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Zhou H, He Y, Xiong W, Jing S, Duan X, Huang Z, Nahal GS, Peng Y, Li M, Zhu Y, Ye Q. MSC based gene delivery methods and strategies improve the therapeutic efficacy of neurological diseases. Bioact Mater 2023; 23:409-437. [PMCID: PMC9713256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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2
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Berger S, Berger M, Bantz C, Maskos M, Wagner E. Performance of nanoparticles for biomedical applications: The in vitro/ in vivo discrepancy. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:011303. [PMID: 38505225 PMCID: PMC10903387 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has a great potential to revolutionize the therapeutic landscape. However, up-to-date results obtained from in vitro experiments predict the in vivo performance of nanoparticles weakly or not at all. There is a need for in vitro experiments that better resemble the in vivo reality. As a result, animal experiments can be reduced, and potent in vivo candidates will not be missed. It is important to gain a deeper knowledge about nanoparticle characteristics in physiological environment. In this context, the protein corona plays a crucial role. Its formation process including driving forces, kinetics, and influencing factors has to be explored in more detail. There exist different methods for the investigation of the protein corona and its impact on physico-chemical and biological properties of nanoparticles, which are compiled and critically reflected in this review article. The obtained information about the protein corona can be exploited to optimize nanoparticles for in vivo application. Still the translation from in vitro to in vivo remains challenging. Functional in vitro screening under physiological conditions such as in full serum, in 3D multicellular spheroids/organoids, or under flow conditions is recommended. Innovative in vivo screening using barcoded nanoparticles can simultaneously test more than hundred samples regarding biodistribution and functional delivery within a single mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Berger
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig–Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Bantz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20, D-55129 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig–Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Hashemi E, Mahdavi H, Khezri J, Razi F, Shamsara M, Farmany A. Enhanced Gene Delivery in Bacterial and Mammalian Cells Using PEGylated Calcium Doped Magnetic Nanograin. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9879-9891. [PMID: 31908446 PMCID: PMC6928224 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s228396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond viral carriers which have been widely used in gene delivery, non-viral carriers can further improve the delivery process. However, the high cytotoxicity and low efficiency impedes the clinical application of non-viral systems. Therefore, in this work, we fabricated polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated, calcium doped magnetic nanograin (PEG/Ca(II)/Fe3O4) as a genome expression enhancer. METHODS Monodisperse magnetic nanograins (MNGs) with tunable size were synthesized by a solvothermal method. The citrate anions on the spherical surface of MNGs capture Ca2+ ions by an ion exchange process, which was followed by surface capping with PEG. The synthesized PEG/Ca(II)/Fe3O4 was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectra, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MTT test was utilized to assess the toxicity of PEG/Ca(II)/Fe3O4. Real time qPCR was applied for quantification of gene expression. RESULTS DLS spectra and TEM images confirmed a thin layer of PEG on the nanocarrier surface. Shifting the zeta potential in the biological pH window from -23.9 mV (for Fe3O4) to ≈ +11 mV (for PEG/Ca(II)/Fe3O4) confirms the MNGs surface protonation. Cytotoxicity results show that cell viability and proliferation were not hindered in a wide range of nanocarrier concentrations and different incubation times. CONCLUSION PEGylated calcium doped magnetic nanograin enhanced PUC19 plasmid expression into E. Coli and GFP protein expression in HEK-293 T cells compared to control. A polymerase chain reaction of the NeoR test shows that the transformed plasmids are of high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hashemi
- National Research Center for Transgenic Mouse & Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mahdavi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Khezri
- National Research Center for Transgenic Mouse & Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Razi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- National Research Center for Transgenic Mouse & Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmany
- Dental Implant Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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4
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Acri TM, Laird NZ, Geary SM, Salem AK, Shin K. Effects of calcium concentration on nonviral gene delivery to bone marrow-derived stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2256-2265. [PMID: 31677246 DOI: 10.1002/term.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium ions (Ca2+ ) influence natural bone healing, and calcium is frequently used in bone tissue engineering scaffolds and cements. Scaffolds can also incorporate gene delivery systems to further promote osteoblast differentiation. Thus, our goal was to identify if Ca2+ concentration affects the transfection of bone marrow stromal cells because these cells play a major role in bone healing and can infiltrate gene-activated scaffolds designed to promote bone growth. METHODS Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured in media with Ca2+ concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mM and transfected with polyethyleneimine-plasmid DNA (PEI-pDNA) complexes. Cell viability and transfection efficiency were determined using MTS assays and flow cytometry, respectively. PEI-pDNA complex localization in BMSCs was assessed using fluorescence microscopy. To determine BMSC differentiation, messenger RNA (mRNA) for osteocalcin and CBFA1 was quantified using real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Calcium deposition was qualitatively assessed after three and 14 days using Alizarin Red staining. RESULT Our results indicate that Ca2+ levels between 8 and 12 mM positively impacted transfection of BMSCs with PEI-pDNA complexes in terms of cell viability and transfection efficiency. A Ca2+ concentration of 10 mM also increased the expression of an osteogenic gene, osteocalcin, when the cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encoding bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). CONCLUSION Ca2+ at a 10 mM concentration can significantly reduce toxicity and enhance transfection efficiency when combined with PEI-pDNA complexes, and this combination can be specifically applied to further enhance the differentiation of BMSCs by using the combination of polyethyleneimine-plasmid bone morphogenetic protein 2 (PEI-pBMP-2) and 10 mM Ca2+ as compared with PEI-pBMP-2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Acri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Noah Z Laird
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kyungsup Shin
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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5
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Novel machine learning application for prediction of membrane insertion potential of cell-penetrating peptides. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Optimization of miRNA delivery by using a polymeric conjugate based on deoxycholic acid-modified polyethylenimine. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:391-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Intracellular delivery of biological agents such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids generally rely on the endocytic pathway as the major uptake mechanism, resulting in their entrapment inside the endosome and lysosome. The recent discovery of cell-penetrating molecules of exceptionally high endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery efficiencies and elucidation of their mechanism of action represent major breakthroughs in this field. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in understanding and enhancing the endosomal escape process and the new opportunities opened up by these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marina Buyanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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8
