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Ljevaković-Musladin I, Kozačinski L, Krilanović M, Vodnica Martucci M, Lakić M, Grispoldi L, Cenci-Goga BT. Enterotoxigenic and Antimicrobic Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Fresh Cheese in Croatia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2993. [PMID: 38138137 PMCID: PMC10745915 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain Staphylococcus aureus strains harbour staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and hence can produce enterotoxin during their growth in food. Therefore, food can be a source of staphylococcal food poisoning, one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide. Epidemiological data show that S. aureus is often present in raw milk cheeses, and consequently, cheeses are often the source of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from fresh cheese, including antibiotic susceptibility; the presence of classical sea-see enterotoxin genes through molecular methods; and the isolate's ability to produce SEA-SEE enterotoxins in vitro through reversed passive latex agglutination. A total of 180 coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 18 out of 30 cheese samples, and 175 were confirmed as S. aureus through latex agglutination and API STAPH tests. All isolates possessed phenotypic characteristics typical for S. aureus, with certain variations in the egg yolk reaction (18.3% of the isolates showed a weak reaction and 28% no reaction at all) and haemolysis pattern (36.6% of the isolates produced double-haemolysis and 4.6% were non-haemolytic). Antibiotic resistance was observed in 1.1% of the isolates and to mupirocin only. Real-time PCR detected the sec gene in 34 (19.4%) isolates, but most isolates (80.6%) were not enterotoxigenic. For all 34 (19.4%) strains that carried the sec gene, the RPLA method detected the production of the SEC enterotoxin in vitro. For those enterotoxigenic strains, the possibility of enterotoxin production in fresh cheese could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ljevaković-Musladin
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Lidija Kozačinski
- Department of Hygiene, Technology and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marija Krilanović
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Marina Vodnica Martucci
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Mato Lakić
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
| | - Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
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Zare S, Derakhshandeh A, Haghkhah M, Naziri Z, Broujeni AM. Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus from different sources by RAPD-PCR analysis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02231. [PMID: 31517083 PMCID: PMC6728420 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium which is carried as a normal flora organism but has a major role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of different staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. Fifty S. aureus isolated from banknotes, foods, human infections and bovine mastitis were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to examine their genotypic polymorphism and investigate the amount of genetic relatedness among these various isolates. At 100% RAPD profile similarity level, isolates were classified into four, five and seven groups of the same clone, according to the RAPDPCR with OLP6, OLP11 and OLP13 primers, respectively. Amplification of the isolates resulted in several polymorphic bands ranged from >50 to >1500 bp in size. Maximum number of bands was obtained by primer OLP13 which produced seven bands in bovine mastitis isolates. Most polymorphisms were observed in isolates of bovine mastitis and the lowest were associated with human infections isolates. There was no relationship between the RAPD patterns and the sources of isolates, except the three clusters which showed host specificity and only included the strains from the same sources. The results confirm the wide genotypic diversity of the studied S. aureus strains. RAPD-PCR technique can be a valuable tool for assessing the genetic relationship, detection of polymorphism in S. aureus and tracing the sources and management of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Zare
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Haghkhah
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Naziri
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Motamedi Broujeni
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Shawish RR, Al-Humam NA. Contamination of beef products with staphylococcal classical enterotoxins in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2016; 11:Doc08. [PMID: 27088066 PMCID: PMC4819169 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food-borne pathogens are of high concern for public health and food safety. Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning is one of the most economically devastating types of food poisoning globally. The purpose of this study was to detect staphylococcal classical enterotoxins (SEs) in processed beef from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Egypt. In the present investigation a total of 250 random processed meat samples (50 each of minced meat, beef burger, beef sausage, beef kofta and beef luncheon) were collected from different super markets in the study area. Using conventional cultural methods, samples were cultured for isolation and identification of S. aureus. Multiplex PCR was used to detect SEs of the classical type SEA, SEB, SEC and SED from isolates. The percentage presence of S. aureus in minced meat, beef burger, beef sausage, beef kofta and beef luncheon was 38%, 22%, 30%, 32% and 12%, respectively. Multiplex PCR indicated that all examined samples contain different types of classical staphylococcal enterotoxins and only minced meat samples contained all four types of toxins. Multiplex PCR is efficient in detection of SEs from food and may be used in tracing of toxins to promote food hygiene. Implications of contamination of processed meat to food hygiene in the study area are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyad R Shawish
- Department of Food Hygiene & Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Naser A Al-Humam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Akindolire MA, Babalola OO, Ateba CN. Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Milk: A Public Health Implication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10254-75. [PMID: 26308035 PMCID: PMC4586610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and virulence genes determinants of S. aureus isolated from milk obtained from retail outlets of the North-West Province, South Africa. To achieve this, 200 samples of raw, bulk and pasteurised milk were obtained randomly from supermarkets, shops and some farms in the North-West Province between May 2012 and April 2013. S. aureus was isolated and positively identified using morphological (Gram staining), biochemical (DNase, catalase, haemolysis and rapid slide agglutination) tests, protein profile analysis (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) and molecular (nuc specific PCR) methods. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined using the phenotypic agar diffusion method. Genes encoding enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins and collagen adhesins were also screened using PCR. Among all the samples examined, 30 of 40 raw milk samples (75%), 25 of 85 bulk milk samples (29%) and 10 of 75 pasteurised milk samples (13%) were positive for S. aureus. One hundred and fifty-six PCR-confirmed S. aureus isolates were obtained from 75 contaminated milk samples. A large proportion (60%-100%) of the isolates was resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and erythromycin. On the contrary, low level resistance (8.3%-40%) was observed for gentamicin, kanamycin and sulphamethoxazole. Methicillin resistance was detected in 59% of the multidrug resistant isolates and this was a cause for concern. However, only a small proportion (20.6%) of these isolates possessed PBP2a which codes for Methicillin resistance in S. aureus. In addition, 32.7% of isolates possessed the sec gene whereas the sea, seb sed, see, cna, eta, etb genes were not detected. The findings of this study showed that raw, bulk and pasteurised milk in the North-West Province is contaminated with toxigenic and multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. There is a need to implement appropriate control measures to reduce contamination as well as the spread of virulent S. aureus strains and the burden of disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyiwa Ajoke Akindolire
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.
