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Dimapasoc M, Moran JA, Cole SW, Ranjan A, Hourani R, Kim JT, Wender PA, Marsden MD, Zack JA. Defining the Effects of PKC Modulator HIV Latency-Reversing Agents on Natural Killer Cells. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:108-137. [PMID: 38765786 PMCID: PMC11101012 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as protein kinase C (PKC) modulators can reduce rebound-competent HIV reservoirs in small animal models. Furthermore, administration of natural killer (NK) cells following LRA treatment improves this reservoir reduction. It is currently unknown why the combination of a PKC modulator and NK cells is so potent and whether exposure to PKC modulators may augment NK cell function in some way. Methods Primary human NK cells were treated with PKC modulators (bryostatin-1, prostratin, or the designed, synthetic bryostatin-1 analog SUW133), and evaluated by examining expression of activation markers by flow cytometry, analyzing transcriptomic profiles by RNA sequencing, measuring cytotoxicity by co-culturing with K562 cells, assessing cytokine production by Luminex assay, and examining the ability of cytokines and secreted factors to independently reverse HIV latency by co-culturing with Jurkat-Latency (J-Lat) cells. Results PKC modulators increased expression of proteins involved in NK cell activation. Transcriptomic profiles from PKC-treated NK cells displayed signatures of cellular activation and enrichment of genes associated with the NFκB pathway. NK cell cytotoxicity was unaffected by prostratin but significantly decreased by bryostatin-1 and SUW133. Cytokines from PKC-stimulated NK cells did not induce latency reversal in J-Lat cell lines. Conclusions Although PKC modulators have some significant effects on NK cells, their contribution in "kick and kill" strategies is likely due to upregulating HIV expression in CD4+ T cells, not directly enhancing the effector functions of NK cells. This suggests that PKC modulators are primarily augmenting the "kick" rather than the "kill" arm of this HIV cure approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dimapasoc
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jose A. Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Steve W. Cole
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jocelyn T. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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2
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Huang X, Huang X, Li Q, Ma M, Cui Y, Yang L, Wang H, Luo R, Chen J, Yang J, Lin J, Li D, Zheng Y, Zhang J. Seco-cyclic phorbol derivatives and their anti-HIV-1 activities. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:365-374. [PMID: 38658099 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Phorbol esters are recognized for their dual role as anti-HIV-1 agents and as activators of protein kinase C (PKC). The efficacy of phorbol esters in binding with PKC is attributed to the presence of oxygen groups at positions C20, C3/C4, and C9 of phorbol. Concurrently, the lipids located at positions C12/C13 are essential for both the anti-HIV-1 activity and the formation of the PKC-ligand complex. The influence of the cyclopropane ring at positions C13 and C14 in phorbol derivatives on their anti-HIV-1 activity requires further exploration. This research entailed the hydrolysis of phorbol, producing seco-cyclic phorbol derivatives. The anti-HIV-1 efficacy of these derivatives was assessed, and the affinity constant (Kd) for PKC-δ protein of selected seco-cyclic phorbol derivatives was determined through isothermal titration calorimetry. The findings suggest that the chemical modification of cyclopropanols could affect both the anti-HIV-1 activity and the PKC binding affinity. Remarkably, compound S11, with an EC50 of 0.27 μmol·L-1 and a CC50 of 153.92 μmol·L-1, demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect on the intermediate products of HIV-1 reverse transcription (ssDNA and 2LTR), likely acting at the viral entry stage, yet showed no affinity for the PKC-δ protein. These results position compound S11 as a potential candidate for further preclinical investigation and for studies aimed at elucidating the pharmacological mechanism underlying its anti-HIV-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Qirun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mengdi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yadong Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liumeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ronghua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jinglei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jinrong Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Duxin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yongtang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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3
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Huang X, Tang C, Huang X, Yang Y, Li Q, Ma M, Zhao L, Yang L, Cui Y, Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Zhang J. Synthesis and anti-HIV activities of phorbol derivatives. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:146-160. [PMID: 38342567 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, 37 derivatives of phorbol esters were synthesized and their anti-HIV-1 activities evaluated, building upon our previous synthesis of 51 phorbol derivatives. 12-Para-electron-acceptor-trans-cinnamoyl-13-decanoyl phorbol derivatives stood out, demonstrating remarkable anti-HIV-1 activities and inhibitory effects on syncytia formation. These derivatives exhibited a higher safety index compared with the positive control drug. Among them, 12-(trans-4-fluorocinnamoyl)-13-decanoyl phorbol, designated as compound 3c, exhibited the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50 2.9 nmol·L-1, CC50/EC50 11 117.24) and significantly inhibited the formation of syncytium (EC50 7.0 nmol·L-1, CC50/EC50 4891.43). Moreover, compound 3c is hypothesized to act both as an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and as an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking studies indicated that compound 3c may also function as a natural activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Therefore, compound 3c emerges as a potential candidate for developing new anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengrun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Yun Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qirun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mengdi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liumeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yadong Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yongtang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Merchán-Gaitán JB, Mendes JHL, Nunes LEC, Buss DS, Rodrigues SP, Fernandes PMB. The Role of Plant Latex in Virus Biology. Viruses 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 38257746 PMCID: PMC10819414 DOI: 10.3390/v16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
At least 20,000 plant species produce latex, a capacity that appears to have evolved independently on numerous occasions. With a few exceptions, latex is stored under pressure in specialized cells known as laticifers and is exuded upon injury, leading to the assumption that it has a role in securing the plant after mechanical injury. In addition, a defensive effect against insect herbivores and fungal infections has been well established. Latex also appears to have effects on viruses, and laticifers are a hostile environment for virus colonization. Only one example of successful colonization has been reported: papaya meleira virus (PMeV) and papaya meleira virus 2 (PMeV2) in Carica papaya. In this review, a summary of studies that support both the pro- and anti-viral effects of plant latex compounds is provided. The latex components represent a promising natural source for the discovery of new pro- and anti-viral molecules in the fields of agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João H. L. Mendes
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
| | - Lucas E. C. Nunes
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
| | - David S. Buss
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Silas P. Rodrigues
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
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5
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Otsuki K, Li W. Tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids from Thymelaeaceae family: chemistry, biological activity, and potential in drug discovery. J Nat Med 2023; 77:625-643. [PMID: 37294498 PMCID: PMC10465420 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids are characteristically distributed in plants of the Thymelaeaceae family as well as the Euphorbiaceae family and are structurally diverse due to the presence of polyoxygenated functionalities in the polycyclic skeleton. These diterpenoids are known as toxic components, while they have been shown to exhibit a wide variety of biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-HIV, and analgesic activity, and are attracting attention in the field of natural product drug discovery. This review focuses on naturally occurring tigliane and daphnane diterpenoids from plants of the Thymelaeaceae family and provides an overview of their chemical structure, distribution, isolation, structure determination, chemical synthesis, and biological activities, with a prime focus on the recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouharu Otsuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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6
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Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL01 fermentation on antioxidant activities, bioactive compounds, and flavor profile of Artemisia argyi. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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8
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Li L, Yu J, Cheng S, Peng Z, Ben-David Y, Luo H. Transcription factor Fli-1 as a new target for antitumor drug development. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1155-1168. [PMID: 35447268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli-1) belonging to the E26 Transformation-Specific (ETS) transcription factor family is not only expressed in normal cells such as hematopoietic stem cells and vascular endothelial cells, but also abnormally expressed in various malignant tumors including Ewing sarcoma, Merkel cell sarcoma, small cell lung carcinoma, benign or malignant hemangioma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, bladder cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma. Fli-1 binds to the promoter or enhancer of the target genes and participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes of tumor cells, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The expression of Fli-1 gene is related to the specific biological functions and characteristics of the tissue in which it is located. In tumor research, Fli-1 gene is used as a specific marker for the occurrence, metastasis, efficacy, and prognosis of tumors, thus, a potential new target for tumor diagnosis and treatment. These studies indicated that Fli-1 may be a specific candidate for antitumor drug development. Recent studies identified small molecules regulating Fli-1 thanks to our screened strategy of natural products and their derivatives. Therefore, in this review, the advanced research on Fli-1 as a target for antitumor drug development is analyzed in different cancers. The inhibitors and agonists of Fli-1 that regulate its expression are introduced and their clinical applications in the treatment of cancer, thus providing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China; College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Science, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China
| | - Sha Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Science, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China
| | - Zhilin Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Science, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Science, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China
| | - Heng Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Science, Guiyang 550014, P.R. China.