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Han H, Yang J, Chen W, Li Q, Yang Y, Li Q. A comprehensive review on histone-mediated transfection for gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:132-144. [PMID: 30472306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histone has been considered to be an effective carrier in non-viral gene delivery due to its unique properties such as efficient DNA binding ability, direct translocation to cytoplasm and favorable nuclear localization ability. Meanwhile, the rapid development of genetic engineering techniques could facilitate the construction of multifunctional fusion proteins based on histone molecules to further improve the transfection efficiency. Remarkably, histone has been demonstrated to achieve gene transfection in a synergistic manner with cationic polymers, affording to a significant improvement of transfection efficiency. In the review, we highlighted the recent developments and future trends in gene delivery mediated by histones or histone-based fusion proteins/peptides. This review also discussed the mechanism of histone-mediated gene transfection and provided an outlook for future therapeutic opportunities in the viewpoint of transfection efficacy and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiebing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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9
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Calcium enhances gene expression when using low molecular weight poly-l-lysine delivery vehicles. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:274-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Khalil AS, Yu X, Xie AW, Fontana G, Umhoefer JM, Johnson HJ, Hookway TA, McDevitt TC, Murphy WL. Functionalization of microparticles with mineral coatings enhances non-viral transfection of primary human cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14211. [PMID: 29079806 PMCID: PMC5660152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery to primary human cells is a technology of critical interest to both life science research and therapeutic applications. However, poor efficiencies in gene transfer and undesirable safety profiles remain key limitations in advancing this technology. Here, we describe a materials-based approach whereby application of a bioresorbable mineral coating improves microparticle-based transfection of plasmid DNA lipoplexes in several primary human cell types. In the presence of these mineral-coated microparticles (MCMs), we observed up to 4-fold increases in transfection efficiency with simultaneous reductions in cytotoxicity. We identified mechanisms by which MCMs improve transfection, as well as coating compositions that improve transfection in three-dimensional cell constructs. The approach afforded efficient transfection in primary human fibroblasts as well as mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells for both two- and three-dimensional transfection strategies. This MCM-based transfection is an advancement in gene delivery technology, as it represents a non-viral approach that enables highly efficient, localized transfection and allows for transfection of three-dimensional cell constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Angela W Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gianluca Fontana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Umhoefer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hunter J Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tracy A Hookway
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences-University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology & Medicine-Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences-University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology & Medicine-Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- The Materials Science Program-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Pan J, Yuan Y, Wang H, Liu F, Xiong X, Chen H, Yuan L. Efficient Transfection by Using PDMAEMA-Modified SiNWAs as a Platform for Ca(2+)-Dependent Gene Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15138-15144. [PMID: 27249181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The major bottleneck for gene delivery lies in the lack of safe and efficient gene vectors and delivery systems. In order to develop a much safer and efficient transfection system, a novel strategy of combining traditional Ca(2+)-dependent transfection with cationic polymer poly(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA) modified silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWAs) was proposed in this work. Detailed studies were carried out on the effects of the PDMAEMA polymerization time, the Ca(2+) concentration, and the incubation time of Ca(2+)@DNA complex with PDMAEMA-modified SiNWAs (SN-PDM) on the gene transfection in the cells. The results demonstrated that the transfection efficiency of SN-PDM assisted traditional Ca(2+)-dependent transfection was significantly enhanced compared to those without any surface assistance, and SN-PDM with polymerization time 24 h exhibited the highest efficiency. Moreover, the optimal transfection efficiency was found at the system of a complex containing Ca(2+) (100 mM) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) incubated on SN-PDM for 20 min. Compared with unmodified SiNWAs, SN-PDM has little cytotoxicity and can improve cell attachment. All of these results demonstrated that SN-PDM could significantly enhance Ca(2+)-dependent transfection; this process depends on the amino groups' density of PDMAEMA on the surface, the Ca(2+) concentration, and the available Ca(2+)@DNA complex. Our study provides a potential novel and excellent means of gene delivery for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Xiong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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12
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Antila HS, Härkönen M, Sammalkorpi M. Chemistry specificity of DNA-polycation complex salt response: a simulation study of DNA, polylysine and polyethyleneimine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5279-89. [PMID: 25607687 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04967e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the chemistry specific stability determining factors of DNA-polycation complexes are examined by performing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. To this end, we conduct a systematic variation of polycation line charge through polyethyleneimine (PEI) protonation and polycation chemistry via comparison with poly-l-lysine (PLL). Our simulations show that increasing line charge of the polycation alone does not lead to more salt tolerant complexes. Instead, the effective charge compensation by the polycation correlates with the increased stability of the complex against additional salt. The salt stability of PEI-DNA complexes also links to the proton sponge property of weak polycations, commonly assumed to be behind the effectivity of PEI as a gene delivery vector. Examination of the complexes reveals the mechanism behind this behaviour; more Cl(-) ions are attracted by the protonated complexes but, in contrast to the common depiction of the proton sponge behaviour, the ion influx does not cause swelling of the complex structure itself. However, PEI protonation leads to release of PEI while DNA remains tightly bound to the complex. Jointly, these findings shed light on the stability determining factors of DNA-polycation complexes, raise charge distribution as an important stability determining contributor, and indicate that the effectivity of PEI in gene delivery is likely to result from the freed PEI facilitating gene transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne S Antila
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
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13
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Li H, Tsui TY, Ma W. Intracellular Delivery of Molecular Cargo Using Cell-Penetrating Peptides and the Combination Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19518-36. [PMID: 26295227 PMCID: PMC4581311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can cross cellular membranes in a non-toxic fashion, improving the intracellular delivery of various molecular cargos such as nanoparticles, small molecules and plasmid DNA. Because CPPs provide a safe, efficient, and non-invasive mode of transport for various cargos into cells, they have been developed as vectors for the delivery of genetic and biologic products in recent years. Most common CPPs are positively charged peptides. While delivering negatively charged molecules (e.g., nucleic acids) to target cells, the internalization efficiency of CPPs is reduced and inhibited because the cationic charges on the CPPs are neutralized through the covering of CPPs by cargos on the structure. Even under these circumstances, the CPPs can still be non-covalently complexed with the negatively charged molecules. To address this issue, combination strategies of CPPs with other typical carriers provide a promising and novel delivery system. This review summarizes the latest research work in using CPPs combined with molecular cargos including liposomes, polymers, cationic peptides, nanoparticles, adeno-associated virus (AAV) and calcium for the delivery of genetic products, especially for small interfering RNA (siRNA). This combination strategy remedies the reduced internalization efficiency caused by neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, China.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tung Yu Tsui
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA.
