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Bizley SC, Dudhia J, Smith RKW, Williams AC. Transdermal drug delivery in horses: An in vitro comparison of skin structure and permeation of two model drugs at various anatomical sites. Vet Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37185892 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral and parenteral drug delivery in horses can be difficult. Equine-specific transdermal drug formulations offer improved ease of treatment; development of such formulations requires a deeper understanding of the structural and chemical tissue barrier of horse skin. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare the structural composition and barrier properties of equine skin. ANIMALS Six warmblood horses (two males, four females) with no skin diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Routine histological and microscopic analyses were carried out with image analysis for skin from six different anatomical locations. In vitro drug permeation was analysed using a standard Franz diffusion cell protocol coupled with reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography detailing flux, lag times and tissue partitioning ratios of two model drug compounds. RESULTS Epidermal and dermal thicknesses varied between sites. The dermal and epidermal thicknesses of the croup were 1764 ± 115 μm and 36 ± 3.6 μm, respectively, and were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the inner thigh thicknesses which were 824 ± 35 μm and 49 ± 3.6 μm. Follicular density and size also varied. The highest flux for the model hydrophilic molecule (caffeine) was for the flank (3.22 ± 0.36 μg/cm2 /h), while that for the lipophilic molecule (ibuprofen) was for the inner thigh (0.12 ± 0.02 μg/cm2 /h). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Anatomical location differences in equine skin structure and small molecule permeability were demonstrated. These results can aid in the development of transdermal therapies for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Bizley
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Roger K W Smith
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Kalvala AK, Bagde A, Arthur P, Kulkarni T, Bhattacharya S, Surapaneni S, Patel NK, Nimma R, Gebeyehu A, Kommineni N, Meckes, Jr. DG, Sun L, Banjara B, Mosley-Kellum K, Dinh TC, Singh M. Cannabidiol-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:554. [PMID: 36839877 PMCID: PMC9964872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer patients, chronic paclitaxel (PTX) treatment causes excruciating pain, limiting its use in cancer chemotherapy. The neuroprotective potential of synthetic cannabidiol (CBD) and CBD formulated in extracellular vesicles (CBD-EVs) isolated from human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells was investigated in C57BL/6J mice with PTX-induced neuropathic pain (PIPN). The particle size of EVs and CBD-EVs, surface roughness, nanomechanical properties, stability, and release studies were all investigated. To develop neuropathy in mice, PTX (8 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered every other day (four doses). In terms of decreasing mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, CBD-EVs treatment was superior to EVs treatment or CBD treatment alone (p < 0.001). CBD and CBD-EVs significantly reduced mitochondrial dysfunction in dorsal root ganglions and spinal homogenates of PTX-treated animals by modulating the AMPK pathway (p < 0.001). Studies inhibiting the AMPK and 5HT1A receptors found that CBD did not influence the neurobehavioral or mitochondrial function of PIPN. Based on these results, we hypothesize that CBD and CBD-EVs mitigated PIPN by modulating AMPK and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Kalvala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Arvind Bagde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Peggy Arthur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Tanmay Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Sunil Surapaneni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Nil Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Ramesh Nimma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Aragaw Gebeyehu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - David G. Meckes, Jr.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Bipika Banjara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Keb Mosley-Kellum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Thanh Cong Dinh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
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Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Krenczkowska D, Bazar D, Wielgomas B, Cal K, Kaliszan M. Comparative study of the percutaneous permeation and bioaccumulation of the cyclic siloxane using frozen-thawed and nonfrozen ex vivo human skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105379. [PMID: 35561954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Literature shows contradictory information regarding the effect of freezing the excise skin ex vivo on the diffusion of substances into the skin. Few studies indicate that storing the human or animal skin in a frozen state decreases the barrier properties after thawing. Therefore, to understand the properties of frozen skin, we evaluated the effect of storage of ex vivo human skin (2 weeks at -20 °C) on the penetration of stratum corneum and permeation into deeper skin layers (epidermis, and dermis) as well as to the receptor fluid by octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) a representative test compound of cyclic siloxanes. The main research were preceded by checking the integrity of nonfrozen ex vivo human skin in comparison to the frozen-thawed one by using the Electrical Resistance technique (ER) and the fluorescence microscopy. Samples collected in the skin absorption experiment were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results of this study demonstrated that freezing of excised ex vivo human skin at -20 °C for up to 14 days does not alter the permeability of D4 in a statistically significant manner. Thus, our results confirmed the validity of using skin storage conditions for testing the penetration and permeation of xenobiotics recommended by the OECD, EMA, and WHO guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
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Dave V, Bhardwaj N, Gupta N, Tak K. Herbal ethosomal gel containing luliconazole for productive relevance in the field of biomedicine. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:97. [PMID: 32099738 PMCID: PMC7005235 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study includes development, characterization, and optimization of herbal ethosomal formulation. The aim of the present study is to develop drug loaded ethosomes capped with Azadirachta indica (neem) which, was further incorporated in Carbopol 934 K thereby, resulting in the formation of ethosomal gel. The formulation is aimed to express effective treatment against fungal infection. The build was formulated using drug (Luliconazole), soyalecithin, ethanolic neem extract and propylene glycol. In total nine ethosomal, formulations of distinct concentrations of ingredients were processed, to determine out the optimized formulation among the all. Further the prepared drug loaded ethosomes were subjected to various evaluation parameters like particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI) and % entrapment efficiency. For the evaluation of its surface morphology, transmission electron microscopy was executed whereas, atomic force microscopy was carried out which contributes in detail and depth information of surface morphology. For the analysis of thermal behavior Thermal gravimetric analysis graph was obtained for luliconazole, soyalecithin, neem extract, physical mixture and optimized formulation (LF5). Attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopy was performed for luliconazole, soyalecithin, neem extract, physical mixture, and optimized formulation (LF5) to examine the interaction between the drug and the excipients. Viscosity, pH, spreadability and extrudability of the ethosomal gel were calculated to determine the suitability of the formulation for topical application. In vitro drug permeation study and antifungal activity was executed out with the aid of Wistar albino rat skin model and tube dilution assay respectively. The complete study wrap up, that this herbal ethosomal approach provides advanced sustained and targeted delivery of luliconazole. On analyzing the results, ethosomal formulation LF5 was found to be optimized one, due to its optimum concentration of soyalecithin (300 mg) and ethanol (35%). Hence it has maximum entrapment efficiency of 86.56 ± 0.74%. Optimum vesicle size, zeta potential, and PDI were found to be 155.30 ± 1.2 nm, - 42.20 ± 0.3 mV, and 0.186 ± 0.07 respectively. In vitro drug permeation study expresses release of 83.45 ± 2.51 in 24 h whereas; the in vivo activity proved that LF5 is more active and effective against Candida parapsilosis in comparison to Aspergillus niger. In the end, it was estimated that ethosomal suspension and lyophilized ethosomal suspension was utmost stable at 4 °C/60 ± 5 RH. The complete study clearly indicates that the buildup of ethosomal formulation with luliconazole and neem extract show synergistic effect thereby, expressing excellent result against the treatment of fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dave
