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Chen X, Raiff A, Li S, Guo Q, Zhang J, Zhou H, Timms RT, Yao X, Elledge SJ, Koren I, Zhang K, Xu C. Mechanism of Ψ-Pro/C-degron recognition by the CRL2 FEM1B ubiquitin ligase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3558. [PMID: 38670995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The E3 ligase-degron interaction determines the specificity of the ubiquitin‒proteasome system. We recently discovered that FEM1B, a substrate receptor of Cullin 2-RING ligase (CRL2), recognizes C-degrons containing a C-terminal proline. By solving several cryo-EM structures of CRL2FEM1B bound to different C-degrons, we elucidate the dimeric assembly of the complex. Furthermore, we reveal distinct dimerization states of unmodified and neddylated CRL2FEM1B to uncover the NEDD8-mediated activation mechanism of CRL2FEM1B. Our research also indicates that, FEM1B utilizes a bipartite mechanism to recognize both the C-terminal proline and an upstream aromatic residue within the substrate. These structural findings, complemented by in vitro ubiquitination and in vivo cell-based assays, demonstrate that CRL2FEM1B-mediated polyubiquitination and subsequent protein turnover depend on both FEM1B-degron interactions and the dimerization state of the E3 ligase complex. Overall, this study deepens our molecular understanding of how Cullin-RING E3 ligase substrate selection mediates protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Anat Raiff
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Qiong Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Jiahai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Hualin Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Itay Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel.
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China.
| | - Chao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China.
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2
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Cortese M, Leng Y, Bjornevik K, Mitchell M, Healy BC, Mina MJ, Mancuso JD, Niebuhr DW, Munger KL, Elledge SJ, Ascherio A. Serologic Response to the Epstein-Barr Virus Peptidome and the Risk for Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2024:2816475. [PMID: 38497939 PMCID: PMC10949154 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Importance It remains unclear why only a small proportion of individuals infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) develop multiple sclerosis (MS) and what the underlying mechanisms are. Objective To assess the serologic response to all EBV peptides before the first symptoms of MS occur, determine whether the disease is associated with a distinct immune response to EBV, and evaluate whether specific EBV epitopes drive this response. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prospective, nested case-control study, individuals were selected among US military personnel with serum samples stored in the US Department of Defense Serum Repository. Individuals with MS had serum collected at a median 1 year before onset (reported to the military in 2000-2011) and were matched to controls for age, sex, race and ethnicity, blood collection, and military branch. No individuals were excluded. The data were analyzed between September 1, 2022, and August 31, 2023. Exposure Antibodies (enrichment z scores) to the human virome measured using VirScan (phage-displayed immunoprecipitation and sequencing). Main Outcome and Measure Rate ratios (RRs) for MS for antibodies to 2263 EBV peptides (the EBV peptidome) were estimated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for total anti-EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) antibodies, which have consistently been associated with a higher MS risk. The role of antibodies against other viral peptides was also explored. Results A total of 30 individuals with MS were matched with 30 controls. Mean (SD) age at sample collection was 27.8 (6.5) years; 46 of 60 participants (76.7%) were male. The antibody response to the EBV peptidome was stronger in individuals with MS, but without a discernible pattern. The antibody responses to 66 EBV peptides, the majority mapping to EBNA antigens, were significantly higher in preonset sera from individuals with MS (RR of highest vs lowest tertile of antibody enrichment, 33.4; 95% CI, 2.5-448.4; P for trend = .008). Higher total anti-EBNA-1 antibodies were also associated with an elevated MS risk (top vs bottom tertile: RR, 27.6; 95% CI, 2.3-327.6; P for trend = .008). After adjusting for total anti-EBNA-1 antibodies, risk estimates from most EBV peptides analyses were attenuated, with 4 remaining significantly associated with MS, the strongest within EBNA-6/EBNA-3C, while the association between total anti-EBNA-1 antibodies and MS persisted. Conclusion and Relevance These findings suggest that antibody response to EBNA-1 may be the strongest serologic risk factor for MS. No single EBV peptide stood out as being selectively targeted in individuals with MS but not controls. Larger investigations are needed to explore possible heterogeneity of anti-EBV humoral immunity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Cortese
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kjetil Bjornevik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Moriah Mitchell
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian C. Healy
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - James D. Mancuso
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David W. Niebuhr
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kassandra L. Munger
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Epidemiology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Watson EV, Lee JJK, Gulhan DC, Melloni GEM, Venev SV, Magesh RY, Frederick A, Chiba K, Wooten EC, Naxerova K, Dekker J, Park PJ, Elledge SJ. Chromosome evolution screens recapitulate tissue-specific tumor aneuploidy patterns. Nat Genet 2024:10.1038/s41588-024-01665-2. [PMID: 38388848 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Whole chromosome and arm-level copy number alterations occur at high frequencies in tumors, but their selective advantages, if any, are poorly understood. Here, utilizing unbiased whole chromosome genetic screens combined with in vitro evolution to generate arm- and subarm-level events, we iteratively selected the fittest karyotypes from aneuploidized human renal and mammary epithelial cells. Proliferation-based karyotype selection in these epithelial lines modeled tissue-specific tumor aneuploidy patterns in patient cohorts in the absence of driver mutations. Hi-C-based translocation mapping revealed that arm-level events usually emerged in multiples of two via centromeric translocations and occurred more frequently in tetraploids than diploids, contributing to the increased diversity in evolving tetraploid populations. Isogenic clonal lineages enabled elucidation of pro-tumorigenic mechanisms associated with common copy number alterations, revealing Notch signaling potentiation as a driver of 1q gain in breast cancer. We propose that intrinsic, tissue-specific proliferative effects underlie tumor copy number patterns in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Watson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jake June-Koo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doga C Gulhan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giorgio E M Melloni
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey V Venev
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rayna Y Magesh
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Abdulrazak Frederick
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kunitoshi Chiba
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Wooten
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kamila Naxerova
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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4
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Timms RT, Mena EL, Leng Y, Li MZ, Tchasovnikarova IA, Koren I, Elledge SJ. Author Correction: Defining E3 ligase-substrate relationships through multiplex CRISPR screening. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:305. [PMID: 38114738 PMCID: PMC10866693 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Timms
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elijah L Mena
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iva A Tchasovnikarova
- Wellcome/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Itay Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Dezfulian MH, Kula T, Pranzatelli T, Kamitaki N, Meng Q, Khatri B, Perez P, Xu Q, Chang A, Kohlgruber AC, Leng Y, Jupudi AA, Joachims ML, Chiorini JA, Lessard CJ, Darise Farris A, Muthuswamy SK, Warner BM, Elledge SJ. TScan-II: A genome-scale platform for the de novo identification of CD4 + T cell epitopes. Cell 2023; 186:5569-5586.e21. [PMID: 38016469 PMCID: PMC10841602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play fundamental roles in orchestrating immune responses and tissue homeostasis. However, our inability to associate peptide human leukocyte antigen class-II (HLA-II) complexes with their cognate T cell receptors (TCRs) in an unbiased manner has hampered our understanding of CD4+ T cell function and role in pathologies. Here, we introduce TScan-II, a highly sensitive genome-scale CD4+ antigen discovery platform. This platform seamlessly integrates the endogenous HLA-II antigen-processing machinery in synthetic antigen-presenting cells and TCR signaling in T cells, enabling the simultaneous screening of multiple HLAs and TCRs. Leveraging genome-scale human, virome, and epitope mutagenesis libraries, TScan-II facilitates de novo antigen discovery and deep exploration of TCR specificity. We demonstrate TScan-II's potential for basic and translational research by identifying a non-canonical antigen for a cancer-reactive CD4+ T cell clone. Additionally, we identified two antigens for clonally expanded CD4+ T cells in Sjögren's disease, which bind distinct HLAs and are expressed in HLA-II-positive ductal cells within affected salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Dezfulian
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Pranzatelli
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nolan Kamitaki
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qingda Meng
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bhuwan Khatri
- Genes and Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Paola Perez
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qikai Xu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayano C Kohlgruber
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ananth Aditya Jupudi
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Departmentment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michelle L Joachims
- Genes and Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - John A Chiorini
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Lessard
- Genes and Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - A Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Departmentment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Blake M Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Zhang Z, Sie B, Chang A, Leng Y, Nardone C, Timms RT, Elledge SJ. Elucidation of E3 ubiquitin ligase specificity through proteome-wide internal degron mapping. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4191-4192. [PMID: 37977122 PMCID: PMC10688572 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
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7
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Timms RT, Mena EL, Leng Y, Li MZ, Tchasovnikarova IA, Koren I, Elledge SJ. Defining E3 ligase-substrate relationships through multiplex CRISPR screening. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1535-1545. [PMID: 37735597 PMCID: PMC10567573 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Specificity within the ubiquitin-proteasome system is primarily achieved through E3 ubiquitin ligases, but for many E3s their substrates-and in particular the molecular features (degrons) that they recognize-remain largely unknown. Current approaches for assigning E3s to their cognate substrates are tedious and low throughput. Here we developed a multiplex CRISPR screening platform to assign E3 ligases to their cognate substrates at scale. A proof-of-principle multiplex screen successfully performed ~100 CRISPR screens in a single experiment, refining known C-degron pathways and identifying an additional pathway through which Cul2FEM1B targets C-terminal proline. Further, by identifying substrates for Cul1FBXO38, Cul2APPBP2, Cul3GAN, Cul3KLHL8, Cul3KLHL9/13 and Cul3KLHL15, we demonstrate that the approach is compatible with pools of full-length protein substrates of varying stabilities and, when combined with site-saturation mutagenesis, can assign E3 ligases to their cognate degron motifs. Thus, multiplex CRISPR screening will accelerate our understanding of how specificity is achieved within the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Timms
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elijah L Mena
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iva A Tchasovnikarova