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Hori SI, Yamamoto T, Waki R, Wada S, Wada F, Noda M, Obika S. Ca2+ enrichment in culture medium potentiates effect of oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e128. [PMID: 26101258 PMCID: PMC4627064 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense and RNAi-related oligonucleotides have gained attention as laboratory tools and therapeutic agents based on their ability to manipulate biological events in vitro and in vivo. We show that Ca2+ enrichment of medium (CEM) potentiates the in vitro activity of multiple types of oligonucleotides, independent of their net charge and modifications, in various cells. In addition, CEM reflects in vivo silencing activity more consistently than conventional transfection methods. Microscopic analysis reveals that CEM provides a subcellular localization pattern of oligonucleotides resembling that obtained by unassisted transfection, but with quantitative improvement. Highly monodispersed nanoparticles ∼100 nm in size are found in Ca2+-enriched serum-containing medium regardless of the presence or absence of oligonucleotides. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the 100-nm particles are in fact an ensemble of much smaller nanoparticles (ϕ ∼ 15 nm). The presence of these nanoparticles is critical for the efficient uptake of various oligonucleotides. In contrast, CEM is ineffective for plasmids, which are readily transfected via the conventional calcium phosphate method. Collectively, CEM enables a more accurate prediction of the systemic activity of therapeutic oligonucleotides, while enhancing the broad usability of oligonucleotides in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Hori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Reiko Waki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Wada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumito Wada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mio Noda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Alhakamy NA, Elandaloussi I, Ghazvini S, Berkland CJ, Dhar P. Effect of lipid headgroup charge and pH on the stability and membrane insertion potential of calcium condensed gene complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4232-45. [PMID: 25768428 PMCID: PMC5704962 DOI: 10.1021/la504970n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalently condensed complexes of genetic material, cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), and calcium chloride present a nonviral route to improve transfection efficiency of nucleic acids (e.g., pDNA and siRNA). However, the exact mechanisms of membrane insertion and delivery of macromolecule complexes to intracellular locations as well as their stability in the intracellular environment are not understood. We show that calcium condensed gene complexes containing different hydrophilic (i.e., dTAT, K9, R9, and RH9) and amphiphilic (i.e., RA9, RL9, and RW9) CPPs formed stable cationic complexes of hydrodynamic radii 100 nm at neutral pH. However, increasing the acidity caused the complexes to become neutral or anionic and increase in size. Using zwitterionic and anionic phospholipid monolayers as models that mimic the membrane composition of the outer leaflet of cell membranes and intracellular vesicles and pHs that mimic the intracellular environment, we study the membrane insertion potential of these seven gene complexes (CPP/pDNA/Ca(2+) complexes) into model membranes. At neutral pH, all gene complexes demonstrated the highest insertion potential into anionic phospholipid membranes, with complexes containing amphiphilic peptides showing the maximum insertion. However, at acidic pH, the gene complexes demonstrated maximum monolayer insertion into zwitterionic lipids, irrespective of the chemical composition of the CPP in the complexes. Our results suggest that in the neutral environment the complexes are unable to penetrate the zwitterionic lipid membranes but can penetrate through the anionic lipid membranes. However, the acidic pH mimicking the local environment in the late endosomes leads to a significant increase in adsorption of the complexes to zwitterionic lipid headgroups and decreases for anionic headgroups. These membrane-gene complex interactions may be responsible for the ability of the complexes to efficiently enter the intracellular environment through endocytosis and escape from the endosomes to effectively deliver their genetic payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Ibrahim Elandaloussi
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Saba Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Soh E, Kolos E, Ruys AJ. Cellular Response to Doping of High Porosity Foamed Alumina with Ca, P, Mg, and Si. MATERIALS 2015; 8:1074-1088. [PMID: 28787989 PMCID: PMC5455451 DOI: 10.3390/ma8031074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foamed alumina was previously synthesised by direct foaming of sulphate salt blends varying ammonium mole fraction (AMF), foaming heating rate and sintering temperature. The optimal product was produced with 0.33AMF, foaming at 100 °C/h and sintering at 1600 °C. This product attained high porosity of 94.39%, large average pore size of 300 µm and the highest compressive strength of 384 kPa. To improve bioactivity, doping of porous alumina by soaking in dilute or saturated solutions of Ca, P, Mg, CaP or CaP + Mg was done. Saturated solutions of Ca, P, Mg, CaP and CaP + Mg were made with excess salt in distilled water and decanted. Dilute solutions were made by diluting the 100% solution to 10% concentration. Doping with Si was done using the sol gel method at 100% concentration only. Cell culture was carried out with MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Cellular response to the Si and P doped samples was positive with high cell populations and cell layer formation. The impact of doping with phosphate produced a result not previously reported. The cellular response showed that both Si and P doping improved the biocompatibility of the foamed alumina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Soh
- Biomedical Engineering, School of AMME J07, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Kolos
- Biomedical Engineering, School of AMME J07, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Ruys
- Biomedical Engineering, School of AMME J07, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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17
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Inorganic coatings for optimized non-viral transfection of stem cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1567. [PMID: 23535735 PMCID: PMC3610100 DOI: 10.1038/srep01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
“Biomimetic” approaches for heterogeneous growth of inorganic coatings have become particularly widespread in biomedical applications, where calcium phosphate (CaP) mineral coatings are used to improve biomedical implants. Changes in coating properties can influence the effects of mineral coatings on adjacent cells, but to date it has not been practical to systematically vary inorganic coating properties to optimize specific cell behaviors. Here, we present an approach to grow CaP mineral coatings in an enhanced throughput format to identify unprecedented capabilities in non-viral gene delivery. Subtle changes in coating properties resulted in widely variable transfection, and optimized coatings led to greater than 10-fold increases in transgene expression by multiple target cell types when compared to standard techniques. The enhanced transfection observed here is substrate-mediated, and related to the characteristics of the local environment near the surface of dissolving mineral coatings. These findings may be particularly translatable to medical device applications.
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18
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Alhakamy NA, Berkland CJ. Polyarginine molecular weight determines transfection efficiency of calcium condensed complexes. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1940-8. [PMID: 23534410 PMCID: PMC4207646 DOI: 10.1021/mp3007117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been extensively studied in polyelectrolyte complexes as a means to enhance the transfection efficiency of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Increasing the molecular weight of CPPs often enhances gene expression but poses a risk of increased cytotoxicity and immunogenicity compared to low molecular weight CCPs. Conversely, low molecular weight CPPs typically have low transfection efficiency due to large complex size. Complexes made using low molecular weight CPPs were found to be condensed to a small size by adding calcium. In this study, complexes of low molecular weight polyarginine and pDNA were condensed with calcium. These complexes showed high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity in A549 carcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells. The relationships between transfection efficiency and polyarginine size (5, 7, 9, or 11 amino acids), polyarginine/pDNA charge ratios, and calcium concentrations were studied. Polyarginine 7 was significantly more effective than other polyarginines under most formulation conditions, suggesting a link between cell penetration ability and transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA 66047
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA 66047
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA 66047
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19
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Abstract
The long-recognized promise of gene therapy to treat a broad range of currently incurable diseases remains largely unfulfilled, hindered by lack of a safe and efficient delivery vehicle. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are deemed a feasible candidate and possess many characteristics desired of an ideal gene vector. Current fabrication techniques can readily synthesize hydroxyapatite particles in the nanometer range; however, these particles suffer from extensive aggregation and heterogeneity, mainly in size, shape and surface charge, which render them inappropriate for gene-therapy application. There is thus a pertinent need to develop a method capable of fabricating homogenous and monodispersed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in a rapid, efficient and cost-effective manner that can be easily upscaled. Cell transfection is impeded by several physical and biological barriers, with the vector's properties highly determinant of its ability to overcome these barriers. Fine-tuning hydroxyapatite nanoparticles' morphological and physicochemical properties, achievable through precise regulation of the reaction environment, can enhance transfection efficiencies of particles, in turn, generating safe and effective gene vectors.