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022 India
| | - Nishant Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022 India
| | - Nikita Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022 India
| | - Kajal Tak
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022 India
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Paliwal S, Tilak A, Sharma J, Dave V, Sharma S, Yadav R, Patel S, Verma K, Tak K. Flurbiprofen loaded ethosomes - transdermal delivery of anti-inflammatory effect in rat model. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:133. [PMID: 31170970 PMCID: PMC6554971 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethosomes have been widely used in Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) as they increase the permeation of drug across the skin. Methods Flurbiprofen loaded vesicular ethosomes were formulated, optimized and characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, poly dispersive index (PDI), microscopy using Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Interaction of drug and excipients were studied using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Further, ethosomal formulations of flurbiprofen were evaluated for stability study of three months and in vitro drug permeation study was carried out using albino rat skin. In addition, skin irritation test was evaluated by Draize test and in vivo study of prepared formulation was examined through paw edema assay by inducing carrageenan and cold plate method. Results Amongst all formulations, EF5 formulation exhibited ideal surface morphology, with maximum entrapment efficiency (95%) with optimal excipient concentration i.e. 200 mg phospholipid and 35% ethanol. The ideal vesicle size was achieved as 162.2 ± 2 nm, with zeta potential − 48.14 ± 1.4 mV with the PDI of 0.341. In-vitro permeation study shows a release of 82.56 ± 2.11 g/cm2 in 24 h and transdermal flux was found as 226.1 μg/cm2/h. Cold plate test indicates that the formulation EF5 showed a marked analgesic activity and Carrageenan induced paw edema test indicates that the formulation EF5 inhibits the increase in paw edema. Ethosomal suspension at 4 °C showed maximum stability. Conclusions The overall study concluded that this ethosomal approach offers a new delivery system for sustained and targeted delivery for flurbiprofen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1064-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Amita Tilak
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Jaiprakash Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, SMS Medical College, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Dave
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Renubala Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Saraswati Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Kanika Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Kajal Tak
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
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Dennerlein K, Göen T, Zobel M, Boos AM, Drexler H, Kilo S. Dermal penetration and resorption of beta-naphthylamine and N-phenyl-beta-naphthylamine from lubricants in an ex vivo human skin model. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:934-941. [PMID: 28747005 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dermal Penetration of aromatic amines (AA's), often suspected or known to be carcinogenic, can play an important role in the overall human exposure. However, information on penetration of certain AA's is poor and inconsistent. Penetration of the former lubricant additive N-phenyl-beta-naphthylamine (PBNA) and its contaminant beta-naphthylamine (BNA) a known carcinogen was investigated and the influence of formulation and co-application characterized. Percutaneous penetration of BNA and PBNA through freshly excised human skin (n = 8; 48 h) was investigated using an ex vivo diffusion cell model. Both AA's were applied in a technical-conform lubricant or dissolved in hexane. The amount of BNA and PBNA applied to skin was 0.52 and 259 μg/0.64 cm2. The analytical determination of AA's was performed by GC-MS. Both, BNA and PBNA penetrated through human skin (38 vs. 5% of applied dose). In contrast to BNA, the percutaneous penetration of PBNA continued beyond the end of exposure. Co-exposure of both AA's increased the intradermal uptake of BNA and PBNA (p < 0.05). Exposure in lubricant showed the least overall penetration (2.9 and 1.9% of applied dose). The results clearly reveal that dermal penetration of both AA's depends strongly on the mode of application. Co-application and formulation alters the penetration of the AA's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Dennerlein
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie Zobel
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja M Boos
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sonja Kilo
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Praça FSG, Medina WSG, Eloy JO, Petrilli R, Campos PM, Ascenso A, Bentley MVLB. Evaluation of critical parameters for in vitro skin permeation and penetration studies using animal skin models. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 111:121-132. [PMID: 28951120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro skin permeation/penetration studies may be affected by many sources of variation. Herein, we aimed to investigate the major critical procedures of in vitro skin delivery studies. These experiments were performed with model drugs according to official guidelines. The influence of skin source on penetration studies was studied as well as the use of a cryopreservation agent on skin freezing evaluated by transepidermal water loss, electrical resistance, permeation/penetration profiles and histological changes of the skin. The best condition for tape stripping procedure was validated through the evaluation of the distribution of corneocytes, mass of stratum corneum (SC) removed and amount of protein removed using finger pressure, a 2kg weight and a roller. The interchangeability of the tape stripping procedures followed by the epidermis and dermis homogenate and the micrometric horizontal cryostat skin sectioning methods were also investigated, besides the effect of different formulations. Noteworthy, different skin sources were able to ensure reliable interchangeability for in vitro permeation studies. Furthermore, an increased penetration was obtained for stored frozen skin compared to fresh skin, even with the addition of a cryoprotectant agent. The best method for tape stripping was the finger pressure followed by the addition of a propylene glycol solvent leading to better SC removal. Finally, no significant difference was found in skin penetration studies performed by different methods suggesting their possible interchangeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Silva Garcia Praça