- Wellcome/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Itay Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham asnd Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Zhang Z, Sie B, Chang A, Leng Y, Nardone C, Timms RT, Elledge SJ. Elucidation of E3 ubiquitin ligase specificity through proteome-wide internal degron mapping. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3377-3392.e6. [PMID: 37738965 PMCID: PMC10594193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a critical role in biology by regulating protein degradation. Despite their importance, precise recognition specificity is known for a few of the 600 E3s. Here, we establish a two-pronged strategy for identifying and mapping critical residues of internal degrons on a proteome-scale in HEK-293T cells. We employ global protein stability profiling combined with machine learning to identify 15,800 peptides likely to contain sequence-dependent degrons. We combine this with scanning mutagenesis to define critical residues for over 5,000 predicted degrons. Focusing on Cullin-RING ligase degrons, we generated mutational fingerprints for 219 degrons and developed DegronID, a computational algorithm enabling the clustering of degron peptides with similar motifs. CRISPR analysis enabled the discovery of E3-degron pairs, of which we uncovered 16 pairs that revealed extensive degron variability and structural determinants. We provide the visualization of these data on the public DegronID data browser as a resource for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Zhang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brandon Sie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Nardone
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard T Timms
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Gu X, Nardone C, Kamitaki N, Mao A, Elledge SJ, Greenberg ME. The midnolin-proteasome pathway catches proteins for ubiquitination-independent degradation. Science 2023; 381:eadh5021. [PMID: 37616343 PMCID: PMC10617673 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Cells use ubiquitin to mark proteins for proteasomal degradation. Although the proteasome also eliminates proteins that are not ubiquitinated, how this occurs mechanistically is unclear. Here, we found that midnolin promoted the destruction of many nuclear proteins, including transcription factors encoded by the immediate-early genes. Diverse stimuli induced midnolin, and its overexpression was sufficient to cause the degradation of its targets by a mechanism that did not require ubiquitination. Instead, midnolin associated with the proteasome via an α helix, used its Catch domain to bind a region within substrates that can form a β strand, and used a ubiquitin-like domain to promote substrate destruction. Thus, midnolin contains three regions that function in concert to target a large set of nuclear proteins to the proteasome for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Nardone
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nolan Kamitaki
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aoyue Mao
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Edridge AWD, Abd-Elfarag G, Deijs M, Broeks MH, Cristella C, Sie B, Vaz FM, Jans JJM, Calis J, Verhoef H, Demir A, Poppert S, Nickel B, van Dam A, Sebit B, Titulaer MJ, Verweij JJ, de Jong MD, van Gool T, Faragher B, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Elledge SJ, van der Hoek L, Boele van Hensbroek M. Parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic and nutritional factors associated with nodding syndrome. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad223. [PMID: 37731906 PMCID: PMC10507744 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodding syndrome is a neglected, disabling and potentially fatal epileptic disorder of unknown aetiology affecting thousands of individuals mostly confined to Eastern sub-Saharan Africa. Previous studies have identified multiple associations-including Onchocerca volvulus, antileiomodin-1 antibodies, vitamin B6 deficiency and measles virus infection-yet, none is proven causal. We conducted a case-control study of children with early-stage nodding syndrome (symptom onset <1 year). Cases and controls were identified through a household survey in the Greater Mundri area in South Sudan. A wide range of parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic and nutritional risk factors was investigated using conventional and state-of-the-art untargeted assays. Associations were examined by multiple logistic regression analysis, and a hypothetical causal model was constructed using structural equation modelling. Of 607 children with nodding syndrome, 72 with early-stage disease were included as cases and matched to 65 household- and 44 community controls. Mansonella perstans infection (odds ratio 7.04, 95% confidence interval 2.28-21.7), Necator americanus infection (odds ratio 2.33, 95% confidence interval 1.02-5.3), higher antimalarial seroreactivity (odds ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.20-2.57), higher vitamin E concentration (odds ratio 1.53 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.19) and lower vitamin B12 concentration (odds ratio 0.56 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval 0.36-0.87) were associated with higher odds of nodding syndrome. In a structural equation model, we hypothesized that Mansonella perstans infection, higher vitamin E concentration and fewer viral exposures increased the risk of nodding syndrome while lower vitamin B12 concentration, Necator americanus and malaria infections resulted from having nodding syndrome. We found no evidence that Onchocerca volvulus, antileiomodin-1 antibodies, vitamin B6 and other factors were associated with nodding syndrome. Our results argue against several previous causal hypotheses including Onchocerca volvulus. Instead, nodding syndrome may be caused by a complex interplay between multiple pathogens and nutrient levels. Further studies need to confirm these associations and determine the direction of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur W D Edridge
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gasim Abd-Elfarag
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Martin Deijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Broeks
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cosimo Cristella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brandon Sie
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith J M Jans
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Job Calis
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 95, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Hans Verhoef
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6701 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demir
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Meander Medical Centre, 3813 TZ Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Poppert
- Diagnostic Centre, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Nickel
- Diagnostic Centre, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alje van Dam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boy Sebit
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Maarten J Titulaer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J Verweij
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Gool
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Faragher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nanda M Verhoeven-Duif
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Boele van Hensbroek
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Mitchell MM, Leng Y, Boppana S, Britt WJ, Gutierrez Sanchez LH, Elledge SJ. Signatures of AAV-2 immunity are enriched in children with severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh9917. [PMID: 37494473 PMCID: PMC10501808 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh9917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children is under investigation in 35 countries. Although several potential etiologic agents have been investigated, a clear cause for the liver damage observed in these cases remains to be identified. Using VirScan, a high-throughput antibody profiling technology, we probed the antibody repertoires of nine cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology treated at Children's of Alabama and compared their antibody responses with 38 pediatric and 470 adult controls. We report increased adeno-associated dependoparvovirus A (AAV-A) breadth in cases relative to controls and adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV-2) peptide responses that were conserved in seven of nine cases but rarely observed in pediatric and adult controls. These findings suggest that AAV-2 is a likely etiologic agent of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah M. Mitchell
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William J. Britt
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Luz Helena Gutierrez Sanchez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatitis, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Bruno PM, Timms RT, Abdelfattah NS, Leng Y, Lelis FJN, Wesemann DR, Yu XG, Elledge SJ. High-throughput, targeted MHC class I immunopeptidomics using a functional genetics screening platform. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:980-992. [PMID: 36593401 PMCID: PMC10314971 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of CD8+ T cell epitopes is critical for the development of immunotherapeutics. Existing methods for major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) ligand discovery are time intensive, specialized and unable to interrogate specific proteins on a large scale. Here, we present EpiScan, which uses surface MHC class I levels as a readout for whether a genetically encoded peptide is an MHC class I ligand. Predetermined starting pools composed of >100,000 peptides can be designed using oligonucleotide synthesis, permitting large-scale MHC class I screening. We exploit this programmability of EpiScan to uncover an unappreciated role for cysteine that increases the number of predicted ligands by 9-21%, reveal affinity hierarchies by analysis of biased anchor peptide libraries and screen viral proteomes for MHC class I ligands. Using these data, we generate and iteratively refine peptide binding predictions to create EpiScan Predictor. EpiScan Predictor performs comparably to other state-of-the-art MHC class I peptide binding prediction algorithms without suffering from underrepresentation of cysteine-containing peptides. Thus, targeted immunopeptidomics using EpiScan will accelerate CD8+ T cell epitope discovery toward the goal of individual-specific immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bruno
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Richard T Timms
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nouran S Abdelfattah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Felipe J N Lelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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13
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Lee JJK, Jung YL, Cheong TC, Espejo Valle-Inclan J, Chu C, Gulhan DC, Ljungström V, Jin H, Viswanadham VV, Watson EV, Cortés-Ciriano I, Elledge SJ, Chiarle R, Pellman D, Park PJ. ERα-associated translocations underlie oncogene amplifications in breast cancer. Nature 2023; 618:1024-1032. [PMID: 37198482 PMCID: PMC10307628 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Focal copy-number amplification is an oncogenic event. Although recent studies have revealed the complex structure1-3 and the evolutionary trajectories4 of oncogene amplicons, their origin remains poorly understood. Here we show that focal amplifications in breast cancer frequently derive from a mechanism-which we term translocation-bridge amplification-involving inter-chromosomal translocations that lead to dicentric chromosome bridge formation and breakage. In 780 breast cancer genomes, we observe that focal amplifications are frequently connected to each other by inter-chromosomal translocations at their boundaries. Subsequent analysis indicates the following model: the oncogene neighbourhood is translocated in G1 creating a dicentric chromosome, the dicentric chromosome is replicated, and as dicentric sister chromosomes segregate during mitosis, a chromosome bridge is formed and then broken, with fragments often being circularized in extrachromosomal DNAs. This model explains the amplifications of key oncogenes, including ERBB2 and CCND1. Recurrent amplification boundaries and rearrangement hotspots correlate with oestrogen receptor binding in breast cancer cells. Experimentally, oestrogen treatment induces DNA double-strand breaks in the oestrogen receptor target regions that are repaired by translocations, suggesting a role of oestrogen in generating the initial translocations. A pan-cancer analysis reveals tissue-specific biases in mechanisms initiating focal amplifications, with the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle prevalent in some and the translocation-bridge amplification in others, probably owing to the different timing of DNA break repair. Our results identify a common mode of oncogene amplification and propose oestrogen as its mechanistic origin in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake June-Koo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Youngsook Lucy Jung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taek-Chin Cheong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chong Chu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doga C Gulhan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hu Jin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Emma V Watson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isidro Cortés-Ciriano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David Pellman