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21
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Zhang XX, Allen PG, Grinstaff M. Macropinocytosis is the major pathway responsible for DNA transfection in CHO cells by a charge-reversal amphiphile. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:758-66. [PMID: 21449536 DOI: 10.1021/mp100366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of a functional charge-reversal amphiphile:DNA lipoplex is described. First, pharmacological inhibitors were applied to block different endocytosis pathways. By examining the resulting transfection activities, it was found that endocytosis was the pathway leading to transfection in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. When the specific pathway of macropinocytosis was inhibited, β-galactosidase expression was significantly depleted (90%); meanwhile the inhibition of clathrin-mediated pathway only brought a 30% decrease in expression; and the inhibition of caveolae-mediated pathway did not affect expression. Furthermore, a transfection kinetics study revealed that the cellular uptake responsible for gene expression was a slower process compared to clathrin-mediated endocytosis, consistent with fluid-phase uptake compared to receptor-mediated uptake. Next, a fluorescence colocalization study was used to visualize the DNA lipoplex uptake pathways. The colocalization of the DNA lipoplex and Cascade Blue, a fluid-phase uptake marker, was observed. Meanwhile, the colocalization of the DNA lipoplex and transferrin, a clathrin-mediated endocytosis marker, was also seen. However, no colocalization was observed with the endosome/lysosome marker Lysotracker. Our results indicate that macropinocytosis, not the commonly seen clathrin-mediated endocytosis for cationic lipids, is the major pathway leading to gene transfection in CHO cells for this charge-reversal amphiphile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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22
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The importance of particle size and DNA condensation salt for calcium phosphate nanoparticle transfection. Biomaterials 2008; 29:3384-92. [PMID: 18485472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate has been used for over 30 years to deliver genetic material to mammalian cells. This vector has proven advantages over other transfection species such as viruses and dendrimers in terms of superior biocompatibility and reduced immune response. However, clinical application of calcium phosphate based transfection techniques is hampered by poor understanding of the key factors underlying its action. Despite widespread in vitro use, little attention has been given to the physico-chemical characteristics of the calcium phosphate particles mediating transfection. In this study parameters were optimised to produce calcium phosphate nanoparticles onto which plasmid DNA (pDNA) was adsorbed that were more effective than a commercial dendrimer vector in delivering pDNA to an osteoblastic cell line and compared favourably in a fibroblastic cell line without the need for special culture conditions such as cell cycle synchronization or glycerol shock treatment. Addition of the pDNA after nanoparticle synthesis allowed for characterisation of particle morphology, size, surface charge and composition. We found that the key parameters for effective calcium phosphate nanoparticle transfection were an optimal concentration of calcium and chloride ions and a nanosized non-agglomerated precipitate.
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23
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Haider HK, Elmadbouh I, Jean-Baptiste M, Ashraf M. Nonviral vector gene modification of stem cells for myocardial repair. Mol Med 2008; 14:79-86. [PMID: 17985003 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00092.haider] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis and myogenesis restore perfusion of ischemic myocardium and improve left ventricular contractility. These therapeutic modalities must be considered as complementary rather than competing to exploit their advantages for optimal beneficial effects. The resistant nature of cardiomyocytes to gene transfection can be overcome by ex vivo delivery of therapeutic genes to the heart using genetically modified stem cells. This review article gives an overview of different vectors and delivery systems in general used for therapeutic gene delivery to the heart and provides a critical appreciation of the ex vivo gene delivery approach using genetically modified stem cells to achieve angiomyogenesis for the treatment of infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husnain K Haider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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24
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Wagstaff KM, Jans DA. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of DNA: enhancing non-viral gene transfer. Biochem J 2007; 406:185-202. [PMID: 17680778 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy, the correction of dysfunctional or deleted genes by supplying the lacking component, has long been awaited as a means to permanently treat or reverse many genetic disorders. To achieve this, therapeutic DNA must be delivered to the nucleus of cells using a safe and efficient delivery vector. Although viral-based vectors have been utilized extensively due to their innate ability to deliver DNA to intact cells, safety considerations, such as pathogenicity, oncogenicity and the stimulation of an immunological response in the host, remain problematical. There has, however, been much progress in the development of safe non-viral gene-delivery vectors, although they remain less efficient than the viral counterparts. The major limitations of non-viral gene transfer reside in the fact that it must be tailored to overcome the intracellular barriers to DNA delivery that viruses already master, including the cellular and nuclear membranes. In particular, nuclear transport of the therapeutic DNA is known to be the rate-limiting step in the gene-delivery process. Despite this, much progress had been made in recent years in developing novel means to overcome these barriers and efficiently deliver DNA to the nuclei of intact cells. This review focuses on the nucleocytoplasmic delivery of DNA and mechanisms to enhance to non-viral-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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25
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Galactosylated Chitosan/Carbonate Apatite Nanohybridization for Cell Specificity and High Transfection Efficiency as a DNA Carrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strategies developed for gene delivery are generally classified into two categories of viral and non-viral vectors. The limitation of viral vectors, which have problems including toxicity, immunogenicity and inflammatory response has led to the development of a novel, synthetic vectors based on non-viral vectors. Chitosan, one of non-viral vectors, has been a good candidate in gene delivery field. Moreover, galactosylated chitosan (GC) had the specific recognition of hepatocytes by galactose in the GC. Also, carbonate apatite increased the rate of DNA endocytosis and the efficiency of gene transfer. We describe here a new concept for improving cell specificity and transfection efficiency by hybridization of carbonate apatite (CAp) with GC. The complex formation was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The complex optimized through controlling calcium ion and charge ratio was evaluated on the cell specificity and transfection efficiency.