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Josimar O Eloy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Petrilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Mazureki Campos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Ascenso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria Vitória L B Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Beránková M, Hojerová J, Melegová L. Exposure of amateur gardeners to pesticides via the non-gloved skin per day. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:224-235. [PMID: 28778749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To predict a risk to gardeners not wearing protective gloves, the dermal absorption of three active insecticides was assessed in vitro using porcine ear-skin simulating 1-h handling of diluted plant protection products. Acetamiprid and Pirimicarb were found in the receptor fluid immediately after 1-h skin exposure, whereas Chlorpyrifos-methyl absorbed in the skin was not released into the receptor fluid even after 23 hours. The Estimated Gardener Exposure Level (EGEL) at 23 hours after 1-h exposure for two worst-case scenarios (i) non-gloved hands; (ii) non-gloved hands/uncovered forearms, was (i) 0.002, 0.042, and 0.057; (ii) 0.006, 0.101, and 0.135 mg/kg bw/day for Acetamiprid, Pirimicarb, and Chlorpyrifos-methyl, respectively, although the systemically available Chlorpyrifos-methyl amount, due to retention in the skin, is probably lower than determined. The Gardener Exposure Risk (GER), as a ratio of Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (databased values) to EGEL, for Acetamiprid was (i) 35 and 12-fold higher than the limit 1, so the risk via the skin is assumed to be low. Based on the GER values of (i) 0.83 and 0.18; (ii) 0.34 and 0.07 (i.e.<1) for Pirimicarb and Chlorpyrifos-methyl, respectively there is a level of concern regarding the health risk to gardeners handling pesticide products without skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beránková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jarmila Hojerová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Linda Melegová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Dave V, Yadav RB, Kushwaha K, Yadav S, Sharma S, Agrawal U. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles: Development & statistical optimization of norfloxacin for topical drug delivery system. Bioact Mater 2017; 2:269-280. [PMID: 29744436 PMCID: PMC5935510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly lactic acid is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic polymer, widely used in many pharmaceutical preparations such as controlled release formulations, parenteral preparations, surgical treatment applications, and tissue engineering. In this study, we prepared lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for topical and site targeting delivery of Norfloxacin by emulsification solvent evaporation method (ESE). The design of experiment (DOE) was done by using software to optimize the result, and then a surface plot was generated to compare with the practical results. The surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential and composition of the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, and FTIR. The thermal behavior of the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles was characterized by DSC and TGA. The prepared lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles of Norfloxacin exhibited an average particle size from 178.6 ± 3.7 nm to 220.8 ± 2.3 nm, and showed very narrow distribution with polydispersity index ranging from 0.206 ± 0.36 to 0.383 ± 0.66. The surface charge on the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were confirmed by zeta potential, showed the value from +23.4 ± 1.5 mV to +41.5 ± 3.4 mV. An Antimicrobial study was done against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles showed potential activity against these two. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles of Norfloxacin showed the %cumulative drug release of 89.72% in 24 h. A stability study of the optimized formulation showed the suitable condition for the storage of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles was at 4 ± 2 °C/60 ± 5% RH. These results illustrated high potential of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles Norfloxacin for usage as a topical antibiotic drug carriers. Efficient topical drug delivery systems of norfloxacin have been synthesized. Norfloxacin loaded to the core of lipid- polymer hybrid nanoparticles were prepared. The formulations were optimized by factorial design and characterization techniques. A unique formulation of norfloxacin that offer prolonged and control delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dave
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Renu Bala Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kriti Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sachdev Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Udita Agrawal
- Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy, Bhopal, 462041, India
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10
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Dave V, Kushwaha K, Yadav RB, Agrawal U. Hybrid nanoparticles for the topical delivery of norfloxacin for the effective treatment of bacterial infection produced after burn. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:351-365. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1337249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dave
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | - Kriti Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | - Renu Bala Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | - Udita Agrawal
- Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy, Bhopal, India
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11
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Moghddam SMM, Ahad A, Aqil M, Imam SS, Sultana Y. Optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery of nimesulide using Box–Behnken design approach. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:617-624. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1167699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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12
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Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Effect of Frozen Human Epidermis Storage Duration and Cryoprotectant on Barrier Function Using Two Model Compounds. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 29:31-40. [PMID: 26606593 PMCID: PMC4742402 DOI: 10.1159/000441038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin is commonly stored frozen and then thawed prior to use for in vitro permeation experiments. Does frozen storage of skin alter its barrier property? Numerous studies have found contradictory answers to this question. In this study, the steady-state flux and lag time of diethyl phthalate (DEP) were measured for fresh human skin and skin frozen at -85°C for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months with 10% glycerol as a cryoprotective agent. No significant differences in steady-state flux were found between fresh and previously frozen samples (p = 0.6). For lag time, a significant (p = 0.002) difference was found among all groups, but comparisons with fresh skin were not significant. Does glycerol have a cryoprotective effect? The steady-state flux and lag time of DEP and caffeine were measured through human skin stored at -85°C for up to 12 months with and without 10% glycerol. No significant differences in steady-state flux or lag time were found between samples stored with or without glycerol for either DEP or caffeine (p ≥ 0.17). These findings support the use of frozen skin to measure the passive permeation of chemicals in studies unconcerned with viability and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Barbero
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - H. Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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13
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Abstract
Nimesulide (NS)-loaded nanoparticles (NPNS) were prepared from polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) and eventually coated with chitosan (NPNSCS). Nanoparticles (NP) were spherical with sizes 379 ± 59 nm for NPNS and 393 ± 66 nm for NPNSCS and zeta potentials of -15 ± 3 mV for NPNS to 10 ± 4 mV for NPNSCS, suggesting an efficient coating. Drug encapsulation rate was high (88 ± 5% and 83 ± 7% of added drug) for NPNS and NPNSCS, respectively. After NP washing and re-suspension, 98 ± 2% and 99 ± 1% of the drug initially entrapped remained associated to NP. NS was dispersed in amorphous state within the polymeric matrix. Two-fold dilution of NP with pH 7.4 PBS provoked no drug release. However, 30-40% NS was released after a 1/10 dilution. NPNSCS and NPNS diluted 1/100 reduced the encapsulated drug to around 30% and 70%, respectively. In contrast, 100% NS was released from NP under sink conditions in less than 2h. The permeability of free-NS (1-1.5 × 10(-5)cm/s) was compared with NPNS (NPNS = 6.4-8.1 × 10(-6)cm/s and NPNSCS = 5.5-7.0 × 10(-6)cm/s) using the PAMPA assay. The cytotoxicity of free-NS and NS in NP on model prostate cancer cells PC-3 and DU-145 showed the highest cytotoxic effect with NPNSCS on PC-3 cells (IC50 = 89 μM).