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The distribution of pathogenic and toxigenic genes among MRSA and MSSA clinical isolates. Microb Pathog 2015; 81:60-6. [PMID: 25778391 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is considered as a notorious nosocomial pathogen among hospitalized patients and community-dwelling subjects. Its increasing morbidity and mortality is believed to be due to antibiotic resistance. However, the data concerning molecular properties of infecting strains are few. In this study, a total of 192 S. aureus strains, including 88 (45.8%) meticillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 104 (54.2%) meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were recovered from clinical samples. The prevalence of subtypes containing staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SSCmec), staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) and exfoliative toxin was assessed by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and vancomycin resistance of each isolate were evaluated by disk diffusion method and micro-dilution method, respectively. 9 (2.3%) strains required MIC > 2 mg/l of vancomycin, which significantly increased among multi drug resistant (MDR), MRSA and SCCmec type III strains (p < 0.05). 171 (89%), 140 (72.91%), 7 (3.6), 78 (48.6%), 5 (2.6%), 151 (78.64%), 129 (67.18%), 178 (92.7%) and 15 (7.8%) of 192 isolates harbored mecA, entA, entB, entC, entD, entE, eta, etb and tsst-1 genes, respectively. 31 (16.14%), 5 (2.6%), 95 (49.48%) and 7 (3.64%) of 192 isolates carried SCCmec type I, II, III and IV, respectively. We found a significantly higher rate of MRSA and resistance to all tested antibiotics, except to penicillin G, kanamycin and linezolide among the SCCmec type III class (p < 0.05). According to our findings, MSSA isolates should be taken as seriously as MRSA strains due to the potential presence of broad spectrum virulence factor genes.
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Enterotoxinomics: The omic sciences in the study of staphylococcal toxins analyzed in food matrices. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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7
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Spanu V, Scarano C, Virdis S, Melito S, Spanu C, De Santis EPL. Population structure of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank goat's milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:310-5. [PMID: 23458027 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk can represent a potential threat to human health, due to the introduction of pathogenic strains into dairy food supply chain. The present study was performed to investigate the genetic variation among S. aureus strains isolated from bulk tank goat's milk. The virulence profiles were also assessed to link the isolates with the potential source of milk contamination. A population study was performed on 60 strains using distance-based methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the output was analyzed using Structure statistical software (University of Chicago; http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/structure.html ). This Bayesian clustering model tool allows one to assign individuals into a population with no predefined structure. In order to assess partition of genetic variability among isolates, groups obtained by Structure were also investigated using analysis of molecular variance. S. aureus was recovered in 60 out of 78 samples (76.9%) collected from 26 farms. According to PFGE analysis, the strains were divided into 25 different pulsotypes and grouped into two main clusters. Restriction profiles, analyzed by Structure, allowed us to identify two distinct S. aureus genetic groups. Within each group, the strains showed a high coefficient of membership. A great part of genetic variability was attributable to within-groups variation. On the basis of the virulence profile, 45% of the isolates were linked to "animal" biovar, while 6.7% could be assigned to "human" biovar. Out of 60 strains, 27 were characterized by in vitro production of either enterotoxins A (5.0%), C (38.3%), or D (1.7%). The present study showed a high prevalence of bulk tank goat's milk contamination with S. aureus of animal origin. The presence in goat's milk of S. aureus strains able to produce enterotoxins and their potential introduction into dairy chain may represent a serious threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Spanu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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8
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Böhme K, Morandi S, Cremonesi P, Fernández No IC, Barros-Velázquez J, Castiglioni B, Brasca M, Cañas B, Calo-Mata P. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Italian dairy products by MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2355-64. [PMID: 22887156 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a known pathogen, causing serious food-borne intoxications due to the production of enterotoxins, being otherwise a major cause of mastitis. In this sense, the detection of S. aureus is an important issue for the food industry to avoid health hazards and economic losses. The present work applied MALDI-TOF MS for the classification of 40 S. aureus strains, 36 isolated from Italian dairy products and four from human samples. All isolated strains were clearly identified as S. aureus by their spectral fingerprints. The peak masses m/z 3444, 5031, and 6887 were determined to be specific biomarkers for S. aureus. Furthermore, clustering of the peak mass lists was successfully applied as a typing method, resulting in eight groups of strains. This is the first time that a detailed spectral comparison was carried out and characteristic peak masses were determined for every spectral group. Three strains exhibited a peak at m/z 6917 instead of m/z 6887, which was related to four polymorphisms in their 16S rRNA sequences. However, the grouping obtained by MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting could not be related to toxin production or to the origin of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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9
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Vázquez-Sánchez D, López-Cabo M, Saá-Ibusquiza P, Rodríguez-Herrera JJ. Incidence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in fishery products marketed in Galicia (Northwest Spain). Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:286-96. [PMID: 22704064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 298 fishery products purchased from retail outlets in Galicia (NW Spain) between January 2008 and May 2009 were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was detected in a significant proportion of products (~25%). Incidence was highest in fresh (43%) and frozen products (30%), but it was high in all other categories: salted fish (27%), smoked fish (26%), ready-to-cook products (25%), non-frozen surimis (20%), fish roes (17%) and other ready-to-eat products (10%). A significant proportion of smoked fish, surimis, fish roes and other ready-to-eat products did not comply with legal limits in force. RAPD-PCR of 125 S. aureus isolated from fishery products was carried out using three primers (AP-7, ERIC-2 and S). Isolates displayed 33 fingerprint patterns. Each pattern was attributed to a single bacterial clone. Cluster analysis based on similarity values between RAPD fingerprints did not find relationship between any RAPD pattern and any product category. Isolates were also tested for se genes and susceptibility to a range of antibiotics (cephalothin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, penicillin G, tetracycline, vancomycin, methicillin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Most isolates (88%) were found to be sea positive. Putative enterotoxigenic strains counts reached high risk levels in 17 products. No relationship was found between the presence of se genes and RAPD patterns. All isolates were resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, and most to tetracycline (82.4%), but none was methicillin-resistant. A revision of pre-requisite programs leading to improve hygienic practices in handling and processing operations from fishing or farming to retail is recommended to ensure fishery products safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vázquez-Sánchez
