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Chunda VC, Fombad FF, Kien CA, Ebai R, Esofi F, Ntuh AN, Ouam E, Gandjui NVT, Ekanya R, Nietcho F, Nchang LC, Magha C, Njouendou AJ, Enyong P, Hoerauf A, Wanji S, Ritter M. Comparative development of human filariae Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans in immunocompromised mouse strains. Front Trop Dis 2024; 5:1293632. [PMID: 38655273 PMCID: PMC7615855 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2024.1293632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mouse models of human filarial infections are not only urgently needed to investigate the biology of the nematodes and their modulation of the host's immunity, but will also provide a platform to screen and test novel anti-filarial drugs. Recently, murine Loa loa infection models have been stablished using immunocompromised mouse strains, whereas murine Mansonella perstans infections have not been implemented until now. Methods Therefore, we aim to establish experimental M. perstans infections using the immunocompromised mouse strains RAG2IL-2Rγ-/- (lack B, T and natural killer cells), IL-4Rα/IL-5-/- (impaired IL-4/5 signalling and eosinophil activation) and NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wj l/SzJ (NOD scid gamma, NSG) BALB/c mice (lack mature lymphocytes) through subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of infective stage 3 larvae (L3) isolated from engorged vectors. Results In total, 145 immunocompromised mice have been inoculated with 3,250 M. perstans, 3,337 O. volvulus, and 2,720 Loa loa L3 to comparatively analyse which immunocompromised mouse strain is susceptible to human filarial infections. Whereas, no M. perstans and O. volvulus L3 could be recovered upon 2-63 days post-inoculation, a 62-66% Loa loa L3 recovery rate could be achieved in the different mouse strains. Gender of mice, type of inoculation (s.c. or i.p.) or time point of analysis (2-63 days post inoculation) did not interfere with the success of L3 recovery. In addition, administration of the immune suppressants hydrocortisone, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide did not restore M. perstans L3 recovery rates. Discussion These findings show that RAG2IL-2Rg-/-BALB/c and C57BL/6, IL-4Rα/IL-5-/- BALB/c and NSG mice were not susceptible to M. perstans and O. volvulus L3 inoculation using the applied methods, whereas Loa loa infection could be maintained. Further studies should investigate if humanized immunocompromised mice might be susceptible to M. perstans. and O. volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerine C. Chunda
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rene Ebai
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Frederick Esofi
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Anna Ning Ntuh
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Ouam
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Narcisse Victor Tchamatchoua Gandjui
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Relindis Ekanya
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Franck Nietcho
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Cho Nchang
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chefor Magha
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Peter Enyong
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
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Ebai R, Kien CA, Fombad FF, Esofi F, Ouam E, Ntuh AN, Amambo GN, Gandjui VNT, Chunda VC, Nietcho F, Nchang LC, Magha C, Cho JF, Esum ME, Enyong PI, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Ritter M, Wanji S. Culicoides Species of the Rain Forest Belt of the Littoral Region of Cameroon: Their Incrimination in the Transmission of Mansonella perstans. Pathogens 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38392884 PMCID: PMC10892414 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biting midges belonging to the genus Culicoides are tiny stout-shaped hematophagous insects and are thought to transmit the filarial nematode Mansonella perstans. Little is known about the Culicoides fauna in the rain forest belt of the Littoral Region of Cameroon. This study was designed to investigate the diversity, abundance and distribution of Culicoides spp. and their role as the purported vector(s) of M. perstans. Overnight light trap collections and human landing catches (HLCs) revealed eight species of Culicoides with C. grahamii being the most abundant species followed by C. milnei. Four anthropophilic species (C. inornatipennis, C. grahamii, C. fulvithorax and C. milnei) were determined by the HLCs with a higher abundance in the 4-6 p.m. collections. The drop trap technique and Mp419 LAMP assay confirmed C. milnei to be the most efficient vector in enabling the development of the microfilarial stage to the infective larval form of M. perstans. The LAMP assay also revealed that natural transmission of this nematode is fostered by C. milnei and C. grahamii in the wild. In conclusion, C. milnei was shown to be the main vector of M. perstans in the rain forest belt of the Littoral Region of Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Ebai
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Frederick Esofi
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Ouam
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Anna Ning Ntuh
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Glory Ngongeh Amambo
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Victor Narcisse Tchamatchoua Gandjui
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Valerine Chawa Chunda
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Franck Nietcho
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Cho Nchang
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Chefor Magha
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Jerome Fru Cho
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Mathias Eyong Esum
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Peter Ivo Enyong
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany (A.H.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany (A.H.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany (A.H.)
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon (C.A.K.); (A.N.N.); (V.N.T.G.); (V.C.C.); (C.M.)
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
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Hemilembolo MC, Campillo JT, Niama AC, Pion SDS, Missamou F, Boussinesq M, Bileckot RR, Chesnais CB. Loa loa and Mansonella perstans microfilaremia in the department of Lékoumou, Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:451. [PMID: 38071391 PMCID: PMC10710712 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06056-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loiasis is endemic in the northern and western part of the Republic of Congo. Between 2004 and 2010, surveys were conducted, using the RAPLOA method, in all departments of the Republic of Congo to assess the distribution of loiasis. Prior to 2004, only two parasitological surveys on loiasis had been conducted in Congo and mainly in the Department of Lékoumou, in the southwestern of the country. In 2019, we conducted a parasitological survey in this same department, more than 30 years after the first surveys. METHODS The study was conducted in 21 villages. Loa loa and Mansonella perstans microfilaremia levels were quantified using 50 µl calibrated blood smears. RESULTS A total of 2444 individuals were examined. The median age of the screened individuals was 43 (interquartile range: 30-57, range: 18-91) years old. The overall prevalences of L. loa and M. perstans microfilaremia were 20.0% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 18.0-21.6%] and 1.0% (95% CI 0.6-1.4%) respectively. The proportion of individuals with a microfilarial density of L. loa > 8000 mf/ml and > 30,000 mf/ml were 5.1% (95% CI 4.3-6.1%) and 1.1% (95% CI 0.8-1.7%), respectively. The overall community microfilarial load was 3.4 mf/ml. CONCLUSIONS Prevalences and intensities of L. loa infection remained generally stable between the late 1980s and 2019 in the Lékoumou Department. In contrast, parasitological indicators for M. perstans have declined sharply in the intervening years for an unknown reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlhand C Hemilembolo
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
- Programme National de Lutte Contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Jérémy T Campillo
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
| | - Ange Clauvel Niama
- Faculté des Sciences de la santé de l'Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Sébastien D S Pion
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
| | - François Missamou
- Programme National de Lutte Contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Michel Boussinesq
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard R Bileckot
- Faculté des Sciences de la santé de l'Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Cédric B Chesnais
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France.