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26
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Kaouass M, Beaulieu R, Balicki D. Histonefection: Novel and potent non-viral gene delivery. J Control Release 2006; 113:245-54. [PMID: 16806557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein/peptide-mediated gene delivery has recently emerged as a powerful approach in non-viral gene transfer. In previous studies, we and other groups found that histones efficiently mediate gene transfer (histonefection). Histonefection has been demonstrated to be effective with various members of the histone family. The DNA binding domains and natural nuclear localisation signal sequences make histones excellent candidates for effective gene transfer. In addition, their positive charge promotes binding to anionic molecules and helps them to overcome the negative charge of cells that is an important barrier to cellular penetration. Histonefection appears to have particular promise in cancer gene transfer and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadi Kaouass
- Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
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27
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Kulkarni VI, Shenoy VS, Dodiya SS, Rajyaguru TH, Murthy RR. Role of calcium in gene delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:235-45. [PMID: 16506950 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of genetic diseases using therapeutic gene transfer is considered to be a significant development. This development has brought with it certain limitations, and the process of overcoming these barriers has seen a drastic change in gene delivery. Many metal ions such as Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+ and, most importantly, Ca2+ have been demonstrated to have significant roles in gene delivery. Recently, calcium phosphate alone, or in combination with viral and nonviral vectors, was found to exert a positive effect on gene transfer when incorporated in the colloidal particulate system, which is an advancing approach to gene delivery. This review elaborates on various successful methods of using calcium in gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay I Kulkarni
- Centre for Postgraduate Studies and Research, New Drug Delivery Systems laboratory, Pharmacy Department, Donors Plaza, MS University of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara - 390 002, India.
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28
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Shiraishi T, Pankratova S, Nielsen PE. Calcium ions effectively enhance the effect of antisense peptide nucleic acids conjugated to cationic tat and oligoarginine peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:923-9. [PMID: 16125104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides have been widely used to improve cellular delivery of a variety of proteins and antisense agents. However, recent studies indicate that such cationic peptides are predominantly entering cells via an endosomal pathway. We now show that the nuclear antisense effect in HeLa cells of a variety of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) peptide conjugates is significantly enhanced by addition of 6 mM Ca(2+) (as well as by the lysosomotrophic agent chloroquine). In particular, the antisense activities of Tat(48-60) and heptaarginine-conjugated PNAs were increased 44-fold and 8.5-fold, respectively. Evidence is presented that the mechanism involves endosomal release. The present results show that Ca(2+) can be used as an effective enhancer for in vitro cellular delivery of cationic peptide-conjugated PNA oligomers, and also emphasize the significance of the endosomal escape route for such peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shiraishi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3c, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
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29
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Sandhu AP, Lam AMI, Fenske DB, Palmer LR, Johnston M, Cullis PR. Calcium enhances the transfection potency of stabilized plasmid–lipid particles. Anal Biochem 2005; 341:156-64. [PMID: 15866540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from this laboratory has shown that plasmid DNA can be encapsulated in small (70-nm-diameter) stabilized plasmid-lipid particles (SPLP) that consist of a single plasmid encapsulated within a bilayer lipid vesicle. SPLP preferentially transfect tumor tissue following intravenous administration. Although the levels of transgene expression in vivo are greater for SPLP than can be achieved with naked DNA or complexes, they are lower than may be required for therapeutic benefit. In the present work we examine whether Ca2+ can enhance the transfection potency of SPLP. It is shown that Ca2+ can enhance SPLP transfection potency in bovine hamster kidney cells by 60- to 100-fold when treated in serum containing medium and an additional 60-fold when serum is absent for the initial 10 min of the transfection period. When cells are treated with SPLP in the presence of Ca2+, there is a fivefold increase in intact plasmid in the cell. It is also shown that this Ca2+ effect involves the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates; however, these precipitates are not directly associated with the SPLP plasmid DNA. The ability of calcium phosphate to facilitate delivery of other macromolecules without direct association is also demonstrated by the release of large-molecular-weight dextrans from endosomal/lysosomal compartments in the presence of calcium phosphate. Finally, it is shown that, unlike naked DNA, SPLP transfection potency in the presence of calcium phosphate is not affected by nuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammen P Sandhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2146 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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30
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Kim TH, Park IK, Nah JW, Choi YJ, Cho CS. Galactosylated chitosan/DNA nanoparticles prepared using water-soluble chitosan as a gene carrier. Biomaterials 2004; 25:3783-92. [PMID: 15020154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chitosan (WSC) was used to increase the stability of chitosan in water and decrease the cytotoxicity induced by acetic acid. Lactobionic acid (LA) bearing galactose group was coupled with WSC for hepatocytes specificity. The composition of galactose in galactosylated chitosan (GC) was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The GC was complexed with plasmid DNA in various GC/DNA (N/P) charge ratios and the resulting complex was characterized by dynamic light scattering, gel retardation, and turbidity to determine the particle sizes, complex formation, and complex stability, respectively. Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of GC were also studied in cultured HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell line and HeLa human cervix epithelial carcinoma cells. The complete GC/DNA complex was formed at the charge ratio of 5 and the GC/DNA complex to DNase I resistance was obtained. Particle sizes decreased with increasing charge ratio of GC to DNA and had a minimum value around 120 nm at the charge ratio of 5. And no significant difference in particle sizes from the charge ratio of 5-20 was found. The suspension of GC/DNA complexes exhibited no significant change in turbidity at the charge ratios of 10, indicating the complete shielding of DNA charge. Cytotoxicity study showed that GC prepared by the water-soluble chitosan had no cytotoxic effects on cells. And transfection efficiency into HepG2, which has asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R), was higher than that into HeLa without ASGP-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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31
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Navarro M, Ginebra MP, Planell JA. Cellular response to calcium phosphate glasses with controlled solubility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 67:1009-15. [PMID: 14613251 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the research on materials for bone regeneration has focused on materials that are degradable and capable of stimulating tissue regeneration. In this context, phosphate glasses offer an interesting alternative, given the wide range of solubility they present and their similarity with respect to the chemical composition of the bone mineral phase. In the current work, two different formulations of phosphate glasses in the system P(2)O(5)[bond]CaO[bond]Na(2)O[bond]TiO(2) are developed. The incorporation of TiO(2) into the glass network allows for better control of the glass dissolution rate. Although these glasses have been studied extensively from the physicochemical point of view, little is known about their biocompatibility. To evaluate the biological response to these materials, we have used a human skin fibroblast model. The cells were incubated in vitro following two different methods. The first was incubated in direct contact with the glasses and the second one, in the presence of their extracts. The effects of the materials on cell growth were determined by means of toxicity (WST assay), adhesion, and proliferation tests. The results showed that the in vitro behavior of soluble phosphate glasses is strongly affected by their solubility. On the other hand, the results showed that the cellular response is highly affected by the testing procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba Navarro