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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Kav K, Col R, Ardic M. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from white-brined Urfa cheese. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1788-96. [PMID: 22054178 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes in Urfa cheese samples and to characterize the enterotoxigenic potential of these isolates. From a total of 127 Urfa cheese samples, 53 isolates (from 41.7% of the samples) were identified by a species-specific PCR assay as S. aureus. Of these isolates, 40 (75.5%) gave positive PCR results for the 3' end of the coa gene. The coa-positive S. aureus strains were characterized for their population levels and enterotoxigenic properties, including slime factor, β-lactamase, antibiotic susceptibilities, production of the classical SEs (SEA through SEE), in both cheese and liquid cultures by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for the presence of specific genes, including classical SE genes (sea through see), mecA, femA, and spa, by PCR. The genetic relatedness among the coa-positive S. aureus isolates was investigated by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and the 23S rRNA gene spacer. The 23S rRNA gene spacer and coa RFLP analysis using AluI and Hin6I revealed 14 different patterns. SEB, SEC, and SEA and SEE were detected by ELISA in three cheese samples. Fourteen S. aureus strains harbored enterotoxin genes sea through see, and three strains carried multiple toxin genes. The most commonly detected toxin gene was sec (25% of tested strains). Of the 40 analyzed S. aureus strains, 3 (7.5%) were mecA positive. Based on tandem repeats, four coa and spa types were identified. The results of this study indicate that S. aureus and SEs are present at significant levels in Urfa cheese. These toxins can cause staphylococcal food poisoning, creating a serious hazard for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursat Kav
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Campus, 42075 Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
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11
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Argudín MÁ, Mendoza MC, Vázquez F, Rodicio MR. Exotoxin gene backgrounds in bloodstream and wound Staphylococcus aureus isolates from geriatric patients attending a long-term care Spanish hospital. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1605-1612. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ángeles Argudín
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Mendoza
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Vázquez
- Monte Naranco Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Rosario Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Spanu V, Spanu C, Virdis S, Cossu F, Scarano C, De Santis EPL. Virulence factors and genetic variability of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw sheep's milk cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:53-7. [PMID: 22094181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of dairy products with Staphylococcus aureus can be of animal or human origin. The host pathogen relationship is an important factor determining genetic polymorphism of the strains and their potential virulence. The aim of the present study was to carry out an extensive characterization of virulence factors and to study the genetic variability of S. aureus strains isolated from raw ewe's milk cheese. A total of 100 S. aureus strains isolated from cheese samples produced in 10 artisan cheese factories were analyzed for the presence of enterotoxins (sea-see) and enterotoxins-like genes (seh, sek, sel, sem, seo, sep), leukocidins, exfoliatins, haemolysins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and the accessory gene regulator alleles (agr). Strains were also typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). AMOVA analysis carried out on PFGE and PCR data showed that the major component explaining genetic distance between strains was the dairy of origin. Of the total isolates 81% had a pathogenicity profile ascribable to "animal" biovar while 16% could be related to "human" biovar. The biovar allowed to estimate the most likely origin of the contamination. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nine antimicrobial agents and the presence of the corresponding genes coding for antibiotic resistance was also investigated. 18 strains carrying blaZ gene showed resistance to ampicillin and penicillin and 6 strains carrying tetM gene were resistant to tetracycline. The presence of mecA gene and methicillin resistance, typical of strains of human origin, was never detected. The results obtained in the present study confirm that S. aureus contamination in artisan cheese production is mainly of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Spanu
- Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Prevalence of toxicogenic bacteria in some foods and detection of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes using multiplex PCR. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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14
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Occurrence and characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from minimally processed vegetables and sprouts in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Diverse enterotoxin gene profiles among clonal complexes of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the Bronx, New York. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6839-49. [PMID: 19749060 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00272-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) can cause toxin-mediated disease, and those that function as superantigens are implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The prevalence of 19 enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR in clinical S. aureus strains derived from wounds (108) and blood (99). We performed spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine clonal origin, and for selected strains staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Strains carried a median of five SE genes. For most SE genes, the prevalence rates among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates, as well as wound- and blood-derived isolates, did not differ. At least one SE gene was detected in all except two S. aureus isolates (>99%). Complete egc clusters were found in only 11% of S. aureus isolates, whereas the combination of sed, sej, and ser was detected in 24% of clinical strains. S. aureus strains exhibited distinct combinations of SE genes, even if their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and MLST patterns demonstrated clonality. USA300 strains also showed considerable variability in SE content, although they contained a lower number of SE genes (mean, 3). By contrast, SE content was unchanged in five pairs of serial isolates. SEB production by individual strains varied up to 200-fold, and even up to 15-fold in a pair of serial isolates. In conclusion, our results illustrate the genetic diversity of S. aureus strains with respect to enterotoxin genes and suggest that horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements encoding virulence genes occurs frequently.