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Makaros Y, Raiff A, Timms RT, Wagh AR, Gueta MI, Bekturova A, Guez-Haddad J, Brodsky S, Opatowsky Y, Glickman MH, Elledge SJ, Koren I. Ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation driven by C-degron pathways. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1921-1935.e7. [PMID: 37201526 PMCID: PMC10237035 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although most eukaryotic proteins are targeted for proteasomal degradation by ubiquitination, a subset have been demonstrated to undergo ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation (UbInPD). However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving UbInPD and the degrons involved. Utilizing the GPS-peptidome approach, a systematic method for degron discovery, we found thousands of sequences that promote UbInPD; thus, UbInPD is more prevalent than currently appreciated. Furthermore, mutagenesis experiments revealed specific C-terminal degrons required for UbInPD. Stability profiling of a genome-wide collection of human open reading frames identified 69 full-length proteins subject to UbInPD. These included REC8 and CDCA4, proteins which control proliferation and survival, as well as mislocalized secretory proteins, suggesting that UbInPD performs both regulatory and protein quality control functions. In the context of full-length proteins, C termini also play a role in promoting UbInPD. Finally, we found that Ubiquilin family proteins mediate the proteasomal targeting of a subset of UbInPD substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Makaros
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Anat Raiff
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Ajay R Wagh
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Mor Israel Gueta
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aizat Bekturova
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Julia Guez-Haddad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Sagie Brodsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yarden Opatowsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Michael H Glickman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Itay Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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15
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Shrock EL, Timms RT, Kula T, Mena EL, West AP, Guo R, Lee IH, Cohen AA, McKay LGA, Bi C, Keerti, Leng Y, Fujimura E, Horns F, Li M, Wesemann DR, Griffiths A, Gewurz BE, Bjorkman PJ, Elledge SJ. Germline-encoded amino acid-binding motifs drive immunodominant public antibody responses. Science 2023; 380:eadc9498. [PMID: 37023193 PMCID: PMC10273302 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc9498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast diversity of the antibody repertoire, infected individuals often mount antibody responses to precisely the same epitopes within antigens. The immunological mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon remain unknown. By mapping 376 immunodominant "public epitopes" at high resolution and characterizing several of their cognate antibodies, we concluded that germline-encoded sequences in antibodies drive recurrent recognition. Systematic analysis of antibody-antigen structures uncovered 18 human and 21 partially overlapping mouse germline-encoded amino acid-binding (GRAB) motifs within heavy and light V gene segments that in case studies proved critical for public epitope recognition. GRAB motifs represent a fundamental component of the immune system's architecture that promotes recognition of pathogens and leads to species-specific public antibody responses that can exert selective pressure on pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard T. Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Present address: Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elijah L. Mena
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - I-Hsiu Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander A. Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Caihong Bi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keerti
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felix Horns
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Applied Physics, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub and Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mamie Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Graduate Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Scott DC, King MT, Baek K, Gee CT, Kalathur R, Li J, Purser N, Nourse A, Chai SC, Vaithiyalingam S, Chen T, Lee RE, Elledge SJ, Kleiger G, Schulman BA. E3 ligase autoinhibition by C-degron mimicry maintains C-degron substrate fidelity. Mol Cell 2023; 83:770-786.e9. [PMID: 36805027 PMCID: PMC10080726 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
E3 ligase recruitment of proteins containing terminal destabilizing motifs (degrons) is emerging as a major form of regulation. How those E3s discriminate bona fide substrates from other proteins with terminal degron-like sequences remains unclear. Here, we report that human KLHDC2, a CRL2 substrate receptor targeting C-terminal Gly-Gly degrons, is regulated through interconversion between two assemblies. In the self-inactivated homotetramer, KLHDC2's C-terminal Gly-Ser motif mimics a degron and engages the substrate-binding domain of another protomer. True substrates capture the monomeric CRL2KLHDC2, driving E3 activation by neddylation and subsequent substrate ubiquitylation. Non-substrates such as NEDD8 bind KLHDC2 with high affinity, but its slow on rate prevents productive association with CRL2KLHDC2. Without substrate, neddylated CRL2KLHDC2 assemblies are deactivated via distinct mechanisms: the monomer by deneddylation and the tetramer by auto-ubiquitylation. Thus, substrate specificity is amplified by KLHDC2 self-assembly acting like a molecular timer, where only bona fide substrates may bind before E3 ligase inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Scott
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Moeko T King
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kheewoong Baek
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Clifford T Gee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ravi Kalathur
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Protein Technologies Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jerry Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Nicholas Purser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Amanda Nourse
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Protein Technologies Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sivaraja Vaithiyalingam
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Protein Technologies Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Kleiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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17
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Nardone C, Palanski BA, Scott DC, Timms RT, Barber KW, Gu X, Mao A, Leng Y, Watson EV, Schulman BA, Cole PA, Elledge SJ. A central role for regulated protein stability in the control of TFE3 and MITF by nutrients. Mol Cell 2023; 83:57-73.e9. [PMID: 36608670 PMCID: PMC9908011 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The TFE3 and MITF master transcription factors maintain metabolic homeostasis by regulating lysosomal, melanocytic, and autophagy genes. Previous studies posited that their cytosolic retention by 14-3-3, mediated by the Rag GTPases-mTORC1, was key for suppressing transcriptional activity in the presence of nutrients. Here, we demonstrate using mammalian cells that regulated protein stability plays a fundamental role in their control. Amino acids promote the recruitment of TFE3 and MITF to the lysosomal surface via the Rag GTPases, activating an evolutionarily conserved phospho-degron and leading to ubiquitination by CUL1β-TrCP and degradation. Elucidation of the minimal functional degron revealed a conserved alpha-helix required for interaction with RagA, illuminating the molecular basis for a severe neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by missense mutations in TFE3 within the RagA-TFE3 interface. Additionally, the phospho-degron is recurrently lost in TFE3 genomic translocations that cause kidney cancer. Therefore, two divergent pathologies converge on the loss of protein stability regulation by nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Nardone
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brad A Palanski
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel C Scott
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Karl W Barber
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aoyue Mao
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emma V Watson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Philip A Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Elledge SJ. An Editor's rave review. Genes Dev 2023; 37:18-19. [PMID: 37061980 PMCID: PMC10046447 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350468.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
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19
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Barber KW, Shrock E, Elledge SJ. CasPlay provides a gRNA-barcoded CRISPR-based display platform for antibody repertoire profiling. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100318. [PMID: 36313802 PMCID: PMC9606310 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein display technologies link proteins to distinct nucleic acid sequences (barcodes), enabling multiplexed protein assays via DNA sequencing. Here, we develop Cas9 display (CasPlay) to interrogate customized peptide libraries fused to catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) by sequencing the guide RNA (gRNA) barcodes associated with each peptide. We first confirm the ability of CasPlay to characterize antibody epitopes by recovering a known binding motif for a monoclonal anti-FLAG antibody. We then use a CasPlay library tiling the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteome to evaluate vaccine-induced antibody reactivities. Using a peptide library representing the human virome, we demonstrate the ability of CasPlay to identify epitopes across many viruses from microliters of patient serum. Our results suggest that CasPlay is a viable strategy for customized protein interaction studies from highly complex libraries and could provide an alternative to phage display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W. Barber
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen Shrock
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Patten J, Keiser PT, Morselli-Gysi D, Menichetti G, Mori H, Donahue CJ, Gan X, Valle ID, Geoghegan-Barek K, Anantpadma M, Boytz R, Berrigan JL, Stubbs SH, Ayazika T, O’Leary C, Jalloh S, Wagner F, Ayehunie S, Elledge SJ, Anderson D, Loscalzo J, Zitnik M, Gummuluru S, Namchuk MN, Barabási AL, Davey RA. Identification of potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection by combined pharmacological evaluation and cellular network prioritization. iScience 2022; 25:104925. [PMID: 35992305 PMCID: PMC9374494 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologically active compounds with known biological targets were evaluated for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell and tissue models to help identify potent classes of active small molecules and to better understand host-virus interactions. We evaluated 6,710 clinical and preclinical compounds targeting 2,183 host proteins by immunocytofluorescence-based screening to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibitors. Computationally integrating relationships between small molecule structure, dose-response antiviral activity, host target, and cell interactome produced cellular networks important for infection. This analysis revealed 389 small molecules with micromolar to low nanomolar activities, representing >12 scaffold classes and 813 host targets. Representatives were evaluated for mechanism of action in stable and primary human cell models with SARS-CoV-2 variants and MERS-CoV. One promising candidate, obatoclax, significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral lung load in mice. Ultimately, this work establishes a rigorous approach for future pharmacological and computational identification of host factor dependencies and treatments for viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.J. Patten
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Patrick T. Keiser
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Deisy Morselli-Gysi
