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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Dave KM, Han L, Jackson MA, Kadlecik L, Duvall CL, S Manickam D. DNA Polyplexes of a Phosphorylcholine-Based Zwitterionic Polymer for Gene Delivery. Pharm Res 2020; 37:176. [PMID: 32860072 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested polyplexes of a diblock polymer containing a pH-responsive, endosomolytic core (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate; DB) and a zwitterionic Poly (methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) corona for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) to glioblastoma cells. METHODS We studied the physicochemical characteristics of the DNA polyplexes such as particle hydrodynamic diameter and surface potential. Cytocompatibility of free PMPC-DB polymer and pDNA polyplexes with U-87MG and U-138MG glioma cell lines were evaluated using the ATP assay. The transfection activity of luciferase pDNA polyplexes was measured using a standard luciferase assay. Anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and cell migration inhibitory activities of PMPC-DB/Interferon-beta (IFN-β1) pDNA polyplexes were examined using ATP assay, flow cytometry, and wound closure assay, respectively. RESULTS PMPC-DB copolymer condensed pDNA into nanosized polyplexes. DNA polyplexes showed particle diameters ranging from ca. 100-150 nm with narrow polydispersity indices and near electroneutral zeta potential values. PMPC-DB/Luciferase pDNA polyplexes were safe and showed an 18-fold increase in luciferase expression compared to the gold standard PEI polyplexes in U-87MG cells. PMPC-DB/IFN-β1 polyplexes induced apoptosis, demonstrated anti-proliferative effects, and retarded cell migration in glioblastoma cells. CONCLUSION The results described herein should guide the future optimization of PMPC-DB/DNA delivery systems for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandarp M Dave
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Linjiang Han
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Meredith A Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lindsay Kadlecik
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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Lu L, Kang S, Sun C, Sun C, Guo Z, Li J, Zhang T, Luo X, Liu B. Multifunctional Nanoparticles in Precise Cancer Treatment: Considerations in Design and Functionalization of Nanocarriers. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2427-2441. [PMID: 32842941 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200825170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer treatment in both diagnosis and therapy. Since the initial application of nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment, the main objective of nanotechnology was developing effective nanosystems with high selectivity and specificity for cancer treatment and diagnosis. To achieve this, different encapsulation and conjugation strategies along with surface functionalization techniques have been developed to synthesize anticancer drugs loaded NPs with effective targeting to specific tumor cells. The unique physicochemical attributes of NPs make them promising candidates for targeted drug delivery, localized therapies, sensing, and targeting at cellular levels. However, a nanosystem for localized and targeted cancer managements should overcome several biological barriers and biomedical challenges such as endothelial barriers, blood brain barrier, reticuloendothelial system, selective targeting, biocompatibility, acute/chronic toxicity, tumor-targeting efficacy. The NPs for in vivo applications encounter barriers at system, organ, and the cellular level. To overcome these barriers, different strategies during the synthesis and functionalization of NPs should be adapted. Pharmacokinetics and cellular uptake of NPs are largely associated with physicochemical attributes of NPs, morphology, hydrodynamic size, charge, and other surface properties. These properties can be adjusted during different phases of synthesis and functionalization of the NPs. This study reviews the advances in targeted cancer treatment and the parameters influencing the efficacies of NPs as therapeutics. Different strategies for overcoming the biological barriers at cellular, organ and system levels and biomedical challenges are discussed. Moreover, the applications of NPs in preclinical and clinical practice are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Shuhe Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chufeng Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Zhong Guo
- Medical College of Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Taofeng Zhang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingping Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Zhou Z, Piao Y, Hao L, Wang G, Zhou Z, Shen Y. Acidity-responsive shell-sheddable camptothecin-based nanofibers for carrier-free cancer drug delivery. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15907-15916. [PMID: 31414111 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03872h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Small molecular prodrugs that self-assemble into nanoparticles have many advantages over commonly studied nanomedicines based upon nanoscale carriers such as liposomes, micelles and polymeric nanoparticles. These carrier-free nanodrugs exhibit favorable nanoproperties without the help of a nanocarrier, and they have many unique merits, such as a simple synthetic procedure, well-defined structure and high drug loading capacity. To date, most of these carrier-free nanodrugs have been spherical and very few nonspherical nanodrugs have been synthesized and studied. Herein, we report a camptothecin (CPT) prodrug that self-assembles into nanofibers. These carrier-free CPT nanofibers have a width of approximately one hundred nanometers and a length of several micrometers. The cellular uptake and tumor penetration behaviour of these nanofibers were observed by time-lapse video microscopy. These nanofibers can rapidly enter cancer cells by penetrating the cell membrane, gradually dissolve intracellularly and efficiently release the active drug. Coating the surface of these nanofibers with a pH-responsive PEG layer improves the stability of these nanofibers and shields their positive charge to minimize nonspecific interactions. These pH-responsive nanofibers are sheddable in the acidic tumor microenvironment and deliver carried cargoes deep into tumors. Our findings demonstrate that small molecular CPT prodrugs that form nanofibers are efficient for cancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuha Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, East Qingchun Road 3, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Alazzo A, Al-Natour MA, Spriggs K, Stolnik S, Ghaemmaghami A, Kim DH, Alexander C. Investigating the intracellular effects of hyperbranched polycation-DNA complexes on lung cancer cells using LC-MS-based metabolite profiling. Mol Omics 2019; 15:77-87. [PMID: 30706066 DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers have emerged as a promising alternative to viral vectors in gene therapy. They are cheap to scale up, easy to functionalise and are potentially safer than viral vectors, however many are cytotoxic. The large number of polycations, designed to address the toxicity problem, raises a practical need to develop a fast and reliable method for assessing the safety of these materials. In this regard, metabolomics provides a detailed and comprehensive method that can assess the potential toxicity at the cellular and molecular level. Here, we applied metabolomics to investigate the impact of hyperbranched polylysine, hyperbranched polylysine-co-histidine and branched polyethyleneimine polyplexes at sub-toxic concentrations on the metabolic pathways of A459 and H1299 lung carcinoma cell lines. The study revealed that the polyplexes downregulated metabolites associated with glycolysis and the TCA cycle, and induced oxidative stress in both cell lines. The relative changes of the metabolites indicated that the polyplexes of polyethyleneimine and hyperbranched polylysine affected the metabolism much more than the polyplexes of hyperbranched polylysine-co-histidine. This was in line with transfection results, suggesting a correlation between the toxicity and transfection efficiency of these polyplexes. Our work highlights the importance of the metabolomics approach not just to assess the potential toxicity of polyplexes but also to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying any adverse effects, which could help in designing more efficient vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alazzo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Alazzo A, Lovato T, Collins H, Taresco V, Stolnik S, Soliman M, Spriggs K, Alexander C. Structural variations in hyperbranched polymers prepared via thermal polycondensation of lysine and histidine and their effects on DNA delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jin2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alazzo
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics; University of Mosul; Mosul Iraq
| | - Tatiana Lovato
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hilary Collins
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Snjezana Stolnik
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Keith Spriggs
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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Liu S, Romano V, Steger B, Kaye SB, Hamill KJ, Willoughby CE. Gene-based antiangiogenic applications for corneal neovascularization. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:193-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Haladjova E, Halacheva S, Momekova D, Moskova-Doumanova V, Topouzova-Hristova T, Mladenova K, Doumanov J, Petrova M, Rangelov S. Polyplex Particles Based on Comb-Like Polyethylenimine/Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Copolymers: Relating Biological Performance with Morphology and Structure. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1700349. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Haladjova
- Institute of Polymers; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Akad. G. Bonchev St. 103A Sofia 1113 Bulgaria
| | - Silviya Halacheva
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation; University of Bolton; Deane road Bolton Greater Manchester BL3 5AB UK
| | - Denitsa Momekova
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Sofia; Sofia 1000 Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Kirilka Mladenova
- Faculty of Biology; Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”; 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Jordan Doumanov
- Faculty of Biology; Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”; 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Maria Petrova
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia 1113 Bulgaria
| | - Stanislav Rangelov
- Institute of Polymers; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Akad. G. Bonchev St. 103A Sofia 1113 Bulgaria