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Kawashima A, Nomoto H, Takagi H, Hayakawa K, Komaki-Yasuda K, Kano S, Ohmagari N. Mansonella perstans infection in a Gabonese immigrant in Japan: an illustrative case of a clinical conundrum and management dilemma. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad126. [PMID: 37788045 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
This report illustrates the complexities of diagnosis and treatment of Mansonella perstans infection in a Gabonese immigrant to Japan, underscoring the increasing need to consider such tropical infections due to increased global migration and highlighting the challenges of co-infection and drug resistance in management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawashima
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nomoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kayoko Hayakawa
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kanako Komaki-Yasuda
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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Ferreira MU, Crainey JL, Gobbi FG. The search for better treatment strategies for mansonellosis: an expert perspective. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1685-1692. [PMID: 37477269 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2240235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four species of the Mansonella genus infect millions of people across sub-Saharan Africa and Central and South America. Most infections are asymptomatic, but mansonellosis can be associated with nonspecific clinical manifestations such as fever, headache, arthralgia, and ocular lesions (M. ozzardi); pruritus, arthralgia, abdominal pain, angioedema, skin rash, and fatigue (M. perstans and perhaps Mansonella sp. 'DEUX'); and pruritic dermatitis and chronic lymphadenitis (M. perstans). AREAS COVERED We searched the PubMed and SciELO databases for publications on mansonelliasis in English, Spanish, Portuguese, or French that appeared until 1 May 2023. Literature data show that anthelmintics - single-dose ivermectin for M. ozzardi, repeated doses of mebendazole alone or in combination with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for M. perstans, and DEC alone for M. streptocerca - are effective against microfilariae. Antibiotics that target Wolbachia endosymbionts, such as doxycycline, are likely to kill adult worms of most, if not all, Mansonella species, but the currently recommended 6-week regimen is relatively impractical. New anthelmintics and shorter antibiotic regimens (e.g. with rifampin) have shown promise in experimental filarial infections and may proceed to clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION We recommend that human infections with Mansonella species be treated, regardless of any apparent clinical manifestations. We argue that mansonellosis, despite being widely considered a benign infection, may represent a direct or indirect cause of significant morbidity that remains poorly characterized at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - James Lee Crainey
- Laboratory of Ecology and Transmissible Diseases in the Amazon, Leônidas and Maria Deane Institute, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Federico G Gobbi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Edridge AWD, Abd-Elfarag G, Deijs M, Broeks MH, Cristella C, Sie B, Vaz FM, Jans JJM, Calis J, Verhoef H, Demir A, Poppert S, Nickel B, van Dam A, Sebit B, Titulaer MJ, Verweij JJ, de Jong MD, van Gool T, Faragher B, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Elledge SJ, van der Hoek L, Boele van Hensbroek M. Parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic and nutritional factors associated with nodding syndrome. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad223. [PMID: 37731906 PMCID: PMC10507744 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodding syndrome is a neglected, disabling and potentially fatal epileptic disorder of unknown aetiology affecting thousands of individuals mostly confined to Eastern sub-Saharan Africa. Previous studies have identified multiple associations-including Onchocerca volvulus, antileiomodin-1 antibodies, vitamin B6 deficiency and measles virus infection-yet, none is proven causal. We conducted a case-control study of children with early-stage nodding syndrome (symptom onset <1 year). Cases and controls were identified through a household survey in the Greater Mundri area in South Sudan. A wide range of parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic and nutritional risk factors was investigated using conventional and state-of-the-art untargeted assays. Associations were examined by multiple logistic regression analysis, and a hypothetical causal model was constructed using structural equation modelling. Of 607 children with nodding syndrome, 72 with early-stage disease were included as cases and matched to 65 household- and 44 community controls. Mansonella perstans infection (odds ratio 7.04, 95% confidence interval 2.28-21.7), Necator americanus infection (odds ratio 2.33, 95% confidence interval 1.02-5.3), higher antimalarial seroreactivity (odds ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.20-2.57), higher vitamin E concentration (odds ratio 1.53 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.19) and lower vitamin B12 concentration (odds ratio 0.56 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval 0.36-0.87) were associated with higher odds of nodding syndrome. In a structural equation model, we hypothesized that Mansonella perstans infection, higher vitamin E concentration and fewer viral exposures increased the risk of nodding syndrome while lower vitamin B12 concentration, Necator americanus and malaria infections resulted from having nodding syndrome. We found no evidence that Onchocerca volvulus, antileiomodin-1 antibodies, vitamin B6 and other factors were associated with nodding syndrome. Our results argue against several previous causal hypotheses including Onchocerca volvulus. Instead, nodding syndrome may be caused by a complex interplay between multiple pathogens and nutrient levels. Further studies need to confirm these associations and determine the direction of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur W D Edridge
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gasim Abd-Elfarag
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Martin Deijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Broeks
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cosimo Cristella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brandon Sie
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith J M Jans
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Job Calis
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 95, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Hans Verhoef
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6701 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demir
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Meander Medical Centre, 3813 TZ Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Poppert
- Diagnostic Centre, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Nickel
- Diagnostic Centre, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alje van Dam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boy Sebit
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Maarten J Titulaer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J Verweij
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Gool
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Faragher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nanda M Verhoeven-Duif
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Boele van Hensbroek
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Amambo GN, Innocentia N, Abong RA, Fombad FF, Njouendou AJ, Nietcho F, Ekanya R, Kien CA, Ebai R, Lenz B, Ritter M, Esum ME, Deribe K, Cho JF, Beng AA, Enyong PI, Li Z, Hübner MP, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Carlow C, Wanji S. Application of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the detection of Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa and Mansonella perstans in humans and vectors. Front Trop Dis 2023; 3:1016176. [PMID: 36684508 PMCID: PMC7614089 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1016176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional diagnosis of filarial infections is based on morphological identification of microfilariae using light microscopy and requires considerable expertise, is time-consuming, and can be subjective. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has advantages over microscopy or PCR because of its operational simplicity, rapidity and versatility of readout options. LAMP assays represent a major step forward in improved filarial diagnostic tools suitable for low resource settings and field applicability. The study goal was to retrospectively evaluate the performance and suitability of the O-150, RF4, and Mp419 LAMP assays for diagnosing Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa and Mansonella perstans infections, respectively, in humans and vectors under experimental and natural field conditions. Surveys were conducted in four health districts of Cameroon using skin snip and thick blood film methods to detect skin (O. volvulus) and blood (L. loa and M. perstans) dwelling microfilaria in humans. Engorged vectors (Simulium spp., Chrysops spp., and Culicoides spp.) were evaluated by LAMP. Dissected, wild-caught vectors were also analyzed. LAMP showed a prevalence of 40.4% (O. volvulus), 17.8% (L. loa) and 36.6% (M. perstans) versus 20.6% (O. volvulus), 17.4% (L. loa) and 33.8% (M. perstans) with microscopy. Simulium spp. were dissected for microscopy and pooled for LAMP. The O-150 LAMP assay infection rate was 4.3% versus 4.1% by microscopy. Chrysops spp. were dissected and analyzed individually in the LAMP assay. The RF4 LAMP assay infection rate was 23.5% versus 3.3% with microscopy. The RF4 LAMP assay also detected parasites in Chrysops spp. fed on low microfilaremic volunteers. The Mp419 LAMP assay infection rate was 0.2% for C. milnei and 0.04% for C. grahamii, while three other species were LAMP-negative. The sensitivity, species specificity, rapidity and ease of its use of these filarial LAMP assays, and validation of their performance in the field support use as alternatives to microscopy as diagnostic and surveillance tools in global health programs aimed to eliminate onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glory Ngongeh Amambo
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ngong Innocentia
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Raphael Awah Abong
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Franck Nietcho
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Relindis Ekanya
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rene Ebai
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin Lenz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Eyong Esum
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Global Health and Infection Department, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jerome Fru Cho
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Amuam Andrew Beng
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Peter Ivo Enyong
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Zhiru Li
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
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8