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9
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Li QR, Cheng YY, Zhao L, Huang XL, Jiang XG, Cui YD, Morris-Natschke SL, Goto M, Chen CH, Lee KH, Chen DF, Zhang J. New phorbol ester derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 50:128319. [PMID: 34403728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tigliane esters show many biological activities, including anti-HIV-1 activity. Our aim in this study was to establish structure-anti-HIV activity relationships for four series of tigliane-type diterpenoids. We synthesized and evaluated 29 new phorbol ester derivatives for anti-HIV activity and for cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines. Among them, three derivatives, two phorbol-13-monoesters (5d and 5e) and a phorbol-12,13-diester (6a), showed significant anti-HIV activity. We found that better anti-HIV activity was often associated with a shorter acyl ester at C-13. Particularly, compounds with a phenyl ring in the ester side chain exhibited excellent anti-HIV activity and had good safety indexes. Due to its significant anti-HIV potency with a high selectivity index, phorbol-12,13-dicinnamoate (6a) was chosen as the potential candidate for further preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Run Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yung-Yi Cheng
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lei Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiao-Gang Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Ya-Dong Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Dao-Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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10
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Singh S, Ghosh S, Pal VK, Munshi M, Shekar P, Narasimha Murthy DT, Mugesh G, Singh A. Antioxidant nanozyme counteracts HIV-1 by modulating intracellular redox potential. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13314. [PMID: 33793064 PMCID: PMC8103102 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) during infection. However, the application of this knowledge to develop therapeutic strategies remained unsuccessful due to the harmful consequences of manipulating cellular antioxidant systems. Here, we show that vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets functionally mimic natural glutathione peroxidase activity to mitigate ROS associated with HIV‐1 infection without adversely affecting cellular physiology. Using genetic reporters of glutathione redox potential and hydrogen peroxide, we showed that V2O5 nanosheets catalyze ROS neutralization in HIV‐1‐infected cells and uniformly block viral reactivation and replication. Mechanistically, V2O5 nanosheets suppressed HIV‐1 by affecting the expression of pathways coordinating redox balance, virus transactivation (e.g., NF‐κB), inflammation, and apoptosis. Importantly, a combination of V2O5 nanosheets with a pharmacological inhibitor of NF‐κB (BAY11‐7082) abrogated reactivation of HIV‐1. Lastly, V2O5 nanosheets inhibit viral reactivation upon prostratin stimulation of latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV‐infected patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Our data successfully revealed the usefulness of V2O5 nanosheets against HIV and suggested nanozymes as future platforms to develop interventions against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Virender Kumar Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja Shekar
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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11
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Designed PKC-targeting bryostatin analogs modulate innate immunity and neuroinflammation. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:537-545.e4. [PMID: 33472023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation characterizes multiple neurologic diseases, including primary inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis and classical neurodegenerative diseases. Aberrant activation of the innate immune system contributes to disease progression, but drugs modulating innate immunity, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS), are lacking. The CNS-penetrant natural product bryostatin-1 attenuates neuroinflammation by targeting innate myeloid cells. Supplies of natural bryostatin-1 are limited, but a recent scalable good manufacturing practice (GMP) synthesis has enabled access to it and its analogs (bryologs), the latter providing a path to more efficacious, better tolerated, and more accessible agents. Here, we show that multiple synthetically accessible bryologs replicate the anti-inflammatory effects of bryostatin-1 on innate immune cells in vitro, and a lead bryolog attenuates neuroinflammation in vivo, actions mechanistically dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) binding. Our findings identify bryologs as promising drug candidates for targeting innate immunity in neuroinflammation and create a platform for evaluation of synthetic PKC modulators in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Xie Y, Huang W, Qin S, Fu S, Liu B. Catalytic radical cascade cyclization of alkene-tethered enones to fused bicyclic cyclopropanols. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fused bicyclic cyclopropanols were achieved via an unprecedented HAT-triggered radical cascade reaction of alkene-tethered enones in the presence of an iron catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shaomin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Tong G, Ding Z, Liu Z, Ding YS, Xu L, Zhang H, Li P. Total Synthesis of Prostratin, a Bioactive Tigliane Diterpenoid: Access to Multi-Stereocenter Cyclohexanes from a Phenol. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4813-4837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Tong
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - You-Song Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Kruize Z, Kootstra NA. The Role of Macrophages in HIV-1 Persistence and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2828. [PMID: 31866988 PMCID: PMC6906147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of “shock and kill” to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current “shock and kill” strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Chemical Constituents of Root Barks of Gnidia involucrata and Evaluation for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. J Trop Med 2019; 2019:8486214. [PMID: 31485237 PMCID: PMC6710788 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8486214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Gnidia, with species close to 152, is traditionally used to treat wide ranges of ailments in humans and animals. Gnidia involucrata is one of the species found in Ethiopia and traditionally used as a laxative, antirheumatic agent, insecticide, antibacterial agent, and antimalarial agent. In view of its traditional use, the root bark was sequentially extracted with n-hexane, EtOAc, and MeOH to afford 0.78%, 4%, and 6% crude extracts, respectively. The chromatographic separation of the EtOAc extract using silica gel column chromatography yielded three pure compounds: tetratriacontanyl caffeate (1), 12-O-dodeca-2,4-dienoylphorbol-13-acetate (2), and naringenin (3). This is the first report of the isolation of 1 and its kind from the genus and most probably from the Thymelaeaceae family. The structures of these compounds were characterized and identified by NMR and mass spectrometric analyses and comparison with literature data. The EtOAc extract and isolated compounds were assessed for their in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The EtOAc extract (1.5 mg/mL) showed significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. mirabilis, and K. pneumonia bacterial strains with the highest inhibition zone observed against S. aureus (23 mm), which is even greater than that of the reference drug ciprofloxacin (22 mm). However, the inhibition displayed on these bacterial strains for the three pure compounds was marginal with variable degrees of potency between the compounds. The better activity of the crude extract could be due to the synergistic interactions of several phytochemicals present in the extract, which cannot be the case when pure compounds are evaluated alone. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated using DPPH and ferric thiocyanate methods. The EtOAc and MeOH extracts and compounds 1 and 2 were found to inhibit the DPPH radical by 70.7, 66.9, 85.8, and 52.8%, respectively. The EtOAc extract and compound 1 inhibited peroxidation of lipids by 84 and 86%, respectively. The radical scavenging displayed by compound 1 was significant compared with that displayed by ascorbic acid, indicating the strong antilipid peroxidation potential of the extract of root barks of G. involucrata. Therefore, the extracts of the root bark of G. involucrata can be used as a remedy in combating diseases caused by bacteria and free radicals provided that further comprehensive evaluation could be recommended for the conclusive decision on potential candidacy of this plant.