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Muripiti V, Rachamalla HK, Banerjee R, Patri SV. α-Tocopherol-based cationic amphiphiles with a novel pH sensitive hybrid linker for gene delivery. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2932-2946. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal escape is one of the barriers for the efficient liposomal gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajkumar Banerjee
- Center for Chemical Biology
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500607
- India
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11
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Yang H, Xi W. Nucleobase-Containing Polymers: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E666. [PMID: 30965964 PMCID: PMC6418729 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleobase interactions play a fundamental role in biological functions, including transcription and translation. Natural nucleic acids like DNA are also widely implemented in material realm such as DNA guided self-assembly of nanomaterials. Inspired by that, polymer chemists have contributed phenomenal endeavors to mimic both the structures and functions of natural nucleic acids in synthetic polymers. Similar sequence-dependent responses were observed and employed in the self-assembly of these nucleobase-containing polymers. Here, the structures, synthetic approaches, and applications of nucleobase-containing polymers are highlighted and a brief look is taken at the future development of these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ljubimova JY, Sun T, Mashouf L, Ljubimov AV, Israel LL, Ljubimov VA, Falahatian V, Holler E. Covalent nano delivery systems for selective imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:177-200. [PMID: 28606739 PMCID: PMC5578712 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving form of therapy that holds a great promise for superior drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy than conventional cancer treatment. In this review, we attempt to cover the benefits and the limitations of current nanomedicines with special attention to covalent nano conjugates for imaging and drug delivery in the brain. The improvement in brain tumor treatment remains dismal despite decades of efforts in drug development and patient care. One of the major obstacles in brain cancer treatment is the poor drug delivery efficiency owing to the unique blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS. Although various anti-cancer agents are available to treat tumors outside of the CNS, the majority fails to cross the BBB. In this regard, nanomedicines have increasingly drawn attention due to their multi-functionality and versatility. Nano drugs can penetrate BBB and other biological barriers, and selectively accumulate in tumor cells, while concurrently decreasing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Tao Sun
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leila Mashouf
- Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vladimir A Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Vida Falahatian
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP), 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 1102, Hock Plaza Box 2721, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Wu S, Yang X, Li Y, Wu H, Huang Y, Xie L, Zhang Y, Hou Z, Liu X. Preparation of HCPT-Loaded Nanoneedles with Pointed Ends for Highly Efficient Cancer Chemotherapy. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:294. [PMID: 27299649 PMCID: PMC4907965 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles were proved to be internalized much more rapidly and efficiently by cancer cells than the nanoparticles with an equal aspect ratio. Herein, a kind of high-aspect ratio, pointed-end nanoneedles (NDs) with a high drug loading (15.04 %) and the prolonged drug release profile were fabricated with an anti-tumor drug-10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT)-via an ultrasound-assisted emulsion crystallization technique. It is surprising to see that the cellular internalization of NDs with an average length of 5 μm and an aspect ratio of about 12:1 was even much faster and higher than that of nanorods with the same size and the nanospheres with a much smaller size of 150 nm. The results further validated that cellular internalization of the nanoparticles exhibited a strong shape-dependent effect, and cellular uptake may favor the particles with sharp ends as well as a high-aspect ratio instead of particle size. The NDs with enhanced cytotoxicity would lead to a promising sustained local drug delivery system for highly efficient anticancer therapy. More importantly, the fabrication of NDs opens a door to design new formulations of nanoneedle drug delivery systems for highly efficient cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Wu
- Institute of Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiangrui Yang
- Institute of Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongjie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liya Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenqing Hou
- Institute of Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- Institute of Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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15
