1
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Oestrogen regulates the expression of cathepsin E-A-like gene through ER
$$\upbeta $$
β
in liver of chicken (Gallus gallus). J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Vullo D, De Luca V, Del Prete S, Carginale V, Scozzafava A, Osman SM, AlOthman Z, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1253-9. [PMID: 26832216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea encodes for a γ-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), which was cloned, purified and characterized. The enzyme (CpsCAγ) has a moderate catalytic activity for the physiologic reaction of CO2 hydration to bicarbonate and protons, with a k(cat) 6.0×10(5) s(-1) and a k(cat)/K(m) of 4.7×10(6) M(-1) s(-1). A series of sulfonamides and a sulfamate were investigated as inhibitors of the new enzyme. The best inhibitor was metanilamide (K(I) of 83.5 nM) followed by indisulam, valdecoxib, celecoxib, sulthiame and hydrochlorothiazide (K(I)s ranging between 343 and 491 nM). Acetazolamide, methazolamide as well as other aromatic/heterocyclic derivatives showed inhibition constants between 502 and 7660 nM. The present study may shed some more light regarding the role that γ-CAs play in the life cycle of psychrophilic bacteria as the Antarctic one investigated here, by allowing the identification of inhibitors which may be useful as pharmacologic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di ChimicaBioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Viviana De Luca
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di ChimicaBioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di ChimicaBioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sameh M Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di ChimicaBioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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3
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De Luca V, Del Prete S, Vullo D, Carginale V, Di Fonzo P, Osman SM, AlOthman Z, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Expression and characterization of a recombinant psychrophilic γ-carbonic anhydrase (NcoCA) identified in the genome of the Antarctic cyanobacteria belonging to the genus Nostoc. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1069289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Napoli, Italy,
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy, and
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy, and
| | | | | | - Sameh M Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy, and
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Vullo D, De Luca V, Del Prete S, Carginale V, Scozzafava A, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3550-5. [PMID: 26174556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis encodes for a γ-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), which was cloned, purified and characterized. The enzyme (PhaCAγ) has a good catalytic activity for the physiologic reaction of CO2 hydration to bicarbonate and protons, with a k(cat) of 1.4×10(5) s(-1) and a k(cat)/K(m) of 1.9×10(6) M(-1)×s(-1). A series of sulfonamides and a sulfamate were investigated as inhibitors of the new enzyme. Methazolamide and indisulam showed the best inhibitory properties (K(I)s of 86.7-94.7 nM). This contribution shed new light on γ-CAs inhibition profiles with a relevant class of pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Viviana De Luca
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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5
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Goetz FW, Rise ML, Rise M, Goetz GW, Binkowski F, Shepherd BS. Stimulation of growth and changes in the hepatic transcriptome by 17β-estradiol in the yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:261-80. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00069.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of dietary 17β-estradiol (E2) on growth and liver transcriptomics were investigated in the yellow perch ( Perca flavescens). After a 3-mo treatment, E2 significantly stimulated an increase in length and weight of juvenile male and female perch relative to control animals. The increase was significantly greater in females compared with males. Separate, unnormalized cDNA libraries were constructed from equal quantities of RNA from 6 male and 6 female livers of E2-treated and control perch, and 3,546 and 3,719 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained, respectively. To characterize E2-regulated transcripts, EST frequencies between libraries were calculated within contiguous sequences that were assembled from the combined ESTs of both libraries. Frequencies were also determined in EST transcript groupings produced by aligning all of the ESTs from both libraries at the nucleotide level. From these analyses, there were 28 annotated transcripts that were regulated by 75% between libraries and for which there were at least 5 ESTs of the same transcript between libraries. Regulation of a subset ( 14 ) of these transcripts was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Transcripts that were upregulated by E2 included reproduction-related proteins, binding proteins, and proteases and protease inhibitors. While not part of the transcript frequency analysis, QPCR showed significant upregulation of estrogen receptor esr1 and of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in E2 livers. E2-downregulated transcripts represented a variety of functional categories including components of the respiratory chain, lipid transport and metabolism, glycolysis, amino acid and nitrogen metabolism, binding proteins, a hydrolytic enzyme, and a transcriptional regulator. In perch it appears that exogenous estrogen drastically shifts liver metabolism toward the production of lipoproteins and carbohydrate binding proteins, and that the growth-promoting action may involve an increase in hepatic IGF-I production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W. Goetz
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Marlies Rise
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Giles W. Goetz
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Frederick Binkowski
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian S. Shepherd