- Department of Material Science and Metallurgy, CREB (Biomedical Engineering Research Center), Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Rocha A, Ruiz S, Coll JM. Improvement of transfection efficiency of epithelioma papulosum cyprini carp cells by modification of cell cycle and use of an optimal promoter. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2004; 6:401-410. [PMID: 15592944 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-003-0008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2002] [Accepted: 05/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several methods to improve transfection of epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) carp cells have been tested and are reported here. By modifying the cell cycle state of EPC cell monolayers and selecting the best promoter for the plasmid to be transfected, we increased transfection efficiency from 12.8% to 55.1% and decreased the coefficient of variation among different experiments from 54.1% to 11.8%. Thus 2- to 3-fold higher transfection efficiencies were obtained when the EPC monolayers were treated with colchicine or thymidine before transfection. In addition, the plasmids pMOKbetagal and its shorter derivative pMVC1.4betagal, both containing 218 bp of additional sequences upstream of the cytomegalovirus promoter contained in plasmid pCMVbeta, consistently produced higher transfection efficiencies than pCMVbeta. Combination of the two methods resulted in an improvement of both efficiency and reproducibility. These results should facilitate transfection of EPC cells to use as a model to obtain transgenics, to conduct quantitative transfected-cell fusion assays, to improve DNA-immersion-vaccination methods, or to obtain infectious cDNA from fish RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rocha
- SGIT, INIA, Biotecnología. Crt. La Coruña Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Lindell J, Girard P, Müller N, Jordan M, Wurm F. Calfection: a novel gene transfer method for suspension cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1676:155-61. [PMID: 14746910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel method called Calfection for gene delivery to and protein expression from suspension-cultivated mammalian cells. Plasmid DNA was simply diluted into a calcium chloride solution and then added to the cell culture for transfection. We evaluated and optimized this approach using suspension-adapted HEK293 cells grown in 12-well plates that were shaken on an orbital shaker. Highest expression levels were obtained when cells were transfected at a density of 5x10(5) cells/ml in the presence of 9 mM calcium and 5 microg/ml of plasmid DNA while maintaining a culture pH of 7.6 at the time of transfection. Suspension-adapted BHK 21 and CHO DG 44 cells could also be transfected using this method. Calfection differs from the widely known calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique. The physico-chemical composition of the DNA interacting complexes is not yet known. The transfection cocktail, DNA in a calcium chloride solution, remained highly efficient during long-term storage at temperatures ranging from room temperature to -80 degrees C. In contrast, calcium phosphate-DNA cocktails are only efficient for gene transfer when prepared fresh. Furthermore, passing the calcium-plasmid DNA mixture through a 0.2-microm filter did not compromise protein expression, whereas calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitates were retained by the filter. High protein expression levels, a limited number of manipulations and the possibility to filter the cocktail make the Calfection approach suitable for both large-scale transfection in bioreactors and for high-throughput transfection experiments in microtiter plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Lindell
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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Puebla I, Esseghir S, Mortlock A, Brown A, Crisanti A, Low W. A recombinant H1 histone-based system for efficient delivery of nucleic acids. J Biotechnol 2003; 105:215-26. [PMID: 14580793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a unique transfer system based on a truncated form of the human linker histone H1F4 for the delivery of nucleic acids to a variety of cells. The efficiency of truncated histone H1.4F was assessed using both primary mammalian and immortalised insect and mammalian cell lines. Our results indicated that recombinant histone H1.4F was able to deliver DNA, dsRNA and siRNA in all cells tested. Quantitative analysis based on reporter gene expression or silencing of target genes revealed that the transfection efficiency of histone H1.4F was comparable to, or better than, liposome-based systems. Notably, the efficiency of histone H1.4F was associated with very low toxicity for transfected cells. The human H1.4F recombinant protein is easily purified in large-scale from bacterial lysates using inexpensive simplified processing. This versatile transfection system represents an important advance in the field of gene delivery and an improvement over earlier nucleic acid delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Puebla
- Biogeny PLC, SAF Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, SW7 2AZ London, UK
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35
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Lucius H, Haberland A, Zaitsev S, Dallüge R, Schneider M, Böttger M. Structure of transfection-active histone H1/DNA complexes. Mol Biol Rep 2003; 28:157-65. [PMID: 12075934 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015230010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between the structure of transfecting complexes of histone H1 and DNA and their transfection efficiency were studied. Transfection activity proved to be connected to complex aggregates. Low speed centrifugation of the complexes resulted in loss of the transfection activity. The complexes/aggregates were active with high efficiency in a broad range of weight input ratios r(i) (0.1 < r(i) < 30). Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the complexes were imaged at negative, nearly electroneutral and positive charge conditions. Electroneutral complexes at r(i) = 1 showed a multitude of different complex forms. Fibrillar, network-like and branched structures were frequently present in one complex. Strongly positive charged complexes had a toroidal appearance. All these different forms contributed to the high transfection efficiency. Cellular uptake is supposed to be by phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lucius
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Zhdanov R, Bogdanenko E, Moskovtsev A, Podobed O, Düzgüneş N. Liposome-Mediated Gene Delivery: Dependence on Lipid Structure, Glycolipid-Mediated Targeting, and Immunological Properties. Methods Enzymol 2003; 373:433-65. [PMID: 14714420 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)73028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renat Zhdanov
- V N Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinska ya Street, 119832 Moscow, Russia
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37
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Zaitsev S, Buchwalow I, Haberland A, Tkachuk S, Zaitseva I, Haller H, Böttger M. Histone H1-mediated transfection: role of calcium in the cellular uptake and intracellular fate of H1-DNA complexes. Acta Histochem 2002; 104:85-92. [PMID: 11993855 DOI: 10.1078/0065-1281-00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that the transgene expression in the endothelial cell line ECV 304 strongly depends on the presence of low concentrations of Ca2+. However, it remained unclear, which transfection steps are controlled by Ca2+ ions. In the present study, we constructed transfection complexes of digoxigenin-labelled DNA and FITC-labelled histone H1. We monitored the pathway of these complexes with the use of anti-digoxigenin and anti-cathepsin B antibodies and immunofluorescence microscopy. Double labelling of DNA and cathepsin B permitted the localization of transfection complexes into endosomes/lysosomes which suggests an uptake of transfection complexes via endocytosis. It was also found that the uptake of transfection complexes by the cells was independent of the presence or absence of Ca2+ ions in the transfection medium. On the other hand, the presence of Ca2+ in the transfection medium dramatically changed the composition of the transfection complexes inside the endosome/lysosome compartment, which resulted in a strong reduction of H1 binding to DNA. Presence of Ca2+ in the postincubation medium for 24 h resulted in release of the transfection complexes with reduced H1 content from the endosomes/lysosomes into the cytosol. In the absence of Ca2+ the transfection complexes practically disappeared. These results allow us to come to the following conclusions: Ca2+ ions control the reorganization of the transfection complexes in endosomes/lysosomes and their release into the cytosol, which is an important prerequisite for transgene expression, whereas uptake of transfection complexes by the cells is not dependent on Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Zaitsev
