, Neustadt BR, Stamford AW, Parker EM, Reggiani A, Hunter JC. Characterization of the potent and highly selective A2A receptor antagonists preladenant and SCH 412348 [7-[2-[4-2,4-difluorophenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2-(2-furanyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine] in rodent models of movement disorders and depression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:294-303. [PMID: 19332567 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.149617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A(2A) receptor has been implicated in the underlying biology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression. Preladenant and SCH 412348 [7-[2-[4-2,4-difluorophenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2-(2-furanyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine] are potent competitive antagonists of the human A(2A) receptor (K(i) = 1.1 and 0.6 nM, respectively) and have >1000-fold selectivity over all other adenosine receptors, making these compounds the most selective A(2A) receptor antagonists reported to date. Both compounds attenuate hypolocomotion induced by the A(2A) receptor agonist CGS-21680 [2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine], suggesting that they inhibit A(2A) receptor activity in vivo. Their high degree of selectivity and robust in vivo activity make preladenant and SCH 412348 useful tools to investigate the role of the A(2A) receptor system in animal models of PD and depression. Oral administration of preladenant and SCH 412348 (0.1-1 mg/kg) to rats potentiated 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-Dopa)-induced contralateral rotations after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the medial forebrain bundle and potently attenuated the cataleptic effects of haloperidol. Preladenant (1 mg/kg) inhibited L-Dopa-induced behavioral sensitization after repeated daily administration, which suggests a reduced risk of the development of dyskinesias. Finally, preladenant and SCH 412348 exhibited antidepressant-like profiles in models of behavioral despair, namely the mouse tail suspension test and the mouse and rat forced swim test. These studies demonstrate that preladenant and SCH 412348 are potent and selective A(2A) receptor antagonists and provide further evidence of the potential therapeutic benefits of A(2A) receptor inhibition in PD (with reduced risk of dyskinesias) and depression (one of the primary nonmotor symptoms of PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hodgson
- Departments of Neurobiology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Varty GB, Hodgson RA, Pond AJ, Grzelak ME, Parker EM, Hunter JC. The effects of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists on haloperidol-induced movement disorders in primates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:393-401. [PMID: 18594798 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adenosine and dopamine interact within the striatum to control striatopallidal output and globus pallidus GABA release. Manipulating striatal adenosine transmission via blockade of the A2A receptor subtype can compensate for the reduced dopamine activity within the striatum that underlies movement disorders such as antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Preclinical studies in the rat have demonstrated that adenosine A2A receptor antagonists can attenuate behaviors reflecting reduced dopamine activity, such as haloperidol-induced catalepsy and hypoactivity. OBJECTIVES In the present studies using nonhuman primates, adenosine antagonists were tested against haloperidol-induced EPS in Cebus apella and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkey). Specifically, the A2A receptor antagonists, SCH 412348 (0.3-30 mg/kg PO) and KW-6002 (3-100 mg/kg PO); the A1/A2A receptor antagonist, caffeine (1-30 mg/kg PO and IM); and the A1 receptor antagonist, DPCPX (3-30 mg/kg PO) were tested in at least one of these models. RESULTS SCH 412348 (10-30 mg/kg), KW-6002 (57-100 mg/kg), and caffeine (30 mg/kg) significantly increased the time to EPS onset. Additionally, SCH 412348, KW-6002, and caffeine afforded protection from the onset of EPS for at least 6 h in some of the primates. SCH 412348 (10 mg/kg) and caffeine (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced haloperidol-induced catalepsy. DPCPX produced a very slight attenuation of EPS at 30 mg/kg, but had no effect on catalepsy. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that adenosine A2A receptor antagonists may represent an effective treatment for the motor impairments associated with both antipsychotic-induced EPS and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey B Varty
- Department of Neurobiology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Brooks DJ, Doder M, Osman S, Luthra SK, Hirani E, Hume S, Kase H, Kilborn J, Martindill S, Mori A. Positron emission tomography analysis of [11C]KW-6002 binding to human and rat adenosine A2A receptors in the brain. Synapse 2008; 62:671-81. [PMID: 18566974 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A(2A) receptors are found on striatal neurones projecting to the external pallidum. KW-6002 (istradefylline) is a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine A(2A) receptors in the CNS and acts to inhibit the excessive activity of this pathway in the MPTP marmoset model of PD, thus relieving parkinsonism. The objectives of this study were to investigate the regional binding of the novel positron emission tomography tracer [(11)C]KW-6002 in the healthy human brain and the rat brain, along with receptor occupancy by cold KW-6002 at varying doses in human. The highest [(11)C]KW-6002 uptake in the rat brain was seen in striatum and lower levels in cortex and cerebellum. Brain [(11)C]KW-6002 uptake was well characterized in humans by a two-tissue compartmental model with a blood volume term, and the ED(50) of cold KW-6002 was 0.5 mg in the striatum. Over 90% receptor occupancy was achieved with daily oral doses of greater than 5 mg. In humans, blockable binding was present in all gray matter structures including the cerebellum, which has not been reported to express A(2A) receptors. MRS 1745, an A(2B) receptor selective antagonist, had no effect on the cerebellar binding of [(11)C]KW-6002 in rats, suggesting that this blockable signal is unlikely to result from an affinity for adenosine A(2B) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Brooks
