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Sonani RR, Kurpiewska K, Lewiński K, Dubin G. Distinct sequence and structural feature of trypanosoma malate dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 557:288-293. [PMID: 33894416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosomal malate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi (tcgMDH) catalyzes the oxidation/reduction of malate/oxaloacetate, a crucial step of the glycolytic process occurring in the glycosome of the human parasite. Inhibition of tcgMDH is considered a druggable trait for the development of trypanocidal drugs. Sequence comparison of MDHs from different organisms revealed a distinct insertion of a prolin rich 9-mer (62-KLPPVPRDP-70) in tcgMDH as compared to other eukaryotic MDHs. Crystal structure of tcgMDH is solved here at 2.6 Å resolution with Rwork/Rfree values of 0.206/0.216. The tcgMDH forms homo-dimer with the solvation free energy (ΔGo) gain of -9.77 kcal/mol. The dimeric form is also confirmed in solution by biochemical assays, chemical-crosslinking and dynamic light scattering. The inserted 9-mer adopts a structure of a solvent accessible loop in the vicinity of NAD+ binding site. The distinct sequence and structural feature of tcgMDH, revealed in the present report, provides an anchor point for the development of inhibitors specific for tcgMDH, possible trypanocidal agents of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R Sonani
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Biocrystallography Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewiński
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Biocrystallography Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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2
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Proteome-Wide Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases Reveals a Subcellular Compartment-Specific Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080413. [PMID: 30111733 PMCID: PMC6115888 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, cycles through different life stages characterized by defined molecular traits associated with the proliferative or differentiation state. In particular, T. cruzi epimastigotes are the replicative forms that colonize the intestine of the Triatomine insect vector before entering the stationary phase that is crucial for differentiation into metacyclic trypomastigotes, which are the infective forms of mammalian hosts. The transition from proliferative exponential phase to quiescent stationary phase represents an important step that recapitulates the early molecular events of metacyclogenesis, opening new possibilities for understanding this process. In this study, we report a quantitative shotgun proteomic analysis of the T. cruzi epimastigote in the exponential and stationary growth phases. More than 3000 proteins were detected and quantified, highlighting the regulation of proteins involved in different subcellular compartments. Ribosomal proteins were upregulated in the exponential phase, supporting the higher replication rate of this growth phase. Autophagy-related proteins were upregulated in the stationary growth phase, indicating the onset of the metacyclogenesis process. Moreover, this study reports the regulation of N-terminally acetylated proteins during growth phase transitioning, adding a new layer of regulation to this process. Taken together, this study reports a proteome-wide rewiring during T. cruzi transit from the replicative exponential phase to the stationary growth phase, which is the preparatory phase for differentiation.
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Vacchina P, Lambruschi DA, Uttaro AD. Lipoic acid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi as putative target for chemotherapy. Exp Parasitol 2018; 186:17-23. [PMID: 29409741 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is a cofactor of relevant enzymatic complexes including the glycine cleave system and 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases. Intervention on LA de novo synthesis or salvage could have pleiotropic deleterious effect in cells, making both pathways attractive for chemotherapy. We show that Trypanosoma cruzi was susceptible to treatment with LA analogues. 8-Bromo-octanic acid (BrO) inhibited the growth of epimastigote forms of both Dm28c and CL Brener strains, although only at high (chemotherapeutically irrelevant) concentrations. The methyl ester derivative MBrO, was much more effective, with EC50 values one order of magnitude lower (62-66 μM). LA did not bypass the toxic effect of its analogues. Small monocarboxylic acids appear to be poorly internalized by T. cruzi: [14C]-octanoic acid was taken up 12 fold less efficiently than [14C]-palmitic acid. Western blot analysis of lipoylated proteins allowed the detection of the E2 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), branched chain 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Growth of parasites in medium with 10 fold lower glucose content, notably increased PDH activity and the level of its lipoylated E2 subunit. Treatment with BrO (1 mM) and MBrO (0.1 mM) completely inhibited E2 lipoylation and all three dehydrogenases activities. These observations indicate the lack of specific transporters for octanoic acid and most probably also for BrO and LA, which is in agreement with the lack of a LA salvage pathway, as previously suggested for T. brucei. They also indicate that the LA synthesis/protein lipoylation pathway could be a valid target for drug intervention. Moreover, the free LA available in the host would not interfere with such chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vacchina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Lambruschi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Antonio D Uttaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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4