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Rodi M, Gross C, Sandri TL, Berner L, Marcet-Houben M, Kocak E, Pogoda M, Casadei N, Köhler C, Kreidenweiss A, Agnandji ST, Gabaldón T, Ossowski S, Held J. Whole genome analysis of two sympatric human Mansonella: Mansonella perstans and Mansonella sp "DEUX". Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1159814. [PMID: 37124042 PMCID: PMC10145164 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1159814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mansonella species are filarial parasites that infect humans worldwide. Although these infections are common, knowledge of the pathology and diversity of the causative species is limited. Furthermore, the lack of sequencing data for Mansonella species, shows that their research is neglected. Apart from Mansonella perstans, a potential new species called Mansonella sp "DEUX" has been identified in Gabon, which is prevalent at high frequencies. We aimed to further determine if Mansonella sp "DEUX" is a genotype of M. perstans, or if these are two sympatric species. Methods We screened individuals in the area of Fougamou, Gabon for Mansonella mono-infections and generated de novo assemblies from the respective samples. For evolutionary analysis, a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed, and the differences and divergence times are presented. In addition, mitogenomes were generated and phylogenies based on 12S rDNA and cox1 were created. Results We successfully generated whole genomes for M. perstans and Mansonella sp "DEUX". Phylogenetic analysis based on annotated protein sequences, support the hypothesis of two distinct species. The inferred evolutionary analysis suggested, that M. perstans and Mansonella sp "DEUX" separated around 778,000 years ago. Analysis based on mitochondrial marker genes support our hypothesis of two sympatric human Mansonella species. Discussion The results presented indicate that Mansonella sp "DEUX" is a new Mansonella species. These findings reflect the neglect of this research topic. And the availability of whole genome data will allow further investigations of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rodi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caspar Gross
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lilith Berner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Life Science Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms and Defense, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ersoy Kocak
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen (NCCT), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Pogoda
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen (NCCT), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen (NCCT), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Köhler
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Selidji Todagbe Agnandji
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Life Science Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms and Defense, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- *Correspondence: Jana Held,
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9
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de Souza VK, Schott D, Wagner PGC, Pavarini SP, Alievi MM, Valle SF, Soares JF. Emergence of Mansonella sp. in free-ranging primates in southern Brazil. Primates 2023; 64:153-159. [PMID: 36509890 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mansonellosis is a neglected and emerging tropical disease. Among all zoonotic filarial diseases, it is probably the most prevalent and least studied, with approximately 114 million people infected. The parasites of Mansonella spp. are among the most common blood parasitemias and are widely found in Africa and Latin America. Through molecular analysis of blood samples from free-ranging primates Sapajus nigritus (n 33) and Alouatta guariba clamitans (n 5) in the southern states of Brazil (Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), we identified samples positive for Mansonella perstans in two specimens of A. guariba clamitans. A fragment of 578 bp from the ITS intergenic region (5.8S-ITS2-28S) was targeted for an initial PCR screening. Subsequently, positive samples were subjected to other PCR assays targeting a fragment of the 12S and the 18S genes. This is the first record of molecular detection of the agent in this host in the Pampa Biome. With a wide distribution across Brazil and Argentina, these primates may represent a potential wild reservoir for the zoonotic agent of mansonellosis. Entomological and transmission studies are essential to avoid the urbanization of mansonellosis and to understand the cycles of agents in different environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Kelin de Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais (Protozoovet), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Schott
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca (ENSP), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Meller Alievi
- Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias, Núcleo de Conservação e Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres (Preservas), UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Stella Faria Valle
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias (LACVET), Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - João Fábio Soares
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais (Protozoovet), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
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10
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Tamarozzi F, Rodari P, Salas-Coronas J, Bottieau E, Salvador F, Soriano-Pérez MJ, Cabeza-Barrera MI, Van Esbroeck M, Treviño B, Buonfrate D, Gobbi FG. A large case series of travel-related Mansonella perstans (vector-borne filarial nematode): a TropNet study in Europe. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6567953. [PMID: 35417002 PMCID: PMC9635058 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Mansonella perstans is a neglected filariasis, widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, characterized by an elusive clinical picture; treatment for mansonellosis is not standardized. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical features, treatment schemes and evolution, of a large cohort of imported cases of M. perstans infection seen in four European centres for tropical diseases. METHODS Mansonella perstans infections, diagnosed by identification of blood microfilariae in migrants, expatriates and travellers, collected between 1994 and 2018, were retrospectively analysed. Data concerning demographics, clinical history and laboratory examinations at diagnosis and at follow-up time points were retrieved. RESULTS A total of 392 patients were included in the study. Of the 281 patients for whom information on symptoms could be retrieved, 150 (53.4%) reported symptoms, abdominal pain and itching being the most frequent. Positive serology and eosinophilia were present in 84.4% and 66.1%, respectively, of those patients for whom these data were available. Concomitant parasitic infections were reported in 23.5% of patients. Treatment, administered to 325 patients (82.9%), was extremely heterogeneous between and within centres; the most commonly used regimen was mebendazole 100 mg twice a day for 1 month. A total of 256 (65.3%) patients attended a first follow-up, median 3 months (interquartile range 2-12) after the first visit; 83.1% of patients having received treatment based on mebendazole and/or doxycycline, targeting Wolbachia, became amicrofilaremic, 41.1-78.4% of whom within 12 months from single treatment. CONCLUSIONS Lack of specific symptoms, together with the inconstant positivity of parasitological and antibody-based assays in the infected population, makes the clinical suspicion and screening for mansonellosis particularly difficult. Prospective studies evaluating prevalence of infection in migrants from endemic areas, infection-specific morbidity, presence of Wolbachia endosymbionts in M. perstans populations from different geographical areas and efficacy of treatment regimens are absolutely needed to optimize the clinical management of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Rodari
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Tropical Medicine Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Begoña Treviño
- Tropical Medicine Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico G Gobbi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
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11
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Ta-Tang TH, Febrer-Sendra B, Berzosa P, Rubio JM, Romay-Barja M, Ncogo P, Agudo D, Herrador Z, Fernández-Soto P, Muro A, Benito A. Comparison of three PCR-based methods to detect Loa loa and Mansonella perstans in long-term frozen storage dried blood spots. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:686-695. [PMID: 35653502 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Loa loa and Mansonella perstans are two very common filarial species in Africa. Although microscopy is the traditional diagnostic method for human filariasis, several polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have emerged as an alternative approach for identifying filarial parasites. The aim of this study is to compare three molecular methods and decide which is the most suitable for diagnosing human loiasis and mansonellosis in non-endemic regions using dried blood spot (DBS) as a medium for sample collection and storage. METHODS A total of 100 DBS samples, with their corresponding thin and thick blood smears, were selected for this study. Microscopy was used as the reference method to diagnose and calculate the microfilaraemia. Filarial DNA was extracted using the saponin/Chelex method and the DNA isolated was assayed by Filaria-real time-PCR, filaria-nested PCR, and cytochrome oxidase I PCR. All PCR products were subsequently purified and sequenced. The statistical values for each molecular test were calculated and compared. RESULTS Overall, 64 samples were identified as negative by all tests and a further 36 samples were positive by at least one of the methods used. The sensitivity and specificity were similar for the different molecular methods, all of which demonstrated good agreement with microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Based on this study, and from a practical point of view (single and short amplification round), the optimal technique for diagnosing filarial infection in non-endemic regions is filaria-real time-PCR, which presents high sensitivity and specificity and is also able to detect a wide range of human filariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Huong Ta-Tang
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Biomedical Research Networking Center of Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Febrer-Sendra
- Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group (e-INTRO), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro Berzosa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Biomedical Research Networking Center of Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rubio
- Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Malaria and Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Romay-Barja
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Biomedical Research Networking Center of Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Policarpo Ncogo