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Ye Y, Wei J, Dai X, Gao Q. Computational studies of the binding modes of A 2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Amino Acids 2008; 35:389-96. [PMID: 17978889 PMCID: PMC7087644 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A molecular docking study was performed on several structurally diverse A(2A) AR antagonists, including xanthines, and non-xanthine type antagonists to investigate their binding modes with A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR), one of the four subtypes of AR, which is currently of great interest as a target for therapeutic intervention, in particular for Parkinson's disease. The high-affinity binding site was found to be a hydrophobic pocket with the involvement of hydrogen bonding interactions as well as pi-pi stacking interactions with the ligands. The detailed binding modes for both xanthine and non-xanthine type A(2A) antagonists were compared and the essential features were extracted and converted to database searchable queries for virtual screening study of novel A(2A) AR antagonists. Findings from this study are helpful for elucidating the binding pattern of A(2A) AR antagonists and for the design of novel active ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ye
- />School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - J. Wei
- />School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - X. Dai
- />Chemistry Department, XenoPort Inc., Santa Clara, CA U.S.A
| | - Q. Gao
- />Chemistry Department, XenoPort Inc., Santa Clara, CA U.S.A
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Cristalli G, Cacciari B, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Moro S, Spalluto G, Volpini R. Highlights on the development of A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:260-81. [PMID: 17177231 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the past few decades demonstrating that adenosine modulates a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes through the interaction with four subtypes of a family of cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors, clinical evaluation of some adenosine receptor ligands has been discontinued. Major problems include side effects due to the wide distribution of adenosine receptors, low brain penetration (which is important for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half-life of compounds, or a lack of effects, in some cases perhaps due to receptor desensitization or to low receptor density in the targeted tissue. Currently, three A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists have begun phase III studies. Two of them are therapeutically evaluated as pharmacologic stress agents and the third proved to be effective in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), while avoiding the adverse effects of steroid agents. On the other hand, the great interest in the field of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists is related to their application in neurodegenerative disorders, in particular, Parkinson's disease, and some of them are currently in various stages of evaluation. This review presents an update of medicinal chemistry and molecular recognition of A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the A(2A) human subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Cunha RA, Ferré S, Vaugeois JM, Chen JF. Potential therapeutic interest of adenosine A2A receptors in psychiatric disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14:1512-24. [PMID: 18537674 DOI: 10.2174/138161208784480090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interest on targeting adenosine A(2A) receptors in the realm of psychiatric diseases first arose based on their tight physical and functional interaction with dopamine D(2) receptors. However, the role of central A(2A) receptors is now viewed as much broader than just controlling D(2) receptor function. Thus, there is currently a major interest in the ability of A(2A) receptors to control synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. This is due to a combined ability of A(2A) receptors to facilitate the release of glutamate and the activation of NMDA receptors. Therefore, A(2A) receptors are now conceived as a normalizing device promoting adequate adaptive responses in neuronal circuits, a role similar to that fulfilled, in essence, by dopamine. This makes A(2A) receptors particularly attractive targets to manage psychiatric disorders since adenosine may act as go-between glutamate and dopamine, two of the key players in mood processing. Furthermore, A(2A) receptors also control glia function and brain metabolic adaptation, two other emerging mechanisms to understand abnormal processing of mood, and A(2A) receptors are important players in controlling the demise of neurodegeneration, considered an amplificatory loop in psychiatric disorders. Current data only provide an indirect confirmation of this putative role of A(2A) receptors, based on the effects of caffeine (an antagonist of both A(1) and A(2A) receptors) in psychiatric disorders. However, the introduction of A(2A) receptors antagonists in clinics as anti-parkinsonian agents is hoped to bolster our knowledge on the role of A(2A) receptors in mood disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Martinelli A, Tuccinardi T. Molecular modeling of adenosine receptors: new results and trends. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:247-77. [PMID: 17492754 DOI: 10.1002/med.