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Remy S, Litaudon M. Macrocyclic Diterpenoids from Euphorbiaceae as A Source of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus Replication. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122336. [PMID: 31242603 PMCID: PMC6631467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic diterpenoids produced by plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are of considerable interest due to their high structural diversity; and their therapeutically relevant biological properties. Over the last decade many studies have reported the ability of macrocyclic diterpenoids to inhibit in cellulo the cytopathic effect induced by the chikungunya virus. This review; which covers the years 2011 to 2019; lists all macrocyclic diterpenoids that have been evaluated for their ability to inhibit viral replication. The structure-activity relationships and the probable involvement of protein kinase C in their mechanism of action are also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Remy
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS ICSN, UPR 2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS ICSN, UPR 2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of "shock and kill" to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current "shock and kill" strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Jean MJ, Fiches G, Hayashi T, Zhu J. Current Strategies for Elimination of HIV-1 Latent Reservoirs Using Chemical Compounds Targeting Host and Viral Factors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1-24. [PMID: 30351168 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), rates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) mortality, morbidity, and newly acquired infections have decreased dramatically. In fact, HIV-1-infected individuals under effective suppressive cART approach normal life span and quality of life. However, long-term therapy is required because the virus establish a reversible state of latency in memory CD4+ T cells. Two principle strategies, namely "shock and kill" approach and "block and lock" approach, are currently being investigated for the eradication of these HIV-1 latent reservoirs. Actually, both of these contrasting approaches are based on the use of small-molecule compounds to achieve the cure for HIV-1. In this review, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in designing and developing small-molecule compounds for both strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J. Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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20
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Jiang Q, Li K, Lu WJ, Li S, Chen X, Liu XJ, Yuan J, Ding Q, Lan F, Cai SQ. Identification of small-molecule ion channel modulators in C. elegans channelopathy models. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3941. [PMID: 30258187 PMCID: PMC6158242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are important therapeutic targets, but the discovery of ion channel drugs remains challenging due to a lack of assays that allow high-throughput screening in the physiological context. Here we report C. elegans phenotype-based methods for screening ion channel drugs. Expression of modified human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels in C. elegans results in egg-laying and locomotive defects, which offer indicators for screening small-molecule channel modulators. Screening in worms expressing hERGA561V, which carries a trafficking-defective mutation A561V known to associate with long-QT syndrome, identifies two functional correctors Prostratin and ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate. These compounds activate PKCε signaling and consequently phosphorylate S606 at the pore region of the channel to promote hERGA561V trafficking to the plasma membrane. Importantly, the compounds correct electrophysiological abnormalities in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes bearing a heterozygous CRISPR/Cas9-edited hERGA561V. Thus, we have developed an in vivo high-throughput method for screening compounds that have therapeutic potential in treating channelopathies. Mutations in the voltage-gated K+ channel human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) lead to Long-QT syndrome, causing life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Here the authors use C. elegans as a platform to run a channelopathy drug screen, identifying drugs to target hERG mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Lu
- Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Developmental and Stem Cell Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, ON, Canada
| | - Xi-Juan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qiurong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Feng Lan
- Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
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Natural product-derived compounds in HIV suppression, remission, and eradication strategies. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:63-77. [PMID: 30063970 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has successfully converted HIV to a chronic but manageable infection in many parts of the world, HIV continues to persist within latent cellular reservoirs, which can become reactivated at any time to produce infectious virus. New therapies are therefore needed not only for HIV suppression but also for containing or eliminating HIV reservoirs. Compounds derived from plant, marine, and other natural products have been found to combat HIV infection and/or target HIV reservoirs, and these discoveries have substantially guided current HIV therapy-based studies. Here we summarize the role of natural product-derived compounds in current HIV suppression, remission, and cure strategies.
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Nothias LF, Nothias-Esposito M, da Silva R, Wang M, Protsyuk I, Zhang Z, Sarvepalli A, Leyssen P, Touboul D, Costa J, Paolini J, Alexandrov T, Litaudon M, Dorrestein PC. Bioactivity-Based Molecular Networking for the Discovery of Drug Leads in Natural Product Bioassay-Guided Fractionation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:758-767. [PMID: 29498278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is a common problem in natural product therapeutic lead discovery programs that despite good bioassay results in the initial extract, the active compound(s) may not be isolated during subsequent bioassay-guided purification. Herein, we present the concept of bioactive molecular networking to find candidate active molecules directly from fractionated bioactive extracts. By employing tandem mass spectrometry, it is possible to accelerate the dereplication of molecules using molecular networking prior to subsequent isolation of the compounds, and it is also possible to expose potentially bioactive molecules using bioactivity score prediction. Indeed, bioactivity score prediction can be calculated with the relative abundance of a molecule in fractions and the bioactivity level of each fraction. For that reason, we have developed a bioinformatic workflow able to map bioactivity score in molecular networks and applied it for discovery of antiviral compounds from a previously investigated extract of Euphorbia dendroides where the bioactive candidate molecules were not discovered following a classical bioassay-guided fractionation procedure. It can be expected that this approach will be implemented as a systematic strategy, not only in current and future bioactive lead discovery from natural extract collections but also for the reinvestigation of the untapped reservoir of bioactive analogues in previous bioassay-guided fractionation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301 , Université Paris-Sud , 91198 , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Mélissa Nothias-Esposito
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301 , Université Paris-Sud , 91198 , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134 , University of Corsica , 20250 , Corte , France
| | - Ricardo da Silva
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Ivan Protsyuk
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Abi Sarvepalli
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Laboratory for Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - David Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301 , Université Paris-Sud , 91198 , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Jean Costa
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134 , University of Corsica , 20250 , Corte , France
| | - Julien Paolini
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134 , University of Corsica , 20250 , Corte , France
| | - Theodore Alexandrov
