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Hatakeyama T, Unno H. Functional Diversity of Novel Lectins with Unique Structural Features in Marine Animals. Cells 2023; 12:1814. [PMID: 37508479 PMCID: PMC10377782 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their remarkable structural diversity, glycans play important roles as recognition molecules on cell surfaces of living organisms. Carbohydrates exist in numerous isomeric forms and can adopt diverse structures through various branching patterns. Despite their relatively small molecular weights, they exhibit extensive structural diversity. On the other hand, lectins, also known as carbohydrate-binding proteins, not only recognize and bind to the diverse structures of glycans but also induce various biological reactions based on structural differences. Initially discovered as hemagglutinins in plant seeds, lectins have been found to play significant roles in cell recognition processes in higher vertebrates. However, our understanding of lectins in marine animals, particularly marine invertebrates, remains limited. Recent studies have revealed that marine animals possess novel lectins with unique structures and glycan recognition mechanisms not observed in known lectins. Of particular interest is their role as pattern recognition molecules in the innate immune system, where they recognize the glycan structures of pathogens. Furthermore, lectins serve as toxins for self-defense against foreign enemies. Recent discoveries have identified various pore-forming proteins containing lectin domains in fish venoms and skins. These proteins utilize lectin domains to bind target cells, triggering oligomerization and pore formation in the cell membrane. These findings have spurred research into the new functions of lectins and lectin domains. In this review, we present recent findings on the diverse structures and functions of lectins in marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hideaki Unno
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Identification of the Ricin-B-Lectin LdRBLk in the Colorado Potato Beetle and an Analysis of Its Expression in Response to Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050364. [PMID: 34066637 PMCID: PMC8148562 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin-B-lectins (RBLs) have been identified in many groups of organisms, including coleopterans insects, particularly the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (LdRBLs). We hypothesized that one of these LdRBLs (LdRBLk) may be involved in the immune response to fungal infections. We performed a theoretical analysis of the structure of this protein. Additionally, the expression levels of the LdRBlk gene were measured in L. decemlineata in response to infections with the fungi Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. The expression levels of LdRBlk in the L. decemlineata cuticle and fat body were increased in response to both infections. The induction of LdRBlk expression was dependent on the susceptibility of larvae to the fungi. Upregulation of the LdRBlk gene was also observed in response to other stresses, particularly thermal burns. Elevation of LdRBlk expression was frequently observed to be correlated with the expression of the antimicrobial peptide attacin but was not correlated with hsp90 regulation. Commercially available β-lectin of ricin from Ricinuscommunis was observed to inhibit the germination of conidia of the fungi. We suggest that LdRBLk is involved in antifungal immune responses in the Colorado potato beetle, either exerting fungicidal properties directly or acting as a modulator of the immune response.
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Paulchamy R, Sreeramulu B, Karuppiah H, Arumugam G, Sundaram J. A serine protease-associated lectin in the cytolytic system of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala) larvae: Evidence and characterization. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21623. [PMID: 31579962 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic activity against invading microorganisms is one of the innate forms of immunity in invertebrates. A serine protease-associated sialic acid-specific cytolytic lectin was purified using glutaraldehyde-fixed ox erythrocytes from the larval extract of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala). The purified lectin lysed vertebrate erythrocytes with effective haemolysis of ox red blood cells (RBCs) in an isotonic medium. The degree of haemolytic (HL) activity of the purified cytolytic lectin depended on its concentration, pH, temperature, and calcium ions. It was sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The native molecular mass of the C-type lectin was 260 ± 26 kDa, comprising four different polypeptide subunits of 75 kDa (pI ~8), 69 kDa (pI ~7.0), 61 kDa (pI ~5.3), and 55 kDa (pI ~4.6). The association between the C-type lectin and serine protease was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis that revealed its homology in the same spectral peak as well as the proteases and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride inhibition of HL activity. Haemolysis inhibition by N-acetylneuraminic acid and other sugars revealed the properties of the lectin. The purified lectin distorted the integrity of ox RBCs and Paenalcaligenes hermetiae. This in vitro study documents the presence of a cytolytic system in blowfly (C. megacephala) larvae for the clearance of invading microbial pathogens in their feeding niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Paulchamy