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14
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Klimová Z, Hojerová J, Beránková M. Skin absorption and human exposure estimation of three widely discussed UV filters in sunscreens--In vitro study mimicking real-life consumer habits. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:237-50. [PMID: 26151237 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to health concerns about safety, three UV-filters (Benzophenone-3, BP3, 10%; Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, EHMC, 10%; Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, BMDBM; 5%) were examined in vitro for absorption on full-thickness pig-ear skin, mimicking human in-use conditions. Kinetic profiles confirmed the rapid permeation of BP3; after the first hour of skin (frozen-stored) exposure to 2 mg/cm(2) (W/O sunscreen; recommended but unrealistic amount), about 0.5% of the applied dose passed into the receptor fluid. The absorption rate of filters was higher from W/O than from O/W emulsions. The fresh/frozen-stored skin permeability coefficient (0.83-0.54) for each UV filter was taken into account. Systemic Exposure Dosage of BP3, EHMC, BMDBM for humans as a consequence of (i) whole-body and (ii) face treatment with 0.5 mg/cm(2) of W/O sunscreen for 6-h skin exposure followed by washing and subsequent 18-h permeation (a realistic scenario) were estimated to be (i) 4744, 1032 and 1036 μg/kg-bw/day, and (ii) 153, 33 and 34 μg/kg-bw/day, respectively. From Margin of Safety for BP3, EHMC and BMDBM (i) 42, 485 and 192 as well as (ii) 1307; 15,151 and 5882, respectively, only the value of 42 (<100) for BP3 indicated a possible health risk. Escalation of a phobia towards all organic UV filters is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Klimová
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - J Hojerová
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - M Beránková
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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15
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Bányiová K, Čupr P, Kohoutek J. An experimentally refined tool to assess the risks of the human dermal exposure to herbicide chlorotoluron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10713-10720. [PMID: 25752630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dermal absorption of the herbicide chlorotoluron was measured using ex vivo pig skin in Franz diffusion cells in an automated system. The steady-state flux was calculated, as well as the permeability coefficient, which is 0.0038 cm h(-1). The permeability coefficient (Kp) is a key factor when predicting human health risks resulting from dermal exposition to a substance. The experimental determination of this parameter filled data gaps regarding the dermal absorption of chlorotoluron. The experimental permeability coefficient was subsequently used to calculate the dermal absorbed dose during some exposure scenarios. Reference doses were revised, and screening risk assessment process was done to calculate the risks resulting from exposure to chlorotoluron. This refined new approach proved to be a useful tool for human health risk assessment in the areas with these herbicide applications. Graphical Abstract An experimentally refined tool to assess the risks of the human dermal exposure to herbicide chlorotoluron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Bányiová
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Shah PP, Desai PR, Patlolla R, Klevans L, Singh M. Effect of combination of hydrophilic and lipophilic permeation enhancers on the skin permeation of kahalalide F. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:760-8. [PMID: 24697673 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of combination of various lipophilic and hydrophilic chemical enhancers on skin delivery of kahalalide F (KF). METHODS KF formulations comprising a combination of lipophilic and hydrophilic chemical enhancers with varied per cent were prepared and evaluated for skin permeation studies. In vitro skin permeation of KF formulations was performed using Franz diffusion cell. Stability studies of KF formulations were performed according to the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guideline, and the therapeutic efficacy of KF formulation was evaluated using allergic contact dermatitis animal model. KEY FINDINGS The efficacy of KF formulations to improve skin delivery of KF was sequenced in the order of: formulation #4 > formulation #2 > formulation #1 > formulation #3, where formulation #4 contains labrasol (40% w/v), ethyl oleate (5% w/v) and span 80 (5% w/v) along with transcutol (40% w/v) and ethanol (10% w/v). Further, all the formulations were stable for 1 month when stored at 30°C/65% relative humidity. CONCLUSIONS The results of present study suggest that therapeutically effective concentrations of KF can be delivered in the skin using combination of lipophilic and hydrophilic chemical enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit P Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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17
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Desai PR, Cormier AR, Shah PP, Patlolla RR, Paravastu AK, Singh M. (31)P solid-state NMR based monitoring of permeation of cell penetrating peptides into skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:190-9. [PMID: 23702274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the current study was to investigate penetration of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs: TAT, R8, R11, and YKA) through skin intercellular lipids using (31)P magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR. In vitro skin permeation studies were performed on rat skin, and sections (0-60, 61-120, and 121-180μm) were collected and analyzed for (31)P NMR signal. The concentration-dependent shift of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200mg/ml of TAT on skin layers, diffusion of TAT, R8, R11, and YKA in the skin and time dependent permeation of R11 was measured on various skin sections using (31)P solid-state NMR. Further, CPPs and CPP-tagged fluorescent dye encapsulate liposomes (FLip) in skin layers were tagged using confocal microscopy. The change in (31)P NMR chemical shift was found to depend monotonically on the amount of CPP applied on skin, with saturation behavior above 100mg/ml CPP concentration. R11 and TAT caused more shift in solid-state NMR peaks compared to other peptides. Furthermore, NMR spectra showed R11 penetration up to 180μm within 30min. The results of the solid-state NMR study were in agreement with confocal microscopy studies. Thus, (31)P solid-state NMR can be used to track CPP penetration into different skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki R Desai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Ashley R Cormier
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Punit P Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Ram R Patlolla
- Dr. Reddys Laboratories, Integrated Product Development, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anant K Paravastu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, USA.
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, USA.