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giulia Menichetti
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Callie J. Donahue
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xiao Gan
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Italo do Valle
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen Geoghegan-Barek
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - RuthMabel Boytz
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jacob L. Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sarah H. Stubbs
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tess Ayazika
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Colin O’Leary
- Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sallieu Jalloh
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Florence Wagner
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marinka Zitnik
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark N. Namchuk
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Albert-László Barabási
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest 1051, Hungary
| | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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21
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Shrock EL, Shrock CL, Elledge SJ. VirScan: High-throughput Profiling of Antiviral Antibody Epitopes. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4464. [PMID: 35937932 PMCID: PMC9303818 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiling the specificities of antibodies can reveal a wealth of information about humoral immune responses and the antigens they target. Here, we present a protocol for VirScan, an application of the phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-Seq) method for profiling the specificities of human antiviral antibodies. Accompanying this protocol is a video of the experimental procedure. VirScan and, more generally, PhIP-Seq are techniques that enable high-throughput antibody profiling by combining high-throughput DNA oligo synthesis and bacteriophage display with next-generation sequencing. In the VirScan method, human sera samples are screened against a library of peptides spanning the entire human viral proteome. Bound phage are immunoprecipitated and sequenced, identifying the viral peptides recognized by the antibodies. VirScan Is a powerful tool for uncovering individual viral exposure histories, mapping the epitope landscape of viruses of interest, and studying fundamental mechanisms of viral immunity. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
,
Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
,
Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
,
*For correspondence:
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22
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Borriello F, Poli V, Shrock E, Spreafico R, Liu X, Pishesha N, Carpenet C, Chou J, Di Gioia M, McGrath ME, Dillen CA, Barrett NA, Lacanfora L, Franco ME, Marongiu L, Iwakura Y, Pucci F, Kruppa MD, Ma Z, Lowman DW, Ensley HE, Nanishi E, Saito Y, O'Meara TR, Seo HS, Dhe-Paganon S, Dowling DJ, Frieman M, Elledge SJ, Levy O, Irvine DJ, Ploegh HL, Williams DL, Zanoni I. An adjuvant strategy enabled by modulation of the physical properties of microbial ligands expands antigen immunogenicity. Cell 2022; 185:614-629.e21. [PMID: 35148840 PMCID: PMC8857056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is key to generate lasting adaptive immunity. PRRs detect unique chemical patterns associated with invading microorganisms, but whether and how the physical properties of PRR ligands influence the development of the immune response remains unknown. Through the study of fungal mannans, we show that the physical form of PRR ligands dictates the immune response. Soluble mannans are immunosilent in the periphery but elicit a potent pro-inflammatory response in the draining lymph node (dLN). By modulating the physical form of mannans, we developed a formulation that targets both the periphery and the dLN. When combined with viral glycoprotein antigens, this mannan formulation broadens epitope recognition, elicits potent antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies, and confers protection against viral infections of the lung. Thus, the physical properties of microbial ligands determine the outcome of the immune response and can be harnessed for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Poli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Shrock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Carpenet
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet Chou
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carly A Dillen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucrezia Lacanfora
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella E Franco
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ferdinando Pucci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael D Kruppa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Douglas W Lowman
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Harry E Ensley
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Meara
- Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Oreskovic E, Wheeler EC, Mengwasser KE, Fujimura E, Martin TD, Tothova Z, Elledge SJ. Genetic analysis of cancer drivers reveals cohesin and CTCF as suppressors of PD-L1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120540119. [PMID: 35149558 PMCID: PMC8851563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120540119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is a significant contributor to tumor evolution, and the immunoinhibitory axis PD-1/PD-L1 is a frequent mechanism employed to escape tumor immune surveillance. To identify cancer drivers involved in immune evasion, we performed a CRISPR-Cas9 screen of tumor suppressor genes regulating the basal and interferon (IFN)-inducible cell surface levels of PD-L1. Multiple regulators of PD-L1 were identified, including IRF2, ARID2, KMT2D, and AAMP. We also identified CTCF and the cohesin complex proteins, known regulators of chromatin architecture and transcription, among the most potent negative regulators of PD-L1 cell surface expression. Additionally, loss of the cohesin subunit RAD21 was shown to up-regulate PD-L2 and MHC-I surface expression. PD-L1 and MHC-I suppression by cohesin were shown to be conserved in mammary epithelial and myeloid cells. Comprehensive examination of the transcriptional effect of STAG2 deficiency in epithelial and myeloid cells revealed an activation of strong IFN and NF-κB expression signatures. Inhibition of JAK-STAT or NF-κB pathways did not result in rescue of PD-L1 up-regulation in RAD21-deficient cells, suggesting more complex or combinatorial mechanisms at play. Discovery of the PD-L1 and IFN up-regulation in cohesin-mutant cells expands our understanding of the biology of cohesin-deficient cells as well as molecular regulation of the PD-L1 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Oreskovic
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Emily C Wheeler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Kristen E Mengwasser
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Timothy D Martin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zuzana Tothova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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24
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Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, Kuhle J, Mina MJ, Leng Y, Elledge SJ, Niebuhr DW, Scher AI, Munger KL, Ascherio A. Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science 2022; 375:296-301. [PMID: 35025605 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 759] [Impact Index Per Article: 379.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown etiology. We tested the hypothesis that MS is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in a cohort comprising more than 10 million young adults on active duty in the US military, 955 of whom were diagnosed with MS during their period of service. Risk of MS increased 32-fold after infection with EBV but was not increased after infection with other viruses, including the similarly transmitted cytomegalovirus. Serum levels of neurofilament light chain, a biomarker of neuroaxonal degeneration, increased only after EBV seroconversion. These findings cannot be explained by any known risk factor for MS and suggest EBV as the leading cause of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Bjornevik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marianna Cortese
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian C Healy
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Mina
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David W Niebuhr
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann I Scher
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kassandra L Munger
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Patel RS, Romero R, Watson EV, Liang AC, Burger M, Westcott PMK, Mercer KL, Bronson RT, Wooten EC, Bhutkar A, Jacks T, Elledge SJ. A GATA4-regulated secretory program suppresses tumors through recruitment of cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:256. [PMID: 35017504 PMCID: PMC8752777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GATA4 transcription factor acts as a master regulator of development of multiple tissues. GATA4 also acts in a distinct capacity to control a stress-inducible pro-inflammatory secretory program that is associated with senescence, a potent tumor suppression mechanism, but also operates in non-senescent contexts such as tumorigenesis. This secretory pathway is composed of chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and proteases. Since GATA4 is deleted or epigenetically silenced in cancer, here we examine the role of GATA4 in tumorigenesis in mouse models through both loss-of-function and overexpression experiments. We find that GATA4 promotes non-cell autonomous tumor suppression in multiple model systems. Mechanistically, we show that Gata4-dependent tumor suppression requires cytotoxic CD8 T cells and partially requires the secreted chemokine CCL2. Analysis of transcriptome data in human tumors reveals reduced lymphocyte infiltration in GATA4-deficient tumors, consistent with our murine data. Notably, activation of the GATA4-dependent secretory program combined with an anti-PD-1 antibody robustly abrogates tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh S Patel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.,Scripps Green Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Romero
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma V Watson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Anthony C Liang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Megan Burger
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter M K Westcott
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kim L Mercer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Eric C Wooten
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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26
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Li S, Qian N, Jiang C, Zu W, Liang A, Li M, Elledge SJ, Tan X. Gain-of-function genetic screening identifies the antiviral function of TMEM120A via STING activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:105. [PMID: 35013224 PMCID: PMC8748537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can be associated with neurological pathologies, such as microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Effective therapeutics are currently not available. As such, a comprehensive understanding of virus-host interactions may guide the development of medications for ZIKV. Here we report a human genome-wide overexpression screen to identify host factors that regulate ZIKV infection and find TMEM120A as a ZIKV restriction factor. TMEM120A overexpression significantly inhibits ZIKV replication, while TMEM120A knockdown increases ZIKV infection in cell lines. Moreover, Tmem120a knockout in mice facilitates ZIKV infection in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cells. Mechanistically, the antiviral activity of TMEM120A is dependent on STING, as TMEM120A interacts with STING, promotes the translocation of STING from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and enhances the phosphorylation of downstream TBK1 and IRF3, resulting in the expression of multiple antiviral cytokines and interferon-stimulated genes. In summary, our gain-of-function screening identifies TMEM120A as a key activator of the antiviral signaling of STING. Understanding the interplay between host and viral factors during infection is essential for the interactome of infection. Here the authors perform a gain-of-function screen to identify factors involved during Zika virus infection and identify TMEM120A as a key factor in the STING mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nianchao Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenhong Zu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Anthony Liang
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Mamie Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Xu Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China.