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hilda Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wippler J, Kleiner M, Lott C, Gruhl A, Abraham PE, Giannone RJ, Young JC, Hettich RL, Dubilier N. Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into innate immunity and adaptations to a symbiotic lifestyle in the gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:942. [PMID: 27871231 PMCID: PMC5117596 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis has a completely reduced digestive and excretory system, and lives in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with bacterial symbionts. While considerable knowledge has been gained of the symbionts, the host has remained largely unstudied. Here, we generated transcriptomes and proteomes of O. algarvensis to better understand how this annelid worm gains nutrition from its symbionts, how it adapted physiologically to a symbiotic lifestyle, and how its innate immune system recognizes and responds to its symbiotic microbiota. Results Key adaptations to the symbiosis include (i) the expression of gut-specific digestive enzymes despite the absence of a gut, most likely for the digestion of symbionts in the host's epidermal cells; (ii) a modified hemoglobin that may bind hydrogen sulfide produced by two of the worm’s symbionts; and (iii) the expression of a very abundant protein for oxygen storage, hemerythrin, that could provide oxygen to the symbionts and the host under anoxic conditions. Additionally, we identified a large repertoire of proteins involved in interactions between the worm's innate immune system and its symbiotic microbiota, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins, lectins, fibrinogen-related proteins, Toll and scavenger receptors, and antimicrobial proteins. Conclusions We show how this worm, over the course of evolutionary time, has modified widely-used proteins and changed their expression patterns in adaptation to its symbiotic lifestyle and describe expressed components of the innate immune system in a marine oligochaete. Our results provide further support for the recent realization that animals have evolved within the context of their associations with microbes and that their adaptive responses to symbiotic microbiota have led to biological innovations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3293-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Wippler
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Energy Bioengineering and Geomicrobiology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.
| | - Christian Lott
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Via del Forno 80, 57034, Campo nell' Elba, (LI), Italy
| | - Alexander Gruhl
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard J Giannone
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jacque C Young
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.,Present Address: Saul Ewing LLP, 1500 Market Street, 37th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19102-2186, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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Nagao T, Masaki R, Unno H, Goda S, Hatakeyama T. Effects of amino acid mutations in the pore-forming domain of the hemolytic lectin CEL-III. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1966-9. [PMID: 27101707 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1176520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The hemolytic lectin CEL-III forms transmembrane pores in the membranes of target cells. A study on the effect of site-directed mutation at Lys405 in domain 3 of CEL-III indicated that replacements of this residue by relatively smaller residues lead to a marked increase in hemolytic activity, suggesting that moderately destabilizing domain 3 facilitates formation of transmembrane pores through conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonao Nagao
- a Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Risa Masaki
- a Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Hideaki Unno
- a Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Shuichiro Goda
- a Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- a Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
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Hatakeyama T, Goda S, Unno H. Mechanism of Action of the Pore-Forming Lectins Mediated by Binding to Cell Surface Carbohydrate Chains. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1427.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University
| | - Shuichiro Goda
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University
| | - Hideaki Unno
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University
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Hatakeyama T, Goda S, Unno H. Mechanism of Action of the Pore-Forming Lectins Mediated by Binding to Cell Surface Carbohydrate Chains. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1427.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University
| | - Shuichiro Goda
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University
| | - Hideaki Unno
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University
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Moura RM, Melo AA, Carneiro RF, Rodrigues CR, Delatorre P, Nascimento KS, Saker-Sampaio S, Nagano CS, Cavada BS, Sampaio AH. Hemagglutinating/Hemolytic activities in extracts of marine invertebrates from the Brazilian coast and isolation of two lectins from the marine sponge Cliona varians and the sea cucumber Holothuria grisea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 87:973-84. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Twenty species of marine invertebrates from the Brazilian coast were screened for hemagglutinating/hemolytic activity. In at least twelve tested species, hemagglutinating activity was different for different blood types, suggesting the presence of lectins. Extracts from four species showed hemolytic activity. Two new lectins were purified from the marine sponge Cliona varians (CvL-2) and sea cucumber Holothuria grisea (HGL). CvL-2 was able to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes and was inhibited by galactosides. The hemagglutinating activity was optimal in pH neutral and temperatures below 70 °C. CvL-2 is a trimeric protein with subunits of 175 kDa. On the other hand, HGL showed both hemagglutinating and hemolytic activity in human and rabbit erythrocytes, but hemolysis could be inhibited by osmotic protection, and agglutination was inhibited by mucin. HGL was stable in pH values ranging from 4 to 10 and temperatures up to 90 °C. In electrophoresis and gel filtration, HGL was a monomeric protein with 15 kDa. CvL-2 and HGL showed different levels of toxicity to Artemia naplii. CvL-2 showed LC50 of 850.1 μg/mL, whereas HGL showed LC50 of 9.5 µg/mL.