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301 , Université Paris-Sud , 91198 , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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Tietjen I, Ngwenya BN, Fotso G, Williams DE, Simonambango S, Ngadjui BT, Andersen RJ, Brockman MA, Brumme ZL, Andrae-Marobela K. The Croton megalobotrys Müll Arg. traditional medicine in HIV/AIDS management: Documentation of patient use, in vitro activation of latent HIV-1 provirus, and isolation of active phorbol esters. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 211:267-277. [PMID: 28970153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Current HIV therapies do not act on latent cellular HIV reservoirs; hence they are not curative. While experimental latency reversal agents (LRAs) can promote HIV expression in these cells, thereby exposing them to immune recognition, existing LRAs exhibit limited clinical efficacy and high toxicity. We previously described a traditional 3-step medicinal plant regimen used for HIV/AIDS management in Northern Botswana that inhibits HIV replication in vitro. Here we describe use of one component of the regimen that additionally contains novel phorbol esters possessing HIV latency-reversal properties. AIM OF THE STUDY We sought to document experiences of traditional medicine users, assess the ability of traditional medicine components to reverse HIV latency in vitro, and identify pure compounds that conferred these activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiences of two HIV-positive traditional medicine users (patients) were documented using qualitative interview techniques. Latency reversal activity was assessed using a cell-based model (J-Lat, clone 9.2). Crude plant extracts were fractionated by open column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. Compound structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Patients using the 3-step regimen reported improved health over several years despite no reported use of standard HIV therapies. Crude extracts from Croton megalobotrys Müll Arg. ("Mukungulu"), the third component of the 3-step regimen, induced HIV expression in J-lat cells to levels comparable to the known LRA prostratin. Co-incubation with known LRAs and pharmacological inhibitors indicated that the active agent(s) in C. megalobotrys were likely to be protein kinase C (PKC) activator(s). Consistent with these results, two novel phorbol esters (Namushen 1 and 2) were isolated as abundant components of C. megalobotrys and were sufficient to confer HIV latency reversal in vitro. CONCLUSION We have identified novel LRAs of the phorbol ester class from a medicinal plant used in HIV/AIDS management. These data, combined with self-reported health effects and previously-described in vitro anti-HIV activities of this traditional 3-step regimen, support the utility of longitudinal observational studies of patients undergoing this regimen to quantify its effects on plasma viral loads and HIV reservoir size in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Ghislain Fotso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Oceans & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Bonaventure T Ngadjui
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Oceans & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Kerstin Andrae-Marobela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Promising Role of Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist in Concert with Prostratin for Activation of Silent HIV. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02084-16. [PMID: 27928016 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02084-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latently HIV-infected cells in patients under combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) remains the major hurdle for HIV eradication. Thus far, individual compounds have not been sufficiently potent to reactivate latent virus and guarantee its elimination in vivo. Thus, we hypothesized that transcriptional enhancers, in concert with compounds triggering the innate immune system, are more efficient in reversing latency by creating a Th1 supportive milieu that acts against latently HIV-infected cells at various levels. To test our hypothesis, we screened six compounds on a coculture of latently infected cells (J-lat) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). The protein kinase C (PKC) agonist prostratin, with a Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist, resulted in greater reversion of HIV latency than any single compound. This combinatorial approach led to a drastic phenotypic and functional maturation of the MDDCs. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cell-cell interactions were crucial for the greater reversion observed. Similarly, we found a greater potency of the combination of prostratin and TLR8 agonist in reversing HIV latency when applying it to primary cells of HIV-infected patients. Thus, we demonstrate here the synergistic interplay between TLR8-matured MDDCs and compounds acting directly on latently HIV-infected cells, targeting different mechanisms of latency, by triggering various signaling pathways. Moreover, TLR8 triggering may reverse exhaustion of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that might be essential for killing or constraining the latently infected cells. IMPORTANCE Curing HIV is the Holy Grail. The so-called "shock and kill" strategy relies on drug-mediated reversion of HIV latency and the subsequent death of those cells under combined antiretroviral treatment. So far, no compound achieves efficient reversal of latency or eliminates this latent reservoir. The compounds may not target all of the latency mechanisms in all latently infected cells. Moreover, HIV-associated exhaustion of the immune system hinders the efficient elimination of the reactivated cells. In this study, we demonstrated synergistic latency reversion by combining agonists for protein kinase C and Toll-like receptor 8 in a coculture of latently infected cells with myeloid dendritic cells. The drug prostratin stimulates directly the transcriptional machinery of latently infected cells, and the TLR8 agonist acts indirectly by maturing dendritic cells. These findings highlight the importance of the immune system and its activation, in combination with direct-acting compounds, to reverse latency.
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Liu SN, Hu J, Tan SH, Wang Q, Xu J, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Gu Q. ent-Rosane diterpenoids from Euphorbia milii showing an Epstein–Barr virus lytic replication assay. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirteen new ent-rosane diterpenoids were bioassay-guided isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia milii evaluating by Epstein–Barr virus lytic replication assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nan Liu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Hu
- The Institute of Human Virology
- Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shen H. Tan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- The Institute of Human Virology
- Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510080
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yuan
- The Institute of Human Virology
- Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
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HMBA Enhances Prostratin-Induced Activation of Latent HIV-1 via Suppressing the Expression of Negative Feedback Regulator A20/TNFAIP3 in NF-κB Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5173205. [PMID: 27529070 PMCID: PMC4978819 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5173205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, much emphasis has been put on the transcriptional activation of HIV-1, which is proposed as a promised strategy for eradicating latent HIV-1 provirus. Two drugs, prostratin and hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), have shown potent effects as inducers for releasing HIV-1 latency when used alone or in combination, although their cellular target(s) are currently not well understood, especially under drug combination. Here, we have shown that HMBA and prostratin synergistically release HIV-1 latency via different mechanisms. While prostratin strongly stimulates HMBA-induced HIV-1 transcription via improved P-TEFb activation, HMBA is capable of boosting NF-κB-dependent transcription initiation by suppressing prostratin-induced expression of the deubiquitinase A20, a negative feedback regulator in the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, HMBA was able to increase prostratin-induced phosphorylation and degradation of NF-κB inhibitor IκBα, thereby enhancing and prolonging prostratin-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, a prerequisite for stimulation of transcription initiation. Thus, by blocking the negative feedback circuit, HMBA functions as a signaling enhancer of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Walker-Sperling VE, Pohlmeyer CW, Tarwater PM, Blankson JN. The Effect of Latency Reversal Agents on Primary CD8+ T Cells: Implications for Shock and Kill Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Eradication. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:217-229. [PMID: 27428432 PMCID: PMC4919475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shock and kill strategies involving the use of small molecules to induce viral transcription in resting CD4 + T cells (shock) followed by immune mediated clearance of the reactivated cells (kill), have been proposed as a method of eliminating latently infected CD4 + T cells. The combination of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor romidepsin and protein kinase C (PKC) agonist bryostatin-1 is very effective at reversing latency in vitro. However, we found that primary HIV-1 specific CD8 + T cells were not able to eliminate autologous resting CD4 + T cells that had been reactivated with these drugs. We tested the hypothesis that the drugs affected primary CD8 + T cell function and found that both agents had inhibitory effects on the suppressive capacity of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells from patients who control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy (elite suppressors/controllers). The inhibitory effect was additive and multi-factorial in nature. These inhibitory effects were not seen with prostratin, another PKC agonist, either alone or in combination with JQ1, a bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor. Our results suggest that because of their adverse effects on primary CD8 + T cells, some LRAs may cause immune-suppression and therefore should be used with caution in shock and kill strategies. Latency reversal agents can reactivate HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells. CD8 T cells from HIV-1 infected patients did not eliminate reactivated latently infected cells. This finding can partially be explained by our data showing that latency reversal agents affect the function of CD8 + T cells.