- Great Lakes WATER Institute/Agricultural Research Service/U.S. Department of Agriculture, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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6
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De Luca V, Maria G, De Mauro G, Catara G, Carginale V, Ruggiero G, Capasso A, Parisi E, Brier S, Engen JR, Capasso C. Aspartic proteinases in Antarctic fish. Mar Genomics 2009; 2:1-10. [PMID: 21798166 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present review surveys several recent studies of the aspartic proteinases from Antarctic Notothenioidei, a dominating fish group that has developed a number of adjustments at the molecular level to maintain metabolic function at low temperatures. Given the unique peculiarities of the Antarctic environment, studying the features of Antarctic aspartic proteinases could provide new insights into the role of these proteins in fish physiology. We describe here: (1) the biochemical properties of a cathepsin D purified from the liver of the hemoglobinless icefish Chionodraco hamatus; (2) the biochemical characterization of Trematomus bernacchii pepsins variants A1 and A2 obtained by heterologous expression in bacteria; and (3) the identification of two closely related, novel aspartic proteinases from the liver of the two Antarctic fish species mentioned above. Overall, the results show that Notothenioidei aspartic proteinases display a number of characteristics that are remarkably different from those of mammalian aspartic proteinases, including high turnover number or high catalytic efficiency. We have named the newly identified aspartic proteinases "Nothepsins" and classified them relative to aspartic proteinases from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Luca
- CNR, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Via P. Castellino 111-80131, Naples, Italy
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7
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Wang Y, Xue W, Sims AH, Zhao C, Wang A, Tang G, Qin J, Wang H. Isolation of four pepsin-like protease genes from Aspergillus niger and analysis of the effect of disruptions on heterologous laccase expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Borrelli L, De Stasio R, Filosa S, Parisi E, Riggio M, Scudiero R, Trinchella F. Evolutionary fate of duplicate genes encoding aspartic proteinases. Nothepsin case study. Gene 2006; 368:101-9. [PMID: 16376026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication is considered an important evolutionary mechanism leading to new gene functions. According to the classical model, one gene copy arising from gene duplication retains the ancestral function, whilst the other becomes subject to directional selection for some novel functions. Hence, according to this model, long-term persistence of two paralogous genes is possible only with the acquisition of functional innovation. In the absence of neofunctionalization, one of the duplicate genes may be lost following accumulation of deleterious mutations, ultimately leading to the loss of function. Recently, new mechanisms have been proposed according to which both paralogs are maintained without apparent neofunctionalization. In this paper we describe the molecular evolution of the aspartic proteinase gene family, with particular regard for the nothepsin gene, a sex- and tissue-specific form of aspartic proteinase active in fish. The finding of nothepsin in a reptile is indicative of the presence of this gene in organisms other than fish. However, the failure to find any nothepsin-like gene in avian, murine and human genome suggests that the gene has been lost in certain lineages during evolution. At variance with piscine nothepsin expressed exclusively in female liver under the estrogens action, the reptilian counterpart lacks both tissue and sex specificity, as it is constitutively expressed in different tissues of male and female specimens. The expression of the nothepsin gene in fish and lizard is accompanied by the expression of a paralogous gene encoding for cathepsin D. Functional divergence analysis indicates that cathepsin D accumulated amino acid substitutions, whereas nothepsin retained most of the ancestral functions. Phylogenetic analysis shows a preponderance of replacement substitutions compared to silent substitutions in the branch leading to the cathepsin D clade, whilst nothepsin evolves under negative selection. To explain the loss of the nothepsin gene in certain lineages, we propose a model that takes into account the complementary degenerative mutations occurring in regulatory elements of the promoter regions of the two genes. According to this model, gene loss occurs whenever the two genes acquire the same expression pattern. The coexistence of cathepsin D and nothepsin is explained in terms of metabolic cooperation of the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Borrelli
- Centro Musei delle Scienze Naturali, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Kurokawa T, Uji S, Suzuki T. Identification of pepsinogen gene in the genome of stomachless fish, Takifugu rubripes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 140:133-40. [PMID: 15621518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pepsinogen is a precursor of pepsin, a gastric specific protease belonging to the aspartic proteinase family. In teleosts, several species, such as zebrafish and puffer, have independently lost gastric glands. So whether puffer have pepsinogen gene or not is an interesting issue. A search of GSS database for pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes, revealed five different aspartic proteinase genes in its genome. One of them (pPep) has typical pepsinogen structure and belongs to the fish pepsinogen cluster by phylogenic analysis. The pPep antisense probe hybridized to the gastric glands of flounder stomach. Therefore, we concluded that pPep is a pufferfish pepsinogen. The pufferfish pepsinogen mRNA was not expressed in the digestive organs but specifically in the skin. We speculated that while Tetraodontiformes evolutionarily lost gastric glands, pufferfish pepsinogen acquired an alternative function to food digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahide Kurokawa
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Farming Biology Division, 422-1, Nansei, Mie 516-0193, Japan.