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27
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Meng Q, Xie S, Gray GK, Dezfulian MH, Li W, Huang L, Akshinthala D, Ferrer E, Conahan C, Perea Del Pino S, Grossman J, Elledge SJ, Hidalgo M, Muthuswamy SK. Empirical identification and validation of tumor-targeting T cell receptors from circulation using autologous pancreatic tumor organoids. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003213. [PMID: 34789550 PMCID: PMC8601084 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells and T cell receptors are effective tools for cancer immunotherapy. Most efforts to identify them rely on known antigens or lymphocytes that have infiltrated into the tumor bed. Approaches to empirically identify tumor-targeting T cells and T cell receptors by exploiting all antigens expressed on tumor cell surfaces are not well developed for most carcinomas, including pancreatic cancer. Methods Autologous tumor organoids were stimulated with T cells from the patients’ peripheral blood for 2 weeks to generate the organoid-primed T (opT) cells. opT cell phenotype was analyzed by monitoring changes in the expression levels of 28 cell surface and checkpoint proteins. Expression of ligands of the immune checkpoints was investigated by immunohistochemistry staining. T cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and assayed by flow cytometry to monitor tumor-induced T cell proliferation changes. opT cell-mediated killing of three-dimensional organoids was measured using an M30 ELISA kit. T cell receptors (TCRs) were identified by deep sequencing of gDNA isolated from T cells, and the TCR specificity was confirmed by transferring TCRs to the T cell line SKW-3 or donor T cells. Results The co-culture was effective in the generation of CD8 + or CD4+opT cells. The opT cells killed autologous tumors in a granzyme B or Fas-Fas ligand-dependent manner and expressed markers of tissue-resident memory phenotype. Each patient-derived opT cell culture displayed a unique complement of checkpoint proteins. Interestingly, only NKG2A blockade showed a potent increase in the interferon-γ production compared with blocking programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or TIM3 or TIGIT or LAG3. Importantly, TCR sequencing demonstrated a dramatic clonal expansion of T cells with a restricted subset of TCRs. Cloning and transferring the TCRs to heterologous T cells was sufficient to confer tumor cell recognition and cytotoxic properties in a patient-specific manner. Conclusion We report a platform for expanding tumor-targeting T cells from the peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic cancer. We identify the NKG2A-HLA-E axis as a potentially important checkpoint for CD8 +T cells for pancreatic cancer. Lastly, we demonstrate empirical identification of tumor-targeting TCRs that can be used for TCR-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Meng
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Weilin Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dipikaa Akshinthala
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Conahan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sofia Perea Del Pino
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Grossman
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Adeyemi RO, Willis NA, Elia AEH, Clairmont C, Li S, Wu X, D'Andrea AD, Scully R, Elledge SJ. The Protexin complex counters resection on stalled forks to promote homologous recombination and crosslink repair. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4440-4456.e7. [PMID: 34597596 PMCID: PMC8588999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protection of stalled replication forks is critical to genomic stability. Using genetic and proteomic analyses, we discovered the Protexin complex containing the ssDNA binding protein SCAI and the DNA polymerase REV3. Protexin is required specifically for protecting forks stalled by nucleotide depletion, fork barriers, fragile sites, and DNA inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs), where it promotes homologous recombination and repair. Protexin loss leads to ssDNA accumulation and profound genomic instability in response to ICLs. Protexin interacts with RNA POL2, and both oppose EXO1's resection of DNA on forks remodeled by the FANCM translocase activity. This pathway acts independently of BRCA/RAD51-mediated fork stabilization, and cells with BRCA2 mutations were dependent on SCAI for survival. These data suggest that Protexin and its associated factors establish a new fork protection pathway that counteracts fork resection in part through a REV3 polymerase-dependent resynthesis mechanism of excised DNA, particularly at ICL stalled forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O Adeyemi
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas A Willis
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew E H Elia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Connor Clairmont
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Naxerova K, Di Stefano B, Makofske JL, Watson EV, de Kort MA, Martin TD, Dezfulian M, Ricken D, Wooten EC, Kuroda MI, Hochedlinger K, Elledge SJ. Integrated loss- and gain-of-function screens define a core network governing human embryonic stem cell behavior. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1527-1547. [PMID: 34711655 PMCID: PMC8559676 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349048.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this Resource/Methodology, Naxerova et al. describe an integrated genome-scale loss- and gain-of-function screening approach to identify genetic networks governing embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation into the three germ layers. They identify a deep link between pluripotency maintenance and survival by showing that genetic alterations that cause pluripotency dissolution simultaneously increase apoptosis resistance, and their results show the power of integrated multilayer genetic screening for the robust mapping of complex genetic networks. Understanding the genetic control of human embryonic stem cell function is foundational for developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Here we describe an integrated genome-scale loss- and gain-of-function screening approach to identify genetic networks governing embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation into the three germ layers. We identified a deep link between pluripotency maintenance and survival by showing that genetic alterations that cause pluripotency dissolution simultaneously increase apoptosis resistance. We discovered that the chromatin-modifying complex SAGA and in particular its subunit TADA2B are central regulators of pluripotency, survival, growth, and lineage specification. Joint analysis of all screens revealed that genetic alterations that broadly inhibit differentiation across multiple germ layers drive proliferation and survival under pluripotency-maintaining conditions and coincide with known cancer drivers. Our results show the power of integrated multilayer genetic screening for the robust mapping of complex genetic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Naxerova
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Bruno Di Stefano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jessica L Makofske
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Emma V Watson
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marit A de Kort
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Timothy D Martin
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mohammed Dezfulian
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dominik Ricken
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Eric C Wooten
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mitzi I Kuroda
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Chen G, Shrock EL, Li MZ, Spergel JM, Nadeau KC, Pongracic JA, Umetsu DT, Rachid R, MacGinnitie AJ, Phipatanakul W, Schneider L, Oettgen HC, Elledge SJ. High-resolution epitope mapping by AllerScan reveals relationships between IgE and IgG repertoires during peanut oral immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100410. [PMID: 34755130 PMCID: PMC8563412 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy can result in life-threatening reactions and is a major public health concern. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) induces desensitization to food allergens through administration of increasing amounts of allergen. To dissect peanut-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG responses in subjects undergoing OIT, we have developed AllerScan, a method that leverages phage-display and next-generation sequencing to identify the epitope targets of peanut-specific antibodies. We observe a striking diversification and boosting of the peanut-specific IgG repertoire after OIT and a reduction in pre-existing IgE levels against individual epitopes. High-resolution epitope mapping reveals shared recognition of public epitopes in Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 7. In individual subjects, OIT-induced IgG specificities overlap extensively with IgE and exhibit strikingly similar antibody footprints, suggesting related clonal lineages or convergent evolution of peanut-specific IgE and IgG B cells. Individual differences in epitope recognition identified via AllerScan could inform safer and more effective personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genghao Chen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen L Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Sean N Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Pongracic
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rima Rachid
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J MacGinnitie
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lynda Schneider
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Martin TD, Patel RS, Cook DR, Choi MY, Patil A, Liang AC, Li MZ, Haigis KM, Elledge SJ. The adaptive immune system is a major driver of selection for tumor suppressor gene inactivation. Science 2021; 373:1327-1335. [PMID: 34529489 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During tumorigenesis, tumors must evolve to evade the immune system and do so by disrupting the genes involved in antigen processing and presentation or up-regulating inhibitory immune checkpoint genes. We performed in vivo CRISPR screens in syngeneic mouse tumor models to examine requirements for tumorigenesis both with and without adaptive immune selective pressure. In each tumor type tested, we found a marked enrichment for the loss of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in the presence of an adaptive immune system relative to immunocompromised mice. Nearly one-third of TSGs showed preferential enrichment, often in a cancer- and tissue-specific manner. These results suggest that clonal selection of recurrent mutations found in cancer is driven largely by the tumor’s requirement to avoid the adaptive immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Carcinogenesis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/metabolism
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Immune Evasion/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Selection, Genetic
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Martin
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rupesh S Patel
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle R Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mei Yuk Choi
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ajinkya Patil
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony C Liang
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Barber KW, Shrock E, Elledge SJ. CRISPR-based peptide library display and programmable microarray self-assembly for rapid quantitative protein binding assays. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3650-3658.e5. [PMID: 34390675 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-inspired systems have been extensively developed for applications in genome editing and nucleic acid detection. Here, we introduce a CRISPR-based peptide display technology to facilitate customized, high-throughput in vitro protein interaction studies. We show that bespoke peptide libraries fused to catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) and barcoded with unique single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecules self-assemble from a single mixed pool to programmable positions on a DNA microarray surface for rapid, multiplexed binding assays. We develop dCas9-displayed saturation mutagenesis libraries to characterize antibody-epitope binding for a commercial anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody and human serum antibodies. We also show that our platform can be used for viral epitope mapping and exhibits promise as a multiplexed diagnostics tool. Our CRISPR-based peptide display platform and the principles of complex library self-assembly using dCas9 could be adapted for rapid interrogation of varied customized protein libraries or biological materials assembly using DNA scaffolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W Barber
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen Shrock
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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33
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Kohlgruber AC, Wang CI, Elledge SJ. Some Like It Sweet: Dendritic Cells Add Sugar to Their T(ea). Cell 2021; 183:847-849. [PMID: 33186527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell, Liu et al. present FucoID, a glycosyltransferase-mediated tagging platform, to biochemically label and capture antigen-specific T cells. With this technology, the authors isolate and characterize tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in murine tumor models. FucoID shows promise as a tool to enhance the understanding of anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kohlgruber
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C I Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Borriello F, Spreafico R, Poli V, Shrock E, Chou J, Barrett NA, Lacanfora L, Franco ME, Marongiu L, Iwakura Y, Pucci F, Kruppa MD, Ma Z, Lowman DW, Ensley HE, Nanishi E, Saito Y, O’Meara TR, Seo HS, McGrath ME, Logue J, Haupt RE, Dhe-Paganon S, Dowling DJ, Frieman M, Elledge SJ, Levy O, Irvine DJ, Williams DL, Zanoni I. An adjuvant strategy enabled by modulation of the physical properties of fungal mannans elicits pan-coronavirus reactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibodies. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.30.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is key to generate long-lasting adaptive immunity. While it is known that PRRs detect unique chemical patterns associated with invading microorganism, if and how the physical properties of PRR ligands influence development of the immune response is largely overlooked. Through the study of fungal mannans we present data that put the physical form of PRR ligands at the center of the process that determines the outcome of the immune response. Soluble mannans are immunosilent in the periphery but elicit a potent pro-inflammatory response in the draining lymph node (dLN). By modulating the physical form of mannans, we developed a formulation that targets both periphery and dLN. When combined with SARS-CoV-2 Spike, this formulation elicits neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that cross-react with pathogenic coronaviruses. Thus, the physical properties of fungal ligands can be harnessed for rational adjuvant design and vaccine development.