Latently infected CD4 + T cells are a major barrier to the cure of HIV-1 infection. One strategy of eliminating these cells involves inducing viral transcription with small molecules (latency reversal agents or LRAs) which would result in the recognition of these cells by the immune system. We show here that CD8 + T cells were not able to eliminate CD4 + T cells from HIV-1-infected patients following stimulation with LRAs. Our data suggests that this may be partially because some LRAs affect the function of CD8 + T cells. Thus it will be critical to select LRAs that do not cause immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Pohlmeyer
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.
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Limsirichai P, Gaj T, Schaffer DV. CRISPR-mediated Activation of Latent HIV-1 Expression. Mol Ther 2016; 24:499-507. [PMID: 26607397 PMCID: PMC4786916 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete eradication of HIV-1 infection is impeded by the existence of cells that harbor chromosomally integrated but transcriptionally inactive provirus. These cells can persist for years without producing viral progeny, rendering them refractory to immune surveillance and antiretroviral therapy and providing a permanent reservoir for the stochastic reactivation and reseeding of HIV-1. Strategies for purging this latent reservoir are thus needed to eradicate infection. Here, we show that engineered transcriptional activation systems based on CRISPR/Cas9 can be harnessed to activate viral gene expression in cell line models of HIV-1 latency. We further demonstrate that complementing Cas9 activators with latency-reversing compounds can enhance latent HIV-1 transcription and that epigenome modulation using CRISPR-based acetyltransferases can also promote viral gene activation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CRISPR systems are potentially effective tools for inducing latent HIV-1 expression and that their use, in combination with antiretroviral therapy, could lead to improved therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajit Limsirichai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Sobottka A, Görick C, Melzig M. Analysis of diterpenoid compounds from the latex of two Euphorbiaceae by liquid chromatography‒electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:1941-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1088542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Sobottka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - C. Görick
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M.F. Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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An In-Depth Comparison of Latency-Reversing Agent Combinations in Various In Vitro and Ex Vivo HIV-1 Latency Models Identified Bryostatin-1+JQ1 and Ingenol-B+JQ1 to Potently Reactivate Viral Gene Expression. PLoS Pathog 2015. [PMID: 26225566 PMCID: PMC4520688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latently infected cells in patients under combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) is a major hurdle to HIV-1 eradication. Strategies to purge these reservoirs are needed and activation of viral gene expression in latently infected cells is one promising strategy. Bromodomain and Extraterminal (BET) bromodomain inhibitors (BETi) are compounds able to reactivate latent proviruses in a positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb)-dependent manner. In this study, we tested the reactivation potential of protein kinase C (PKC) agonists (prostratin, bryostatin-1 and ingenol-B), which are known to activate NF-κB signaling pathway as well as P-TEFb, used alone or in combination with P-TEFb-releasing agents (HMBA and BETi (JQ1, I-BET, I-BET151)). Using in vitro HIV-1 post-integration latency model cell lines of T-lymphoid and myeloid lineages, we demonstrated that PKC agonists and P-TEFb-releasing agents alone acted as potent latency-reversing agents (LRAs) and that their combinations led to synergistic activation of HIV-1 expression at the viral mRNA and protein levels. Mechanistically, combined treatments led to higher activations of P-TEFb and NF-κB than the corresponding individual drug treatments. Importantly, we observed in ex vivo cultures of CD8+-depleted PBMCs from 35 cART-treated HIV-1+ aviremic patients that the percentage of reactivated cultures following combinatory bryostatin-1+JQ1 treatment was identical to the percentage observed with anti-CD3+anti-CD28 antibodies positive control stimulation. Remarkably, in ex vivo cultures of resting CD4+ T cells isolated from 15 HIV-1+ cART-treated aviremic patients, the combinations bryostatin-1+JQ1 and ingenol-B+JQ1 released infectious viruses to levels similar to that obtained with the positive control stimulation. The potent effects of these two combination treatments were already detected 24 hours post-stimulation. These results constitute the first demonstration of LRA combinations exhibiting such a potent effect and represent a proof-of-concept for the co-administration of two different types of LRAs as a potential strategy to reduce the size of the latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Persistence of latently infected cells during cART is a major hurdle for HIV-1 eradication. A widely proposed strategy to purge these reservoirs involves the reactivation of latent proviruses. The low levels of active P-TEFb and the cytoplasmic sequestration of NF-κB in resting infected cells largely contribute to maintenance of HIV-1 latency. Therefore, utilization of chemical compounds that target both pathways may lead to more potent effects on HIV-1 reactivation than the effect mediated by the individual drug treatments. In this study, we showed that combined treatments of PKC agonists (prostratin, bryostatin-1 and ing-B) with compounds releasing P-TEFb (JQ1, I-BET, I-BET151 and HMBA) exhibited a synergistic increase in viral reactivation from latency. In-depth comparison of combined treatments in various in vitro cellular models of HIV-1 latency as well as in ex vivo primary cell cultures from cART-treated HIV+ aviremic patients identified bryostatin-1+JQ1 and ing-B+JQ1 to potently reactivate latent HIV-1. The potent effects of these two combinations were detected as early as 24 hours post-treatment. Importantly, bryostatin-1 was used at concentrations below the drug plasma levels achieved by doses used in children with refractory solid tumors. Our mechanistic data established a correlation between potentiated P-TEFb activation and potentiated or synergistic (depending on the HIV-1 latency cellular model used) induction of HIV-1 gene expression observed after the combined versus individual drug treatments. In conclusion, our results establish a proof-of-concept for PKC agonists combined with compounds releasing active P-TEFb as a strategy proposed for a cure or a durable remission of HIV infection.
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Bryostatin activates HIV-1 latent expression in human astrocytes through a PKC and NF-ĸB-dependent mechanism. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26199173 PMCID: PMC4510492 DOI: 10.1038/srep12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that HIV-1 patients may develop virus reservoirs that impede eradication; these reservoirs include the central nervous system (CNS). Despite an undetectable viral load in patients treated with potent antiretrovirals, current therapy is unable to purge the virus from these latent reservoirs. To broaden the inhibitory range and effectiveness of current antiretrovirals, the potential of bryostatin was investigated as a latent HIV-1 activator. We used primary astrocytes, NHA cells, and astrocytoma cells U-87. Infected cells with HIV-1NL4.3 were treated with bryostatin alone or in combination with different inhibitors. HIV-1 production was quantified by using ELISA. Transcriptional activity was measured using luciferase reporter gene assays by using lipofectin. We performed cotransfection experiments of the LTR promoter with the active NF-κB member p65/relA. To confirm the NF-κB role, Western blot and confocal microscopy were performed. Bryostatin reactivates latent viral infection in the NHA and U87 cells via activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha and -delta, because the PKC inhibitors rottlerin and GF109203X abrogated the bryostatin effect. No alteration in cell proliferation was found. Moreover, bryostatin strongly stimulated LTR transcription by activating the transcription factor NF-κB. Bryostatin could be a beneficial adjunct to the treatment of HIV-1 brain infection.
