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Regulation of Leaf Traits in Canopy Gradients. CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS: FROM BASICS TO APPLICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7291-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Díaz-Mendoza M, Velasco-Arroyo B, González-Melendi P, Martínez M, Díaz I. C1A cysteine protease-cystatin interactions in leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3825-33. [PMID: 24600023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Senescence-associated proteolysis in plants is a crucial process to relocalize nutrients from leaves to growing or storage tissues. The massive net degradation of proteins involves broad metabolic networks, different subcellular compartments, and several types of proteases and regulators. C1A cysteine proteases, grouped as cathepsin L-, B-, H-, and F-like according to their gene structures and phylogenetic relationships, are the most abundant enzymes responsible for the proteolytic activity during leaf senescence. Besides, cystatins as specific modulators of C1A peptidase activities exert a complex regulatory role in this physiological process. This overview article covers the most recent information on C1A proteases in leaf senescence in different plant species. Particularly, it is focussed on barley, as the unique species where the whole gene family members of C1A cysteine proteases and cystatins have been analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Díaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (Km 38), 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Velasco-Arroyo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (Km 38), 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (Km 38), 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (Km 38), 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (Km 38), 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
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Guo Y, Gan SS. Translational researches on leaf senescence for enhancing plant productivity and quality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3901-13. [PMID: 24935620 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a very important trait that limits yield and biomass accumulation of agronomic crops and reduces post-harvest performance and the nutritional value of horticultural crops. Significant advance in physiological and molecular understanding of leaf senescence has made it possible to devise ways of manipulating leaf senescence for agricultural improvement. There are three major strategies in this regard: (i) plant hormone biology-based leaf senescence manipulation technology, the senescence-specific gene promoter-directed IPT system in particular; (ii) leaf senescence-specific transcription factor biology-based technology; and (iii) translation initiation factor biology-based technology. Among the first strategy, the P SAG12 -IPT autoregulatory senescence inhibition system has been widely explored and successfully used in a variety of plant species for manipulating senescence. The vast majority of the related research articles (more than 2000) showed that crops harbouring the autoregulatory system displayed a significant delay in leaf senescence without any abnormalities in growth and development, a marked increase in grain yield and biomass, dramatic improvement in horticultural performance, and/or enhanced tolerance to drought stress. This technology is approaching commercialization. The transcription factor biology-based and translation initiation factor biology-based technologies have also been shown to be very promising and have great potentials for manipulating leaf senescence in crops. Finally, it is speculated that technologies based on the molecular understanding of nutrient recycling during leaf senescence are highly desirable and are expected to be developed in future translational leaf senescence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Zang QW, Wang CX, Li XY, Guo ZA, Jing RL, Zhao J, Chang XP. Isolation and characterization of a gene encoding a polyethylene glycol-induced cysteine protease in common wheat. J Biosci 2011; 35:379-88. [PMID: 20826947 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-010-0043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant cysteine protease (CP) genes are induced by abiotic stresses such as drought, yet their functions remain largely unknown. We isolated the full-length cDNA encoding a Triticum aestivum CP gene, designated TaCP, from wheat by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. Sequence analysis revealed that TaCP contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 362 amino acids, which is 96% identical to barley cysteine protease HvSF42. The TaCP transcript level in wheat seedlings was upregulated during polyethylene glycol (PEG) stress, with a peak appearing around 12 h after treatment. TaCP expression level increased rapidly with NaCl treatment at 48 h. TaCP responded strongly to low temperature (4 degree C) treatment from 1 h post-treatment and reached a peak of about 40-fold at 72 h. However, it showed only a very slight response to abscisic acid (ABA). More than one copy of TaCP was present in each of the three genomes of hexaploid wheat and its diploid donors. TaCP fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was located in the plasma membrane of onion epidermis cells. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TaCP showed stronger drought tolerance and higher CP activity under water-stressed conditions than wild-type Arabidopsis plants. The results suggest that TaCP plays a role in tolerance to water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Zang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Buanafina MMDO, Langdon T, Hauck B, Dalton S, Morris P. Expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase increases cell wall digestibility of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:264-80. [PMID: 18086237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the cell walls of forage grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and participates with lignin monomers in oxidative coupling pathways to generate ferulate-polysaccharide-lignin complexes that cross-link the cell wall. Such cross-links hinder cell wall degradation by ruminant microbes, reducing plant digestibility. In this study, genetically modified Festuca arundinacea plants were produced expressing an Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase (FAEA) targeted to the vacuole. The rice actin promoter proved to be effective for FAEA expression, as did the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S and maize ubiquitin promoters. Higher levels of expression were, however, found with inducible heat-shock and senescence promoters. Following cell death and subsequent incubation, vacuole-targeted FAEA resulted in the release of both monomeric and dimeric ferulic acids from the cell walls, and this was enhanced several fold by the addition of exogenous endo-1,4-beta-xylanase. Most of the FAEA-expressing plants showed increased digestibility and reduced levels of cell wall esterified phenolics relative to non-transformed plants. It is concluded that targeted FAEA expression is an effective strategy for improving wall digestibility in Festuca and, potentially, other grass species used for fodder or cellulosic ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M de O Buanafina
- Plant, Animal and Microbial Science Department, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
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Boonman A, Pons TL. Canopy light gradient perception by cytokinin. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2007; 2:489-91. [PMID: 19704594 PMCID: PMC2634344 DOI: 10.4161/psb.2.6.4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified cytokinin as an important xylem-carried signal involved in the photosynthetic acclimation of plants to light gradients in dense canopies. Lower leaves become shaded in a dense canopy and consequently have reduced transpiration rates. our measurements have shown that this results in a reduced delivery of cytokinins carried in the transpiration stream to shaded leaves, as compared to light-exposed leaves. Cytokinins are involved in the regulation of photosynthetic acclimation to the light gradient by stimulating the expression of photosynthetic enzymes in light-exposed leaves. In shaded leaves, the low delivery rate of cytokinin leads to reduced photosynthetic capacity and ultimately senescence. We show evidence for this role of cytokinin, as part of a complex of signaling pathways where other regulatory mechanisms are also involved. A model is presented depicting the regulation of photosynthetic acclimation by cytokinin delivery to leaves dependent on the irradiance they receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boonman
- Plant Ecophysiology Group; Institute of Environmental Biology; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Boonman A, Prinsen E, Gilmer F, Schurr U, Peeters AJM, Voesenek LACJ, Pons TL. Cytokinin import rate as a signal for photosynthetic acclimation to canopy light gradients. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1841-52. [PMID: 17277095 PMCID: PMC1851814 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.094631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in dense canopies are exposed to vertical light gradients and show photosynthetic acclimation at the whole-plant level, resulting in efficient photosynthetic carbon gain. We studied the role of cytokinins transported through the transpiration stream as one of probably multiple signals for photosynthetic acclimation to light gradients using both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that substantial variation in leaf transpiration parallels the light gradient in tobacco canopies and experimental reduction of the transpiration rate of a leaf, independent of light, is sufficient to reduce photosynthetic capacity in both species, as well as transcript levels of the small subunit of Rubisco (rbcS) gene in Arabidopsis. Mass spectrometric analysis of xylem sap collected from intact, transpiring tobacco plants revealed that shaded leaves import less cytokinin than leaves exposed to high light. In Arabidopsis, reduced transpiration rate of a leaf in the light is associated with lower cytokinin concentrations, including the bioactive trans-zeatin and trans-zeatin riboside, as well as reduced expression of the cytokinin-responsive genes ARR7 and ARR16. External application of cytokinin to shaded leaves rescued multiple shade effects, including rbcS transcript levels in both species, as did locally induced cytokinin overproduction in transgenic tobacco plants. From these data, we conclude that light gradients over the foliage of a plant result in reduced cytokinin activity in shaded leaves as a consequence of reduced import through the xylem and that cytokinin is involved in the regulation of whole-plant photosynthetic acclimation to light gradients in canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boonman