- Department of Nephrology, Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Pichon C, Guérin B, Réfrégiers M, Gonçalves C, Vigny P, Midoux P. Zinc improves gene transfer mediated by DNA/cationic polymer complexes. J Gene Med 2002; 4:548-59. [PMID: 12221648 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The weak efficiency of plasmid transfer into the cytosol remains one of the major limiting factors to achieve an efficient transfection with DNA/cationic polymer complexes. We found that divalent metal Zn2+ can improve the polyfection efficiency, especially with DNA/histidylated polylysine (His-pLK) complexes. METHODS AND RESULTS The supplementation of the transfection medium with 250 micro M ZnCl2 increased the polyfection of human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells with a plasmid encoding EGFP complexed with pLK, polyethyleneimine and His-pLK. Zn2+ is more efficient on DNA/His-pLK complexes: the number of EGFP-positive cells increased from 1% to more than 40%. This phenomenon is selective to Zn2+ because no effect was obtained with other divalent cations. The effect of zinc varies from cell to cell. The binding of Zn2+ to histidyl residues might increase zinc endosomal concentration favoring membrane fusion. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies clearly indicate that with His-pLK, the plasmid is better delivered in the cytosol as well as in the cell nucleus in zinc-treated cells. An investigation conducted with the histidine-rich peptide H5WYG showed that zinc inhibits membrane permeabilization but promotes membrane fusion as evidenced by resonance energy transfer. CONCLUSIONS Data reported here imply that the addition of zinc ions in the transfection medium can trigger an increase of the fusion of endosomes containing polyplexes which is more effective in the presence of histidine-rich molecules. Consequently, the amount of plasmid in the cytosol available to reach the nucleus is increased leading to an improvement of polyfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, rue Charles-Sadron, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
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Déas O, Angevin E, Cherbonnier C, Senik A, Charpentier B, Levillain JP, Oosterwijk E, Hirsch F, Dürrbach A. In vivo-targeted gene delivery using antibody-based nonviral vector. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1101-14. [PMID: 12067443 DOI: 10.1089/104303402753812502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific gene transfer remains one of the main challenges to deliver genes into designated and/or disseminated cells. We have previously shown successful gene transfer with a nonviral gene delivery system based on the simple chemical conjugation of plasmid DNA with antibody. However, this approach was hampered by low efficiency due to the poor translocation rate of DNA to the nucleus. To improve this approach, we have modified our vector by introducing noncovalent binding between the antibody and DNA, allowing the possibility to introduce different important molecules. The noncovalent association was achieved with neutravidin and biotinylated components: (1) biotinylated antibodies; (2) a biotinylated hemagglutinin fusogenic peptide of influenza virus to favor endosomal escape; and (3) biotinylated histone H1 to compact, protect, and associate DNA to the complex. We report here that this delivery system can be internalized by tumor cells targeted by a specific monoclonal antibody, permits the protection of the transfected DNA, and allows its subsequent transfer into the nucleus after escape from the endosomal compartment. We also demonstrate that, in vitro, gene transfer with this vector showed much higher reporter activity in cells (15 vs. 0.5%) and a stronger production of murine interleukin 2 as compared with our previous vector. In vivo, a single intravenous injection of the vector containing an antibody directed to the G250 renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen led to beta-galactosidase expression in engrafted tumor bearing G250 but not in G250-negative tumor or in other tissues. Altogether, these results indicate that our antibody-based vector is suitable to promote gene delivery in vitro and in vivo in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Déas
- INSERM U542/Paris-Sud University, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France
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40
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Dallüge R, Haberland A, Zaitsev S, Schneider M, Zastrow H, Sukhorukov G, Böttger M. Characterization of structure and mechanism of transfection-active peptide-DNA complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1576:45-52. [PMID: 12031483 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied a number of physicochemical parameters of transfection-active peptide-DNA complexes including size, aggregation behaviour and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. These data were brought in relationship to the transfection activity of these peptides in order to better understand the mechanism of peptide-mediated gene transfer. A DNA binding oligolysine (K(16)) and a peptide comprising K(16) with an added peptide loop containing the arbitrary sequence RAD not known as a receptor ligand were used. Whereas the K(16)-DNA complex at 88% charge neutralization of the DNA phosphates collapsed into small toroidal particles with a diameter of 200 nm by dynamic light scattering, K(16)-cRAD did not. Instead, large aggregates were observed. CD spectra showed that the K(16)-DNA complexes were in a -psi state observed at liquid crystalline phases. Increasing positive charge by addition of further K(16) or disturbing the -psi state by introducing the RAD-peptide loop resulted in increasing instability indicated by aggregation and loss of the -psi CD spectrum of the complexes. Transfection experiments indicated that the aggregated material was the transfection-active component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Dallüge
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Wiltbergstrasse 50, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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Pajonk F, Riess K, Sommer A, McBride WH. N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibits 26S proteasome function: implications for effects on NF-kappaB activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:536-43. [PMID: 11958954 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation shares with cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, an ability to generate free radicals in cells and activate downstream proinflammatory responses through NF-kappaB-dependent signal transduction pathways. Support for the role of free radicals in triggering such responses comes from the use of free radical scavengers like N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The nature of the link between free radical generation and NF-kappaB activation is, however, unclear. In this study, we explore the possibility that scavenging of free radicals by NAC might not be the mechanism by which it inhibits NF-kappaB activation, but rather that NAC acts through inhibition of proteasome function. The effect of NAC on the chymotryptic function of the 26s and 20s proteasome complex was measured in extracts from EVC 304 bladder carcinoma cells by assessing degradation of fluorogenic substrates. NAC inhibited 26s but not 20s proteasome activity, suggesting that it interferes with 19s regulatory subunit function. NAC blocked radiation-induced NF-kappaB activity in ECV 304 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages, as measured by a gel shift assay, at doses that inhibited proteasome activity. This provides a possible mechanism whereby NAC could block NF-kappaB activation and affect the expression of other molecules that are dependent on the ubiquitin/proteasome system for their degradation, other than by scavenging free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Radiological University Clinic Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Abstract