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Pelisser MR, Klein CS, Ascoli KR, Zotti TR, Arisi ACM. Ocurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and multiplex pcr detection of classic enterotoxin genes in cheese and meat products. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:145-8. [PMID: 24031334 PMCID: PMC3768504 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090001000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex PCR was used to investigate the presence of enterotoxins genes (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and femA gene (specific for Staphylococcus aureus) in coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) isolated from cheese and meat products. From 102 CPS isolates, 91 were positive for femA, 10 for sea, 12 for sed and four for see.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Regina Pelisser
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis, SC , Brasil ; Universidade do Contestado , Concórdia, SC , Brasil
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17
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Labib M, Hedström M, Amin M, Mattiasson B. A capacitive biosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1539-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Boynukara B, Gulhan T, Gurturk K, Alisarli M, Ogun E. Evolution of slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterotoxigenic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various human clinical specimens. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1296-1300. [PMID: 17893164 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the slime production of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and the enterotoxigenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus strains, and to evaluate the clinical importance of slime-producing CoNS and enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains isolated from various human clinical specimens. For this purpose, a total of 120 Staphylococcus strains were isolated and identified, and further characterized for their slime production and enterotoxigenicity. Of the clinical isolates, 55 (45.8 %) were found to be S. aureus, and the others (54.2 %) were identified as CoNS. Of the CoNS, 20 (16.7 %) were further identified as Staphylococcus hominis, 18 (15 %) as Staphylococcus epidermidis, six (5 %) as Staphylococcus xylosus, six (5 %) as Staphylococcus warneri, five (4.2 %) as Staphylococcus sciuri, four (3.3 %) as Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and two each (1.7 %) as Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, respectively. Thirty-nine (60 %) of 65 CoNS were found to be slime producers. Slime production was observed in all CoNS, except S. capitis, mostly from blood (38.5 %), tracheal aspiration (20.5 %) and urine (12.8 %) specimens. In addition, of the 55 S. aureus isolates, 46 (83.6 %) were found to be enterotoxigenic, and of these S. aureus strains, 39 (84.7 %) were positive for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE)A. The results of this study showed that the slime-producing CoNS were mostly found in clinical specimens of blood, tracheal aspirate and urine. SEA was the predominant enterotoxin type detected in S. aureus strains from human clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banur Boynukara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Timur Gulhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Kemal Gurturk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Alisarli
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Erdal Ogun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Yuzuncu Yıl, 65080 Van, Turkey
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Schlosser G, Kacer P, Kuzma M, Szilágyi Z, Sorrentino A, Manzo C, Pizzano R, Malorni L, Pocsfalvi G. Coupling immunomagnetic separation on magnetic beads with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6945-52. [PMID: 17827336 PMCID: PMC2074950 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01136-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing importance of mass spectrometry for the identification and characterization of bacterial protein toxins is a consequence of the improved sensitivity and specificity of mass spectrometry-based techniques, especially when these techniques are combined with affinity methods. Here we describe a novel method based on the use of immunoaffinity capture and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for selective purification and detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). SEB is a potent bacterial protein toxin responsible for food poisoning, as well as a potential biological warfare agent. Unambiguous detection of SEB at low-nanogram levels in complex matrices is thus an important objective. In this work, an affinity molecular probe was prepared by immobilizing anti-SEB antibody on the surface of para-toluene-sulfonyl-functionalized monodisperse magnetic particles and used to selectively isolate SEB. Immobilization and affinity capture procedures were optimized to maximize the density of anti-SEB immunoglobulin G and the amount of captured SEB, respectively, on the surface of magnetic beads. SEB could be detected directly "on beads" by placing the molecular probe on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization target plate or, alternatively, "off beads" after its acidic elution. Application of this method to complex biological matrices was demonstrated by selective detection of SEB present in different matrices, such as cultivation media of Staphylococcus aureus strains and raw milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Schlosser
- Proteomic and Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Institute of Food Science and Technology, C.N.R., Avellino, Italy
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20