- Ministry of Health, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Fundación Estatal, Salud, Infancia y Bienestar Social, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Agudo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaida Herrador
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Biomedical Research Networking Center of Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Soto
- Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group (e-INTRO), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group (e-INTRO), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Agustín Benito
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Biomedical Research Networking Center of Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Cooperative Research Network in Tropical Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Sandri TL, Kreidenweiss A, Cavallo S, Weber D, Juhas S, Rodi M, Woldearegai TG, Gmeiner M, Veletzky L, Ramharter M, Tazemda-Kuitsouc GB, Matsiegui PB, Mordmüller B, Held J. Molecular Epidemiology of Mansonella Species in Gabon. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:287-296. [PMID: 33099649 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mansonella perstans, a filarial nematode, infects large populations in Africa and Latin America. Recently, a potential new species, Mansonella sp "DEUX," was reported. Carriage of endosymbiotic Wolbachia opens treatment options for Mansonella infections. Within a cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of filarial infections in 834 Gabonese individuals and the presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia. Almost half of the participants (400/834 [48%]) were infected with filarial nematodes, with Mansonella sp "DEUX" being the most frequent (295/400 [74%]), followed by Loa loa (273/400 [68%]) and Mansonella perstans (82/400 [21%]). Being adult/elderly, male, and living in rural areas was associated with a higher risk of infection. Wolbachia carriage was confirmed in M. perstans and Mansonella sp "DEUX." In silico analysis revealed that Mansonella sp "DEUX" is not detected with currently published M. perstans-specific assays. Mansonella infections are highly prevalent in Gabon and might have been underreported, likely also beyond Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Cavallo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Weber
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Juhas
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Rodi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamirat Gebru Woldearegai
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Gmeiner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luzia Veletzky
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Doret MPM, Nana-Djeunga HC, Nzune-Toche N, Pion SDS, Chesnais CB, Boussinesq M, Kamgno J, Varlet-Marie E, Locatelli S. Limitations of PCR detection of filarial DNA in human stools from subjects non-infected with soil-transmitted helminths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:47. [PMID: 34047694 PMCID: PMC8162058 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The standard techniques for diagnosis of human filariasis are the microscopic examination of blood smears or skin biopsies, which are relatively invasive and poorly sensitive at low levels of infection. Recently, filarial DNA has been detected in fecal samples from non-human primates in Central Africa. The aim of this study was to demonstrate proof-of-concept of a non-invasive molecular diagnosis technique for human filariasis by targeting fragments of 12S rDNA, Cox1, ITS1 and LL20-15kDa ladder antigen-gene by conventional PCR in DNA extracted from stool samples of 52 people infected with Mansonella perstans and/or Loa loa. Of these, 10 patients were infected with soil-transmitted helminths (Trichuris trichiura and/or Ascaris lumbricoides), and none were positive for Necator americanus. Interestingly, no filarial gene fragments were detected in the stools of any of the 52 patients. Future studies should evaluate whether a co-infection with soil-transmitted helminths causing gastrointestinal bleeding and likely allowing (micro)filaria exit into the digestive tract, may facilitate the molecular detection of filarial DNA fragments in stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime P M Doret
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hugues C Nana-Djeunga
- Centre for Research on Filariasis and Other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), PO Box 5797 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Narcisse Nzune-Toche
- Centre for Research on Filariasis and Other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), PO Box 5797 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sébastien D S Pion
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cédric B Chesnais
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michel Boussinesq
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Joseph Kamgno
- Centre for Research on Filariasis and Other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), PO Box 5797 Yaoundé, Cameroon - Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS), PO Box 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sabrina Locatelli
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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14
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Abstract
Mansonellosis is caused by three filarial parasite species from the genus Mansonella that commonly produce chronic human microfilaraemias: M. ozzardi, M. perstans and M. streptocerca. The disease is widespread in Africa, the Caribbean and South and Central America, and although it is typically asymptomatic it has been associated with mild pathologies including leg-chills, joint-pains, headaches, fevers, and corneal lesions. No robust mansonellosis disease burden estimates have yet been made and the impact the disease has on blood bank stocks and the monitoring of other filarial diseases is not thought to be of sufficient public health importance to justify dedicated disease management interventions. Mansonellosis´s Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae vectors are not targeted by other control programmes and because of their small size and out-door biting habits are unlikely to be affected by interventions targeting other disease vectors like mosquitoes. The ivermectin and mebendazole-based mass drug administration (iMDA and mMDA) treatment regimens deployed by the WHO´s Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN) programme and its forerunners have, however, likely impacted significantly on the mansonellosis disease burden, principally by reducing the transmission of M. streptocerca in Africa. The increasingly popular plan of using iMDA to control malaria could also affect M. ozzardi parasite prevalence and transmission in Latin America in the future. However, a potentially far greater mansonellosis disease burden impact is likely to come from short-course curative anti-Wolbachia therapeutics, which are presently being developed for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis treatment. Even if the WHO´s ESPEN programme does not choose to deploy these drugs in MDA interventions, they have the potential to dramatically increase the financial and logistical feasibility of effective mansonellosis management. There is, thus, now a fresh and urgent need to better characterise the disease burden and eco-epidemiology of mansonellosis so that effective management programmes can be designed, advocated for and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Huong Ta-Tang
- Malaria and NTDs Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio L B Luz
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil
| | - James L Crainey
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil
| | - José M Rubio
- Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Crainey JL, Costa CHA, de Oliveira Leles LF, Ribeiro da Silva TR, de Aquino Narzetti LH, Serra Dos Santos YV, Costa Conteville L, Costa Pessoa FA, Carvajal Cortés JJ, Vicente ACP, Rubio Muñoz JM, Bessa Luz SL. Deep Sequencing Reveals Occult Mansonellosis Coinfections in Residents From the Brazilian Amazon Village of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1990-1993. [PMID: 31995172 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mansonella ozzardi and Mansonella perstans infections both cause mansonellosis but are usually treated differently. Using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and deep sequencing, we reveal the presence of mansonellosis coinfections that were undetectable by standard diagnostic methods. Our results confirm mansonellosis coinfections and have important implications for the disease's treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lee Crainey
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Aguiar Costa
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lorena Ferreira de Oliveira Leles
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Túllio Romão Ribeiro da Silva
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique de Aquino Narzetti
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Yago Vinícius Serra Dos Santos
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Liliane Costa Conteville
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José Joaquin Carvajal Cortés
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente
- Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rubio Muñoz
- Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sérgio Luiz Bessa Luz
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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16
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Formenti F, Tang THT, Tamarozzi F, Silva R, La Marca G, Pajola B, Piubelli C, Perandin F, Rubio JM, Escolar EM, Bisoffi Z, Gobbi F. Preliminary comparison between an in-house real-time PCR vs microscopy for the diagnosis of Loa loa and Mansonella perstans. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105838. [PMID: 33484727 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the filarial nematodes Loa loa and Mansonella perstans are among the most neglected filarial infections. L. loa is endemic in 11 countries of Central and West Africa and loiasis is estimated to affect about 20 million people. M. perstans infection is widespread in more than 30 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Due to the difficulty in diagnosing loiasis and M. perstans mansonellosis on a clinical basis, the diagnosis of infection with L. loa and M. perstans relies on laboratory techniques. Definitive diagnosis is based on the detection, identification, and quantification of circulating microfilariae (mf) by microscopy of concentrated blood. However, this is impractical for screening purposes as it requires expert laboratory personnel, considerable blood manipulation, and is time consuming, especially for the final issue of negative result reports, which are very common in the population visited outside endemic areas. The aim of the current work is the preliminary evaluation of the performance of the in-house real-time PCR described by Ta and colleagues compared to the routine microscopic approach for the screening of filarial infections in the clinical setting outside endemic areas, using samples from patients accessing the dedicated outpatient clinics for migrants and travelers of a reference centre for tropical diseases in Northern Italy.