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18
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Desai PR, Marepally S, Patel AR, Voshavar C, Chaudhuri A, Singh M. Topical delivery of anti-TNFα siRNA and capsaicin via novel lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles efficiently inhibits skin inflammation in vivo. J Control Release 2013; 170:51-63. [PMID: 23643662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The barrier properties of the skin pose a significant but not insurmountable obstacle for development of new effective anti-inflammatory therapies. The objective of this study was to design and evaluate therapeutic efficacy of anti-nociception agent Capsaicin (Cap) and anti-TNFα siRNA (siTNFα) encapsulated cyclic cationic head lipid-polymer hybrid nanocarriers (CyLiPns) against chronic skin inflammatory diseases. Physico-chemical characterizations including hydrodynamic size, surface potential and entrapment efficacies of CyLiPns were found to be 163±9nm, 35.14±8.23mV and 92% for Cap, respectively. In vitro skin distribution studies revealed that CyLiPns could effectively deliver FITC-siRNA up to 360μm skin depth. Further, enhanced (p<0.001) Cap permeation from CyLiPns was observed compared to Capsaicin-Solution and Capzasin-HP. Therapeutic efficacies of CyLiPns were assessed using imiquamod-induced psoriatic plaque like model. CyLiPns carrying both Cap and siTNFα showed significant reduced expression of TNFα, NF-κB, IL-17, IL-23 and Ki-67 genes compared to either drugs alone (p<0.05) and were in close comparison with Topgraf®. Collectively these findings support our notion that novel cationic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles can efficiently carry siTNFα and Cap into deeper dermal milieu and Cap with a combination of siTNFα shows synergism in treating skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki R Desai
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA
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Desai PR, Shah PP, Patlolla RR, Singh M. Dermal microdialysis technique to evaluate the trafficking of surface-modified lipid nanoparticles upon topical application. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2587-600. [PMID: 22644591 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the skin pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cell penetrating peptides (CPP) modified nano-structured lipid carrier (NLC) using an in vivo dermal microdialysis (MD) technique. METHODS Celecoxib (Cxb) encapsulated NLCs (CXBN), CPP modified CXBN (CXBN-CPP) and Cxb-Solution (CXBS) formulations were prepared and tested for in vitro skin distribution. MD was used to assess pharmacokinetic parameters of Cxb after topical application of Cxb formulations. The effect of pre-treatment with Cxb formulations was evaluated for expression of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE(2)) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) after exposure of xylene using MD. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) model was used to confirm in vivo therapeutic response of Cxb formulations. RESULTS The cumulative permeation of Cxb in MD dialysate after 24 h for CXBN-CPP was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than CXBN and CXBS. Further, pre-treatment with CXBN-CPP significantly inhibited PGE(2) and IL-6 expression compared to CXBS and CXBN (p < 0.001). In ACD model, CXBN-CPP showed significant reduction (p < 0.001) in ear thickness compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Surface modification of NLC with CPPs can enhance the skin permeation of Cxb and MD can be used to investigate pharmacokinetics of Cxb nanoparticles in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki R Desai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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20
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Shah PP, Desai PR, Channer D, Singh M. Enhanced skin permeation using polyarginine modified nanostructured lipid carriers. J Control Release 2012; 161:735-45. [PMID: 22617521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyarginine chain length on topical delivery of surface modified NLCs. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize number of arginines required to deliver active drug into deeper skin layers. The NLCs were prepared by hot-melt technique and the surface of NLCs was modified with six-histidine tagged cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) or YKA. In vivo confocal microscopy and Raman confocal spectroscopy studies were performed using fluorescent dye encapsulated NLCs and NLC-CPPs. Spantide II (SP) and ketoprofen (KP) were used as model drugs for combined delivery. In vitro skin permeation and drug release studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells. Inflammatory response corresponding to higher skin permeation was investigated in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) mouse model. NLCs had a particle size of 140±20nm with higher encapsulation efficiencies. The negative charge of NLC was reduced from -17.54 to -8.47 mV after surface modification with CPPs. In vivo confocal microscopy and Raman confocal spectroscopy studies suggested that a peptide containing 11 arginines (R11) had significant permeation enhancing ability than other polyarginines and TAT peptides. The amount of SP and KP retained in dermis after topical application of NLC-R11 was significantly higher than solution and NLC after 24 h of skin permeation. SP was not found in receiver compartment. However, KP was found in receiver compartment and the amount of KP present in receiver compartment was increased approximately 7.9 and 2.6 times compared to the control solution and NLCs, respectively. In an ACD mouse model, SP+KP-NLC-R11 showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in ear thickness compared to SP+KP solution and SP+KP-NLC. Our results strongly suggest that the surface modification of NLC with R11 improved transport of SP and KP across the deeper skin layers and thus results in reduction of inflammation associated with ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit P Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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21
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Tay SLM, Heng PWS, Chan LW. An investigation of the chick chorioallantoic membrane as an alternative model to various biological tissues for permeation studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1283-9. [PMID: 21899543 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was explored as a biological membrane for use in the study of drug permeation with a Franz diffusion cell. METHODS The CAM was removed from fertilized chicken eggs of embryo age 9-18 days. The permeation profiles of nicotine through the fresh CAM were first obtained with a Franz diffusion cell. The permeation profiles of nicotine through frozen CAM, snake skin, pig skin, pig retina and pig buccal mucosa were also determined and compared with those of the fresh CAM. KEY FINDINGS The permeability coefficient of the CAM varied with its age. The CAM at embryo age 13 was the most robust, showing the lowest standard error in permeability. It was thus chosen for comparative studies with snake skin, pig skin, retina and buccal mucosa. The CAM was found to be most similar to the buccal mucosa in terms of permeation profile and permeability coefficient values. Frozen CAM was also found to have a higher permeability coefficient than fresh CAM. The enhanced permeability was attributed to freezing, which affected the integrity of the CAM structure. CONCLUSIONS From the findings, CAM shows potential as an alternative to the pig buccal mucosa as an in-vitro buccal model. The robustness of the CAM for drug permeation studies is affected by its age.