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35
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Lee Y, Kim J, Kim MS, Kwon Y, Shin S, Yi H, Kim H, Chang MJ, Chang CB, Kang SB, Kim VN, Kim JH, Kim JS, Elledge SJ, Kang C. Coordinate regulation of the senescent state by selective autophagy. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1512-1525.e7. [PMID: 33915088 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a complex stress response implicated in aging. Autophagy can suppress senescence but is counterintuitively necessary for full senescence. Although its anti-senescence role is well described, to what extent autophagy contributes to senescence establishment and the underlying mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we show that selective autophagy of multiple regulatory components coordinates the homeostatic state of senescence. We combined a proteomic analysis of autophagy components with protein stability profiling, identifying autophagy substrate proteins involved in several senescence-related processes. Selective autophagy of KEAP1 promoted redox homeostasis during senescence. Furthermore, selective autophagy limited translational machinery components to ameliorate senescence-associated proteotoxic stress. Lastly, selective autophagy of TNIP1 enhanced senescence-associated inflammation. These selective autophagy networks appear to operate in vivo senescence during human osteoarthritis. Our data highlight a caretaker role of autophagy in the stress support network of senescence through regulated protein stability and unravel the intertwined relationship between two important age-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghyeon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaejin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Mi-Sung Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yoojin Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute of Basic Science, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyerim Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute of Basic Science, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeonkyeong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute of Basic Science, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Moon Jong Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Chong Bum Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Seung-Baik Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - V Narry Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute of Basic Science, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute of Basic Science, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Center for RNA Research, Institute of Basic Science, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chanhee Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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36
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Mena EL, Donahue CJ, Vaites LP, Li J, Rona G, O'Leary C, Lignitto L, Miwatani-Minter B, Paulo JA, Dhabaria A, Ueberheide B, Gygi SP, Pagano M, Harper JW, Davey RA, Elledge SJ. ORF10-Cullin-2-ZYG11B complex is not required for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023157118. [PMID: 33827988 PMCID: PMC8092598 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023157118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the transmission and virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is necessary to understand the functions of each of the gene products encoded in the viral genome. One feature of the SARS-CoV-2 genome that is not present in related, common coronaviruses is ORF10, a putative 38-amino acid protein-coding gene. Proteomic studies found that ORF10 binds to an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing Cullin-2, Rbx1, Elongin B, Elongin C, and ZYG11B (CRL2ZYG11B). Since CRL2ZYG11B mediates protein degradation, one possible role for ORF10 is to "hijack" CRL2ZYG11B in order to target cellular, antiviral proteins for ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Here, we investigated whether ORF10 hijacks CRL2ZYG11B or functions in other ways, for example, as an inhibitor or substrate of CRL2ZYG11B While we confirm the ORF10-ZYG11B interaction and show that the N terminus of ORF10 is critical for it, we find no evidence that ORF10 is functioning to inhibit or hijack CRL2ZYG11B Furthermore, ZYG11B and its paralog ZER1 are dispensable for SARS-CoV-2 infection in cultured cells. We conclude that the interaction between ORF10 and CRL2ZYG11B is not relevant for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah L Mena
- Division of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Callie J Donahue
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Laura Pontano Vaites
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Gergely Rona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Colin O'Leary
- Division of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Luca Lignitto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Bearach Miwatani-Minter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Avantika Dhabaria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118;
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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37
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Morgenlander WR, Henson SN, Monaco DR, Chen A, Littlefield K, Bloch EM, Fujimura E, Ruczinski I, Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Butler SE, Weiner JA, Li MZ, Bonny TS, Benner SE, Balagopal A, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Quinn TC, Eshleman SH, Casadevall A, Redd AD, Laeyendecker O, Ackerman ME, Pekosz A, Elledge SJ, Robinson M, Tobian AA, Larman HB. Antibody responses to endemic coronaviruses modulate COVID-19 convalescent plasma functionality. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146927. [PMID: 33571169 DOI: 10.1172/jci146927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2) antibody therapies, including COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP), monoclonal antibodies, and hyperimmune globulin, are among the leading treatments for individuals with early COVID-19 infection. The functionality of convalescent plasma varies greatly, but the association of antibody epitope specificities with plasma functionality remains uncharacterized. We assessed antibody functionality and reactivities to peptides across the CoV2 and the 4 endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) genomes in 126 CCP donations. We found strong correlation between plasma functionality and polyclonal antibody targeting of CoV2 spike protein peptides. Antibody reactivity to many HCoV spike peptides also displayed strong correlation with plasma functionality, including pan-coronavirus cross-reactive epitopes located in a conserved region of the fusion peptide. After accounting for antibody cross-reactivity, we identified an association between greater alphacoronavirus NL63 antibody responses and development of highly neutralizing antibodies against CoV2. We also found that plasma preferentially reactive to the CoV2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD), versus the betacoronavirus HKU1 RBD, had higher neutralizing titer. Finally, we developed a 2-peptide serosignature that identifies plasma donations with high anti-spike titer, but that suffer from low neutralizing activity. These results suggest that analysis of coronavirus antibody fine specificities may be useful for selecting desired therapeutics and understanding the complex immune responses elicited by CoV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Morgenlander
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie N Henson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R Monaco
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Savannah E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tania S Bonny
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan H Eshleman
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Ar Tobian
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zheng S, Matthews AJ, Rahman N, Herrick-Reynolds K, Sible E, Choi JE, Wishnie A, Ng YK, Rhodes D, Elledge SJ, Vuong BQ. The uncharacterized SANT and BTB domain-containing protein SANBR inhibits class switch recombination. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100625. [PMID: 33831416 PMCID: PMC8141524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Class switch recombination (CSR) is the process by which B cells switch production from IgM/IgD to other immunoglobulin isotypes, enabling them to mount an effective immune response against pathogens. Timely resolution of CSR prevents damage due to an uncontrolled and prolonged immune response. While many positive regulators of CSR have been described, negative regulators of CSR are relatively unknown. Using an shRNA library screen targeting more than 28,000 genes in a mouse B cell line, we have identified a novel, uncharacterized protein of 82kD (KIAA1841, NM_027860), which we have named SANBR (SANT and BTB domain regulator of CSR), as a negative regulator of CSR. The purified, recombinant BTB domain of SANBR exhibited characteristic properties such as homodimerization and interaction with corepressor proteins, including HDAC and SMRT. Overexpression of SANBR inhibited CSR in primary mouse splenic B cells, and inhibition of CSR is dependent on the BTB domain while the SANT domain is largely dispensable. Thus, we have identified a new member of the BTB family that serves as a negative regulator of CSR. Future investigations to identify transcriptional targets of SANBR in B cells will reveal further insights into the specific mechanisms by which SANBR regulates CSR as well as fundamental gene regulatory activities of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Allysia J Matthews
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biology, The Graduate Center and The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Numa Rahman
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Emily Sible
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center and The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jee Eun Choi
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center and The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alec Wishnie
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center and The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yan Kee Ng
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela Rhodes
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bao Q Vuong
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center and The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.