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Molecular Cloning, Functional Expression, and Characterization of Isolectin Genes of Hemolytic Lectin CEL-III from the Marine InvertebrateCucumaria echinata. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:276-82. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hisamatsu K, Nagao T, Unno H, Goda S, Hatakeyama T. Identification of the amino acid residues involved in the hemolytic activity of the Cucumaria echinata lectin CEL-III. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4211-7. [PMID: 23583369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CEL-III is a hemolytic lectin isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria echinata that shows Ca(2+)-dependent Gal/GalNAc-binding specificity. This lectin is composed of two carbohydrate-recognition domains (domains 1 and 2) and an oligomerization domain (domain 3) that facilitates CEL-III assembly in the target cell membrane to form ion-permeable pores. METHODS Several amino acid residues in domain 3 were replaced by alanine, and hemolytic activity of the mutants was examined. RESULTS K344A, K351A, K405A, K420A and K425A showed marked increases in activity. In particular, K405A had activity that was 360-fold higher than the wild-type recombinant CEL-III and 3.6-fold higher than the native protein purified from sea cucumber. Since these residues appear to play roles in the stabilization of domain 3 through ionic and hydrogen bonding interactions with other residues, the mutations of these residues presumably lead to destabilization of domain 3, which consequently induces the oligomerization of the protein through association of domain 3 in the membrane. In contrast, K338A, R378A and R408A mutants exhibited a marked decrease in hemolytic activity. Since these residues are located on the surface of domain 3 without significant interactions with other residue, they may be involved in the interaction with components of the target cell membrane. CONCLUSIONS Several amino acid residues, especially basic residues, are found to be involved in the hemolytic activity as well as the oligomerization ability of CEL-III. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results provide important clues to the membrane pore-forming mechanism of CEL-III, which is also related to that of bacterial pore-forming toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Hisamatsu
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Effects of detergents on the oligomeric structures of hemolytic lectin CEL-III as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:679-81. [PMID: 23470749 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic lectin CEL-III isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria echinata forms transmembrane pores by self-oligomerization in target cell membranes. It also formed soluble oligomers in aqueous solution upon binding with specific carbohydrates under conditions of high pH and a high salt concentration. The size of the soluble CEL-III oligomers decreased when treated with detergents such as Triton X-100 and SDS. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements suggested that the dissociated unit of the oligomer was a tightly associated CEL-III heptamer. Without detergents in solution, these heptamers further assembled into larger 21mer oligomers, comprising three heptamers held together by relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.
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Min GS, Sarkar IN, Siddall ME. Salivary Transcriptome of the North American Medicinal Leech, Macrobdella decora. J Parasitol 2010; 96:1211-21. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2496.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sasaki T, Hiraoka T, Kobayashi M. Hemolytic activity is mediated by the endogenous lectin in the mosquito hemolymph serum. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1032-1039. [PMID: 20193690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although cytolysis of invading organisms is an innate form of immunity used by invertebrates, so far the underlying mechanism remains less explored. The pupal hemolymph of the mosquito Armigeres subalbatus induces an activity that causes hemolysis of human red blood cells (HRBC). This hemolytic activity was inhibited by sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) and serine protease inhibitors. We purified the sialic acid-specific lectin(s) from the pupal hemolymph using formaldehyde-fixed HRBC and determined the sequence of the amino-terminal 19 amino acid residues. A polyclonal antibody produced against this N-terminal peptide clearly inhibited the hemolytic activity of the hemolymph in vitro, thus suggesting that the hemolysis of HRBC is caused by the lectin present in the mosquito hemolymph. We suggest that mosquitoes possess a cytolysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Laetiporus sulphureus lectin and aerolysin protein family. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 677:67-80. [PMID: 20687481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6327-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus produces a family of lectins (LSL's) sharing 80-90% sequence identity that possesses a low but significant sequence similarity to the bacterial pore-forming toxins mosquitocidal toxin Mtx-2 from Bacillus sphaericus and a toxin from Clostridium septicum. The crystal structure of one member of the L. sulphureus lectins family (LSLa) reveals unexpected structural similarities to the 1-pore-forming toxins from the aerolysin family, namely, aerolysin from the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, epsilon-toxin from Clostridium perfringens and parasporin from B. thuringiensis. This similarity presumably indicates that the hemolytic activity of LSLa proceeds through a molecular mechanism that involves the formation of oligomeric transmembrane beta-barrels. Comparison of the crystal structures of the above mentioned proteins reveals common pore-forming modules, which are then distributed both in bacteria and fungi. Currently, it can be stated that the above three dimensional structures have been key in revealing structural similarities that were elusive at the sequence level. A potential corollary from this is that structural studies aimed at determining high resolution structures of aerolysin-like pore-forming toxins, whose biological activity involves large conformational changes, are mandatory to define protein domains or structural motifs with membrane-binding properties.