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Boudreault PL, Mattler JK, Wender PA. Studies on the regio- and diastereo-selective epoxidation of daphnanes and tiglianes. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3423-3427. [PMID: 26034334 PMCID: PMC4449265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Daphnanes and tiglianes are diterpenes with a shared tricyclic 5-7-6 ring system. Many members exhibit significant biological activities often associated with protein kinase C signaling. Many of these natural products (~100) have a C6-C7 α-epoxide whose influence on biological activity is little studied. Using the more readily available phorbol ester PDBu as a test substrate, we report an efficient, and potentially general, α-epoxidation method based on a vanadium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation with bishydroxamic acid (BHA) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Mattler
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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Wang HB, Wang XY, Liu LP, Qin GW, Kang TG. Tigliane diterpenoids from the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2975-3011. [PMID: 25906056 DOI: 10.1021/cr200397n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bing Wang
- †Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wang
- †Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.,‡School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- †Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Wei Qin
- §Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Guo Kang
- ‡School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China
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Jiang G, Dandekar S. Targeting NF-κB signaling with protein kinase C agonists as an emerging strategy for combating HIV latency. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:4-12. [PMID: 25287643 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is very effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication and restoring immune functions in HIV-infected individuals. However, it fails to eradicate the latent viral reservoirs and fully resolve chronic inflammation in HIV infection. The "shock-and-kill" strategy was recently proposed to induce latent HIV expression in the presence of HAART. Recent studies have shown that the protein kinase C (PKC) agonists are highly potent in inducing latent HIV expression from the viral reservoirs in vitro and ex vivo and in protecting primary CD4(+) T cells from HIV infection through down-modulation of their HIV coreceptor expression. The PKC agonists are excellent candidates for advancing to clinical HIV eradication strategies. This article will present a critical review of the structure and function of known PKC agonists, their mechanisms for the reactivation of latent HIV expression, and the potential of these compounds for advancing clinical HIV eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ghazi M. Rahman
- Department of Pharmacological
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Lan J, Yang K, Byrd D, Hu N, Amet T, Shepherd N, Desai M, Gao J, Gupta S, Sun Y, Yu Q. Provirus activation plus CD59 blockage triggers antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis of latently HIV-1-infected cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3577-89. [PMID: 25149467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Latently HIV-1-infected cells are recognized as the last barrier toward viral eradication and cure. To purge these cells, we combined a provirus stimulant with a blocker of human CD59, a key member of the regulators of complement activation, to trigger Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis. Provirus stimulants including prostratin and histone deacetylase inhibitors such as romidepsin and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid activated proviruses in the latently HIV-1-infected T cell line ACH-2 as virion production and viral protein expression on the cell surface were induced. Romidepsin was the most attractive provirus stimulant as it effectively activated proviruses at nanomolar concentrations that can be achieved clinically. Antiretroviral drugs including two protease inhibitors (atazanavir and darunavir) and an RT inhibitor (emtricitabine) did not affect the activity of provirus stimulants in the activation of proviruses. However, saquinavir (a protease inhibitor) markedly suppressed virus production, although it did not affect the percentage of cells expressing viral Env on the cell surface. Provirus-activated ACH-2 cells expressed HIV-1 Env that colocalized with CD59 in lipid rafts on the cell surface, facilitating direct interaction between them. Blockage of CD59 rendered provirus-activated ACH-2 cells and primary human CD4(+) T cells that were latently infected with HIV-1 sensitive to Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis by anti-HIV-1 polyclonal Abs or plasma from HIV-1-infected patients. Therefore, a combination of provirus stimulants with regulators of complement activation blockers represents a novel approach to eliminate HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Daniel Byrd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ningjie Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tohti Amet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nicole Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mona Desai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Samir Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
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Kumar A, Abbas W, Herbein G. HIV-1 latency in monocytes/macrophages. Viruses 2014; 6:1837-60. [PMID: 24759213 PMCID: PMC4014723 DOI: 10.3390/v6041837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) targets CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. HIV pathogenesis is characterized by the depletion of T lymphocytes and by the presence of a population of cells in which latency has been established called the HIV-1 reservoir. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the life of HIV-1 infected patients. However, complete eradication of HIV-1 from infected individuals is not possible without targeting latent sources of infection. HIV-1 establishes latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells and findings indicate that latency can also be established in the cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Monocyte/macrophage lineage includes among others, monocytes, macrophages and brain resident macrophages. These cells are relatively more resistant to apoptosis induced by HIV-1, thus are important stable hideouts of the virus. Much effort has been made in the direction of eliminating HIV-1 resting CD4+ T-cell reservoirs. However, it is impossible to achieve a cure for HIV-1 without considering these neglected latent reservoirs, the cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In this review we will describe our current understanding of the mechanism of latency in monocyte/macrophage lineage and how such cells can be specifically eliminated from the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Wasim Abbas
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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Spina CA, Anderson J, Archin NM, Bosque A, Chan J, Famiglietti M, Greene WC, Kashuba A, Lewin SR, Margolis DM, Mau M, Ruelas D, Saleh S, Shirakawa K, Siliciano RF, Singhania A, Soto PC, Terry VH, Verdin E, Woelk C, Wooden S, Xing S, Planelles V. An in-depth comparison of latent HIV-1 reactivation in multiple cell model systems and resting CD4+ T cells from aviremic patients. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003834. [PMID: 24385908 PMCID: PMC3873446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of HIV-1 eradication has been limited by the existence of latently infected cellular reservoirs. Studies to examine control of HIV latency and potential reactivation have been hindered by the small numbers of latently infected cells found in vivo. Major conceptual leaps have been facilitated by the use of latently infected T cell lines and primary cells. However, notable differences exist among cell model systems. Furthermore, screening efforts in specific cell models have identified drug candidates for "anti-latency" therapy, which often fail to reactivate HIV uniformly across different models. Therefore, the activity of a given drug candidate, demonstrated in a particular cellular model, cannot reliably predict its activity in other cell model systems or in infected patient cells, tested ex vivo. This situation represents a critical knowledge gap that adversely affects our ability to identify promising treatment compounds and hinders the advancement of drug testing into relevant animal models and clinical trials. To begin to understand the biological characteristics that are inherent to each HIV-1 latency model, we compared the response properties of five primary T cell models, four J-Lat cell models and those obtained with a viral outgrowth assay using patient-derived infected cells. A panel of thirteen stimuli that are known to reactivate HIV by defined mechanisms of action was selected and tested in parallel in all models. Our results indicate that no single in vitro cell model alone is able to capture accurately the ex vivo response characteristics of latently infected T cells from patients. Most cell models demonstrated that sensitivity to HIV reactivation was skewed toward or against specific drug classes. Protein kinase C agonists and PHA reactivated latent HIV uniformly across models, although drugs in most other classes did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celsa A. Spina
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Anderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marylinda Famiglietti
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Kashuba
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Mau
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Debbie Ruelas
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Suha Saleh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akul Singhania
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Paula C. Soto
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Valeri H. Terry
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Woelk
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey Wooden
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sifei Xing
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Highly potent, synthetically accessible prostratin analogs induce latent HIV expression in vitro and ex vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11698-703. [PMID: 23812750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302634110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) decreases plasma viremia below the limits of detection in the majority of HIV-infected individuals, thus serving to slow disease progression. However, HAART targets only actively replicating virus and is unable to eliminate latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells. Such infected cells are potentially capable of reinitiating virus replication upon cessation of HAART, thus leading to viral rebound. Agents that would eliminate these reservoirs, when used in combination with HAART, could thus provide a strategy for the eradication of HIV. Prostratin is a preclinical candidate that induces HIV expression from latently infected CD4(+) T cells, potentially leading to their elimination through a virus-induced cytopathic effect or host anti-HIV immunity. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of designed prostratin analogs and report in vitro and ex vivo studies of their activity relevant to induction of HIV expression. Members of this series are up to 100-fold more potent than the preclinical lead (prostratin) in binding to cell-free PKC, and in inducing HIV expression in a latently infected cell line and prostratin-like modulation of cell surface receptor expression in primary cells from HIV-negative donors. Significantly, selected members were also tested for HIV induction in resting CD4(+) T cells isolated from infected individuals receiving HAART and were found to exhibit potent induction activity. These more potent agents and by extension related tunable analogs now accessible through the studies described herein should facilitate research and preclinical advancement of this strategy for HIV/AIDS eradication.