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator, which carries out its biological task by stimulating four cell surface receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)). Adenosine receptors (ARs) are members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Their discovery opened up new avenues for potential drug treatment of a variety of conditions such as asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, and many other physiopathological states that are believed to be associated with changes in adenosine levels. Knowledge of the 3D structure of ARs could be of great help in the task of understanding their function and in the rational design of specific ligands. However, since GPCRs are membrane-bound proteins, high-resolution structural characterization is still an extremely difficult task. For this reason, great importance has been placed on molecular modeling studies and, particularly in the last few years, on homology modeling (HM) techniques. The publication of the first high-resolution crystal structure for bovine rhodopsin (bRh), a GPCR superfamily member, provides the option of utilizing HM to generate 3D models based on detailed structural information. In this review we report, analyze, and compare the main experimental data, computational HM procedures and validation methods used for ARs, describing in detail the most successful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Yu L, Shen HY, Coelho JE, Araújo IM, Huang QY, Day YJ, Rebola N, Canas PM, Rapp EK, Ferrara J, Taylor D, Müller CE, Linden J, Cunha RA, Chen JF. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists exert motor and neuroprotective effects by distinct cellular mechanisms. Ann Neurol 2008; 63:338-46. [PMID: 18300283 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the motor and neuroprotective effects of adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) antagonists are mediated by distinct cell types in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS We used the forebrain A(2A)R knock-out mice coupled with flow cytometric analyses and intracerebroventricular injection to determine the contribution of A(2A)Rs in forebrain neurons and glial cells to A(2A)R antagonist-mediated motor and neuroprotective effects. RESULTS The selective deletion of A(2A)Rs in forebrain neurons abolished the motor stimulant effects of the A(2A)R antagonist KW-6002 but did not affect acute MPTP neurotoxicity. Intracerebroventricular administration of KW-6002 into forebrain A(2A)R knock-out mice reinstated protection against acute MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and attenuated MPTP-induced striatal microglial and astroglial activation. INTERPRETATION A(2A)R activity in forebrain neurons is critical to the control of motor activity, whereas brain cells other than forebrain neurons (likely glial cells) are important components for protection against acute MPTP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Tan LC, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Wang R, Au WL, Tan JH, Tan EK, Yu MC. Differential effects of black versus green tea on risk of Parkinson's disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167:553-60. [PMID: 18156141 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from Asian populations on dietary and lifestyle factors associated with Parkinson's disease are sparse. In 1993-2005, the authors examined these factors in relation to Parkinson's disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63,257 Chinese men and women. Baseline data were collected through in-person interviews using structured questionnaires. All 157 incident Parkinson's disease cases were identified either through follow-up interviews or via linkage with hospital discharge databases and Parkinson's disease outpatient registries and were confirmed by review of medical records. Current versus never smokers exhibited a reduced risk of Parkinson's disease (relative risk = 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.16, 0.52). Total caffeine intake was inversely related to Parkinson's disease risk (p for trend = 0.002); the relative risk for the highest versus lowest quartile was 0.55 (95% confidence interval: 0.35, 0.88). Black tea, a caffeine-containing beverage, showed an inverse association with Parkinson's disease risk that was not confounded by total caffeine intake or tobacco smoking (p for trend = 0.0006; adjusted relative risk for the highest vs. lowest tertile of intake = 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.13, 0.67). Green tea drinking was unrelated to Parkinson's disease risk. Diet had no strong influence on risk. Ingredients of black tea other than caffeine appear to be responsible for the beverage's inverse association with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis C Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease: life beyond dopamine D2/D3 receptors? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:431-41. [PMID: 18250954 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystemic disorder in which several neurotransmitters other than dopamine are affected. Drugs acting on non-dopaminergic systems are envisaged as promising agents to treat PD and levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID). However, compounds targeting glutamate, adenosine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, cannabinoid, and opioid transmitter systems have been assessed in human studies showing negative, inconsistent or unsatisfactory results. Most of these drugs had been tested previously in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned monkeys, as well as in the classic 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model. These failures raise several questions and concerns about the true reliability of animal studies, the adequacy of the working hypotheses and design of clinical trials, the validity of tools in current use to evaluate a particular effect, and the selectivity of the drugs used. More importantly, observed discrepancies between the results in models and patients, could challenge the validity of current ideas about the pathophysiology of parkinsonism and LID.