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TAKEUCHI H, MANO Y, TERASAKA S, SAKURAI T, FURUYA A, URANO H, SUGIBAYASHI K. Usefulness of Rat Skin as a Substitute for Human Skin in the in Vitro Skin Permeation Study. Exp Anim 2011; 60:373-84. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki TAKEUCHI
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yoko MANO
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Shuichi TERASAKA
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takanobu SAKURAI
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Atsushi FURUYA
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hidetoshi URANO
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Milewski M, Yerramreddy TR, Ghosh P, Crooks PA, Stinchcomb AL. In vitro permeation of a pegylated naltrexone prodrug across microneedle-treated skin. J Control Release 2010; 146:37-44. [PMID: 20678989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microneedles (MN) are a useful tool for increasing skin permeability to xenobiotics. Previous research showed marked improvement in the percutaneous flux of naltrexone (NTX) hydrochloride by the use of MN skin pretreatment alone; however, for better therapeutic effect, further enhancement is desired. The goal of this in vitro study was to combine microneedle skin pretreatment with the use of a highly water-soluble PEGylated naltrexone prodrug (polyethyleneglycol-NTX, PEG-NTX) to investigate its transdermal transport at varying concentrations. Solubility and stability of the prodrug were investigated. In vitro diffusion experiments employing MN-treated minipig skin were used to evaluate the performance of the PEGylated prodrug. The results revealed substantial deviation from ideal behavior, with the flux through MN-treated skin having a nonlinear relationship to the prodrug concentration in the donor solution. While in the lower concentration range tested the prodrug flux increase was proportional to the concentration increase, at high concentrations it showed no such dependence. Accounting for the decrease in the effective prodrug diffusivity accompanying the increase in viscosity, as predicted by the Stokes-Einstein equation, provided a rationale for the observed flux values. Increasing the viscosity of the donor solution is hypothesized to afford a curvilinear permeation profile for the PEGylated NTX prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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24
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Kulkarni U, Mahalingam R, Pather I, Li X, Jasti B. Porcine buccal mucosa as in vitro model: effect of biological and experimental variables. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1265-77. [PMID: 19739112 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine buccal mucosa has been used as an in vitro model to assess the potential of delivering a molecule via the transbuccal route. However, permeation studies across porcine buccal mucosa show high variability due to various experimental and biological factors. The variability associated with the use of different mucosal regions, tissue storage conditions and tissue processing methods on drug permeation was investigated in this study. The permeability of model diffusants was significantly higher in the region behind the lip when compared to the cheek region because the latter has a thicker epithelium. Porcine buccal mucosa retained its integrity in Kreb's bicarbonate ringer solution at 4 degrees C for 24 h while many other storage conditions resulted in loss of epithelial integrity. Separation of the epithelium from underlying connective tissue either surgically or by heat treatment resulted in an epithelial thickness of approximately 150 microm. Separation of epithelium from the underlying connective tissue by heat treatment did not adversely affect its permeability and integrity characteristics. Investigation of these important biological and experimental variables provides guidance for conducting in vitro transbuccal permeation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
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25
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Ho S, Calder RJ, Thomas CP, Heard CM. In-vitro transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen and γ-linolenic acid from borage oil containing ethanol and 1,8-cineole. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:1357-64. [PMID: 15525441 DOI: 10.1211/0022357044599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol and 1,8-cineole on the transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) as a two-pronged anti-breast cancer therapy. Formulations containing tamoxifen and varying concentrations of borage oil (∼25% GLA), 1,8-cineole and ethanol were prepared and the simultaneous permeation of tamoxifen and GLA determined across full-thickness pig skin using Franz-type diffusion cells over 48 h. Analysis of tamoxifen and GLA (as methyl ester) were by reverse-phase HPLC. The highest flux of tamoxifen of 488.2 ± 191 times 10−3 μg cm−2 h−1 was observed with a formulation containing 20% 1,8-cineole and 20% ethanol. The same formulation also provided the greatest flux of GLA, 830.6 times 10−3 μg cm−2 h−1. The findings from this work demonstrate the ability of 1,8-cineole and ethanol to enhance the in-vitro permeation of tamoxifen and GLA across the skin and support the plausibility of simultaneously delivering tamoxifen and GLA transcutaneously as a two-pronged anti-breast cancer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Ho
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, CF10 3XF, UK
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26
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Moody RP, Yip A, Chu I. Effect of cold storage on in vitro human skin absorption of six 14C-radiolabeled environmental contaminants: benzo[a]pyrene, ethylene glycol, methyl parathion, naphthalene, nonyl phenol, and toluene. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:505-517. [PMID: 19267311 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802328713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dermal absorption of human breast skin obtained fresh from a local hospital was tested before and after freezer storage at -19 degrees C for 30 or 60 d. Dermatomed skin (0.4-0.5 mm) was tested in vitro using the Bronaugh flow-through diffusion cells perfused at 1.5 ml/h with receiver solution (Hanks HEPES buffered basal saline containing 4% bovine serum albumin [BSA]). Six 14C-radiolabeled chemicals ranging in lipophilicity were tested, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), ethylene glycol (EG), methyl parathion (MP), naphthalene (Nap), nonyl phenol (NP), and toluene (Tol). There was significantly lower percent dermal absorption into the receiver solution for two of the six chemicals (BaP and Tol) with the skin depot excluded. However, with percent dermal absorption defined as that including the skin depot, with the exception of the BaP data for skin frozen 30 d, there was no significant difference between percent dermal absorption data for fresh unfrozen controls and those stored frozen for all 6 test chemicals for both 30 and 60 d freezer storage times. These results suggested with skin depot included that freezer storage may have potential for preserving human skin for in vitro absorption tests of environmental contaminants; however, optimal freezer storage conditions such as temperature and storage duration and their effects on skin viability and dermal metabolism need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Moody