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Forêt S, Knack B, Houliston E, Momose T, Manuel M, Quéinnec E, Hayward DC, Ball EE, Miller DJ. New tricks with old genes: the genetic bases of novel cnidarian traits. Trends Genet 2010; 26:154-8. [PMID: 20129693 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent thought on genome evolution has focused on the creation of new genes and changes in regulatory mechanisms while ignoring the role of selective gene loss in shaping genomes. Using data from two cnidarians, the jellyfish Clytia and the coral Acropora, we examined the relative significance of new 'taxonomically restricted' genes and selectively retained ancestral genes in enabling the evolution of novel traits. Consistent with its more complex life-cycle, the proportion of novel genes identified in Clytia was higher than that in the 'polyp only' cnidarians Nematostella and Hydra, but each of these cnidarians has retained a proportion of ancestral genes not present in the other two. The ubiquity and near-stochastic nature of gene loss can explain the discord between patterns of gene distribution and taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Effects of Ca2+ on refolding of the recombinant hemolytic lectin CEL-III. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:1203-5. [PMID: 19420692 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CEL-III is a hemolytic lectin isolated from Cucumaria echinata. Although recombinant CEL-III (rCEL-III) expressed in Escherichia coli showed very weak hemolytic activity compared with native protein, it was considerably enhanced by refolding in the presence of Ca(2+). This suggests that Ca(2+) supported correct folding of the carbohydrate-binding domains of rCEL-III, leading to effective binding to the cell surface and subsequent self-oligomerization.
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Grasso LC, Maindonald J, Rudd S, Hayward DC, Saint R, Miller DJ, Ball EE. Microarray analysis identifies candidate genes for key roles in coral development. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:540. [PMID: 19014561 PMCID: PMC2629781 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthozoan cnidarians are amongst the simplest animals at the tissue level of organization, but are surprisingly complex and vertebrate-like in terms of gene repertoire. As major components of tropical reef ecosystems, the stony corals are anthozoans of particular ecological significance. To better understand the molecular bases of both cnidarian development in general and coral-specific processes such as skeletogenesis and symbiont acquisition, microarray analysis was carried out through the period of early development - when skeletogenesis is initiated, and symbionts are first acquired. RESULTS Of 5081 unique peptide coding genes, 1084 were differentially expressed (P <or= 0.05) in comparisons between four different stages of coral development, spanning key developmental transitions. Genes of likely relevance to the processes of settlement, metamorphosis, calcification and interaction with symbionts were characterised further and their spatial expression patterns investigated using whole-mount in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION This study is the first large-scale investigation of developmental gene expression for any cnidarian, and has provided candidate genes for key roles in many aspects of coral biology, including calcification, metamorphosis and symbiont uptake. One surprising finding is that some of these genes have clear counterparts in higher animals but are not present in the closely-related sea anemone Nematostella. Secondly, coral-specific processes (i.e. traits which distinguish corals from their close relatives) may be analogous to similar processes in distantly related organisms. This first large-scale application of microarray analysis demonstrates the potential of this approach for investigating many aspects of coral biology, including the effects of stress and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta C Grasso
- Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Yoshida S, Shimada Y, Kondoh D, Kouzuma Y, Ghosh AK, Jacobs-Lorena M, Sinden RE. Hemolytic C-type lectin CEL-III from sea cucumber expressed in transgenic mosquitoes impairs malaria parasite development. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e192. [PMID: 18159942 PMCID: PMC2151087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The midgut environment of anopheline mosquitoes plays an important role in the development of the malaria parasite. Using genetic manipulation of anopheline mosquitoes to change the environment in the mosquito midgut may inhibit development of the malaria parasite, thus blocking malaria transmission. Here we generate transgenic Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes that express the C-type lectin CEL-III from the sea cucumber, Cucumaria echinata, in a midgut-specific manner. CEL-III has strong and rapid hemolytic activity toward human and rat erythrocytes in the presence of serum. Importantly, CEL-III binds to ookinetes, leading to strong inhibition of ookinete formation in vitro with an IC50 of 15 nM. Thus, CEL-III exhibits not only hemolytic activity but also cytotoxicity toward ookinetes. In these transgenic mosquitoes, sporogonic development of Plasmodium berghei is severely impaired. Moderate, but significant inhibition was found against Plasmodium falciparum. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stably engineered anophelines that affect the Plasmodium transmission dynamics of human malaria. Although our laboratory-based research does not have immediate applications to block natural malaria transmission, these findings have significant implications for the generation of refractory mosquitoes to all species of human Plasmodium and elucidation of mosquito–parasite interactions. Malaria is arguably the most important vector-borne disease worldwide, affecting 300 million people and killing 1–2 million people every year. The lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of the parasites' resistance to many existing anti-malarial drugs have aggravated the situation. Clearly, development of novel strategies for control of the disease is urgently needed. Mosquitoes are obligatory vectors for the disease and inhibition of parasite development in the mosquito has considerable promise as a new approach in the fight against malaria. Based on recent advances in the genetic engineering of mosquitoes, the concept of generating genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes that hinder transmission by either killing or interfering with parasite development is a potential means of controlling the disease. To generate these GM mosquitoes, the authors focused on a unique lectin isolated from the sea cucumber, which has both hemolytic and cytotoxic activities, as an anti-parasite effector molecule. A transgenic mosquito expressing the lectin effectively caused erythrocyte lysis in the midgut after ingestion of an infectious blood meal and severely impaired parasite development. This laboratory-acquired finding may provide significant implications for future malaria control using GM mosquitoes refractory to the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Yoshida
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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Gowda NM, Goswami U, Khan MI. Purification and characterization of a T-antigen specific lectin from the coelomic fluid of a marine invertebrate, sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:450-458. [PMID: 18282768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel lectin was purified from the coelomic fluid of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (HSL), subjected to bacterial challenge. HSL is a monomeric glycoprotein of molecular mass 182 kDa. The lectin is highly thermostable as it retains full activity for 1 h at 80 degrees C. Further, the hemagglutination activity of HSL is unaffected by pH in the range 2-11. Unlike other lectins purified from marine invertebrates, the hemagglutination activity of HSL does not require any divalent metal ions. The affinity profile of HSL was studied by a combination of hemagglutination inhibition and fluorescence spectroscopy. HSL binds to desialylated glycoproteins, MealphaGal, T-antigen and T (alpha-ser)-antigen with a distinction between beta1-4 and beta1-3 linkages. Mealpha-T-antigen was a potent ligand having highest affinity (Ka 8.32 x 10(7)M(-1)). Monosaccharide binding is enthalphically driven while disaccharide binding involves both entropic and enthalpic contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj M Gowda
- Gene Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
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Hatakeyama T, Unno H, Kouzuma Y, Uchida T, Eto S, Hidemura H, Kato N, Yonekura M, Kusunoki M. C-type Lectin-like Carbohydrate Recognition of the Hemolytic Lectin CEL-III Containing Ricin-type β-Trefoil Folds. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:37826-35. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hatakeyama T, Hozawa T, Hirotani I, Tsuda N, Kusunoki M, Shiba K. Characterization of a recombinant C-type lectin, rCEL-IV, expressed in Escherichia coli cells using a synthetic gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:318-25. [PMID: 16503091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The body fluid of marine invertebrate Cucumaria echinata (Holothuroidea) contains four Ca2+-dependent galactose-specific lectins. One of these lectins, CEL-IV, is composed of a C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain homotetramer. CEL-IV exhibits higher specificity for alpha-galactosides than for beta-galactosides, while other C. echinata lectins show preferential binding of beta-galactosides. We constructed an artificial synthetic gene for recombinant CEL-IV (rCEL-IV) based on the amino acid sequence previously determined from the purified protein. rCEL-IV was expressed in Escherichia coli cells as inclusion bodies. After the refolding process, most of rCEL-IV spontaneously formed a homotetramer structure having interchain disulfide bonds. The secondary structure of rCEL-IV was similar to that of the native one, as judged by the comparison of the far UV-circular dichroism spectra of rCEL-IV and native CEL-IV (nCEL-IV). Carbohydrate-binding specificity of rCEL-IV was confirmed to be similar to that of nCEL-IV from the results of the binding-inhibition assay using liposomes composed of rabbit erythrocyte lipids. Crystals of rCEL-IV were obtained in a few days by the sitting drop vapor diffusion method. These results indicate that rCEL-IV achieved essentially correct three-dimensional structure, including the carbohydrate-binding sites, and it would be very useful for further study on the carbohydrate-recognition mechanism by mutational and X-ray crystallographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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22