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Eprintsev AT, Falaleeva MI, Lyashchenko MS, Toropygin IY, Igamberdiev AU. Oligomeric forms of bacterial malate dehydrogenase: a study of the enzyme from the phototrophic non-sulfur bacterium Rhodovulum steppense A-20s. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:81-89. [PMID: 29297253 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1411776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was purified to homogeneity from the phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodovulum steppense A-20s. According to gel-chromatography and electrophoretic studies, malate dehydrogenase is present as a dimer, tetramer and octamer depending on cultivation conditions. In phototrophic aerobic conditions only the tetrameric form was present, in chemotrophic aerobic conditions all three forms were detected, while in the absence of oxygen the octameric form disappeared. The malate dehydrogenase oligomers are encoded by a single gene and composed of the same 35 kDa polypeptide but differ in pH and temperature optimum, in affinities to malate, oxaloacetate, NADH and NAD+ and in regulation by cations and citrate. By modulating the cultivation conditions, it has been established that the dimer participates in the glyoxylate cycle; the tetramer operates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the octamer may be involved in the adaptation to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Eprintsev
- a Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology , Voronezh State University , Voronezh , Russia
| | - Marina I Falaleeva
- a Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology , Voronezh State University , Voronezh , Russia
| | - Maya S Lyashchenko
- a Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology , Voronezh State University , Voronezh , Russia
| | - Ilya Y Toropygin
- b V.I. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry , Moscow , Russia
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- c Department of Biology , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , Canada
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5
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An Y, Cao Y, Xu Y. Purification and characterization of the plastid-localized NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:490-6. [PMID: 26095832 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) ubiquitously exists in living organisms and has many isoforms in a single species. MDHs from some classes have been characterized for their catalytic properties, which show significant variations despite that they share high sequence identity for the active sites. One class MDH, the plastid-localized NAD-dependent MDH (plNAD-MDH) is known to be important for plant survival in a dark environment, but its biochemical and enzymatic properties have not been well characterized. This study attempts to fill the gap. plNAD-MDH was expressed in an Escherichia coli system and purified using nickel-affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography. The N-terminal fusion his-tag was removed by protease cleavage. The gel filtration assay and glutaraldehyde cross-linking results showed that the active enzyme was a homodimer in solution. Further assay indicated that plNAD-MDH is most active at a neutral pH value. The Km values for oxaloacetate and NADH are found in the submillimolar order, a median range for most MDHs. The maximum reaction rate values, however, are dramatically different from other plant MDHs, indicating that plNAD-MDH has different substrate specificity. Moreover, we obtained crystals for this enzyme, which laid the groundwork for further analysis of the enzymatic mechanism from structural stand point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan An
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhi Cao
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingwu Xu