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Kondinskaia DA, Kostritskii AY, Nesterenko AM, Antipina AY, Gurtovenko AA. Atomic-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations of DNA-Polycation Complexes: Two Distinct Binding Patterns. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6546-54. [PMID: 27280954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cationic polymers represent a promising class of delivery vectors for gene therapy. Here, we employ atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to gain insight into the structure and properties of complexes of DNA with four linear polycations: polyethylenimine (PEI), poly-l-lysine (PLL), polyvinylamine (PVA), and polyallylamine (PAA). These polycations differ in their polymer geometries, protonation states, and hydrophobicities of their backbone chains. Overall, our results demonstrate for the first time the existence of two distinct patterns of binding of DNA with polycations. For PEI, PLL, and PAA, the complex is stabilized by the electrostatic attraction between protonated amine groups of the polycation and phosphate groups of DNA. In contrast, PVA demonstrates an alternative binding pattern as it gets embedded into the DNA major groove. It is likely that both the polymer topology and affinity of the backbone chain of PVA to the DNA groove are responsible for such behavior. The differences in binding patterns can have important biomedical implications: embedding PVA into a DNA groove makes it less sensitive to changes in the aqueous environment (pH level, ionic strength, etc.) and could therefore hinder the intracellular release of genetic material from a delivery vector, leading to lower transfection activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Kondinskaia
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University , Ulyanovskaya str. 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Andrei Yu Kostritskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University , Ulyanovskaya str. 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Alexey M Nesterenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, 1/40, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexandra Yu Antipina
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University , Ulyanovskaya str. 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Andrey A Gurtovenko
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University , Ulyanovskaya str. 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia.,Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
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16
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Aono R, Nomura K, Yuba E, Harada A, Kono K. Gene expression of ternary complexes through the compaction of nanofiber-polyplexes by mixing with lipofectamine. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26222595 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the development of an effective nonviral gene vector, ternary complexes were prepared through the compaction of nanofiber-polyplexes. These were formed using pDNA and a head-tail type polycation bearing a multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) head and a poly(l-lysine) tail, and this strategy was based on the crowding effect of poly(ethylene glycol) in the polyplex. Mixing was carried out using a cationic lipid (lipofectamine), which is a commercially available transfection reagent. Through ternary complex formation, the elongated morphology of nanofiber-polyplexes was found to compact into a spherical shape with an average diameter of ca. 100 nm. Accompanying ternary complex formation, the compaction of the nanofiber-polyplexes can improve cellular uptake and helps the ternary complex to retain its smooth transcription/translation process, which is characteristic of nanofiber-polyplexes. As a result, ternary complexes prepared at an optimal mixing ratio exhibit a high transfection efficiency compared with lipofectamine lipoplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Aono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Thuy LT, Mallick S, Choi JS. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers modified with short oligopeptides for early endosomal escape and enhanced gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2015; 492:233-43. [PMID: 26187169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, non-viral vectors have become a popular research topic in the field of gene therapy. In this study, we conjugated short oligopeptides to polyamidoamine-generation 4 (PAMAM G4) to achieve higher transfection efficiency. Previous reports have shown that the PAMAM G4-histidine (H)-arginine (R) dendrimer enhances gene delivery by improving cell penetration and internalization mechanisms. Therefore, we synthesized PAMAM G4-H phenylalanine (F) R, PAMAM G4-FHR and PAMAM G4-FR derivatives to determine the best gene carrier with the lowest toxicity. Physicochemical studies were performed to determine mean diameters and surface charge of PAMAM derivatives/pDNA polyplexes. DNA condensation was confirmed using a gel retardation assay. Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency were analyzed using human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Similar levels of transfection were achieved in both cell lines by using gold standard transfection reagent PEI 25 kD. Therefore, our results show that these carriers are promising and may help achieve higher transfection with negligible cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Thuy
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong 220, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudipta Mallick
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong 220, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Sig Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong 220, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Piña MJ, Alex SM, Arias FJ, Santos M, Rodriguez-Cabello JC, Ramesan RM, Sharma CP. Elastin-like recombinamers with acquired functionalities for gene-delivery applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3166-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Piña