The increasing use of cationic liposomes as vectors for DNA transfection of eukaryotic cells is due to its high efficiency and reproducibility. After the interaction of the DNA cationic-liposome complexes (DNA-CLC) with the plasma membrane, the entry into the cells delivers the DNA-CLC to the endosome-lysosome pathway where some of the DNA-CLC are degraded. The non-degraded DNA that escapes to the cytoplasm, still has to transverse the nuclear membrane to be transcribed and then translated. To improve the efficiency of the whole process, we can manipulate the DNA (sequences, promoters, enhancers, nuclear localisation signals, etc), the DNA-CLC (lipids) or the plasmatic, endosomal and/or nuclear cellular membranes (ultrasound, electroporation, Ca++, pH of the endosomes, mitosis, fusogenic peptides, nuclear localisation signals, etc). Most of these methods have been generally used individually but in combination, may greatly improve the efficiency and reproducibility of in vitro transfection. While much of this work remains yet to be done and present results further explored, the application of these efforts is essential to the future development of new gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rocha
- INIA, SGIT, Dept. Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Mishra M, Porter-Kelley JM, Singh PK, Bennett JR, Chaudhuri G. Enhanced activity of antisense phosphorothioate oligos against leishmania amastigotes: augmented uptake of oligo, ribonuclease H activation, and efficient target intervention under altered growth conditions. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:569-80. [PMID: 11585054 PMCID: PMC3085994 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania, a parasitic protozoan, infects human macrophages, often causing severe morbidity and mortality. The pathogenic form of this parasite, the amastigote, lives inside the acidic phagolysosomes of infected macrophages. In our attempt to develop anti-miniexon phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides (S-oligos) as an alternative chemotherapy against Leishmania, we found that intracellular as well as 'axenic' amastigotes were more susceptible to these S-oligos than were the cultured promastigotes. Lower pH (4.5) and elevated temperature (35 degrees) of the medium were among the direct enhancing factors for killing. Addition of the cationic polypeptide poly-l-lysine (PLL) to the growth medium further enhanced the killing effect of the S-oligo at pH 4.5. The enhancement of specific ablation of mRNA expression was directly correlated to the increased leishmanicidal activity of the S-oligo. This was shown by the increased inhibition of luciferase activity expressed in transgenic Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes by anti-miniexon S-oligo or anti-luciferase S-oligo at acidic pHs and in the presence of PLL. The leishmanicidal effects of S-oligos at acidic pH and in the presence of PLL were related to increased uptake of the S-oligos under these conditions. The rate of S-oligo uptake was enhanced up to 15-fold at pH 4.5. The addition of PLL to the assay medium at acidic pH further enhanced the uptake of S-oligo up to 80-fold. RNase H is known to accentuate the antisense action of S-oligos. We found that at an elevated temperature RNase H activity in Leishmania cell extracts increased about 5-fold. Thus, enhanced uptake of S-oligos at the acidic pH of macrophage phagolysosomes and activation of RNase H may explain the efficient killing of the parasite in macrophages, both in tissue culture and in the animal model, by antisense miniexon oligonucleotide/PLL, when targeted directly to the parasite-containing phagolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gautam Chaudhuri
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-615-327-6499; fax: +1-615-327-5559, (G. Chaudhuri)
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Abstract
The development of vectors for cell-specific gene delivery is a major goal of gene therapeutic strategies. Significant progress has been made in the construction of non-viral vectors that combine different functions required for gene transfer in an artificial complex. To some extent this can be achieved by complexing plasmid DNA with synthetic compounds such as lipids and polycations. Alternative approaches rely on the activities of natural or recombinant DNA-carrier proteins to achieve uptake and intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA. Nuclear proteins such as histones and members of the high mobility group protein family have been shown to condense DNA and transfect cultured cells. Some structural proteins of DNA viruses spontaneously assemble with plasmid DNA and form transfection-competent pseudocapsids. In addition, chimeric fusion proteins have been engineered that incorporate in a single polypeptide chain heterologous protein domains which facilitate binding to plasmid DNA, specific recognition of target cells, induction of receptor-mediated endocytosis, and DNA transport through intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Uherek
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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45
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Lam AM, Cullis PR. Calcium enhances the transfection potency of plasmid DNA-cationic liposome complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1463:279-90. [PMID: 10675506 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that calcium increases the in vitro transfection potency of plasmid DNA-cationic liposome complexes from 3- to 20-fold. The effect is Ca(2+) specific as other cations, such as Mg(2+) and Na(+), do not give rise to enhanced transfection and the effect can be inhibited by the presence of EGTA. It is shown that Ca(2+) increases cellular uptake of the DNA-lipid complexes, indicating that increased transfection potency arises from increased intracellular delivery of both cationic lipid and plasmid DNA in the presence of Ca(2+). In particular, it is shown that the levels of intact intracellular plasmid DNA are significantly enhanced when Ca(2+) is present. The generality of the Ca(2+) effect for enhancing complex-mediated transfection is demonstrated for a number of different cell lines and different cationic lipid formulations. It is concluded that addition of Ca(2+) represents a simple and useful protocol for enhancing in vitro transfection properties of plasmid DNA-cationic lipid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2146 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Haberland A, Knaus T, Zaitsev SV, Buchberger B, Lun A, Haller H, Böttger M. Histone H1-mediated transfection: serum inhibition can be overcome by Ca2+ ions. Pharm Res 2000; 17:229-35. [PMID: 10751040 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007581700996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the drawbacks of polycationic and cationic liposomal gene transfer is its sensitivity to serum. Gene therapy requires the transfectant-DNA complex to be resistant to serum as well as blood. Since Ca2+ has proved to be an efficient cofactor of polycationic gene transfer, we decided to investigate its effects on transfection in the presence of serum. METHODS We studied transgene expression of luciferase gene (pCMV Luc) on ECV 304 human endothelial cells using H1 histone and DOSPER as transfectants in the presence of 0-100% fetal calf serum. RESULTS H1-and DOSPER-mediated transfection was found to be inhibited by serum above the concentration of 10%. If 2 mM Ca2+ or 2 mM Ca2+/0.1 mM chloroquine was included in the culture medium which replace the transfection mixture and was left on the cells for 24 hours postincubation, the inhibiting effect of even 100% serum was overcome. CONCLUSIONS A high serum level does not interfere with binding and uptake of H1- and DOSPER-DNA complexes, but inhibits subsequent steps such as endosomal escape. Ca2+ in the form of nascent calcium phosphate microprecipitates and other lysosomolytical agents facilitate endosomal/lysosomal release by their fusigenic and membranolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haberland
- Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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47
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Zaitsev S, Buchwalow I, Haberland A, Tkachuk S, Böttger M. Immunocytochemical visualization of transfected DNA in cultured cells. Acta Histochem 2000; 102:49-55. [PMID: 10726164 DOI: 10.1078/0065-1281-00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral transfection is one of the modern methods for the incorporation of foreign genes into cells. This process involves uptake of foreign genetic material by the cell and further trafficking through the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Elucidation of cytoplasmic pathways of transfection complexes can be useful to improve already existing gene delivery systems or to establish new systems. To monitor transfection complexes in the cell during transfection, we elaborated a method for the visualization of transfection complexes by introducing digoxigenin-labelled nucleotides into foreign DNA followed by detection of digoxigenin label with the use of antibodies directed against digoxigenin. This procedure allowed the visualization of DNA in transfection complexes and to monitor these complexes in cells during transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zaitsev
- Department of Nephrology, Franz Volhard Clinic, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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