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Wrenger C, Müller IB, Butzloff S, Jordanova R, Lunev S, Groves MR. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction of malate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:659-62. [PMID: 22684064 PMCID: PMC3370904 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112014571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction characterization of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfMDH) are reported. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the function and role of PfMDH, the protein was purified to homogeneity. The purified protein crystallized in space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 72, b = 157, c = 159 Å, α = 105, β = 101, γ = 95°. The resulting crystals diffracted to a maximal resolution of 2.24 Å and the structure has been solved by molecular replacement, with 16 monomers in the asymmetric unit. The 16 monomers are arranged into four independent tetramers, in agreement with previous reports demonstrating the tetrameric solution state of PfMDH. The X-ray structure of PfMDH is expected to clarify the differences in catalysis by PfMDH compared with other MDH family members and to provide a basis for the structure-based design of specific PfMDH inhibitors as well as general MDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-000 Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil
- Biochemical Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid B. Müller
- Biochemical Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Butzloff
- Biochemical Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rositsa Jordanova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory – Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY, Building 25A, Notkestrasse 85, D-22670 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Lunev
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory – Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY, Building 25A, Notkestrasse 85, D-22670 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory – Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY, Building 25A, Notkestrasse 85, D-22670 Hamburg, Germany
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Tang H, Yao Y, Zhang D, Meng X, Wang L, Yu H, Ma L, Xu P. A novel NADH-dependent and FAD-containing hydroxylase is crucial for nicotine degradation by Pseudomonas putida. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39179-87. [PMID: 21949128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.283929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main alkaloid produced by Nicotiana tabacum and other Solanaceae, is very toxic and may be a leading toxicant causing preventable disease and death, with the rise in global tobacco consumption. Several different microbial pathways of nicotine metabolism have been reported: Arthrobacter uses the pyridine pathway, and Pseudomonas, like mammals, uses the pyrrolidine pathway. We identified and characterized a novel 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-pyridine (HSP) hydroxylase (HspB) using enzyme purification, peptide sequencing, and sequencing of the Pseudomonas putida S16 genome. The HSP hydroxylase has no known orthologs and converts HSP to 2,5-dihydroxy-pyridine and succinic semialdehyde, using NADH. (18)O(2) labeling experiments provided direct evidence for the incorporation of oxygen from O(2) into 2,5-dihydroxy-pyridine. The hspB gene deletion showed that this enzyme is essential for nicotine degradation, and site-directed mutagenesis identified an FAD-binding domain. This study demonstrates the importance of the newly discovered enzyme HspB, which is crucial for nicotine degradation by the Pseudomonas strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Cloning, sequencing and functional expression of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from Taenia solium: Purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:217-24. [PMID: 21439955 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the complete coding sequence of a Taenia solium cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (TscMDH). The cDNA fragment, identified from the T. solium genome project database, encodes a protein of 332 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular weight of 36517Da. For recombinant expression, the full length coding sequence was cloned into pET23a. After successful expression and enzyme purification, isoelectrofocusing gel electrophoresis allowed to confirm the calculated pI value at 8.1, as deduced from the amino acid sequence. The recombinant protein (r-TscMDH) showed MDH activity of 409U/mg in the reduction of oxaloacetate, with neither lactate dehydrogenase activity nor NADPH selectivity. Optimum pH for enzyme activity was 7.6 for oxaloacetate reduction and 9.6 for malate oxidation. K(cat) values for oxaloacetate, malate, NAD, and NADH were 665, 47, 385, and 962s(-1), respectively. Additionally, a partial characterization of TsMDH gene structure after analysis of a 1.56Kb genomic contig assembly is also reported.
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Functional characterization of stage-specific aminotransferases from trypanosomatids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 166:172-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Cossy Isasi S, Rodríguez M, Pereira B, Díaz-luján C, Fretes R, Haüen D. Trypanosoma cruzi: Altered parasites after in vitro treatment with gangliosides, a therapeutic agent in experimental Chagas’ disease. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Pradhan A, Mukherjee P, Tripathi AK, Avery MA, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Analysis of quaternary structure of a [LDH-like] malate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum with oligomeric mutants. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 325:141-8. [PMID: 19184366 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