- Systemic Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Section, Environmental Occupational and Toxicology Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Brown MB, Martin GP, Jones SA, Akomeah FK. Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Current and Future Prospects. Drug Deliv 2008; 13:175-87. [PMID: 16556569 DOI: 10.1080/10717540500455975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective function of human skin imposes physicochemical limitations to the type of permeant that can traverse the barrier. For a drug to be delivered passively via the skin it needs to have adequate lipophilicity and also a molecular weight <500 Da. These requirements have limited the number of commercially available products based on transdermal or dermal delivery. Various strategies have emerged over recent years to optimize delivery and these can be categorized into passive and active methods. The passive approach entails the optimization of formulation or drug carrying vehicle to increase skin permeability. Passive methods, however do not greatly improve the permeation of drugs with molecular weights >500 Da. In contrast active methods that normally involve physical or mechanical methods of enhancing delivery have been shown to be generally superior. Improved delivery has been shown for drugs of differing lipophilicity and molecular weight including proteins, peptides, and oligonucletides using electrical methods (iontophoresis, electroporation), mechanical (abrasion, ablation, perforation), and other energy-related techniques such as ultrasound and needless injection. However, for these novel delivery methods to succeed and compete with those already on the market, the prime issues that require consideration include device design and safety, efficacy, ease of handling, and cost-effectiveness. This article provides a detailed review of the next generation of active delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Brown
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, King's College London and MedPharm Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
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Kokate A, Li X, Singh P, Jasti BR. Effect of Thermodynamic Activities of the Unionized and Ionized Species on Drug Flux across Buccal Mucosa. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:4294-306. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Schurad B, Tack J, Lipp R. Evaluation of the Transdermal Permeation Behavior of Proterguride from Drug in Adhesive Matrix Patches Through Hairless Mouse Skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 31:505-13. [PMID: 16109623 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500215842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The transdermal in vitro permeation behavior of the highly potent dopamine agonist Proterguride was investigated using hairless mouse skin as a model membrane. Drug in adhesive matrix formulations based on different types of pressure-sensitive adhesives (Eudragit E 100 and Gelva7883 as acrylates, Oppanol B 15 SFN as polyisobutylene, and BioPSA 7-4202 as silicone) with a drug load of 3% by weight were manufactured. All patches were examined for drug crystallization by polarized microscopy immediately after the manufacturing process and after storage for 30 days in sealed aluminium laminate bags at ambient temperature and at 40 degrees C, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of the drug load in acrylate-based formulations onto the steady-state flux of Proterguride was examined. The Eudragit E 100 system delivered a significantly higher steady-state flux than the systems based on Oppanol B 15 SFN and also a somewhat higher steady-state flux than the Gelva-based patch. An addition of 10% by weight of the crystallization inhibitor povidone 25 did not significantly influence the steady-state flux of Proterguride from acrylate matrices. The lipophilic silicone and polyisobutylene adhesives facilitated drug crystallization within the short storage periods at both conditions, probably due to the absence of povidone 25, which was incompatible with these polymers. Varying the drug load in acrylate-based formulations led to a linear increase of the steady-state flux until the steady-state flux of Proterguride leveled off and the patches tended to drug crystallization. It was found that Gelva-based patches show good physical stability, good skin adhesion, and moderate flux values and, thus, can be evaluated as a basis for a suitable formulation for the transdermal administration of Proterguride.
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30
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Permeation of quinine across sublingual mucosa, in vitro. Int J Pharm 2008; 366:58-64. [PMID: 18835345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quinine is the first line treatment in severe P. falciparum malaria and nocturnal leg cramps and a fast, convenient delivery method of this drug quinine is needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro the sublingual route for the delivery of quinine. Permeation studies were carried out with Franz diffusion cells containing sublingual mucosa membranes with PBS receptor phase and dosed with solutions of quinine hydrochloride or quinine/2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexes. Receptor phase samples were taken 2 hourly over a 12h period and quinine was determined by reverse-phase HPLC analysis. The ventral surface of the tongue was significantly more permeable than porcine floor of the mouth (p<0.05) and there was no significant effect of freezing on the ventral surface of the tongue (p 0.2444). The presence of saliva caused a decrease in the permeation of quinine across the ventral surface of the tongue by up to 68%. Inclusion complexation between quinine and 2-HP-beta-CD was supported by (1)H NMR spectral data, and an ethanol vehicle provided the highest quinine flux from the inclusion complex solutions compared to deionised water and PEG. Overall, the data support further investigations into the clinical use of sublingual quinine, particularly for children with falciparum malaria or patients with nocturnal leg cramps. Use of quinine/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes may circumvent compliance issues due to bitter taste.
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31
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Brown MB, Traynor MJ, Martin GP, Akomeah FK. Transdermal drug delivery systems: skin perturbation devices. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 437:119-139. [PMID: 18369965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-210-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human skin serves a protective function by imposing physicochemical limitations to the type of permeant that can traverse the barrier. For a drug to be delivered passively via the skin it needs to have a suitable lipophilicity and a molecular weight < 500 Da. The number of commercially available products based on transdermal or dermal delivery has been limited by these requirements. In recent years various passive and active strategies have emerged to optimize delivery. The passive approach entails the optimization of formulation or drug carrying vehicle to increase skin permeability. However, passive methods do not greatly improve the permeation of drugs with molecular weights >500 Da. In contrast, active methods, normally involving physical or mechanical methods of enhancing delivery, have been shown to be generally superior. The delivery of drugs of differing lipophilicity and molecular weight, including proteins, peptides and oligonucletides, has been shown to be improved by active methods such as iontophoresis, electroporation, mechanical perturbation and other energy-related techniques such as ultrasound and needleless injection. This chapter details one practical example of an active skin abrasion device to demonstrate the success of such active methods. The in vitro permeation of acyclovir through human epidermal membrane using a rotating brush abrasion device was compared with acyclovir delivery using iontophoresis. It was found that application of brush treatment for 10 s at a pressure of 300 N m(-2) was comparable to 10 min of iontophoresis. The observed enhancement of permeability observed using the rotating brush was a result of disruption of the cells of the stratum corneum, causing a reduction of the barrier function of the skin. However, for these novel delivery methods to succeed and compete with those already on the market, the prime issues that require consideration include device design and safety, efficacy, ease of handling, and cost-effectiveness. This chapter provides a detailed review of the next generation of active delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Brown
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, Herts., UK