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Oh SK, Lee N, Cho YS, Shin DB, Choi SY, Koo M. Occurrence of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat food in Korea. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1153-8. [PMID: 17536673 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) food is a leading cause of foodborne illness in Korea. To monitor food contamination by S. aureus, a total of 3332 RTE food samples were selected from nationwide wholesale marts between 2003 and 2004 and examined. A total of 285 (8.6%) of the overall samples were contaminated by S. aureus. According to the analysis, 31.6% of the tested cream-cakes, 19.8% of the raw fish, and 19.3% of the rice cakes with filling were contaminated with S. aureus. Forty-seven percent of the strains isolated from the contaminated food were enterotoxigenic S. aureus. The phenotypic result of the strain isolated from food showed that 48% of the strains produced one or more toxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC). At least one SEA was produced by over 90% of the toxigenic strains. Other toxins, such as SEB, SEC, SED, SEA+SEC, and SEC+SED, were each detected. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), a causative agent of toxic shock syndrome, was detected in 13 strains of the toxigenic isolates from the food. As the result of genotyping, 22 strains with a toxin gene that was not detected in the phenotypic analysis were also detected. Sixty-nine percent of the toxigenic strains had at least one sea gene, and the most prevalent genotype was sea+seh (34.4%), followed by sea (18.8%) and sea+seg+sei (15.6%). The tst gene encoding TSST-1 was found in 13 strains (13.5%). The genes (eta and etb) encoding exfoliative toxins A and B were not detected in any of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kyung Oh
- Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Songnam, Kyunggi-do, 463-746, Korea
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21
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Normanno G, La Salandra G, Dambrosio A, Quaglia NC, Corrente M, Parisi A, Santagada G, Firinu A, Crisetti E, Celano GV. Occurrence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat and dairy products. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 115:290-6. [PMID: 17321621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be one of the leading causes of food-borne illnesses. Milk, dairy products and meats are often contaminated with enterotoxigenic strains of this bacterium. Foodstuff contamination may occur directly from infected food-producing animals or may result from poor hygiene during production processes, or the retail and storage of foods, since humans may carry the microorganism. The number of S. aureus strains that exhibits antimicrobial-resistance properties has increased, together with the potential risk of transmitting the same properties to the human microflora via foods or inducing infections hard to be treated. This paper reports the results of a 3-year survey (2003-2005) on the occurrence of S. aureus in meat and dairy products. Of 1634 samples examined, 209 (12.8%) were contaminated with S. aureus. A total of 125 enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains were biotyped and their antimicrobial resistance pattern tested. Most of the isolated strains produced SED (33.6%), followed by SEA (18.4%), SEC (15.2%), SEB (6.4%) and belonged mainly to the Human ecovar (50.4%), followed by Ovine (23.2%), Non-Host-Specific (17.6%), Bovine (7.2%) and Poultry-like (1.6%) ecovars. Finally, the 68.8% analysed strains showed antimicrobial resistance properties at least at one of antibiotics tested. Human biotype showed antimicrobial resistance at more than one antibiotic than the other biotypes (p<0.05). The results provided evidence that the presence of enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial resistant strains of S. aureus has become remarkably widespread in foods. This calls for better control of sources of food contamination and of the spread of antimicrobial-resistance organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Normanno
- Department of Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 70010 Valenzano (Bari) Italy.
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NORMANNO G, DAMBROSIO A, QUAGLIA N, LORUSSO V, MERICO A, GERMINARIO G, ABENANTE R, NARCISI D, FIRINU A, CELANO G. DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN A FROM RICOTTA CHEESE BY CELL CULTURE. J FOOD QUALITY 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2006.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Chapaval L, Moon D, Gomes J, Duarte F, Tsai S. USE OF PCR TO DETECT CLASSICAL ENTEROTOXINS GENES (ENT) AND TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME TOXIN-1 GENE (TST) IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM CRUDE MILK AND DETERMINATION OF TOXIN PRODUCTIVITIES OF S. AUREUS ISOLATES HARBORING THESE GENES. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v73p1652006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT During a 2-year period (2003-2004), 132 strains of Staphylococcusaureus isolated from crude milk (without thermal treatment) collected in different places in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, were investigated for the presence of genes for enterotoxins (ent) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst). Polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) was performed by using 6 pairs of relevant oligonucleotide primers. Ninety isolates (68.18%) were positive for (47 strains) or 2 (43 strains) toxin genes. The combination of entA and tst showed the highest prevalence (33 strains).The good correlation between PCR results and toxin protein detection and identification by optimum-sensitivity-plate (OSP) test was observed when 44.45% of strains showed positive for toxin production.