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Sugawara H, Kusunoki M, Kurisu G, Fujimoto T, Aoyagi H, Hatakeyama T. Characteristic Recognition of N-Acetylgalactosamine by an Invertebrate C-type Lectin, CEL-I, Revealed by X-ray Crystallographic Analysis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:45219-25. [PMID: 15319425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408840200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CEL-I is a C-type lectin, purified from the sea cucumber Cucumaria echinata, that shows a high specificity for N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). We determined the crystal structures of CEL-I and its complex with GalNAc at 2.0 and 1.7 A resolution, respectively. CEL-I forms a disulfide-linked homodimer and contains two intramolecular disulfide bonds, although it lacks one intramolecular disulfide bond that is widely conserved among various C-type carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). Although the sequence similarity of CEL-I with other C-type CRDs is low, the overall folding of CEL-I was quite similar to those of other C-type CRDs. The structure of the complex with GalNAc revealed that the basic recognition mode of GalNAc was very similar to that for the GalNAc-binding mutant of the mannose-binding protein. However, the acetamido group of GalNAc appeared to be recognized more strongly by the combination of hydrogen bonds to Arg115 and van der Waals interaction with Gln70. Mutational analyses, in which Gln70 and/or Arg115 were replaced by alanine, confirmed that these residues contributed to GalNAc recognition in a cooperative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sugawara
- Research Center for Structural and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Uchida T, Yamasaki T, Eto S, Sugawara H, Kurisu G, Nakagawa A, Kusunoki M, Hatakeyama T. Crystal structure of the hemolytic lectin CEL-III isolated from the marine invertebrate Cucumaria echinata: implications of domain structure for its membrane pore-formation mechanism. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37133-41. [PMID: 15194688 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404065200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CEL-III is a Ca(2+)-dependent and galactose-specific lectin purified from the sea cucumber, Cucumaria echinata, which exhibits hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities. Six molecules of CEL-III are assumed to oligomerize to form an ion-permeable pore in the cell membrane. We have determined the crystal structure of CELIII by using single isomorphous replacement aided by anomalous scattering in lead at 1.7 A resolution. CEL-III consists of three distinct domains as follows: the N-terminal two carbohydrate-binding domains (1 and 2), which adopt beta-trefoil folds such as the B-chain of ricin and are members of the (QXW)(3) motif family; and domain 3, which is a novel fold composed of two alpha-helices and one beta-sandwich. CEL-III is the first Ca(2+)-dependent lectin structure with two beta-trefoil folds. Despite sharing the structure of the B-chain of ricin, CEL-III binds five Ca(2+) ions at five of the six subdomains in both domains 1 and 2. Considering the relatively high similarity among the five subdomains, they are putative binding sites for galactose-related carbohydrates, although it remains to be elucidated whether bound Ca(2+) is directly involved in interaction with carbohydrates. The paucity of hydrophobic interactions in the interfaces between the domains and biochemical data suggest that these domains rearrange upon carbohydrate binding in the erythrocyte membrane. This conformational change may be responsible for oligomerization of CEL-III molecules and hemolysis in the erythrocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Uchida
- Research Center for Structural and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
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Hatakeyama T, Matsuo N, Shiba K, Nishinohara S, Yamasaki N, Sugawara H, Aoyagi H. Amino acid sequence and carbohydrate-binding analysis of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific C-type lectin, CEL-I, from the Holothuroidea, Cucumaria echinata. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:157-63. [PMID: 11866098 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CEL-I is one of the Ca2+-dependent lectins that has been isolated from the sea cucumber, Cucumaria echinata. This protein is composed of two identical subunits held by a single disulfide bond. The complete amino acid sequence of CEL-I was determined by sequencing the peptides produced by proteolytic fragmentation of S-pyridylethylated CEL-I. A subunit of CEL-I is composed of 140 amino acid residues. Two intrachain (Cys3-Cys14 and Cys31-Cys135) and one interchain (Cys36) disulfide bonds were also identified from an analysis of the cystine-containing peptides obtained from the intact protein. The similarity between the sequence of CEL-I and that of other C-type lectins was low, while the C-terminal region, including the putative Ca2+ and carbohydrate-binding sites, was relatively well conserved. When the carbohydrate-binding activity was examined by a solid-phase microplate assay, CEL-I showed much higher affinity for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine than for other galactose-related carbohydrates. The association constant of CEL-I for p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide (NP-GalNAc) was determined to be 2.3 x 10(4) M(-1), and the maximum number of bound NP-GalNAc was estimated to be 1.6 by an equilibrium dialysis experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Hatakeyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Japan.