L-Malate dehydrogenase (PfMDH) from Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent for the most severe form of malaria, has shown remarkable similarities to L: -lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). PfMDH is more closely related to [LDH-like] MDHs characterized in archae and other prokaryotes. Initial sequence analysis and identification of critical amino acid residues involved in inter-subunit salt-bridge interactions predict tetrameric structure for PfMDH. The catalytically active recombinant PfMDH was characterized as a tetramer. The enzyme is localized primarily in the parasites cytosol. To gain molecular insights into PfMDH/PfLDH relationships and to understand the quaternary structure of PfMDH, dimers were generated by mutation to the potential salt-bridge interacting sites. The R183A and R214G mutations, which snapped the salt bridges between the dimers and resulted in lower dimeric state, did not affect catalytic properties of the enzyme. The mutant dimers of PfMDH were active equally as the wild-type PfMDH. The studies reveal structure of PfMDH as a dimer of dimers. The tetrameric state of PfMDH was not essential for catalytic functions of the enzyme but may be an evolutionary adaptation for cytosolic localization to support its role in NAD/NADH coupling, an important metabolic function for survival of the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Pradhan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Eprintsev AT, Klimova MA, Shikhalieva KD, Kompantseva EI. Isolation and purification of malate dehydrogenase isoforms from phototrophic purple bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. BIOL BULL+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359008060046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Marciano D, Llorente C, Maugeri DA, de la Fuente C, Opperdoes F, Cazzulo JJ, Nowicki C. Biochemical characterization of stage-specific isoforms of aspartate aminotransferases from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 161:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cloning and expression of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase of Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:989-95. [PMID: 18311572 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The NAD-dependent mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH, EC1.1.1.37) plays pivotal roles in tricarboxylic acid and is crucial for the survival and pathogenecity of parasites. A cDNA, which was identified by high throughput sequencing from the cDNA library constructed from adult Clonorchis sinensis, encoded a putative peptide of 341 amino acids with more than 50% identity with mMDHs from other organisms. The mMDH was expressed in Escherichia coli as the recombinant protein with a GST tag and purified by glutathione-Sepharose 4B column. The recombinant mMDH showed MDH activity of 63.6 U/mg, without lactate dehydrogenase activity and NADPH selectivity. The kinetic constants of recombinant mMDH were determined.
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Cáceres AJ, Quiñones W, Gualdrón M, Cordeiro A, Avilán L, Michels PAM, Concepción JL. Molecular and biochemical characterization of novel glucokinases from Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 156:235-45. [PMID: 17904661 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase genes, found in the genome databases of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major, were cloned and sequenced. Their expression in Escherichia coli resulted in the synthesis of soluble and active enzymes, TcGlcK and LmjGlcK, with a molecular mass of 43 kDa and 46 kDa, respectively. The enzymes were purified, and values of their kinetic parameters determined. The K(m) values for glucose were 1.0 mM for TcGlcK and 3.3 mM for LmjGlcK. For ATP, the K(m) values were 0.36 mM (TcGlcK) and 0.35 mM (LmjGlcK). A lower K(m) value for glucose (2.55 mM) was found when the (His)(6)-tag was removed from the recombinant LmjGlcK, whereas the TcGlcK retained the same value. The V(max)'s of the T. cruzi and L. major GlcKs were 36.3 and 30.9 U/mg of protein, respectively. No inhibition was exerted by glucose-6-phosphate. Similarly, no inhibition by inorganic pyrophosphate was found in contrast to previous observations made for the T. cruzi and L. mexicana hexokinases. Both trypanosomatid enzymes were only able to phosphorylate glucose indicating that they are true glucokinases. Gel-filtration chromatography showed that the GlcK of both trypanosomatids may occur as a monomer or dimer, dependent on the protein concentration. Both GlcK sequences have a type-1 peroxisome-targeting signal. Indeed, they were shown to be present inside glycosomes using three different methods. These glucokinases present highest, albeit still a moderate 24% sequence identity with their counterpart from Trichomonas vaginalis, which has been classified into group A of the hexokinase family. This group comprises mainly eubacterial and cyanobacterial glucokinases. Indeed, multiple sequence comparisons, as well as kinetic properties, strongly support the notion that these trypanosomatid enzymes belong to group A of the hexokinases, in which they, according to a phylogenetic analysis, form a separate cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Judith Cáceres