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Milioli EM, Cologni P, Santos CC, Marcos TD, Yunes VM, Fernandes MS, Schoenfelder T, Costa-Campos L. Effect of acute administration of hydroalcohol extract of Ilex paraguariensis St Hilaire (Aquifoliaceae) in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Phytother Res 2007; 21:771-6. [PMID: 17486685 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ilex paraguariensis St Hilaire (Aquifoliaceae) is a plant widely cultivated in South America and with various reputed medicinal properties that can be attributed to phenolic constituents of the leaves: caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, besides the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin. This study examined the antiparkinsonian activity of the hydroalcohol extract of Ilex paraguariensis in models of protection against cerebral injury induced by MPTP and reversal of the catatonia induced by reserpine in mice. The hydroalcohol extract prevented MPTP-induced hypolocomotion at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg at the all time points observed and also prevented the reserpine-induced catalepsy at the same doses. The extract potentiated the effect of apomorphine in preventing catatonia, suggesting a non-dopaminergic activity, probably through antagonism of adenosine. In biochemical studies the hydroalcohol extract caused a significant decrease in the NO levels, exhibited a DPPH-scavenging ability and was effective in preventing the oxidation of deoxyribose. The results obtained suggest that the hydroalcohol extract of Ilex paraguariensis may have an antiparkinsonian profile in animal models, probably through its antioxidant activity and antagonist action on adenosine A(2A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Milioli
- Programa de Iniciação Científica, PIC170, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma/SC, Brazil
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Wei J, Wang S, Gao S, Dai X, Gao Q. 3D-Pharmacophore Models for Selective A2A and A2B Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. J Chem Inf Model 2007; 47:613-25. [PMID: 17330954 DOI: 10.1021/ci600410m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional pharmacophore models were generated for A2A and A2B adenosine receptors (ARs) based on highly selective A2A and A2B antagonists using the Catalyst program. The best pharmacophore model for selective A2A antagonists (Hypo-A2A) was obtained through a careful validation process. Four features contained in Hypo-A2A (one ring aromatic feature (R), one positively ionizable feature (P), one hydrogen bond acceptor lipid feature (L), and one hydrophobic feature (H)) seem to be essential for antagonists in terms of binding activity and A2A AR selectivity. The best pharmacophore model for selective A2B antagonists (Hypo-A2B) was elaborated by modifying the Catalyst common features (HipHop) hypotheses generated from the selective A2B antagonists training set. Hypo-A2B also consists of four features: one ring aromatic feature (R), one hydrophobic aliphatic feature (Z), and two hydrogen bond acceptor lipid features (L). All features play an important role in A2B AR binding affinity and are essential for A2B selectivity. Both A2A and A2B pharmacophore models have been validated toward a wide set of test molecules containing structurally diverse selective antagonists of all AR subtypes. They are capable of identifying correspondingly high potent antagonists and differentiating antagonists between subtypes. The results of our study will act as a valuable tool for retrieving structurally diverse compounds with desired biological activities and designing novel selective adenosine receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
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Kasten M, Chade A, Tanner CM. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 83:129-51. [PMID: 18808913 PMCID: PMC7112363 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)83006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the epidemiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Classically, PD refers to progressive parkinsonism caused by loss of pigmented aminergic brainstem neurons without an identifiable cause, while parkinsonism refers simply to the syndrome of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural reflex impairment. Over nearly two centuries, Parkinson's clinical description has provided the framework for clinical investigations, including epidemiologic ones. Descriptions of PD were limited to selected clinical settings until the middle of the 20th century. Since then, epidemiologic approaches have been used not only to investigate the population distribution of PD, but also as a way to glean clues as to the cause of this “idiopathic” disorder. Because PD is relatively infrequent, a large base population must be surveyed to identify sufficient numbers of cases for a study. In some instances, PD cases can be identified through health service rosters within defined geographic areas or in enumerated populations. In others, cases of PD are sought independently of the health care system, such as through door-to-door surveys. While the latter approach is theoretically least likely to exclude cases, the time and cost involved are also greatest using this approach.