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Ahlstrom LA, Cross SE, Mills PC. The effects of freezing skin on transdermal drug penetration kinetics. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:456-63. [PMID: 17803739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of freezing canine skin on the penetration kinetics of hydrocortisone. Skin samples from three dogs were used for in vitro penetration studies commencing on the day of skin collection (fresh skin) and again after freezing at -20 degrees C for 1, 4, 8 and 12 months. When the data from the dogs was averaged, the pseudo-steady-state flux (Jss) of hydrocortisone through skin frozen for any duration was significantly (P < 0.023) greater than through fresh skin and there was a positive relationship (P < 0.007) between the length of freezing and DeltaJss. For all dogs, the lag times (tlag) calculated for hydrocortisone penetration were significantly (P < 0.029) shorter through skin that had been frozen, compared with fresh skin. However, the shapes of the permeation profiles of hydrocortisone appeared similar through the fresh and frozen dog skins and no differences were detected between the groups on histological examination. The results of this study have shown that freezing dog skin at -20 degrees C can significantly increase the transdermal penetration of hydrocortisone in vitro, and that the extent of this enhancement can increase with duration of freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ahlstrom
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Alves MP, Scarrone AL, Santos M, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. Human skin penetration and distribution of nimesulide from hydrophilic gels containing nanocarriers. Int J Pharm 2007; 341:215-20. [PMID: 17482392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the in vitro skin penetration of a drug model (nimesulide) from semi-solid topical formulations containing nanospheres, nanocapsules or nanoemulsion. Nanoprecipitation, interfacial deposition and spontaneous emulsification methods were used to prepare the nanostructured suspension. The hydrodynamic diameters were 252nm for the nanoemulsion, 277nm for the nanocapsules and 202nm for the nanospheres containing nimesulide. The different nanocarrier systems were incorporated in the hydrophilic gels and their ability of delivering the drug into the human skin were investigated using stripping technique and Franz-type diffusion cells. The amount of nimesulide released into the stratum corneum (SC) from the gel containing nanocapsules (GNM-NC) and the gel containing nanospheres (GNM-NS) was similar. On the other hand, for the gel containing nanoemulsion (GNM-NE), the nimesulide was not quantified in SC, but it has been directly permeated for the dermis. The penetration of the nimesulide using the gel containing nanocapsules (GNM-NC) was larger in the deeper skin than using the gel containing nanospheres (GNM-NS) or the one containing nanoemulsion (GNM-NE). The gels containing nanocarriers (GNM-NC, GNM-NS and GNM-NE) were able to release the drug in the viable layer of the skin, comparing to a non-particulated nimesulide-loaded formulation at the same concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta P Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abdulmajed K, McGuigan C, Heard CM. Topical Delivery of Retinyl Ascorbate Co-Drug. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 19:248-58. [PMID: 16778457 DOI: 10.1159/000093980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of the co-drug of retinoic acid (vitamin A) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) - retinyl ascorbate (RA-AsA)--have been studied. Firstly, the amount of protein and ester hydrolysis activity was determined in crude cellular extracts from freshly excised porcine ear skin (<3 h) and stored porcine ear skin (frozen >6 months) using ethyl butyrate as model substrate. The stability of RA-AsA was then determined in the crude cell extracts with and without additional antioxidants. Lastly, the enzymatic hydrolysis of RA-AsA and retinyl-2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-ethanoate were determined by incubating with porcine liver esterase - retinol palmitate and ascorbyl palmitate were included for comparison. Freshly excised skin contained higher amounts of active proteins than previously frozen skin. RA-AsA underwent hydrolytic reduction causing the AsA moiety to disintegrate due to the presence of free radicals in the media. An intermediate was produced that seemed to be cleaved by enzymes. Addition of ascorbic acid, as antioxidant, to the media of crude protein extracts decelerated the hydrolysis rate. This was supported when RA-AsA and retinyl-2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-ethanoate were incubated separately with pure esterase. There was approximately 5-fold more soluble protein per ml of cytosol in the fresh skin compared to the stored skin. Therefore, the amount of protein present within approximately 1.5 cm(2) of skin (average diffusion area in the Franz cells used in our skin penetration studies) was 0.06 mg cm(-2) and 0.01 mg cm(-2) for fresh and stored extracts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abdulmajed
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Sanchez W, Evans J, George G. Silicone Polymers in Scar Remediation: The Role of Migration of Oligomers Through Stratum Corneum. Aust J Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ch05056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cross-linked silicone gel for burns scar rehabilitation has been analyzed to determine the oligomeric species that may migrate from the gel into skin. From MALDI–MS (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry) these were shown to be hydroxyl-terminated linear oligomers with a mass of up to 2100 Da. The migration of the extracted oligomers through stratum corneum has been determined by breakthrough times using ATR–FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy. The upper value of the estimated diffusion coefficient of 2.5 × 10−9 cm2 s−1, determined from a breakthrough time of 31 h, is similar to that of large hydrophobic solutes, but penetration times from the silicone gel are low (7–10 days) due to the lower concentration of oligomers partitioning into the lipid bilayer of the skin in an aqueous environment.
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Kanikkannan N, Andega S, Burton S, Babu RJ, Singh M. Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Melatonin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:205-12. [PMID: 15089055 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120028716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to prepare and evaluate monolithic drug-inadhesive type transdermal patches of melatonin containing penetration enhancers such as fatty alcohols, fatty acids, and terpenes. The patches were prepared using Eudragit E 100 as the adhesive polymer. The release profile of melatonin from control as well as enhancer-containing patches showed an initial burst of melatonin release for up to 4 hours and then a plateau after 8 hours. The release profiles of melatonin from patches containing various enhancers were similar to the control patch. However, the addition of enhancers in the patch increased the permeation of melatonin through hairless rat skin. The flux values of patches containing octanol, nonanoic acid, and myristic acid were higher than the control patch (no enhancer), but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Decanol, myristyl alcohol, and undecanoic acid at 5% concentrations showed significantly higher flux values through hairless rat skin (enhancement ratios 1.7, 1.5, and 1.6 for decanol, myristyl alcohol, and undecanoic acid, respectively) (P<0.05). Menthol and limonene at 5% w/w showed maximum permeation of melatonin among all enhancers studied (enhancement ratios=2.1 and 2.0 for menthol and limonene, respectively) (P<0.001). In general, there was about 4-6 hours of lag time observed before a steady state flux of melatonin was achieved. Though the flux of melatonin observed in the present study is 5-10 times higher than the required delivery rate in humans, it must be noted that the present study was performed using hairless rat skin, which is generally more permeable compared to human skin. Further studies using human skin would prove the usefulness of these patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kanikkannan
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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