- Unidad de Bioquímica de Parásitos, Centro de Ingeniería Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
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Leroux A, Fleming-Canepa X, Aranda A, Maugeri D, Cazzulo JJ, Sánchez MA, Nowicki C. Functional characterization and subcellular localization of the three malate dehydrogenase isozymes in Leishmania spp. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 149:74-85. [PMID: 16750864 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As part of a study on the malate dehydrogenase isozymes (MDHs) from Trypanosomatids, three different fractions with MDH activity were obtained from crude extracts of Leishmania mexicana promastigotes combining two different chromatographic steps. Gel filtration chromatography in native conditions showed that most of the MDH activity present in the crude extracts eluted in a single peak, which corresponded to a lower apparent molecular mass ( congruent with 57kDa) than the value expected for typical MDHs. To further characterize the leishmanial isozymes, three putative MDH genes, presumably corresponding to the mitochondrial, glycosomal and cytosolic isoforms were amplified by PCR, cloned into bacterial expression vectors, and the recombinant enzymes purified. Digitonin extraction of intact L. mexicana promastigotes and immunofluorescence microscopy of L. major promastigotes confirmed the subcellular compartmentation of each of the three isozymes. Western blot analysis showed that the three MDHs are developmentally regulated. At the protein level, these isozymes are remarkably more abundant in amastigotes than in promastigotes of L. mexicana. Altogether our results demonstrate the presence of three MDH isoforms with slightly distinct biochemical properties and different subcellular localization in Leishmania spp. Presumably the functional and biochemical features of these isozymes reflect the metabolic adaptation to the different nutrient sources these parasites have to face along their life cycle. These results also emphasize the differences among Trypanosomatids in this area of metabolism, since in the case of Trypanosoma brucei the cMDH is the only isoform expressed in bloodstream trypomastigotes, whereas in Trypanosoma cruzi cMDH is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Leroux
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, CP1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Aranda A, Maugeri D, Uttaro AD, Opperdoes F, Cazzulo JJ, Nowicki C. The malate dehydrogenase isoforms from Trypanosoma brucei: subcellular localization and differential expression in bloodstream and procyclic forms. Int J Parasitol 2005; 36:295-307. [PMID: 16321390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei procyclic forms possess three different malate dehydrogenase isozymes that could be separated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and were recognized as the mitochondrial, glycosomal and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase isozymes. The latter is the only malate dehydrogenase expressed in the bloodstream forms, thus confirming that the expression of malate dehydrogenase isozymes is regulated during the T. brucei life cycle. To achieve further biochemical characterization, the genes encoding mitochondrial and glycosomal malate dehydrogenase were cloned on the basis of previously reported nucleotide sequences and the recombinant enzymes were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli cultures. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase showed to be more active than glycosomal malate dehydrogenase in the reduction of oxaloacetate; nearly 80% of the total activity in procyclic crude extracts corresponds to the former isozyme which also catalyzes, although less efficiently, the reduction of p-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate. The rabbit antisera raised against each of the recombinant isozymes showed that the three malate dehydrogenases do not cross-react immunologically. Immunofluorescence experiments using these antisera confirmed the glycosomal and mitochondrial localization of glycosomal and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, as well as a cytosolic localization for the third malate dehydrogenase isozyme. These results clearly distinguish Trypanosoma brucei from Trypanosoma cruzi, since in the latter parasite a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase is not present and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase specifically reduces oxaloacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Aranda
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, CP1113, Argentina