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Sallay I, Tojo S, Nomiyama K, Kouzuma Y, Kimura M, Yamasaki N. Calcium ions stabilize a protein structure of hemolytic lectin CEL-III from marine invertebrate Cucumaria echinata. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:1347-52. [PMID: 11471734 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CEL-III, a galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc)-specific lectin purified from a marine invertebrate, Cucumaria echinata, has a strong hemolytic activity, especially toward human and rabbit erythrocytes in the presence of Ca2+. We evaluated the role of Ca2+ in hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities of CEL-III. We found that Ca2+ is closely associated with both activities of CEL-III. The fluorescence spectra of CEL-III upon binding to Ca2+ were measured. The result showed a structural change of CEL-III in the presence of Ca2+. The structural change of CEL-III upon Ca2+ binding was further demonstrated by stabilization against urea denaturation and by insusceptibility to protease digestions. CEL-III was completely unfolded at a low concentration of 2 M urea, while CEL-III complexed with Ca2+ was stable in 6 M urea. As for protease digestions, CEL-III monomer and oligomer were readily digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain in the absence of Ca2+, while they were insusceptible to the three proteases in the presence of Ca2+. The papain digestion of the decalcified oligomer produced a large C-terminal peptide, suggestting that the C-terminal region of CEL-III may participate in oligomerization of CEL-III as a core domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sallay
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sallay I, Moriwaki S, Nakamura O, Yasuda S, Kimura M, Yamasaki N, Itoh K, Ohba H. Interaction of the hemolytic lectin, CEL-III, with cultured human leukemic cell lines. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2000; 9:877-83. [PMID: 11177600 DOI: 10.1089/152581600750062318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We studied interaction of CEL-III with cultured human leukemic cell lines and lymphocytes from normal adults by evaluating the extent of cytotoxicity and cytoagglutination. Among acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines, CEL-III displayed increased toxicity against different acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines as a function of increasing differentiation stage. In the case of acute B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cell lines, CEL-III showed strong cytotoxicity against relatively immature cell lines. We found that CEL-III was more toxic for ALL cell lines than leukocytes obtained from peripheral blood of healthy adults. Strong influence of the additional amount of calcium ion on the extent of cytotoxicity was observed. In addition, we describe a new way to evaluate the extent of cytoagglutination in "% of agglutinated cells". These findings make CEL-III a promising candidate in research for lectins which bind to and destroy only the targeted leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sallay
- Material Chemistry Department, Kyushu National Industrial Research Institute, 907-1 Shuku, Tosu, Saga 841-0052, Japan.
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Kuwahara H, Funada T, Hatakeyama T, Aoyagi H. Effects of chemical modification of carboxyl groups in the hemolytic lectin CEL-III on its hemolytic and carbohydrate-binding activities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:1278-81. [PMID: 10923802 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects of chemical modification of carboxyl groups in the hemolytic lectin CEL-III on its activities were investigated. When carboxyl groups were modified with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and glycine methyl ester, hemolytic activity of CEL-III decreased as the EDC concentration increased, accompanied by reduction of oligomerization ability and hemagglutinating activity. However, binding ability of CEL-III for immobilized lactose was retained fairly well after modification, suggesting that one of two carbohydrate-binding sites might be responsible for such inactivation of CEL-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kuwahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Japan
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