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Quddoumi SS, Bdour SM, Mahasneh AM. Isolation and characterization of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus from livestock and poultry meat. ANN MICROBIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03174998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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El-Huneidi W, Bdour S, Mahasneh A. Detection of enterotoxin genes seg, seh, sei, and sej and of a novel aroA genotype in Jordanian clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 56:127-32. [PMID: 16725300 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes (seg, seh, sei, and sej) and the correlation of their prevalence with the genotypes were studied in 100 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of SE genes indicated that 39% of the isolates were enterotoxigenic. Thirty-seven percent of the total isolates were seg positive, whereas 24% and 4% were sei and seh positive, respectively. All isolates containing sei were positive for seg, whereas sej gene was not detected. Genotyping by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the aroA gene revealed that 39% of the isolates were type A and 11% were type B, and 50% displayed a novel (N) genotype. The presence of the enterotoxin genes was independent (P < 0.05) of the genotypes of the tested S. aureus isolates. This study has demonstrated that the seg was the most dominant enterotoxin gene and that the enterotoxigenic Jordanian S. aureus isolates belong to different genotypes, and N genotype was predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem El-Huneidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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26
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Naffa RG, Bdour SM, Migdadi HM, Shehabi AA. Enterotoxicity and genetic variation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Jordan. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:183-187. [PMID: 16434711 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 100 Jordanian clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates was analysed for the presence of the enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed and see using multiplex PCR. Twenty-three isolates (23 %) were potentially enterotoxigenic. The prevalence of sea, sec and sea plus sec among the total clinical isolates was 15, 4 and 4 %, respectively. None of the isolates harboured sed, seb or see genes. S. aureus isolates were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to test whether isolates harbouring the toxin genes were genetically clustered. A total of 13 genotypes was identified at a 47 % similarity level. Genotypes I and V accounted for the largest number of enterotoxigenic isolates (19 %). This study has demonstrated the genetic diversity of Jordanian clinical S. aureus isolates and shown that the presence of the toxin genes is not genotype specific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hussein M Migdadi
- National Center for Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer, Amman, Jordan
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27
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Rapini L, Cerqueira M, Carmo L, Veras J, Souza M. Presença de Staphylococcus spp. produtores de enterotoxinas e da toxina da síndrome do choque tóxico em manipuladores de queijo de cabra. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352005000600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agruparam-se 167 cepas de Staphylococcus, isoladas de diferentes sítios (fossas nasais, orofaringe, palma das mãos e leitos subungueais), de dois manipuladores de queijos de leite de cabra, em pools (45), de acordo com a similaridade da espécie e o local de origem, e testou-se o seu potencial de produção de enterotoxinas (SE) A, B, C e D, e da toxina da síndrome do choque tóxico (TSST-1). Constatou-se que 62,2% dos pools foram capazes de produzir, de forma individual ou associada, SEA (33,3%); SEB (46,7%); SEC (8,9%); SED (4,4%) e TSST-1 (4,4%). Dos pools enterotoxigênicos, 96,4% corresponderam a espécies coagulase negativa (Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus cohnii). A capacidade de produção de SE e de TSST-1 pelas cepas de Staphylococcus spp. isoladas dos manipuladores, além de reafirmar sua importância na transmissão de intoxicações de origem alimentar, enfatiza a necessidade imprescindível da adoção de condutas higiênicas e sanitárias durante a manipulação do alimento.
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Pinto B, Chenoll E, Aznar R. Identification and typing of food-borne Staphylococcus aureus by PCR-based techniques. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005; 28:340-52. [PMID: 15997707 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of using PCR for rapid identification of food-borne Staphylococcus aureus isolates was evaluated as an alternative to the API-Staph system. A total of 158 strains, 15 S. aureus, 12 other staphylococcal species, and 131 isolates recovered from 164 food samples were studied. They were phenotypically characterized by API-Staph profiles and tested for PCR amplification with specific primers directed to thermonuclease (nuc) and enterotoxin (sea to see) genes. Disagreement between the PCR results and API-Staph identification was further assessed by the analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles obtained with three universal primers (M13, T3, and T7) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Forty out of 131 isolates (31%) tested positive for PCR enterotoxin. Of these, 14 (11%) were positive for sea, 22 (17%) for sec, one (0.8%) for sed, and three (2.2%) for sea and sec. No amplification corresponding to seb nor see was obtained. Cluster analysis based on RAPD profiles revealed that most of the sec positive food isolates grouped together in three clusters. Cluster analysis combining the three RAPD fingerprints (M 13, T3, and T7), PCR-enterotoxin genotype and API-Staph profiles, grouped the nuc PCR positive isolates together with S. aureus reference strains and the nuc PCR negative isolates with reference strains of other staphylococcal species. The only nuc PCR positive food isolate that remained unclustered was a sed positive strain identified by 16S rDNA sequence as S. simulans. The high concordance between S. aureus and nuc PCR positive strains (99%) corroborates the specificity of the primers used and the suitability of nuc PCR for rapid identification of S. aureus in routine food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pinto
- Departamento de Microbiologta y Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain
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29
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Fueyo JM, Mendoza MC, Alvarez MA, Martín MC. Relationships between toxin gene content and genetic background in nasal carried isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Asturias, Spain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 243:447-54. [PMID: 15686848 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nasal carriers, producers and non-producers (43 isolates each) of classical pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs), were screened for 17 additional PTSAg-genes by PCR. Percentages of 88.4 and 65.1 were positive for some new enterotoxin-gene, and 76.7 and 55.8 for enterotoxin-gene-clusters (egc-like), respectively. The 86 isolates belonged to 17 toxin-genotypes (all eta-, etb-, etd-, see- and sep-negative), and generated 40 SmaI-genomic profiles that in a dendrogram of similarity (S0.7) clustered into nine lineages and 11 non-clustered branches. Correlations between classical PTSAgs and SmaI-lineages were established and egc-like groupings appeared dispersed in six lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Fueyo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Area de Microbiologia, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Claveria no. 6, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