- Plant Ecophysiology Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Donnison IS, Gay AP, Thomas H, Edwards KJ, Edwards D, James CL, Thomas AM, Ougham HJ. Modification of nitrogen remobilization, grain fill and leaf senescence in maize (Zea mays) by transposon insertional mutagenesis in a protease gene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:481-494. [PMID: 17244043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A maize (Zea mays) senescence-associated legumain gene, See2beta, was characterized at the physiological and molecular levels to determine its role in senescence and resource allocation. A reverse-genetics screen of a maize Mutator (Mu) population identified a Mu insertion in See2beta. Maize plants homozygous for the insertion were produced. These See2 mutant and sibling wild-type plants were grown under high or low quantities of nitrogen (N). The early development of both genotypes was similar; however, tassel tip and collar emergence occurred earlier in the mutant. Senescence of the mutant leaves followed a similar pattern to that of wild-type leaves, but at later sampling points mutant plants contained more chlorophyll than wild-type plants and showed a small extension in photosynthetic activity. Total plant weight was higher in the wild-type than in the mutant, and there was a genotype x N interaction. Mutant plants under low N maintained cob weight, in contrast to wild-type plants under the same treatment. It is concluded, on the basis of transposon mutagenesis, that See2beta has an important role in N-use and resource allocation under N-limited conditions, and a minor but significant function in the later stages of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain S Donnison
- Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
| | - Alan P Gay
- Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
| | - Howard Thomas
- Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
| | - Keith J Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - David Edwards
- Plant Biotechnology Centre, Primary Industries Research Victoria, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caron L James
- Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
| | - Ann M Thomas
- Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
| | - Helen J Ougham
- Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
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Chen HJ, Huang DJ, Hou WC, Liu JS, Lin YH. Molecular cloning and characterization of a granulin-containing cysteine protease SPCP3 from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) senescent leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:863-76. [PMID: 16777534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Granulins are a family of evolutionarily ancient proteins that are involved in regulating cell growth and division in animals. In this report a full-length cDNA, SPCP3, was isolated from senescent leaves of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). SPCP3 contains 1389 nucleotides (462 amino acids) in its open reading frame, and exhibits high amino acid sequence homologies (ca. 64-73.6%) with several plant granulin-containing cysteine proteases, including potato, tomato, soybean, kidney bean, pea, maize, rice, cabbage, and Arabidopsis. Gene structural analysis shows that SPCP3 encodes a putative precursor protein. Via cleavage of the N-terminal propeptide, it generates a protein with 324 amino acids (from the 139th to the 462nd amino acid residues), which contains two main domains: the conserved catalytic domain with the putative catalytic residues (the 163rd Cys, 299th His and 319th Asn) and the C-terminal granulin domain (from the 375th to the 462nd amino acid residues). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and protein gel blot hybridization showed that SPCP3 gene expression was enhanced significantly in natural senescent leaves and in dark- and ethephon-induced senescent leaves, but was almost undetectable in mature green leaves, veins, and roots. Phylogenic analysis showed that SPCP3 displayed close association with a group of plant granulin-containing cysteine proteases which have been implied to be involved in programmed cell death. In conclusion, sweet potato SPCP3 is a functional, senescence-associated gene. Its mRNA and protein levels were significantly enhanced in natural and induced senescing leaves. The physiological role and/or function of SPCP3 associated with programmed cell death during leaf senescence were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Jung Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Chinese Culture University, 111 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Trobacher CP, Senatore A, Greenwood JS. Masterminds or minions? Cysteine proteinases in plant programmed cell deathThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b06-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases are ubiquitously involved in programmed cell death (PCD) in multicellular organisms. In animals, one group of cysteine proteinases, the cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteinases (caspases), are involved in a proteolytic signalling cascade that controls apoptosis, the most studied form of PCD. The enzymes act as both masterminds and executioners in apoptotic cell death. In plants, members of the metacaspase family, as well as those of the papain-like and legumain families, of cysteine proteinases have all been implicated in PCD. These enzymes often belong to sizeable gene families, with Arabidopsis having 9 metacaspase, 32 papain-like, and 4 legumain genes. This redundancy has made it difficult to ascertain the functional importance of any particular enzyme in plant PCD, as many are often expressed in a given tissue undergoing PCD. As yet, mechanisms similar to the apoptotic caspase cascade in animals have not been uncovered in