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10
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Ten Have A, Dekkers E, Kay J, Phylip LH, van Kan JAL. An aspartic proteinase gene family in the filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea contains members with novel features. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:2475-2489. [PMID: 15256589 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, an important fungal plant pathogen, secretes aspartic proteinase (AP) activity in axenic cultures. No cysteine, serine or metalloproteinase activity could be detected. Proteinase activity was higher in culture medium containing BSA or wheat germ extract, as compared to minimal medium. A proportion of the enzyme activity remained in the extracellular glucan sheath. AP was also the only type of proteinase activity in fluid obtained from B. cinerea-infected tissue of apple, pepper, tomato and zucchini. Five B. cinerea genes encoding an AP were cloned and denoted Bcap1-5. Features of the encoded proteins are discussed. BcAP1, especially, has novel characteristics. A phylogenetic analysis was performed comprising sequences originating from different kingdoms. BcAP1 and BcAP5 did not cluster in a bootstrap-supported clade. BcAP2 clusters with vacuolar APs. BcAP3 and BcAP4 cluster with secreted APs in a clade that also contains glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteinases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. All five Bcap genes are expressed in liquid cultures. Transcript levels of Bcap1, Bcap2, Bcap3 and Bcap4 are subject to glucose and peptone repression. Transcripts from all five Bcap genes were detected in infected plant tissue, indicating that at least part of the AP activity in planta originates from the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Ten Have
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, PO Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ester Dekkers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, PO Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Kay
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
| | - Lowri H Phylip
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, PO Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Carginale V, Trinchella F, Capasso C, Scudiero R, Riggio M, Parisi E. Adaptive evolution and functional divergence of pepsin gene family. Gene 2004; 333:81-90. [PMID: 15177683 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, a large proportion of genes is organized in gene families. Paralogous gene groups generated by gene duplication are related by homology, high degree of sequence identity and similar structural architecture of their products. Aspartic proteinases form a widely distributed protein superfamily including cathepsins, pepsins, renin and napsin. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences coding for various pepsins in 30 vertebrate species have been used to derive a gene phylogeny. Gene duplication and losses have been inferred from a reconciled tree, reconstructed by combining information from gene tree and species tree. Our findings based on the results of the relative rate ratio test and maximum likelihood analysis suggest that each round of gene duplication is characterized by adaptive evolution, although instances of evolution under positive selection have been found also long after divergence of gene families. The results of functional divergence analysis provided statistical evidence for shifted evolutionary rate after gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Carginale
- CNR Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Via Marconi 10, 80125 Naples, Italy
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12
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Inokuchi T, Ikuzawa M, Mineta T, Yasumasu S, Kobayashi KI. Molecular cloning of preprocathepsin E cDNA from the stomach of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 135:647-55. [PMID: 12892756 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA library was constructed from a poly(A)(+) RNA fraction of the gastric mucosa of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. We cloned a cDNA encoding preprocathepsin E (Pre-Pro-CE) from the library. The present study is the first demonstration of the Pre-Pro-CE cDNA of lower vertebrate such as amphibian. Amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA was compared with partial amino acid sequence determined by Edman degradation, suggesting that the cDNA comprises an open reading frame encoding a signal peptide (16 amino acids), a pro-sequence (33 amino acids) and a mature protein region (348 amino acids). Two consensus tri-peptide sequences (FDT and VDT) as active site and positions of seven cysteine residues were conserved in this amphibian CE. Although the bullfrog CE was deduced to contain one potential N-linked glycosylation site, its position (Asn(139)-Leu(140)-Thr(141)) was different from that of mammalian CEs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the bullfrog Pro-CE belongs to the typical Pro-CE group among various aspartic proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Inokuchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0245, USA.