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Van Lint C, Bouchat S, Marcello A. HIV-1 transcription and latency: an update. Retrovirology 2013; 10:67. [PMID: 23803414 PMCID: PMC3699421 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy, despite being potent and life-prolonging, is not curative and does not eradicate HIV-1 infection since interruption of treatment inevitably results in a rapid rebound of viremia. Reactivation of latently infected cells harboring transcriptionally silent but replication-competent proviruses is a potential source of persistent residual viremia in cART-treated patients. Although multiple reservoirs may exist, the persistence of resting CD4+ T cells carrying a latent infection represents a major barrier to eradication. In this review, we will discuss the latest reports on the molecular mechanisms that may regulate HIV-1 latency at the transcriptional level, including transcriptional interference, the role of cellular factors, chromatin organization and epigenetic modifications, the viral Tat trans-activator and its cellular cofactors. Since latency mechanisms may also operate at the post-transcriptional level, we will consider inhibition of nuclear RNA export and inhibition of translation by microRNAs as potential barriers to HIV-1 gene expression. Finally, we will review the therapeutic approaches and clinical studies aimed at achieving either a sterilizing cure or a functional cure of HIV-1 infection, with a special emphasis on the most recent pharmacological strategies to reactivate the latent viruses and decrease the pool of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Van Lint
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service of Molecular Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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Chan CN, McMonagle EL, Hosie MJ, Willett BJ. Prostratin exhibits both replication enhancing and inhibiting effects on FIV infection of feline CD4+ T-cells. Virus Res 2012. [PMID: 23201205 PMCID: PMC3566544 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The phorbol ester Prostratin may either stimulate or inhibit human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication. Here we report that Prostratin also exhibits a similar dual action upon feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication in an IL-2-dependent feline CD4+ T-cell line (MYA-1). While withdrawal of IL-2 halted FIV spread, Prostratin rescued virus production and cell viability, mimicking the functions of the cytokine. Conversely, FIV grew rapidly in the presence of IL-2 and this was inhibited by Prostratin. In contrast to HIV-1, Prostratin mediated inhibition of FIV through means other than blocking virus entry. Co-application of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Gö6850 with Prostratin reversed both the inhibitory and stimulatory effects, suggesting that PKC is crucial for FIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ngai Chan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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42
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Zhu J, Gaiha GD, John SP, Pertel T, Chin CR, Gao G, Qu H, Walker BD, Elledge SJ, Brass AL. Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by inhibition of BRD4. Cell Rep 2012; 2:807-16. [PMID: 23041316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 depends on many host factors for propagation. Other host factors, however, antagonize HIV-1 and may have profound effects on viral activation. Curing HIV-1 requires the reduction of latent viral reservoirs that remain in the face of antiretroviral therapy. Using orthologous genetic screens, we identified bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) as a negative regulator of HIV-1 replication. Antagonism of BRD4, via RNA interference or with a small molecule inhibitor, JQ1, both increased proviral transcriptional elongation and alleviated HIV-1 latency in cell-line models. In multiple instances, JQ1, when used in combination with the NF-κB activators Prostratin or PHA, enhanced the in vitro reactivation of latent HIV-1 in primary T cells. These data are consistent with a model wherein BRD4 competes with the virus for HIV-1 dependency factors (HDFs) and suggests that combinatorial therapies that activate HDFs and antagonize HIV-1 competitive factors may be useful for curing HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02127, USA
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Protein Kinase C: One Pathway towards the Eradication of Latent HIV-1 Reservoirs. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:805347. [PMID: 22500169 PMCID: PMC3303757 DOI: 10.1155/2012/805347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective means to eradicate latent reservoirs in HIV-1-infected individuals remains elusive. Attempts to purge these reservoirs were undertaken over a decade ago without success. The subsequent lapse in further clinical attempts since may have been justified as our knowledge of the mechanisms which underpin the latent state still evolves. Although additional novel molecular antagonists of HIV-1 latency have subsequently been reported, these candidate agents have not been tested in human trials for reservoir ablation. This review provides an overview of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway which can be modulated by small molecular agents to induce the expression of latent HIV-1 from within infected reservoir cells. Some of these agents have been tested against select cancers with seemingly tolerable side effects. As such, modulation of the PKC pathway may yet be a viable mechanism toward HIV-1 reservoir eradication.
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44
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the proven efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reducing mortality and morbidity of HIV infection, longer-term strategies are less well defined and there is renewed interest in HIV eradication. This review will describe the major obstacles that need to be overcome and the key new advances and strategies designed to achieve an HIV cure. RECENT FINDINGS Characterization of the HIV viral reservoir over the past few years has led to a better understanding of which approaches might successfully lead to eradication. A number of approaches such as histone modification, immunotoxins, gene therapy and gene knockout strategies have resulted and have been explored initially in vitro. There has been progression from both laboratory and animal model studies, and clinical trials are now underway using new approaches such as histone deacetylase inhibitors and zinc finger nucleases. SUMMARY Although there is currently no cure for HIV infection, there has been a resurgence of interest in the field with the development of a number of potential new approaches, some of which have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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45
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Barrero RA, Chapman B, Yang Y, Moolhuijzen P, Keeble-Gagnère G, Zhang N, Tang Q, Bellgard MI, Qiu D. De novo assembly of Euphorbia fischeriana root transcriptome identifies prostratin pathway related genes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:600. [PMID: 22151917 PMCID: PMC3273484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Euphorbia fischeriana is an important medicinal plant found in Northeast China. The plant roots contain many medicinal compounds including 12-deoxyphorbol-13-acetate, commonly known as prostratin that is a phorbol ester from the tigliane diterpene series. Prostratin is a protein kinase C activator and is effective in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) by acting as a latent HIV activator. Latent HIV is currently the biggest limitation for viral eradication. The aim of this study was to sequence, assemble and annotate the E. fischeriana transcriptome to better understand the potential biochemical pathways leading to the synthesis of prostratin and other related diterpene compounds. Results In this study we conducted a high throughput RNA-seq approach to sequence the root transcriptome of E. fischeriana. We assembled 18,180 transcripts, of these the majority encoded protein-coding genes and only 17 transcripts corresponded to known RNA genes. Interestingly, we identified 5,956 protein-coding transcripts with high similarity (> = 75%) to Ricinus communis, a close relative to E. fischeriana. We also evaluated the conservation of E. fischeriana genes against EST datasets from the Euphorbeacea family, which included R. communis, Hevea brasiliensis and Euphorbia esula. We identified a core set of 1,145 gene clusters conserved in all four species and 1,487 E. fischeriana paralogous genes. Furthermore, we screened E. fischeriana transcripts against an in-house reference database for genes implicated in the biosynthesis of upstream precursors to prostratin. This identified 24 and 9 candidate transcripts involved in the terpenoid and diterpenoid biosyntehsis pathways, respectively. The majority of the candidate genes in these pathways presented relatively low expression levels except for 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase (HDS) and isopentenyl diphosphate/dimethylallyl diphosphate synthase (IDS), which are required for multiple downstream pathways including synthesis of casbene, a proposed precursor to prostratin. Conclusion The resources generated in this study provide new insights into the upstream pathways to the synthesis of prostratin and will likely facilitate functional studies aiming to produce larger quantities of this compound for HIV research and/or treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Barrero