plants and, indeed, may not exist. Are the various cysteine proteinases, so often implicated in plant PCD, merely acting as minions in the process? This review will outline reports of cysteine proteinases associated with plant PCD, discuss problems in determining the function of specific proteases, and suggest avenues for determining how these enzymes might be regulated and how PCD pathways upstream of protease expression and activation might operate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John S. Greenwood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Tun NN, Santa-Catarina C, Begum T, Silveira V, Handro W, Floh EIS, Scherer GFE. Polyamines induce rapid biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:346-54. [PMID: 16415068 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the regulation by putrescine, spermidine and spermine of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Using a fluorimetric method employing the cell-impermeable NO-binding dye diaminorhodamine-4M (DAR-4M), we observed that the polyamines (PAs) spermidine and spermine greatly increased NO release in the seedlings, whereas arginine and putrescine had little or no effect. Spermine, the most active PA, stimulated NO release with no apparent lag phase. The response was quenched by addition of 2-aminoethyl-2-thiopseudourea (AET), an inhibitor of the animal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and plant NO biosynthesis, and by 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-1-oxy-3-oxide (PTIO), an NO scavenger. By fluorescence microscopy, using the cell-permeable NO-binding dye diaminorhodamine-4M acetoxymethyl ester (DAR-4M AM), we observed that PAs induced NO biosynthesis in specific tissues in Arabidopsis seedlings. Spermine and spermidine increased NO biosynthesis in the elongation zone of the Arabidopsis root tip and in primary leaves, especially in the veins and trichomes, while in cotyledons little or no effect of PAs beyond the endogenous levels of NO-induced fluorescence was observed. We conclude that PAs induce NO biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ni Tun
- Universität Hannover, Institut für Zierpflanzenbau, AG Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Leaf senescence is a type of postmitotic senescence. The onset and progression of leaf senescence are controlled by an array of external and internal factors including age, levels of plant hormones/growth regulators, and reproductive growth. Many environmental stresses and biological insults such as extreme temperature, drought, nutrient deficiency, insufficient light/shadow/darkness, and pathogen infection can induce senescence. Perception of signals often leads to changes in gene expression, and the upregulation of thousands of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) causes the senescence syndrome: decline in photosynthesis, degradation of macromolecules, mobilization of nutrients, and ultimate cell death. Identification and analysis of SAGs, especially genome-scale investigations on gene expression during leaf senescence, make it possible to decipher the molecular mechanisms of signal perception, execution, and regulation of the leaf senescence process. Biochemical and metabolic changes during senescence have been elucidated, and potential components in signal transduction such as receptor-like kinases and MAP kinase cascade have been identified. Studies on some master regulators such as WRKY transcription factors and the senescence-responsive cis element of the senescence-specific SAG12 have shed some light on transcriptional regulation of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Cornell Genomics Initiative and Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5904, USA
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Wang YT, Yang CY, Chen YT, Lin Y, Shaw JF. Characterization of senescence-associated proteases in postharvest broccoli florets. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004; 42:663-670. [PMID: 15331096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the senescence-associated proteases of postharvest broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var Green King) florets, using class-specific protease inhibitors and gelatin-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Different classes of senescence-associated proteases in broccoli florets were partially characterized for the first time. Protease activity of broccoli florets was depressed by all the inhibitors and showed different inhibition curves during postharvest. The hydrolytic activity of metalloprotease (EC 3.4.24. - ) and serine protease (EC 3.4.21. - ) reached a maximum, 1 day after harvest (DAH), then decreased, while the hydrolytic activity of cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22. - ) and aspartic protease (EC 3.4.23. - ) increased throughout the postharvest senescence based on the calculated inhibition percentage of protease activity. The senescence-associated proteases were separated into seven endoprotease (EP) groups by gelatin-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis and classified into EP1 (metalloprotease), EP2 (metalloprotease and cysteine protease), EP3 (serine protease and aspartic protease), EP4, EP5, EP7 (cysteine protease), and EP6 (serine protease) based on the sensitivity of class-specific protease inhibitors. The proteases EP2, EP3, and EP4 were present throughout the postharvest stages. EP3 was the major EP at all times during senescence; EP4 intensity of activity increased after 2 DAH; EP6 and EP7 clearly increased after 4 DAH. Our results suggest that serine protease activity contributes to early stage (0-1 DAH) and late stage (4-5 DAH) of senescence; metalloprotease activity was involved in the early and intermediate stages (0-3 DAH) of senescence; and cysteine protease and aspartic protease activities participated in the whole process of broccoli senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Tai Wang