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Zheng N, Xu J, Wu Z, Chen J, Hu X, Song L, Yang G, Ji C, Chen S, Gu S, Ying K, Yu X. Clonorchis sinensis: molecular cloning and functional expression of novel cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. Exp Parasitol 2005; 109:220-7. [PMID: 15755419 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The NAD-dependent cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH, EC 1.1.1.37) plays a pivotal role in the malate-aspartate shuttle pathway that operates in a metabolic coordination between cytosol and mitochondria, and thus is crucial for the survival and pathogenicity of the parasite. In the high throughput sequencing of the cDNA library constructed from the adult stage of Clonorchis sinensis, a cDNA clone containing 1152bp insert was identified to encode a putative peptide of 329 amino acids possessing more than 50% amino acid sequence identities with the cMDHs from other organisms such as fish, plant, and mammal. But low sequence similarities have been found between this cMDH and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase as well as glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase from other organisms. Northern blot analysis showed the size of the C. sinensis cMDH mRNA was 1.2 kb. The cMDH was expressed in Escherichia coli M15 as a His-tag fusion protein and purified by BD TALON metal affinity column. The recombinant cMDH showed high MDH activity of 241 U mg(-1), without lactate dehydrogenase and NADP(H) selectivity. It provides a model for the structure, function analysis, and drug screening on cMDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancai Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Preclinical School of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510089, PR China
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Cáceres AJ, Portillo R, Acosta H, Rosales D, Quiñones W, Avilan L, Salazar L, Dubourdieu M, Michels PAM, Concepción JL. Molecular and biochemical characterization of hexokinase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 126:251-62. [PMID: 12615324 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Trypanosoma cruzi hexokinase gene has been cloned, sequenced, and expressed as an active enzyme in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis revealed 67% identity with its counterpart in Trypanosoma brucei but low similarity with all other available hexokinase sequences including those of human. It contains an N-terminal peroxisome-targeting signal (PTS-2) and has a calculated basic isoelectric point (pI = 9.67), a feature often associated with glycosomal proteins. The polypeptide has a predicted mass of approximately 50 kDa similar to that of many non-vertebrate hexokinases and the vertebrate hexokinase isoenzyme IV. The natural enzyme was purified to homogeneity from T. cruzi epimastigotes and appeared to exist in several aggregation states, an apparent tetramer being the predominant form. Its kinetic properties were compared with those of the purified recombinant protein. Higher K(m) values for glucose and ATP were found for the (His)(6)-tag-containing recombinant hexokinase. However, removal of the tag produced an enzyme displaying similar values as the natural enzyme (K(m) for glucose = 43 and 60 microM for the natural and the recombinant protein, respectively). None of these enzymes presented activity with fructose. As reported previously for hexokinases from several trypanosomatids, no inhibition was exerted by glucose 6-phosphate (G6-P). In contrast, a mixed-type inhibition was observed with inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi, K(i) = 0.5mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Judith Cáceres
- Unidad de Bioquímica de Parásitos, Centro de Ingeniería Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
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20
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Knockaert M, Wieking K, Schmitt S, Leost M, Grant KM, Mottram JC, Kunick C, Meijer L. Intracellular Targets of Paullones. Identification following affinity purification on immobilized inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25493-501. [PMID: 11964410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202651200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) are being developed in view of their potential applications against cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Among these, paullones constitute a family of potent and apparently selective cyclin-dependent kinase and GSK-3 inhibitors. However, their actual intracellular targets remain to be identified. To address this issue we have immobilized a paullone, gwennpaullone, on an agarose matrix. Extracts from various cell types and tissues were screened for proteins interacting with this matrix. This approach validated GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta as major intracellular paullone targets and also mitochondrial, but not cytoplasmic, malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Mitochondrial MDH was indeed inhibited by micromolar concentrations of paullones. Mitochondrial MDH was the major paullone-binding protein in the parasitic protozoon Leishmania mexicana, and paullones inhibited growth of the parasite. This simple batchwise affinity chromatography approach constitutes a straightforward method for the identification of intracellular targets of this particular class of novel anti-mitotic compounds. It has revealed an unexpected target, mitochondrial MDH, the inhibition of which may participate in the pharmacological effects of paullones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Knockaert
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, BP 74, Bretagne, France.