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17
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Puente S, Lago M, Subirats M, Sanz-Esteban I, Arsuaga M, Vicente B, Alonso-Sardon M, Belhassen-Garcia M, Muro A. Imported Mansonella perstans infection in Spain. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:105. [PMID: 32703283 PMCID: PMC7376953 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mansonella perstans infection can be considered one of the most neglected tropical infectious diseases. Very few studies have reported on the clinical picture caused by infection with this nematode. Therefore, our study was aimed to describe the clinical patterns and treatment of imported M. perstans infection by migrants from Africa. Methods The present study evaluated a large cohort of migrants who have been diagnosed, examined and treated for imported M. perstans infection at a Spanish reference center (Hospital Carlos III Tropical Medicine Unit, Madrid, Spain) over a 19-year period. Most patients voluntarily attend the emergency unit or are referred from primary care or general hospitals in Madrid. Chi-square test was used to compare the association between categorical variables. The continuous variables were compared by Student’s t-test or the Mann–Whitney test. The corresponding regression models were used for multivariate analysis. Results Five hundred three cases of migrants from tropical and subtropical areas with M. perstans infection were identified. Two hundred sixty-four patients were female (52.5%). The mean age (± SD) was 44.6 ± 18.2 years (range: 16–93 years). The mean time (± SD) between the arrival in Spain and the first consultation was 8.6 ± 18.0 months. The major origin of the patients was Equatorial Guinea (97.6%). Regarding the clinical picture, 257 patients were asymptomatic (54.7%) and 228 were symptomatic (45.3%); 190 patients had pruritus (37.8%), 50 (9.9%) had arthralgia, 18 patients had Calabar-like swelling (3.6%), and 15 (3%) had abdominal pain. Four hundred forty-two (87.9%) migrants had hyper-IgE, and 340 (67.6%) had eosinophilia. One hundred ninety-five patients had coinfections with other filarial nematodes (38.8%), and 308 migrants had only M. perstans infection (61.2%). Four hundred thirty-seven cases (86.9%) had been treated with anti-filarial drugs; 292 cases were treated with one anti-filarial drug, and 145 cases were treated with combined anti-filarial therapy. Additionally, 20 (4%) cases received steroids and 38 (7.6%) cases received antihistamines. Conclusions A long series of M. perstans infections is presented in sub-Saharan immigrants whose data indicate that it should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with pruritus or analytical alterations such as eosinophilia or hyper-IgE presentation, and they also have a high number of coinfections with other microorganisms whose treatment needs to be protocolized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Puente
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Lago
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Arsuaga
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Vicente
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alonso-Sardon
- Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, IBSAL, CIETUS, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Moncef Belhassen-Garcia
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CAUSA, IBSAL, CIETUS, Universidad de Salamanca, Paseo San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Antonio Muro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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18
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Krause JR, Hutcheson M, Ardoin R. An unexpected peripheral blood finding: microfilaria. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2020; 33:268-269. [PMID: 32313484 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2020.1717274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfilaria are not parasites native to the continental United States. On a routine peripheral blood smear examination from an emergency room patient, a microfilaria was identified. The patient was a native African currently living in Texas. With the ability of worldwide travel and the presence of immigrant populations, unusual and/or unexpected findings might be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Krause
- Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center at DallasDallasTexas
| | - Meleissa Hutcheson
- Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center at DallasDallasTexas
| | - Rebecca Ardoin
- Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center at DallasDallasTexas
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19
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Njouendou AJ, Ritter M, Kien CA, Esum ME, Ndongmo WPC, Fombad FF, Gandjui NVT, Njiokou F, Enyong P, Pfarr K, Turner J, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Wanji S. Dataset on in vitro maintenance of Mansonella perstans microfilariae and drug testing. Data Brief 2019; 28:104930. [PMID: 31886361 PMCID: PMC6920388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic communities of Mansonella perstans infections have been neglected since associated pathology remains undefined. Consequently, improvements in drug therapy have also been ignored despite a large number of infected individuals in areas of Cameroon. Thus, we established an in vitro system to culture M. perstans microfilariae (Mf); the transmission stage of infection. In short, we compared the ability of two renowned culture media (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI-1640)) to sustain Mf in culture. Media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLC-MK2) were used as feeder cells. As readout we assessed Mf survival and motility using a standardised microscopy assessment strategy. Moreover, this in vitro culture system was used to test susceptibility levels of microfilariae to different chemotherapeutic agents. Parasite motility was scored daily using a graded system and analysed using the average motility and area under the motility curve of M. perstans Mf. These datasets were analysed and discussed in detail in the related article entitled: “In vitro maintenance of Mansonella perstans microfilariae and its relevance for drug screening” [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mathias E Esum
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Winston Patrick Chounna Ndongmo
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Narcisse Victor T Gandjui
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Peter Enyong
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph Turner
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.,Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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20
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Njouendou AJ, Kien CA, Esum ME, Ritter M, Chounna Ndongmo WP, Fombad FF, Gandjui NVT, Njiokou F, Enyong P, Pfarr K, Turner J, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Wanji S. In vitro maintenance of Mansonella perstans microfilariae and its relevance for drug screening. Exp Parasitol 2019; 206:107769. [PMID: 31580876 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mansonellosis arises from infections with threadlike filarial nematodes in millions of individuals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Since infections present no overt clinical symptoms but attenuate immune responses that might lead to increased susceptibility and worsened disease course of concomitant infections, it is truly a neglected tropical disease. Nevertheless, only few studies focus on identifying suitable safe drugs for its control and little is known about the requirements for in vitro maintenance of the Mansonella perstans transmission stage. This study, therefore, evaluated the survival of M. perstans microfilariae (mf) using in vitro conditions that have been shown to promote survival of Loa loa, a closely related filarial nematode. Furthermore, the in vitro microfilaricidal effect of 15 agents was assessed on this helminth. METHODS The ability of two basic culture media; Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and a monkey kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-MK2) to support the survival of M. perstans microfilariae was investigated. Subsequently, 6 anti-helminthics, 5 anti-malarials, 1 anti-microbacterial, 2 trypanocidals and 1 anti-cancer agent were tested in vitro against mf. The suitability of the culture media as well as the effect of the anti-infective agents on mf survival was assessed by scoring their motility. RESULTS FBS supplement and additional LLC-MK2 cells significantly improved the survival of mf in DMEM and RPMI-1640 culture. In detail, RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and LLC-MK2 cells sustained the maintenance of mf for at least 20 days (100.00 ± 0.00% survival). In co-cultures with LLC-MK2 cells without serum, M. perstans mf were maintained in DMEM and RPMI-1640 medium with a motility above 99% by day 5. Mefloquine displayed the highest microfilaricidal effect in vitro followed by artesunate. CONCLUSION Both RPMI and DMEM in the presence of LLC-MK2 cells are suitable for the maintenance of M. perstans mf in vitro. In absence of the feeder cells, the addition of 10% FBS to RPMI-1640 medium improved the parasite survival rate and motility. The microfilaricidal activity of mefloquine and artesunate on M. perstans mf was documented for the first time in this study and can therefore be considered as reference for further screening of agents against this parasite stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Mathias E Esum
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.
| | - Winston Patrick Chounna Ndongmo
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Narcisse Victor T Gandjui
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Peter Enyong
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Joseph Turner
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK.