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
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Trost BM, Frontier AJ, Thiel OR, Yang H, Dong G. Total synthesis of bryostatins: the development of methodology for the atom-economic and stereoselective synthesis of the ring C subunit. Chemistry 2011; 17:9762-76. [PMID: 21793057 PMCID: PMC3437499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatins, a family of structurally complicated macrolides, exhibit an exceptional range of biological activities. The limited availability and structural complexity of these molecules makes development of an efficient total synthesis particularly important. This article describes our initial efforts towards the total synthesis of bryostatins, in which chemoselective and atom-economical methods for the stereoselective assembly of the ring C subunit were developed. A Pd-catalyzed tandem alkyne-alkyne coupling/6-endo-dig cyclization sequence was explored and successfully pursued in the synthesis of a dihydropyran ring system. Elaboration of this methodology ultimately led to a concise synthesis of the ring C subunit of bryostatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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47
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Avila L, Perez M, Sanchez-Duffhues G, Hernández-Galán R, Muñoz E, Cabezas F, Quiñones W, Torres F, Echeverri F. Effects of diterpenes from latex of Euphorbia lactea and Euphorbia laurifolia on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reactivation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:243-248. [PMID: 19897215 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of latent HIV-infected cellular reservoirs represents the major hurdle to virus eradication in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, referred to as HAART. HIV-1 reservoirs are long-lived resting CD4+ memory cells containing the virus latently integrated. Since the HIV-1 reservoirs are not targeted by HAART, reactivation therapy has been suggested to purge viral latency. Bioassay-guided study of an ethyl acetate extract of Euphorbia laurifolia afforded two isomeric diterpenes that showed differential activity over HIV-1 reactivation. A previously reported compound was isolated too from Euphorbia lactea. This compound showed a potent HIV-1 reactivating effect. Bioassays results showed that HIV-1 reactivation activity is influenced by distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Avila
- Grupo de Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Quimica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Esté JA, Cihlar T. Current status and challenges of antiretroviral research and therapy. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Colin L, Van Lint C. Molecular control of HIV-1 postintegration latency: implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Retrovirology 2009; 6:111. [PMID: 19961595 PMCID: PMC2797771 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoirs represents a major barrier to virus eradication in infected patients under HAART since interruption of the treatment inevitably leads to a rebound of plasma viremia. Latency establishes early after infection notably (but not only) in resting memory CD4+ T cells and involves numerous host and viral trans-acting proteins, as well as processes such as transcriptional interference, RNA silencing, epigenetic modifications and chromatin organization. In order to eliminate latent reservoirs, new strategies are envisaged and consist of reactivating HIV-1 transcription in latently-infected cells, while maintaining HAART in order to prevent de novo infection. The difficulty lies in the fact that a single residual latently-infected cell can in theory rekindle the infection. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency and in the transcriptional reactivation from latency. We highlight the potential of new therapeutic strategies based on this understanding of latency. Combinations of various compounds used simultaneously allow for the targeting of transcriptional repression at multiple levels and can facilitate the escape from latency and the clearance of viral reservoirs. We describe the current advantages and limitations of immune T-cell activators, inducers of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibitors of deacetylases and histone- and DNA- methyltransferases, used alone or in combinations. While a solution will not be achieved by tomorrow, the battle against HIV-1 latent reservoirs is well- underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Colin
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
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Reuse S, Calao M, Kabeya K, Guiguen A, Gatot JS, Quivy V, Vanhulle C, Lamine A, Vaira D, Demonte D, Martinelli V, Veithen E, Cherrier T, Avettand V, Poutrel S, Piette J, de Launoit Y, Moutschen M, Burny A, Rouzioux C, De Wit S, Herbein G, Rohr O, Collette Y, Lambotte O, Clumeck N, Van Lint C. Synergistic activation of HIV-1 expression by deacetylase inhibitors and prostratin: implications for treatment of latent infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6093. [PMID: 19564922 PMCID: PMC2699633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of transcriptionally silent but replication-competent HIV-1 reservoirs in Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)-treated infected individuals, represents a major hurdle to virus eradication. Activation of HIV-1 gene expression in these cells together with an efficient HAART has been proposed as an adjuvant therapy aimed at decreasing the pool of latent viral reservoirs. Using the latently-infected U1 monocytic cell line and latently-infected J-Lat T-cell clones, we here demonstrated a strong synergistic activation of HIV-1 production by clinically used histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) combined with prostratin, a non-tumor-promoting nuclear factor (NF)- κB inducer. In J-Lat cells, we showed that this synergism was due, at least partially, to the synergistic recruitment of unresponsive cells into the expressing cell population. A combination of prostratin+HDACI synergistically activated the 5′ Long Terminal Repeat (5'LTR) from HIV-1 Major group subtypes representing the most prevalent viral genetic forms, as shown by transient transfection reporter assays. Mechanistically, HDACIs increased prostratin-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear NF-κB and degradation of cytoplasmic NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα . Moreover, the combined treatment prostratin+HDACI caused a more pronounced nucleosomal remodeling in the U1 viral promoter region than the treatments with the compounds alone. This more pronounced remodeling correlated with a synergistic reactivation of HIV-1 transcription following the combined treatment prostratin+HDACI, as demonstrated by measuring recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the 5'LTR and both initiated and elongated transcripts. The physiological relevance of the prostratin+HDACI synergism was shown in CD8+-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HAART-treated patients with undetectable viral load. Moreover, this combined treatment reactivated viral replication in resting CD4+ T cells isolated from similar patients. Our results suggest that combinations of different kinds of proviral activators may have important implications for reducing the size of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in HAART-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reuse
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Miriam Calao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Kabamba Kabeya
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Allan Guiguen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Stéphane Gatot
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Vincent Quivy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Caroline Vanhulle
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Aurélia Lamine
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, INSERM U802, Bicêtre, France
| | - Dolores Vaira
- AIDS Reference Center, University of Liege (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique Demonte
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valérie Martinelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Veithen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Véronique Avettand
- Service de Virologie, EA3620, Université Paris-Descartes, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Solène Poutrel
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, INSERM U802, Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacques Piette
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-R, University of Liege (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Yvan de Launoit
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8117 CNRS, BP447, Université de Lille 1, Lille, France
| | - Michel Moutschen
- AIDS Reference Center, University of Liege (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Arsène Burny
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Service de Virologie, EA3620, Université Paris-Descartes, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, EA3186, IFR133, Franche-Comte University, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Virology Institute, INSERM U575, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Collette
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM UMR 599, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathan Clumeck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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