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21
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Montes CL, Zuñiga EI, Vazquez J, Arce C, Gruppi A. Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase triggers polyclonal B-cell activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:27-36. [PMID: 11882029 PMCID: PMC1906289 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiologic agent of Chagas' disease, produces mitogenic substances responsible for the polyclonal B-cell activation observed during the acute phase of the infection. Isolation and characterization of the molecules involved in the induction of polyclonal activation observed during infectious diseases have posed a great challenge for the immunologist over the last decade. In this work we report that a 33 kD protein obtained from an alkaline fraction of T. cruzi epimastigotes (FI) stimulates proliferation and promotes differentiation into antibody-secreting cells of normal murine B cells in a T-cell independent manner. By flow cytometry we also found that the 33 kDa protein induces an increase in the expression of MHC class II and B7.2 but not B7.1 molecules on the B-cell surface. Sequencing by mass spectrometry identified the T. cruzi 33 kD protein as hypothetical oxidoreductase, a member of the aldo/ketoreductase family. In this report we demonstrate that this protein is also present in the infective bloodstream trypomastigote form of the parasite and was identified as T. cruzi mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) by enzyme activity and by Western blotting using a specific mMDH polyclonal antiserum. The biologic relevance of mMDH-induced polyclonal activation concerning T. cruzi infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Montes
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Vernal J, Muñoz-Jordán J, Müller M, Cazzulo JJ, Nowicki C. Sequencing and heterologous expression of a cytosolic-type malate dehydrogenase of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2001; 117:217-21. [PMID: 11606232 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Vernal
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Salvati L, Mattu M, Polticelli F, Tiberi F, Gradoni L, Venturini G, Bolognesi M, Ascenzi P. Modulation of the catalytic activity of cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi, by temperature and pH. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3253-8. [PMID: 11389727 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases are relevant to several aspects of the parasite life cycle and of parasite-host relationships. Here, a quantitative investigation of the effect of temperature and pH on the total substrate inhibition of cruzipain, the major papain-like cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi, is reported. Values of the apparent catalytic and inhibition parameters Km, Vmax, Vmax/Km, and K(i) for the cruzipain-catalysed hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine-(7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) (Z-Phe-Arg-AMC) and azocasein were determined between 10.0 degrees C and 40.0 degrees C and between pH 4.5 and 8.5. Values of Km were independent of temperature and pH, whereas values of Vmax, Vmax/Km, and K(i) were temperature-dependent and pH-dependent. Over the whole pH range explored, values of logVmax, log(Vmax/Km), and logK(i) increased linearly with respect to T(-1). Values of Vmax and Vmax/Km were affected by the acid-base equilibrium of one temperature-independent ionizing group (i.e. pK(unl)' = pK(lig)' = 5.7 +/- 0.1, at 25.0 degrees C). Moreover, values of K(i) were affected by the alkaline pK shift of one ionizing group of active cruzipain (from pK(unl)" = 5.7 +/- 0.1 to pK(lig)" = 6.1 +/- 0.1, at 25.0 degrees C) upon Z-Phe-Arg-AMC binding. Values of logK(unl)', logK(lig)', and logK(lig)" were temperature-independent. Conversely, values of logK(unl)" were linearly dependent on T(-1). As a whole, total substrate inhibition of cruzipain decreased with increasing temperature and pH. These data suggest that both synthetic and protein substrates can bind to the unique active centre of cruzipain either productively or following a binding mode which results in enzyme inhibition. However, allosteric effect(s) cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Salvati
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università 'Roma Tre', Roma, Italy
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24
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Uttaro AD, Altabe SG, Rider MH, Michels PA, Opperdoes FR. A family of highly conserved glycosomal 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases from Phytomonas sp. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31833-7. [PMID: 10900211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006080200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytomonas sp. contains two malate dehydrogenase isoforms, a mitochondrial isoenzyme with a high specificity for oxaloacetate and a glycosomal isozyme that acts on a broad range of substrates (Uttaro, A. D., and Opperdoes, F.R. (1997) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 89, 51-59). Here, we show that the low specificity of the latter isoenzyme is the result of a number of recent gene duplications that gave rise to a family of glycosomal 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase genes. Two of these genes were cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Although both gene products have 322 amino acids, share 90.4% identical residues, and have a similar hydrophobicity profile and net charge, their kinetic properties were strikingly different. One isoform behaved as a real malate dehydrogenase with a high specificity for oxaloacetate, whereas the other showed no activity with oxaloacetate but was able to reduce other oxoacids, such as phenyl pyruvate, 2-oxoisocaproate, 2-oxovalerate, 2-oxobutyrate, 2-oxo-4-methiolbutyrate, and pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Uttaro
- Departamento de MicrobiologIa, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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