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39
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Kumar S, Zeng Z, Bagati A, Tay RE, Sanz LA, Hartono SR, Ito Y, Abderazzaq F, Hatchi E, Jiang P, Cartwright ANR, Olawoyin O, Mathewson ND, Pyrdol JW, Li MZ, Doench JG, Booker MA, Tolstorukov MY, Elledge SJ, Chédin F, Liu XS, Wucherpfennig KW. CARM1 Inhibition Enables Immunotherapy of Resistant Tumors by Dual Action on Tumor Cells and T Cells. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2050-2071. [PMID: 33707234 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of cancer drugs activate innate immune pathways in tumor cells but unfortunately also compromise antitumor immune function. We discovered that inhibition of CARM1, an epigenetic enzyme and cotranscriptional activator, elicited beneficial antitumor activity in both cytotoxic T cells and tumor cells. In T cells, Carm1 inactivation substantially enhanced their antitumor function and preserved memory-like populations required for sustained antitumor immunity. In tumor cells, Carm1 inactivation induced a potent type 1 interferon response that sensitized resistant tumors to cytotoxic T cells. Substantially increased numbers of dendritic cells, CD8 T cells, and natural killer cells were present in Carm1-deficient tumors, and infiltrating CD8 T cells expressed low levels of exhaustion markers. Targeting of CARM1 with a small molecule elicited potent antitumor immunity and sensitized resistant tumors to checkpoint blockade. Targeting of this cotranscriptional regulator thus offers an opportunity to enhance immune function while simultaneously sensitizing resistant tumor cells to immune attack. SIGNIFICANCE: Resistance to cancer immunotherapy remains a major challenge. Targeting of CARM1 enables immunotherapy of resistant tumors by enhancing T-cell functionality and preserving memory-like T-cell populations within tumors. CARM1 inhibition also sensitizes resistant tumor cells to immune attack by inducing a tumor cell-intrinsic type 1 interferon response.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zexian Zeng
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Archis Bagati
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rong En Tay
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lionel A Sanz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Stella R Hartono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fieda Abderazzaq
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elodie Hatchi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam N R Cartwright
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olamide Olawoyin
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nathan D Mathewson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason W Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Booker
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frédéric Chédin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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40
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Patel RS, Romero R, Liang AC, Watson EV, Burger M, Westcott PM, Mercer KL, Bronson RT, Wooten EC, Bhutkar A, Jacks T, Elledge SJ. Abstract IA17: The role of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm20-ia17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stress-activated differentiation pathway that causes proliferation arrest governed by two powerful tumor suppressor pathways, USP28-TP53-CDKN1A and CDKN2A-RB. Senescent cells exhibit a pro-inflammatory secretory program termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that is composed of chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and proteases. SASP induction is independent of TP53 and RB function and its role in cancer has not been fully elucidated. We genetically targeted the master regulator of SASP, GATA4, and found that SASP functions as a non-cell autonomous tumor suppressor mechanism. We show that SASP is tumor suppressive in mouse models of cancer using both deletion and overexpression contexts. SASP-dependent tumor suppression requires the immune system, specifically CD8 cytotoxic T cells, to suppress tumor growth. Human tumors deficient in GATA4 have reduced lymphocyte infiltrates, indicating that human cancers may avoid immune infiltration by limiting SASP.
Citation Format: Rupesh S. Patel, Rodrigo Romero, Anthony C. Liang, Emma V. Watson, Megan Burger, Peter M.K. Westcott, Kim L. Mercer, Roderick T. Bronson, Eric C. Wooten, Arjun Bhutkar, Tyler Jacks, Stephen J. Elledge. The role of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in cancer [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Romero
- 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,
| | | | | | - Megan Burger
- 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,
| | | | - Kim L. Mercer
- 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,
| | | | | | - Arjun Bhutkar
- 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,
| | - Tyler Jacks
- 4Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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41
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Biering SB, Akey DL, Wong MP, Brown WC, Lo NTN, Puerta-Guardo H, Tramontini Gomes de Sousa F, Wang C, Konwerski JR, Espinosa DA, Bockhaus NJ, Glasner DR, Li J, Blanc SF, Juan EY, Elledge SJ, Mina MJ, Beatty PR, Smith JL, Harris E. Structural basis for antibody inhibition of flavivirus NS1-triggered endothelial dysfunction. Science 2021; 371:194-200. [PMID: 33414220 PMCID: PMC8000976 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medically important flaviviruses cause diverse disease pathologies and collectively are responsible for a major global disease burden. A contributing factor to pathogenesis is secreted flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). Despite demonstrated protection by NS1-specific antibodies against lethal flavivirus challenge, the structural and mechanistic basis remains unknown. Here, we present three crystal structures of full-length dengue virus NS1 complexed with a flavivirus-cross-reactive, NS1-specific monoclonal antibody, 2B7, at resolutions between 2.89 and 3.96 angstroms. These structures reveal a protective mechanism by which two domains of NS1 are antagonized simultaneously. The NS1 wing domain mediates cell binding, whereas the β-ladder triggers downstream events, both of which are required for dengue, Zika, and West Nile virus NS1-mediated endothelial dysfunction. These observations provide a mechanistic explanation for 2B7 protection against NS1-induced pathology and demonstrate the potential of one antibody to treat infections by multiple flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - David L Akey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcus P Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - W Clay Brown
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas T N Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | | | - Chunling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Jamie R Konwerski
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bockhaus
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dustin R Glasner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Jeffrey Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Sophie F Blanc
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Evan Y Juan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Mina
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Janet L Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA.
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42
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Morgenlander W, Henson S, Monaco D, Chen A, Littlefield K, Bloch EM, Fujimura E, Ruczinski I, Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Butler SE, Weiner JA, Li MZ, Bonny TS, Benner SE, Ashwin Balagopal, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Quinn TC, Eshleman S, Casadevall A, Redd AD, Laeyendecker O, Ackerman ME, Pekosz A, Elledge SJ, Robinson M, Tobian AAR, Larman HB. Antibody responses to endemic coronaviruses modulate COVID-19 convalescent plasma functionality. medRxiv 2020:2020.12.16.20248294. [PMID: 33354688 PMCID: PMC7755150 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.16.20248294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 convalescent plasma, particularly plasma with high-titer SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2) antibodies, has been successfully used for treatment of COVID-19. The functionality of convalescent plasma varies greatly, but the association of antibody epitope specificities with plasma functionality remains uncharacterized. We assessed antibody functionality and reactivities to peptides across the CoV2 and the four endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) genomes in 126 COVID-19 convalescent plasma donations. We found strong correlation between plasma functionality and polyclonal antibody targeting of CoV2 spike protein peptides. Antibody reactivity to many HCoV spike peptides also displayed strong correlation with plasma functionality, including pan-coronavirus cross-reactive epitopes located in a conserved region of the fusion peptide. After accounting for antibody cross-reactivity, we identified an association between greater alphacoronavirus NL63 antibody responses and development of highly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. We also found that plasma preferentially reactive to the CoV2 receptor binding domain (RBD), versus the betacoronavirus HKU1 RBD, had higher neutralizing titer. Finally, we developed a two-peptide serosignature that identifies plasma donations with high anti-S titer but that suffer from low neutralizing activity. These results suggest that analysis of coronavirus antibody fine specificities may be useful for selecting therapeutic plasma with desired functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Morgenlander
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Henson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Monaco
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Athena Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Savannah E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tania S Bonny
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Eshleman
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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43
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Shrock E, Fujimura E, Kula T, Timms RT, Lee IH, Leng Y, Robinson ML, Sie BM, Li MZ, Chen Y, Logue J, Zuiani A, McCulloch D, Lelis FJN, Henson S, Monaco DR, Travers M, Habibi S, Clarke WA, Caturegli P, Laeyendecker O, Piechocka-Trocha A, Li JZ, Khatri A, Chu HY, Villani AC, Kays K, Goldberg MB, Hacohen N, Filbin MR, Yu XG, Walker BD, Wesemann DR, Larman HB, Lederer JA, Elledge SJ. Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity. Science 2020; 370:science.abd4250. [PMID: 32994364 PMCID: PMC7857405 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for improving diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Deep serological profiling of 232 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 190 pre-COVID-19 era controls using VirScan revealed more than 800 epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, including 10 epitopes likely recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Preexisting antibodies in controls recognized SARS-CoV-2 ORF1, whereas only COVID-19 patient antibodies primarily recognized spike protein and nucleoprotein. A machine learning model trained on VirScan data predicted SARS-CoV-2 exposure history with 99% sensitivity and 98% specificity; a rapid Luminex-based diagnostic was developed from the most discriminatory SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Individuals with more severe COVID-19 exhibited stronger and broader SARS-CoV-2 responses, weaker antibody responses to prior infections, and higher incidence of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1, possibly influenced by demographic covariates. Among hospitalized patients, males produce stronger SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Fujimura
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard T. Timms
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I-Hsiu Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew L. Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon M. Sie
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mamie Z. Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise McCulloch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felipe J. N. Lelis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Henson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Monaco
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William A. Clarke
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle Kays
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Filbin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Congella, South Africa
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James A. Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.,Corresponding author.