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
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21
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Wanji S, Tayong DB, Ebai R, Opoku V, Kien CA, Ndongmo WPC, Njouendou AJ, Ghani RN, Ritter M, Debrah YA, Layland LE, Enyong PA, Hoerauf A. Update on the biology and ecology of Culicoides species in the South-West region of Cameroon with implications on the transmission of Mansonella perstans. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:166. [PMID: 30975194 PMCID: PMC6460808 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culicoides (Diptera; Ceratoponidae) are tiny, stout, blood-sucking flies with a near worldwide distribution. When present, they are often considered a biting nuisance but in addition, they are involved in the transmission of pathogens to humans, domestic and wild animals. Data on Culicoides species in the South-West region of Cameroon dates back to the 1950s. Over the decades, ecological transformation due to agriculture and deforestation may have affected the population dynamics of Culicoides and therefore our study provides an update of their bio-ecology in the region. Furthermore, the role of various Culicoides species in the transmission of parasitic filariae of the genus Mansonella remains inconclusive in this region. This study was designed to address these unknown issues and expand on current scientific knowledge. Results Eight species of Culicoides (C. bedfordi, C. inornatipennis, C. fulvithorax, C. grahamii, C. imicola, C. milnei, C. neavei and C. kumbaensis) were collected using light traps and human baits. Culicoides grahamii was the most abundant species, followed closely by C. milnei. Three species (C. milnei, C. grahamii and C. inornatipennis) were common in all observed larval development sites. Only four species (C. inornatipennis, C. fulvithorax, C. grahamii and C. milnei) were collected on humans. Anthropophilic species were more abundant (P < 0.001) in the evening (4–7 pm) when compared to the morning collections (6–9 am). After overnight fly collections using a drop trap with a human microfilaremic donor, C. milnei emerged as the potential host for transmitting Mansonella perstans. Substantial heterogeneity was observed between the trap visiting cycles of the various species (P < 0.001). The biting cycle of the main vector, C. milnei, showed two peaks (10–11 pm and 4–5 am), the highest being 10–11 pm. Conclusions The Culicoides fauna of the South-West region of Cameroon has not changed significantly since the 1950s. Culicoides milnei was demonstrated to be the major vector of M. perstans in this part of Cameroon. It is essentially a nocturnal species which peaks in abundance between 10 and 11 pm. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3432-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon. .,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Dizzle Bita Tayong
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rene Ebai
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Vera Opoku
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Winston Patrick Chounna Ndongmo
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Raymond Nsaidzedze Ghani
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yaw Alex Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter A Enyong
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Wangala B, Gantin RG, Voßberg PS, Vovor A, Poutouli WP, Komlan K, Banla M, Köhler C, Soboslay PT. Inflammatory and regulatory CCL and CXCL chemokine and cytokine cellular responses in patients with patent Mansonella perstans filariasis. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:111-122. [PMID: 30561772 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mansonella perstans (Mp) filariasis is present in large populations in sub-Saharan Africa, and to what extent patent Mp infection modulates the expression of immunity in patients, notably their cellular cytokine and chemokine response profile, remains not well known. We studied the spontaneous and inducible cellular production of chemokines (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) [monokine induced by interferon (IFN)-γ (MIG)], CXCL-10 [inducible protein (IP)-10], chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 (CCL24) (eotaxin-2), CCL22 [macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)], CCL13 [monocyte chemotactic protein-4 (MCP-4)], CCL18 [pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC)], CCL17 [thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)] and interleukin (IL)-27 in mansonelliasis patients (Mp-PAT) and mansonelliasis-free controls (CTRL). Freshly isolated peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) were stimulated with helminth, protozoan and bacterial antigens and mitogen [phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)]. PBMC from Mp-PAT produced spontaneously (without antigen stimulation) significantly higher levels of eotaxin-2, IL-27, IL-8, MCP-4 and MDC than cells from CTRL, while IFN-γ-IP-10 was lower in Mp-PAT. Helminth antigens activated IL-27 and MCP-4 only in CTRL, while Ascaris antigen, Onchocerca antigen, Schistosoma antigen, Entamoeba antigen, Streptococcus antigen, Mycobacteria antigen and PHA stimulated MIG release in CTRL and Mp-PAT. Notably, Entamoeba antigen and PHA strongly depressed (P < 0·0001) eotaxin-2 (CCL24) production in both study groups. Multiple regression analyses disclosed in Mp-PAT and CTRL dissimilar cellular chemokine and cytokine production levels being higher in Mp-PAT for CCL24, IL-27, IL-8, MCP-4, MDC and PARC (for all P < 0·0001), at baseline (P < 0·0001), in response to Entamoeba histolytica strain HM1 antigen (EhAg) (P < 0·0001), Onchocerca volvulus adult worm-derived antigen (OvAg) (P = 0·005), PHA (P < 0·0001) and purified protein derivative (PPD) (P < 0·0001) stimulation. In Mp-PAT with hookworm co-infection, the cellular chemokine production of CXCL10 (IP-10) was diminished. In summary, the chemokine and cytokine responses in Mp-PAT were in general not depressed, PBMC from Mp-PAT produced spontaneously and selectively inducible inflammatory and regulatory chemokines and cytokines at higher levels than CTRL and such diverse and distinctive reactivity supports that patent M. perstans infection will not polarize innate and adaptive cellular immune responsiveness in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wangala
- National Institute of Hygiene, Onchocerciasis Reference Laboratory, Sokodé, Togo
| | - R G Gantin
- National Institute of Hygiene, Onchocerciasis Reference Laboratory, Sokodé, Togo.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Clinics of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P S Voßberg
- National Institute of Hygiene, Onchocerciasis Reference Laboratory, Sokodé, Togo.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Clinics of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Vovor
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sylvanus Olympio, Laboratory for Hematology, Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - W P Poutouli
- Faculté de Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - K Komlan
- National Institute of Hygiene, Onchocerciasis Reference Laboratory, Sokodé, Togo
| | - M Banla
- National Institute of Hygiene, Onchocerciasis Reference Laboratory, Sokodé, Togo.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Campus, Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - C Köhler
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Clinics of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P T Soboslay
- National Institute of Hygiene, Onchocerciasis Reference Laboratory, Sokodé, Togo.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Clinics of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Mediannikov O, Ranque S. Mansonellosis, the most neglected human filariasis. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 26:S19-S22. [PMID: 30402239 PMCID: PMC6205574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mansonellosis is caused by M. perstans, M. ozzardi and M. streptocerca, the three main filarial species in the genus Mansonella. Despite accumulating evidence of a high prevalence in endemic areas, there is currently no filariasis control programme targeting mansonellosis. The health-related impact on people living with these filariae remains unknown, and evidences regarding treatment strategies are scarce. Like other neglected diseases, it mainly affects poor populations living in tropical and subtropical climates. Mansonellosis can be considered one of the most neglected tropical infectious diseases. The objective of this literature review was to draw attention to the gap of knowledge regarding Mansonella spp. taxonomy, the transmission of these arthropod-borne filariasis and the health outcomes of people living with mansonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - S Ranque
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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24
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Gobbi F, Beltrame A, Buonfrate D, Staffolani S, Degani M, Gobbo M, Angheben A, Marocco S, Bisoffi Z. Imported Infections with Mansonella perstans Nematodes, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1539-1542. [PMID: 28820369 PMCID: PMC5572860 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
These infections should be included in differential diagnoses for patients with eosinophilia from disease-endemic countries. We report 74 patients in Italy infected with Mansonella perstans nematodes, a poorly described filarial parasite. M. perstans nematodes should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with eosinophilia from disease-endemic countries. Serologic analysis is useful for screening, and testing for microfilaremia in peripheral blood should be performed for parasite-positive patients.