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Moro S, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G. Progress in the pursuit of therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:131-59. [PMID: 16380972 PMCID: PMC9194718 DOI: 10.1002/med.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the hypotensive and bradycardiac effects of adenosine, adenosine receptors continue to represent promising drug targets. First, this is due to the fact that the receptors are expressed in a large variety of tissues. In particular, the actions of adenosine (or methylxanthine antagonists) in the central nervous system, in the circulation, on immune cells, and on other tissues can be beneficial in certain disorders. Second, there exists a large number of ligands, which have been generated by introducing several modifications in the structure of the lead compounds (adenosine and methylxanthine), some of them highly specific. Four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) have been cloned and pharmacologically characterized, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors can be distinguished according to their preferred mechanism of signal transduction: A1 and A3 receptors interact with pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins of the Gi and Go family; the canonical signaling mechanism of the A2A and of the A2B receptors is stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via Gs proteins. In addition to the coupling to adenylyl cyclase, all four subtypes may positively couple to phospholipase C via different G protein subunits. The development of new ligands, in particular, potent and selective antagonists, for all subtypes of adenosine receptors has so far been directed by traditional medicinal chemistry. The availability of genetic information promises to facilitate understanding of the drug-receptor interaction leading to the rational design of a potentially therapeutically important class of drugs. Moreover, molecular modeling may further rationalize observed interactions between the receptors and their ligands. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant progress in developing new therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
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Seetulsingh-Goorah SP. Mechanisms of adenosine-induced cytotoxicity and their clinical and physiological implications. Biofactors 2006; 27:213-30. [PMID: 17012777 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520270119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (ATPo) and adenosine are cytotoxic to several cancer cell lines, suggesting their potential use for anticancer therapy. Adenosine causes cytotoxicity, either when added exogenously or when generated from ATPo hydrolysis, via mechanisms which are not mutually exclusive and which involve, adenosine receptor activation, pyrimidine starvation and/or increases in intracellular S-adenosylhomocysteine: S-adenosylmethionine ratio. Given that adenosine also appears to protect against cytotoxicity via mechanisms including immunity against damage by oxygen free radicals, an understanding of the contribution of adenosine to ATPo-induced cytotoxicity is thus crucial, when considering any potential therapeutic use for these compounds. However, such an understanding has been largely hindered by the fact that many studies have not focused enough on the possibility that both ATPo and adenosine may mediate cytotoxicity in the same system. Such studies can benefit from use a range of ATPo concentrations when assessing the contribution of adenosine to ATPo-induced cytotoxicity. Whilst future molecular and pharmacological studies are needed to establish the nature of the cytotoxic adenosine receptor, it is possible that more than just one adenosine receptor type is involved and that the cytotoxic receptor(s) type is more likely to have a low affinity for adenosine. Activation of the adenosine receptor(s) would thus lead to cytotoxicity only at relatively high adenosine concentrations, while lower adenosine concentrations mediate non-cytotoxic physiological effects.
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