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Villard L, Lamprell H, Borges E, Maurin F, Noël Y, Beuvier E, Chamba J, Kodjo A. Enterotoxin D producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus are typeable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Food Microbiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Fueyo JM, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR, Muñiz J, Alvarez MA, Martín MC. Cytotoxin and pyrogenic toxin superantigen gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and relationships with macrorestriction genomic profiles. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1278-84. [PMID: 15750096 PMCID: PMC1081256 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.3.1278-1284.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 09/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 84 Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in Asturias (a cattle region of Spain) and six control strains were tested for sequences of genes encoding hemolysins (hla, hlb, hld, hlg, and hlg-2), leukotoxins (lukPV, lukM, and lukED), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst), and enterotoxins (sea to see, seg to ser, and seu) by conventional and multiplex PCR. It was found that 84, 83, 11, and 39 isolates carried some type of hl, luk, tst, or se gene, respectively, which were arranged in 14 exotoxin genotypes. All of the isolates were negative for lukPV, hlg, sea, sed, see, sej, sek, sep, seq, and ser. Two gene groupings could be related with pathogenicity islands-[lukED, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo +/- seu] with Sabeta-1 and [tst, sec, sel] with SaPIbov, present in 45 and 13.1% of the isolates, respectively-while 11.9% of them carried both islands. Only one contained seb (together with upsilonSabeta-1), and another contained seh (together with lukED). The isolates were also analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis performed with SmaI. Thirty-nine SmaI profiles (similarity coefficient [S] = 0.94 to 0.21) were differentiated; 12, 1, and 10 of these, respectively, were generated by isolates presumptively carrying Sabeta-1, SaPIbov, or both. Five SmaI profiles (S > or = 0.8) formed a cluster, which contained 20 and 10 isolates carrying one (upsilonSabeta-1) or both islands. These data show the high frequency of genes encoding cytotoxins and pyrogenic toxin superantigens, their relationship with pathogenicity islands, and their distribution among a diversity of genetic types of S. aureus related to subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fueyo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Carretera de Infiesto s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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32
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Kwon NH, Kim SH, Park KT, Bae WK, Kim JY, Lim JY, Ahn JS, Lyoo KS, Kim JM, Jung WK, Noh KM, Bohach GA, Park YH. Application of extended single-reaction multiplex polymerase chain reaction for toxin typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in South Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 97:137-45. [PMID: 15541800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The extended single-reaction multiplex PCR (esr-mPCR) developed in this study to detect staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEH, SEI, and SEJ, requires fewer sets of primers than other conventional multiplex PCRs and can be used to detect newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxins SEs more readily. Esr-mPCR analysis of 141 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from abattoir and livestock product samples revealed that 27 of the S. aureus isolates were toxigenic, and two were 2 multitoxigenic isolates. The most prevalent SE type was SEI followed by SEA and SEH. In addition, we investigated the clonal relatedness of toxigenic S. aureus isolates by arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR). AP-PCR analysis of toxigenic S. aureus isolates revealed that the discriminatory power of AP-PCR was 9 (D=0.81), 8 (D=0.77), and 10 types (D=0.83) with primers AP1, ERIC2, and AP7, respectively. The combination of three each AP-PCR result could rearrange toxigenic S. aureus isolates into 10 types and five subtypes, with the D-value of 0.92. Interestingly, our data showed that toxigenic S. aureus isolates from different sources had different fingerprinting patterns although some of them carried the same types of SE genes. These data suggest that combinations of esr-mPCR and AP-PCR can provide a powerful approach for epidemiological investigation of toxigenic S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Shilim 9-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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33
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Fueyo JM, Mendoza MC, Martín MC. Enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin in Staphylococcus aureus recovered from human nasal carriers and manually handled foods: epidemiological and genetic findings. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:187-94. [PMID: 15715991 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of 269 Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from nasal carriers and manually handled foods in a region of Spain was analyzed for pyrogenic toxin production and toxin genes. Fifty-seven isolates producing at least one of four enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED), 10 isolates producing only toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), and 10 isolates producing both toxin types were found. The 77 toxigenic isolates were discriminated into 36 SmaI genomic and 13 EcoRI plasmid profiles. A strong relationship between toxin profiles with both SmaI genomic and EcoRI plasmid profiles was revealed. SmaI genomic profiles showing six or less mismatching fragments and similarity coefficient > or =0.7 were included in a lineage. Eight lineages were differentiated; six of them grouped both human and food isolates and two of these also included outbreak-implicated isolates. Two lineages, represented by TSST-SEA and TSST-1, on the one hand, and SEC and SEC-SED isolates, on the other hand, were the most frequent, but only the second was outbreak-related. When SmaI genomic and EcoRI plasmid profiles were hybridized with tst, sea, seb, and sec toxin probes, it was observed that each probe mapped on a different SmaI fragment from isolates falling into the same lineage. All of the probes only mapped on genomic fragments, but sed also mapped on three plasmid fragments. When sej and ser probes were included, they mapped together with sed on the chromosome and on the plasmids. Two plasmids (ca. 33 and 36 kb) carried the expected sed-sej-ser genes, while the other (ca. 53.5 kb) carried sed-sej and ser-like genes. The latter plasmid and the chromosomal location of sed-sej-ser are new findings from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Fueyo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Area de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería no. 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Blaiotta G, Ercolini D, Pennacchia C, Fusco V, Casaburi A, Pepe O, Villani F. PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from meat and dairy products. Evidence for new variants of seG and seI in S. aureus AB-8802. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:719-30. [PMID: 15357721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluation of the occurrence of most known staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes, egc (enterotoxin gene cluster) and TSST1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin 1) gene in both coagulase-positive (CPS) and coagulase-negative (CNS) staphylococcal strains isolated from meat and dairy products. METHODS AND RESULTS Specificity and reliability of the PCR detection methods used were ascertained by using nine reference strains of Staphylococcus (S. aureus) harbouring SE genes (seA to seE; seG, seH, seI, seM, seJ, seN and seO) and egc (containing the following sequence of genes: seO, seM, seI, phient1, phient2, seN and seG). Of 109 wild Staphylococcus spp. strains analysed, only 11 S. aureus strains were SE and/or TSST1 PCR-positive. The last 11 strains also appeared to harbour the egc. Restriction endonuclease analysis of part of the egc of both reference and wild strains showed that different variants of the egc exist. Moreover, nucleotide sequences of seG and seI indicate that the egc of the strain AB-8802 is characterized by the presence of variants of these enterotoxins (seGv and seIv). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of SE genes in CNS and other non-S. aureus species isolated from Napoli-type salami, raw water buffalo milk and natural whey cultures used for mozzarella cheese manufacturing is very rare. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY During this study it was shown that at least five different egc may exist in S. aureus. A thorough study of egc polymorphism should provide further insight into the phylogenetics of the egc.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Blaiotta
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Sezione di Microbiologia Agraria, Alimentare, Ambientale e di Igiene, Stazione di Microbiologia Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, Portici, Italy
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Martín MC, Fueyo JM, González-Hevia MA, Mendoza MC. Genetic procedures for identification of enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus from three food poisoning outbreaks. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 94:279-86. [PMID: 15246239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three food poisoning restaurant outbreaks due to Staphylococcus aureus, occurring during June-October 2002 in the Principality of Asturias (PA), Spain, provided the basis for investigating some aspects of the molecular epidemiology of this organism. The methods applied to identify strains and lineages included multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect nine enterotoxin (se) genes, and three DNA fingerprinting procedures: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with two selected primers, and plasmid restriction analysis with HindIII. Thirty-two isolates were differentiated into three non-se and 12 se strains, which were outbreak-specific, except for one that was represented in two of the outbreaks. In outbreak 1, the 16 food isolates analyzed had sec, seg and sei genes and generated a distinctive DNA fingerprint, being assigned to a single strain. This strain could be categorized as endemic in the PA and associated to manually handled dairy products and nasal carriers. In outbreak 2, the four food isolates analyzed fell into three strains, each one displaying a different se-gene profile (sea, sec and seg-seh-sei) and a distinctive DNA fingerprint. In outbreak 3, the five food isolates tested fell into four seg-sei strains generating identical RAPD but different PFGE and plasmid profiles, and one sea strain also collected from two nasal carriers. This last strain had also been found in manually handled vegetables in outbreak 2, and it belongs to a not very frequently found sea lineage in the PA. Multiplex-PCR to detect se genes together with the three applied DNA fingerprint typing procedures proved therefore to be useful tools in subclassifying S. aureus for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Martín
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Stepán J, Pantůcek R, Doskar J. Molecular diagnostics of clinically important staphylococci. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2004; 49:353-86. [PMID: 15530002 DOI: 10.1007/bf03354664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial species of the genus Staphylococcus known as important human and animal pathogens are the cause of a number of severe infectious diseases. Apart from the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, other species until recently considered to be nonpathogenic may also be involved in serious infections. Rapid and accurate identification of the disease-causing agent is therefore prerequisite for disease control and epidemiological surveillance. Modern methods for identification and typing of bacterial species are based on genome analysis and have many advantages compared to phenotypic methods. The genotypic methods currently used in molecular diagnostics of staphylococcal species, particularly of S. aureus, are reviewed. Attention is also paid to new molecular methods with the highest discriminatory power. Efforts made to achieve interlaboratory reproducibility of diagnostic methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stepán
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
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Usefulness of a two-step PCR procedure for detection and identification of enterotoxigenic staphylococci of bacterial isolates and food samples. Food Microbiol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(02)00180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hennekinne JA, Kerouanton A, Brisabois A, De Buyser ML. Discrimination of Staphylococcus aureus biotypes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA macro-restriction fragments. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 94:321-9. [PMID: 12534825 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of DNA macro-restriction fragments could provide better discrimination among the different biotypes previously described within the species Staphylococcus aureus than the traditional biochemical approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy three Staph. aureus strains from various sources (human, animal or food origin) and belonging to eight biotypes, including the poultry-like biotype, tentatively designated as an 'abattoir' biotype, were genotyped by PFGE after SmaI digestion of DNA. The PFGE patterns were compared using the average linkage matching method (UPGMA) with the Dice coefficient. A total of 61 PFGE patterns were observed, showing between 31 and 100% similarity. In most cases, strains with the same biotype were grouped specifically into one, two or three separate sub-clusters. Strains from the 'abattoir' biotype were clustered in one separate sub-cluster. CONCLUSIONS The PFGE typing is useful to distinguish the traditional biotypes of Staph. aureus and has a more discriminatory power than the biochemical typing. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PFGE typing confirms the 'abattoir' biotype as a separate group on a genetic level and is well suited to investigate modes of staphylococcal contamination of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hennekinne
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Hygiène et la Qualité des Aliments, 41, rue du 11 novembre 1918, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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del Cerro A, Soto S, Landeras E, González-Hevia M, Guijarro J, Mendoza M. PCR-based procedures in detection and DNA-fingerprinting of Salmonella from samples of animal origin. Food Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2002.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Soriano JM, Font G, Moltó JC, Mañes J. Enterotoxigenic staphylococci and their toxins in restaurant foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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