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25
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Korbmacher F, Komlan K, Gantin RG, Poutouli WP, Padjoudoum K, Karabou P, Soboslay PT, Köhler C. Mansonella perstans, Onchocerca volvulus and Strongyloides stercoralis infections in rural populations in central and southern Togo. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2018; 3:77-87. [PMID: 29774301 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mansonella perstans, Onchocerca volvulus and Strongyloides stercoralis are widespread helminth parasites in the tropics. Their distribution remains difficult to determine as it may change during national disease control programs and with regional mass drug administration (MDA). Epidemiological surveys are of importance to evaluate the geographical distribution of these helminth parasites and the diseases they may cause, however, up to date epidemiological evaluations on M. perstans and S. stercoralis in Togo are rare, and surveys on O. volvulus are important especially under the aspect of MDA of ivermectin which is performed since decades. Methods Dry blood samples (n = 924) were collected from rural populations in the Régions Central and Plateaux in Togo, and analyzed by parasite-specific real-time PCR and ELISA techniques. Results Dry blood samples from 733 persons where investigated by real-time PCR tested for DNA of blood-circulating M. perstans microfilaria, and a prevalence of 14.9% was detected. Distinct differences were observed between genders, positivity was higher in men increasing with age, and prevalence was highest in the Région Plateaux in Togo. IgG4 responses to O. volvulus antigen (OvAg) were studied in 924 persons and 59% were found positive. The distribution of parasite infestation between age and gender groups was higher in men increasing with age, and regional differences were detected being highest in the Région Plateaux. The diagnostic approach disclosed 64,5% positive IgG4 responses to S. stercoralis infective third-stage larvae-specific antigen (SsL3Ag) in the surveyed regions. Antigen cross reactivity of SsL3Ag with parasite co-infections may limit the calculated prevalence. Singly IgG4 positive for SsL3Ag were 13.9%, doubly positive for OvAg and SsL3Ag were 35.5% and triply positive for M. perstans, O. volvulus and S. stercoralis were 9.9%. Conclusions Mansonelliasis, onchocerciasis and strongyloidiasis remain prevalent in the surveyed regions, yet with local differences. Our observations suggest that transmission of M. perstans, O. volvulus and S. stercoralis may be ongoing. The degree of positive test results in the examined rural communities advocate for the continuation of MDA with ivermectin and albendazole, and further investigations should address the intensity of transmission of these parasites.
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26
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Tavares da Silva LB, Crainey JL, Ribeiro da Silva TR, Suwa UF, Vicente ACP, Fernandes de Medeiros J, Pessoa FAC, Luz SLB. Molecular Verification of New World Mansonella perstans Parasitemias. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:545-547. [PMID: 28221120 PMCID: PMC5382733 DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.161159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtained ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences from residents of Amazonas state, Brazil, with Mansonella parasitemias. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences confirm that M. ozzardi and M. perstans parasites occur in sympatry and reveal the close relationship between M. perstans in Africa and Brazil, providing insights into the parasite's New World origins.
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27
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Njouendou AJ, Ritter M, Ndongmo WPC, Kien CA, Narcisse GTV, Fombad FF, Tayong DB, Pfarr K, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Wanji S. Successful long-term maintenance of Mansonella perstans in an in vitro culture system. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:563. [PMID: 29126431 PMCID: PMC5681788 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 114 million people are infected with Mansonella perstans in large proportions of Africa. In contrast to other filariae that infect humans, M. perstans-infected individuals show no distinct pathology or specific clinical picture, indicating a well-tuned adaptation to the host. In addition, since M. perstans adult worms reside in serous cavities which are difficult to access, research has been hindered and there is a paucity of knowledge about the biology of M. perstans, especially the development of the different life stages as well as M. perstans-driven immune responses. Thus in this study, an in vitro culture system was developed which allows an in-depth analysis of M. perstans. Results Culicoides species were caught in Ediki (Kumba), Southwest Region within Cameroon following a blood meal on a microfilaremic donor that had 1500 microfilariae/ml of peripheral blood and kept in captivity for 12 days at 23 °C. In a pilot experiment, 15 infective larvae were obtained from the midges and co-cultured with a confluent monolayer of monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLC-MK2) in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS for up to 77 days. The resulting survival rates of 33% revealed that the cell-conditioned medium was suitable for long-term maintenance of M. perstans worms. To confirm these preliminary observations, 249 infective larvae were cultured for 50 days and their development was monitored daily and microscopically graded for motility. In total, 170 (68.3%) filariae survived and 124 (49.8%) larvae moulted between days 21–30 to become L5 stage larvae which were motile and showed continuous vigorous movement. Conclusion We have established an in vitro culture system for the generation and long-term maintenance of viable M. perstans worms. This technique will be an important tool to study parasite biology and development, the role in host immunity, and might be helpful to discover novel treatment strategies against this filariae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2515-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Winston Patrick Chounna Ndongmo
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Gandjui Tchamatchoua Victor Narcisse
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Dizzle Bita Tayong
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne partner site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne partner site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne partner site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
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28
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Debrah LB, Nausch N, Opoku VS, Owusu W, Mubarik Y, Berko DA, Wanji S, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Jacobsen M, Debrah AY, Phillips RO. Epidemiology of Mansonella perstans in the middle belt of Ghana. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:15. [PMID: 28061905 PMCID: PMC5219801 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mansonellosis was first reported in Ghana by Awadzi in the 1990s. Co-infections of Mansonella perstans have also been reported in a small cohort of patients with Buruli ulcer and their contacts. However, no study has assessed the exact prevalence of the disease in a larger study population. This study therefore aimed to find out the prevalence of M. perstans infection in some districts in Ghana and to determine the diversity of Culicoides that could be potential vectors for transmission. METHODS From each participant screened in the Asante Akim North (Ashanti Region), Sene West and Atebubu Amantin (Brong Ahafo Region) districts, a total of 70 μl of finger prick blood was collected for assessment of M. perstans microfilariae. Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light traps as well as the Human Landing Catch (HLC) method were used to assess the species diversity of Culicoides present in the study communities. RESULTS From 2,247 participants, an overall prevalence of 32% was recorded although up to 75% prevalence was demonstrated in some of the communities. Culicoides inornatipennis was the only species of Culicoides caught with the HLC method. By contrast, C. imicola (47%), C. neavei (25%) and C. schultzei (15%) were caught by the CDC light trap method. A wide diversity of other Culicoides spp. was also identified but correlation was only found between the prevalence of C. inornatipennis and M. perstans during the dry season. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate for the first time that M. perstans is highly prevalent in three districts in Ghana. We found a wide spectrum of Culicoides spp. Culicoides inornatipennis was the most anthropophilic and is therefore likely to be the species responsible for transmission of infection but formal proof has yet to be obtained. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02281643 . Registered October 26, 2014. 'Retrospectively registered'. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Norman Nausch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Serwaa Opoku
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wellington Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yusif Mubarik
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Antwi Berko