- Life Science Center, Hsing Wu College, No. 11-2, Fen-Liao Road, Lin-Kou, Taipei 11244, Taiwan, ROC
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Inada N, Sakai A, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. Three-dimensional progression of programmed death in the rice coleoptile. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 218:221-58. [PMID: 12199518 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)18014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant death during development is a highly orchestrated process at the cellular, tissue, organ, and whole-plant levels. The process toward death is endogenously programmed in plants. With our original approach called "three-dimensional analysis" using the rice coleoptile, we revealed detailed morphological alterations in the progression of senescence and programmed cell death involved in the air space (aerenchyma) formation at both tissue and cellular levels. Although these two types of cell death exhibited a distinct pattern of progression at the tissue level, the set of intracellular events was highly conserved. From those comprehensive investigations, we hypothesized that the identical program of death functions in each process of cell death, and that the initiation and progression of cell death is highly regulated by the environmental input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Martínez M, Rubio-Somoza I, Carbonero P, Díaz I. A cathepsin B-like cysteine protease gene from Hordeum vulgare (gene CatB) induced by GA in aleurone cells is under circadian control in leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2003; 54:951-959. [PMID: 12598566 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erg099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A barley cDNA clone encoding a putative cysteine protease with sequence homology to cathepsin B from mammalian cells has been characterized. This barley gene (CatB) is ubiquitously expressed, its mRNA being detected in leaves and roots, immature, mature and germinating embryos, in developing endosperms, and in aleurones upon germination, as assessed by northern blot analysis. The CatB mRNA expression in leaves increased by cold shock (6 degrees C), was not affected by wounding, and was under circadian control. These transcripts increased in the aleurone upon germination, whereas those for a cystatin encoding gene (Icy), that inhibits commercial cathepsin B in vitro, decreased. Gibberellin (GA) treatment of isolated barley aleurones induced and abscisic acid (ABA) repressed the steady-state levels of CatB mRNA, while Icy expression had an opposite pattern of mRNA accumulation in aleurones treated with GA. No response to GA or ABA was detected in leaves.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cathepsin B/genetics
- Cathepsin B/metabolism
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cold Temperature
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Gibberellins/pharmacology
- Hordeum/enzymology
- Hordeum/genetics
- Hordeum/growth & development
- Light
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martínez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Dpto de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos-UPM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Chen GH, Huang LT, Yap MN, Lee RH, Huang YJ, Cheng MC, Chen SCG. Molecular characterization of a senescence-associated gene encoding cysteine proteinase and its gene expression during leaf senescence in sweet potato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:984-991. [PMID: 12354916 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structure and expression of a senescence-associated gene (SPG31) encoding a cysteine proteinase precursor of sweet potato have been characterized. The coding region of the gene consists of two exons encoding an enzyme precursor of 341 amino acids with conserved catalytic amino acids of papain. Examination of the expression patterns of the SPG31 gene in sweet potato by Northern blot analyses reveals that the transcripts of SPG31 are specifically induced in the senescing leaves but not in other organs. The differential accumulation of the mature SPG31 protein in the senescing leaves was further identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis of leaf proteins and N-terminal sequencing. This result suggests the important role played by SPG31 in proteolysis and nitrogen remobilization during the leaf senescence process. Furthermore, treatment of mature green leaves with ethylene for 3 d resulted in a high-level induction of SPG31 transcripts. Ethylene-regulated expression of SPG31 is consistent with the presence of a number of putative ethylene-responsive elements in the 899-bp SPG31 promoter region.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/drug effects
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Enzyme Precursors/drug effects
- Enzyme Precursors/genetics
- Enzyme Precursors/metabolism
- Ethylenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Ipomoea batatas/drug effects
- Ipomoea batatas/genetics
- Ipomoea batatas/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/drug effects
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/physiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hong Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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