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44
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Quiat D, Kula T, Shimizu C, Kanegaye JT, Tremoulet AH, Pitkowsky Z, Son M, Newburger JW, Elledge SJ, Burns JC. High-Throughput Screening of Kawasaki Disease Sera for Antiviral Antibodies. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1853-1857. [PMID: 32386318 PMCID: PMC8171798 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical features of Kawasaki disease (KD) display overlap with common pediatric viral illnesses, leading some to hypothesize that a viral infection is the inciting event for KD. To investigate viral infection history in KD patients, we performed comprehensive serological profiling using a high-throughput phage immunoprecipitation sequencing assay covering the complete reference protein sequences of known viruses with human tropism. KD and matched febrile control sera did not demonstrate differences in antiviral antibody profiles. We conclude that in the acute and subacute phases of disease, KD patients do not exhibit serologic evidence of exposure to known viruses that differs from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Quiat
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John T Kanegaye
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Adriana H Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Zachary Pitkowsky
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - MaryBeth Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane C Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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45
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Guerra SL, Maertens O, Kuzmickas R, De Raedt T, Adeyemi RO, Guild CJ, Guillemette S, Redig AJ, Chambers ES, Xu M, Tiv H, Santagata S, Jänne PA, Elledge SJ, Cichowski K. A Deregulated HOX Gene Axis Confers an Epigenetic Vulnerability in KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancers. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:705-719.e6. [PMID: 32243838 PMCID: PMC10805385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While KRAS mutations are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), effective treatments are lacking. Here, we report that half of KRAS-mutant NSCLCs aberrantly express the homeobox protein HOXC10, largely due to unappreciated defects in PRC2, which confers sensitivity to combined BET/MEK inhibitors in xenograft and PDX models. Efficacy of the combination is dependent on suppression of HOXC10 by BET inhibitors. We further show that HOXC10 regulates the expression of pre-replication complex (pre-RC) proteins in sensitive tumors. Accordingly, BET/MEK inhibitors suppress pre-RC proteins in cycling cells, triggering stalled replication, DNA damage, and death. These studies reveal a promising therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutant NSCLCs, identify a predictive biomarker of response, and define a subset of NSCLCs with a targetable epigenetic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Guerra
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ophélia Maertens
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Kuzmickas
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas De Raedt
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard O Adeyemi
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline J Guild
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shawna Guillemette
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda J Redig
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily S Chambers
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Man Xu
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong Tiv
- Experimental Therapeutic Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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46
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Kula T, Dezfulian MH, Wang CI, Abdelfattah NS, Hartman ZC, Wucherpfennig KW, Lyerly HK, Elledge SJ. T-Scan: A Genome-wide Method for the Systematic Discovery of T Cell Epitopes. Cell 2020; 178:1016-1028.e13. [PMID: 31398327 PMCID: PMC6939866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell recognition of specific antigens mediates protection from pathogens and controls neoplasias, but can also cause autoimmunity. Our knowledge of T cell antigens and their implications for human health is limited by the technical limitations of T cell profiling technologies. Here, we present T-Scan, a high-throughput platform for identification of antigens productively recognized by T cells. T-Scan uses lentiviral delivery of antigen libraries into cells for endogenous processing and presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Target cells functionally recognized by T cells are isolated using a reporter for granzyme B activity, and the antigens mediating recognition are identified by next-generation sequencing. We show T-Scan correctly identifies cognate antigens of T cell receptors (TCRs) from viral and human genome-wide libraries. We apply T-Scan to discover new viral antigens, perform high-resolution mapping of TCR specificity, and characterize the reactivity of a tumor-derived TCR. T-Scan is a powerful approach for studying T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kula
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Dezfulian
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte I Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nouran S Abdelfattah
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary C Hartman
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, 571 Research Drive, Suite 433, Box 2606, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Herbert Kim Lyerly
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, 571 Research Drive, Suite 433, Box 2606, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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47
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Aihara F, Feng F, Wang YM, Breen M, Elledge SJ, Mizgerd JP, Fearns R, Kepler TB. The influence of the lung virome on pulmonary B cells. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.83.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The human microbiome is a complex and diverse environment that is implicated in human health and disease. Major locations that host a microbiome include the gut, respiratory system, and the urogenital tracts. While there have been steady advances of the effect of our commensal flora in regions such as the gut, the impact of the pulmonary microbiome, specifically the viral arm of the microbiome (virome), remains under-researched. Studies that have addressed this field provided insight into a complex interplay between viruses and the immune system. On one hand, there are reports of viruses inducing protection from other microorganisms, while on the other, they are correlated with increased risk towards other diseases. Despite this growing body of work on how the lung virome influences human health through the immune system, the immunological mechanisms that underlie this interaction remains unclear.
We hypothesize that constant exposure to pulmonary virus will generate a unique B cell repertoire distinct from peripheral B cells that is adapted specifically to pulmonary viruses. To address this hypothesis, we compared memory B cells from patent-paired lung and blood samples by flow cytometry as well as their secreted antibody affinity towards viral epitopes. Our results show B cell population distributions unique in the lung relative to blood. Secreted antibodies collected from cultured B cells have also shown specificity towards human viral pathogens. We believe our results will provide insight into the influence of a unique and chronic viral presence on pulmonary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Feng
- 1Boston University School of Medicine
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48
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Timms RT, Zhang Z, Rhee DY, Harper JW, Koren I, Elledge SJ. A glycine-specific N-degron pathway mediates the quality control of protein N-myristoylation. Science 2020; 365:365/6448/eaaw4912. [PMID: 31273098 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal residue influences protein stability through N-degron pathways. We used stability profiling of the human N-terminome to uncover multiple additional features of N-degron pathways. In addition to uncovering extended specificities of UBR E3 ligases, we characterized two related Cullin-RING E3 ligase complexes, Cul2ZYG11B and Cul2ZER1, that act redundantly to target N-terminal glycine. N-terminal glycine degrons are depleted at native N-termini but strongly enriched at caspase cleavage sites, suggesting roles for the substrate adaptors ZYG11B and ZER1 in protein degradation during apoptosis. Furthermore, ZYG11B and ZER1 were found to participate in the quality control of N-myristoylated proteins, in which N-terminal glycine degrons are conditionally exposed after a failure of N-myristoylation. Thus, an additional N-degron pathway specific for glycine regulates the stability of metazoan proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Timms
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Y Rhee
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Itay Koren
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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49
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Bruno PM, Lu M, Dennis KA, Inam H, Moore CJ, Sheehe J, Elledge SJ, Hemann MT, Pritchard JR. The primary mechanism of cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent CX-5461 is topoisomerase II poisoning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4053-4060. [PMID: 32041867 PMCID: PMC7049172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921649117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules can affect many cellular processes. The disambiguation of these effects to identify the causative mechanisms of cell death is extremely challenging. This challenge impacts both clinical development and the interpretation of chemical genetic experiments. CX-5461 was developed as a selective RNA polymerase I inhibitor, but recent evidence suggests that it may cause DNA damage and induce G-quadraplex formation. Here we use three complimentary data mining modalities alongside biochemical and cell biological assays to show that CX-5461 exerts its primary cytotoxic activity through topoisomerase II poisoning. We then show that acquired resistance to CX-5461 in previously sensitive lymphoma cells confers collateral resistance to the topoisomerase II poison doxorubicin. Doxorubicin is already a frontline chemotherapy in a variety of hematopoietic malignancies, and CX-5461 is being tested in relapse/refractory hematopoietic tumors. Our data suggest that the mechanism of cell death induced by CX-5461 is critical for rational clinical development in these patients. Moreover, CX-5461 usage as a specific chemical genetic probe of RNA polymerase I function is challenging to interpret. Our multimodal data-driven approach is a useful way to detangle the intended and unintended mechanisms of drug action across diverse essential cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bruno
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mengrou Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kady A Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Haider Inam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Connor J Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - John Sheehe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Justin R Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
- Huck Institute for the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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50
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Mina MJ, Kula T, Leng Y, Li M, de Vries RD, Knip M, Siljander H, Rewers M, Choy DF, Wilson MS, Larman HB, Nelson AN, Griffin DE, de Swart RL, Elledge SJ. Measles virus infection diminishes preexisting antibodies that offer protection from other pathogens. Science 2019; 366:599-606. [PMID: 31672891 PMCID: PMC8590458 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus is directly responsible for more than 100,000 deaths yearly. Epidemiological studies have associated measles with increased morbidity and mortality for years after infection, but the reasons why are poorly understood. Measles virus infects immune cells, causing acute immune suppression. To identify and quantify long-term effects of measles on the immune system, we used VirScan, an assay that tracks antibodies to thousands of pathogen epitopes in blood. We studied 77 unvaccinated children before and 2 months after natural measles virus infection. Measles caused elimination of 11 to 73% of the antibody repertoire across individuals. Recovery of antibodies was detected after natural reexposure to pathogens. Notably, these immune system effects were not observed in infants vaccinated against MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), but were confirmed in measles-infected macaques. The reduction in humoral immune memory after measles infection generates potential vulnerability to future infections, underscoring the need for widespread vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mina
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mamie Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Siljander
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - David F Choy
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ashley N Nelson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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