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Yaw Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard O Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Wanji S, Tayong DB, Layland LE, Datchoua Poutcheu FR, Ndongmo WPC, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Ritter M, Amvongo-Adjia N, Fombad FF, Njeshi CN, Nkwescheu AS, Enyong PA, Hoerauf A. Update on the distribution of Mansonella perstans in the southern part of Cameroon: influence of ecological factors and mass drug administration with ivermectin. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:311. [PMID: 27245442 PMCID: PMC4886396 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mansonellosis remains one of the most neglected of tropical diseases and its current distribution in the entire forest block of southern Cameroon is unknown. In order to address this issue, we have surveyed the distribution of Mansonella perstans in different bioecological zones and in addition, elucidated the influence of multiple rounds of ivermectin (IVM) based mass drug administration (MDA). Methods A mixed design was used. Between 2000 and 2014, both cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys were carried out in 137 communities selected from 12 health districts belonging to five main bioecological zones of the southern part of Cameroon. The zones comprised of grassland savanna (GS), mosaic forest savanna (MFS), forested savanna (FS), deciduous equatorial rainforest (DERF) and the dense humid equatorial rainforest (DHERF). The survey was carried out in some areas with no treatment history as well as those currently under IVM MDA. Individuals within the participatory communities were screened for the presence of M. perstans microfilariae (mf) in peripheral blood by the calibrated thick film method to determine both prevalence and geometric mean intensities at the community level. Results Apart from sporadic cases in savanna areas, distribution of M. perstans was strongly linked to the equatorial rainforest zones. Before CDTI, the highest mean prevalence (70.0 %) and intensity (17,382.2 mf/ml) were obtained in communities in Mamfes’ DHERF areas followed by communities in the DHERF zone of Lolodorf (53.8 % and 7,814.8 mf/ml, respectively). A longitudinal survey in Mamfe further showed that M. perstans infections had reduced by 34.5 % in DERF (P < 0.001) but not DHERF zones after ten years of IVM MDA. Further data from the cross-sectional study revealed that there was a decrease in prevalence in DHERF zones only after ten years of MDA. In DERF zones however, the infection was relatively lower after four years of MDA. Conclusions The distribution of M. perstans in the southern part of Cameroon varies with bioecological zones and IVM MDA history. The zones with high prevalence and intensities lie in forested areas while those with low endemicity are in the savanna areas. MDA with ivermectin induced significant reduction in the endemicity of mansonellosis in the decidious equatorial rainforest. In contrast, the prevalence and intensity remained relatively high and stable in the dense humid equatorial rainforest zones even after a decade of mass drug administration with ivermectin. Since it is known that M. perstans down-regulates host's immune system, the findings from this work would be useful in designing studies to understand the impact of M. perstans on host immune response to vaccination and co-infection with other pathogens such as Mycobacterium spp. and Plasmodium spp. in areas of contrasting endemicities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1595-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. .,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Dizzle Bita Tayong
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabrice R Datchoua Poutcheu
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Winston Patrick Chounna Ndongmo
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jonas Arnaud Kengne-Ouafo
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Charity Nya Njeshi
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Armand Seraphin Nkwescheu
- Scientific Networks and Ethics Promotion, Division of Health Operations Research, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Republic of Cameroon
| | - Peter A Enyong
- Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Crainey JL, Ribeiro da Silva TR, Luz SL. Historic accounts of Mansonella parasitaemias in the South Pacific and their relevance to lymphatic filariasis elimination efforts today. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:205-10. [PMID: 26972389 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two species of filarial parasites with sheathless microfilariae known to commonly cause parasitaemias in humans: Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi. In most contemporary accounts of the distribution of these parasites, neither is usually considered to occur anywhere in the Eastern Hemisphere. However, Sir Patrick Manson, who first described both parasite species, recorded the existence of sheathless sharp-tailed Mansonella ozzardi-like parasites occurring in the blood of natives from New Guinea in each and every version of his manual for tropical disease that he wrote before his death in 1922. Manson's reports were based on his own identifications and were made from at least two independent blood sample collections that were taken from the island. Pacific region Mansonella perstans parasitaemias were also later (in 1923) reported to occur in New Guinea and once before this (in 1905) in Fiji. Although Mansonella-parasitaemias are generally regarded as benign, they are thought to be of public health importance because they can affect the epidemiological monitoring of other filarial diseases. In this article, we reviewed the historic literature concerning Pacific-origin Mansonella-parasitaemias in an attempt to explain how, despite repeated reports of Pacific-region Mansonella-parasitaemias, by as early as the 1970s, the WHO had arrived at the present-day view that Wuchereria bancrofti is the only cause of filarial parasitaemias in Papua New Guinea. We have also evaluated the evidence supporting the contemporary existence of Pacific-area parasitaemia-causing Mansonella parasites and assessed the relevance such parasites could have for present-day lymphatic filariasis elimination efforts in the region.
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Phillips RO, Frimpong M, Sarfo FS, Kretschmer B, Beissner M, Debrah A, Ampem-Amoako Y, Abass KM, Thompson W, Duah MS, Abotsi J, Adjei O, Fleischer B, Bretzel G, Wansbrough-Jones M, Jacobsen M. Infection with Mansonella perstans Nematodes in Buruli Ulcer Patients, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1000-3. [PMID: 24857346 PMCID: PMC4036786 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.131501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During August 2010-December 2012, we conducted a study of patients in Ghana who had Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, and found that 23% were co-infected with Mansonella perstans nematodes; 13% of controls also had M. perstans infection. M. perstans co-infection should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of Buruli ulcer.
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32
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Bouyou-Akotet M, Moussavou Boussougou M, Ovono-Abessolo F, Owono-Medang M, Kombila M. Influence of Mansonella perstans microfilaraemia on total IgE levels in Gabonese patients co-infected with Loa loa. Acta Trop 2014; 131:11-5. [PMID: 24280145 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mansonella (M.) perstans filariasis is widely found in Africa, including Gabon where Loa loa is also endemic. This study reports the total IgE titres according to different bioclinical forms of single or co-infection with L. loa and M. perstans in 138 patients and 20 healthy controls. The median parasite density was significantly higher in cases of loiasis. IgE titres were higher in patients with microscopic dual-infection and in the group of patients with occult loiasis plus M. perstans microfilaraemia (8425 [5292-20,679]KUI/L and 6304 [1045-10,326]KUI/L, respectively), compared to individuals with either microfilaraemic Loa loa (3368 [1414-7074]KUI/L) or Mansonella (4370 [1478-7334]KUI/L) single infections (p<0.01). IgE levels were positively correlated with M. perstans microfilaraemia (rho=0.27; p<0.01). Compared to single infections, dual M. perstans-L. loa infection induces very high total IgE titres. Studies correlating IgE titres and clinical symptoms are needed to confirm the involvement of this immunoglobulin in the pathological processes during filariasis.
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Bamba S, Barro-Traoré F, Liance M, Da O, Sanou C, Guiguemdé TR. [Mansonelliasis identified by a cervicovaginal smear at the university hospital center of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)]. Med Sante Trop 2012; 22:444-6. [PMID: 23392727 DOI: 10.1684/mst.2012.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mansonella perstans is a genus of filaria that is often asymptomatic or responsible for unspecific symptoms. M. perstans microfilariae are uncommon on cervicovaginal smears. CASE We report the case of a woman with pruritis and eosinophilia. Microfilariae of M. perstans were observed on both cervicovaginal and blood smears. The patient was successfully treated with a combined single dose of 400 mg of albendazole and ivermectin (150 μg/kg). CONCLUSION We described here an atypical and rare localization of M. perstans. The routine examination of cervicovaginal smears of women admitted to Bobo-Dioulasso Hospital for screening of cervical neoplasia should allow us to determine the frequency of this parasitosis and propose appropriate treatment.
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