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14
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Larkin P, Sabo-Attwood T, Kelso J, Denslow ND. Gene expression analysis of largemouth bass exposed to estradiol, nonylphenol, and p,p'-DDE. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 133:543-57. [PMID: 12470818 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the specific expression profile of 132 genes, some of which are estrogen responsive, in largemouth bass (LMB) following exposure to estradiol (E(2)), or to two hormonally active agents, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE), using gene array technology. The results of these experiments show that LMB exposed to E(2) and 4-NP had similar, but not identical genetic signatures for the genes examined, some of which are known to be estrogen-responsive genes. The differences suggest that 4-NP may have additional modes of action that are independent of the estrogen receptor (ER). We have also shown that exposure of male LMB to p,p'-DDE results in an increase in some estrogen-responsive genes. But in female LMB, the observed changes were a down-regulation of the normally up-regulated estrogen responsive genes. Other genes were also down-regulated. These results suggest that p,p'-DDE may affect regulation of genes differently in male and female LMB. This study further suggests that gene arrays have the potential to map out the gene activation pathways of hormonally active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larkin
- Department of Biochemistry, PO Box 100156 HC, 1600 Archer Road, MSB Building, Room MG-42, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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15
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Riggio M, Scudiero R, Filosa S, Parisi E. Oestrogen-induced expression of a novel liver-specific aspartic proteinase in Danio rerio (zebrafish). Gene 2002; 295:241-6. [PMID: 12354659 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic proteinases are a group of endoproteolytic proteinases active at acidic pH and characterized by the presence of two aspartyl residues in the active site. They include related paralogous proteins such as cathepsin D, cathepsin E and pepsin. Although extensively investigated in mammals, aspartic proteinases have been less studied in other vertebrates. In a previous work, we cloned and sequenced a DNA complementary to RNA encoding an enzyme present in zebrafish liver. The sequence resulted to be homologous to a novel form of aspartic proteinase firstly described by us in Antarctic fish. In zebrafish, the gene encoding this enzyme is expressed only in the female liver, in contrast with cathepsin D that is expressed in all the tissues examined independently of the sex. For this reason we have termed the new enzyme liver-specific aspartic proteinase (LAP). Northern blot analyses indicate that LAP gene expression is under hormonal control. Indeed, in oestrogen-treated male fish, cathepsin D expression was not enhanced in the various tissues examined, but the LAP gene product appeared exclusively in the liver. Our results provide evidence for an oestrogen-induced expression of LAP gene in liver. We postulate that the sexual dimorphic expression of the LAP gene may be related to the reproductive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Riggio
- Department of Evolutionary and Comparative Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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16
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Riggio M, Scudiero R, Filosa S, Parisi E. Sex- and tissue-specific expression of aspartic proteinases in Danio rerio (zebrafish). Gene 2000; 260:67-75. [PMID: 11137292 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Full-length zebrafish cDNAs encoding two aspartic proteinases were cloned and sequenced. One of the two cDNAs was a 1708 bp product with an open reading frame of 398 amino acid residues corresponding to a cathepsin D. The other was a 1383 bp product encoding a polypeptide chain of 416 amino acids homologous to nothepsin, an aspartic proteinase first identified by us in the liver of Antarctic Notothenioidei. Gene expression assessed by RT-PCR and northern blot hybridization of RNA from different tissues showed that the expression was tissue- and sex-specific. Whereas the cathepsin D gene was expressed in all the tissues examined independently of the sex, the nothepsin gene was expressed exclusively in female livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Riggio
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Comparata, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Capasso C, Lees WE, Capasso A, Scudiero R, Carginale V, Kille P, Kay J, Parisi E. Cathepsin D from the liver of the antarctic icefish Chionodraco hamatus exhibits unusual activity and stability at high temperatures1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1431:64-73. [PMID: 10209280 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D was purified to homogeneity from the liver of Antarctic icefish by anion-exchange chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A Sepharose. The purified enzyme showed a molecular mass of 40 kDa and displayed optimal activity at pH 3.0 with a synthetic chromogenic substrate. The N-terminal sequence of this proteinase was determined by automated Edman degradation and was used to design a primer for use in reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The open reading frame of the cloned cDNA encoded an aspartic proteinase, which contained the experimentally determined N-terminal sequence. The predicted sequence (396 residues) had a high similarity with those of cathepsin D from various vertebrate sources, but was considerably different from that of nothepsin, a distinct aspartic proteinase described previously from Antarctic fish [1]. Determination of kinetic parameters for substrate hydrolysis showed that, at temperatures between 8 and 50 degrees C, the icefish cathepsin D had a higher specificity constant (kcat/Km) than human cathepsin D. The stability of both enzymes was measured at 50 degrees C and half-lives of 55 and 3 min were derived for icefish and human cathepsin D, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Capasso
- CNR Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Enzymology, via Marconi, 10-I 80125, Naples, Italy
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