- Bioforge Research Group, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN; Valladolid 47011 Spain
| | - Susan M. Alex
- Biosurface Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojappura; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695 012 India
| | - Francisco J. Arias
- Bioforge Research Group, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN; Valladolid 47011 Spain
| | - Mercedes Santos
- Bioforge Research Group, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN; Valladolid 47011 Spain
| | | | - Rekha M. Ramesan
- Biosurface Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojappura; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695 012 India
| | - Chandra P. Sharma
- Biosurface Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojappura; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695 012 India
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Haladjova E, Rangelov S, Tsvetanov CB, Posheva V, Peycheva E, Maximova V, Momekova D, Mountrichas G, Pispas S, Bakandritsos A. Enhanced gene expression promoted by hybrid magnetic/cationic block copolymer micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8193-8200. [PMID: 24945823 DOI: 10.1021/la501402q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on novel gene delivery vector systems based on hybrid polymer-magnetic micelles. The hybrid micelles were prepared by codissolution of hydrophobically surface modified iron oxide and amphiphilic polystyrene-b-poly(quaternized 2-vinylpyridine) block copolymer (PS-b-P2QVP) in organic solvent. After extensive dialysis against water, micelles with positively charged hydrophilic corona of PQVP and hydrophobic PS core were prepared, in which magnetic nanoparticles were randomly distributed. The hybrid micelles were used to form complexes with linear (salmon sperm, 2000 bp, corresponding to M(w) of 1.32 × 10(6) Da) and plasmid (pEGFP-N1, 4730 bp, corresponding to M(w) of 3.12 × 10(6) Da) DNA. The resulting magnetopolyplexes of phosphate:amine (P/N) ratios in the 0.05-20 range were characterized by light scattering, ζ-potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy as well as cytotoxicity and gel retardation assays. The investigated systems displayed a narrow size distribution, particle dimensions below 360 nm, whereas their ζ-potential values varied from positive to negative depending of the P/N ratio. The resulting vector nanosystems exhibited low toxicity. They were able to introduce pEGFP-N1 molecules into the cells. The application of a magnetic field markedly boosted the transgene expression efficiency of the magnetopolyplexes, which was even superior to those of commercial transfectants such as Lipofectamine and dendritic polyethylenimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Haladjova
- Institute of Polymers and ‡Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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Buschmann MD, Merzouki A, Lavertu M, Thibault M, Jean M, Darras V. Chitosans for delivery of nucleic acids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1234-70. [PMID: 23872012 PMCID: PMC7103275 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alternatives to efficient viral vectors in gene therapy are desired because of their poor safety profiles. Chitosan is a promising non-viral nucleotide delivery vector because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity and ease of manufacturing. Since the transfection efficiency of chitosan polyplexes is relatively low compared to viral counterparts, there is an impetus to gain a better understanding of the structure-performance relationship. Recent progress in preparation and characterisation has enabled coupling analysis of chitosans structural parameters that has led to increased TE by tailoring of chitosan's structure. In this review, we summarize the recent advances that have lead to a more rational design of chitosan polyplexes. We present an integrated review of all major areas of chitosan-based transfection, including preparation, chitosan and polyplexes physicochemical characterisation, in vitro and in vivo assessment. In each, we present the obstacles to efficient transfection and the strategies adopted over time to surmount these impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Buschmann
- Dept. Chemical Engineering and Inst. Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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21
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Bertin A. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of DNA and Polycations as Gene Delivery Vectors. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sanson N, Bouyer F, Destarac M, In M, Gérardin C. Hybrid polyion complex micelles formed from double hydrophilic block copolymers and multivalent metal ions: size control and nanostructure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3773-3782. [PMID: 22242909 DOI: 10.1021/la204562t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid polyion complex (HPIC) micelles are nanoaggregates obtained by complexation of multivalent metal ions by double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBC). Solutions of DHBC such as the poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(acrylamide) (PAA-b-PAM) or poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethylacrylate) (PAA-b-PHEA), constituted of an ionizable complexing block and a neutral stabilizing block, were mixed with solutions of metal ions, which are either monoatomic ions or metal polycations, such as Al(3+), La(3+), or Al(13)(7+). The physicochemical properties of the HPIC micelles were investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) as a function of the polymer block lengths and the nature of the cation. Mixtures of metal cations and asymmetric block copolymers with a complexing block smaller than the stabilizing block lead to the formation of stable colloidal HPIC micelles. The hydrodynamic radius of the HPIC micelles varies with the polymer molecular weight as M(0.6). In addition, the variation of R(h) of the HPIC micelle is stronger when the complexing block length is increased than when the neutral block length is increased. R(h) is highly sensitive to the polymer asymmetry degree (block weight ratio), and this is even more true when the polymer asymmetry degree goes down to values close to 3. SANS experiments reveal that HPIC micelles exhibit a well-defined core-corona nanostructure; the core is formed by the insoluble dense poly(acrylate)/metal cation complex, and the diffuse corona is constituted of swollen neutral polymer chains. The scattering curves were modeled by an analytical function of the form factor; the fitting parameters of the Pedersen's model provide information on the core size, the corona thickness, and the aggregation number of the micelles. For a given metal ion, the micelle core radius increases as the PAA block length. The radius of gyration of the micelle is very close to the value of the core radius, while it varies very weakly with the neutral block length. Nevertheless, the radius of gyration of the micelle is highly dependent on the asymmetry degree of the polymer: if the neutral block length increases in a large extent, the micelle radius of gyration decreases due to a decrease of the micelle aggregation number. The variation of the R(g)/R(h) ratio as a function of the polymer block lengths confirms the nanostructure associating a dense spherical core and a diffuse corona. Finally, the high stability of HPIC micelles with increasing concentration is the result of the nature of the coordination complex bonds in the micelle core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sanson
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, 8 Rue de L'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Thünemann AF, Müller M, Dautzenberg H, Joanny JF, Löwen H. Polyelectrolyte Complexes. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/b11350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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PEGylated polyplex with optimized PEG shielding enhances gene introduction in lungs by minimizing inflammatory responses. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1196-203. [PMID: 22334020 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Safety is a critical issue in clinical applications of nonviral gene delivery systems. Safe and effective gene introduction into the lungs was previously achieved using polyplexes from poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG)-block-polycation [PEG-block-PAsp(DET)] and plasmid DNA (pDNA). Although PEGylated polyplexes appeared to be safe, an excess ratio of polycation to pDNA was needed to obtain sufficient transgene expression, which may cause toxicities shortly after gene introduction. In the present study, we investigated the combined use of two polymers, PEG-block-PAsp(DET) (B) and homo PAsp(DET) (H) across a range of mixing ratios to construct polyplexes. Although transgene expressions following in vitro transfections increased in parallel with increased proportions of H, polyplexes with B/H = 50/50 formulation produced the highest expression level following in vivo intratracheal administration. Higher proportions of H elicited high levels of cytokine induction with significant inflammation as assessed by histopathological examinations. Based on the aggregation behavior of polyplexes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs), we suggested that rapid aggregation of polyplexes in the lung induced acute inflammatory responses, resulting in reduced transgene expression. B/H formulation of polyplex can help to improve gene therapy for the respiratory system because it achieves both effective PEG shielding of polyplexes and functioning of PAsp(DET) polycations to enhance endosomal escape.
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26
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Impact of polyplex micelles installed with cyclic RGD peptide as ligand on gene delivery to vascular lesions. Gene Ther 2011; 19:61-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Harada A, Kimura Y, Kono K. Cationic polymers with inhibition ability of DNA condensation elevate gene expression. Chembiochem 2011; 11:1985-8. [PMID: 20806309 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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28
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Smith D, Holley AC, McCormick CL. RAFT-synthesized copolymers and conjugates designed for therapeutic delivery of siRNA. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen L, Henein G, Luciani V. Nanofabrication techniques for controlled drug-release devices. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1-6. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Center for Nanoscale Science & Technology, National Institute of Standards & Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 6201, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6201, USA
| | - Gerard Henein
- Center for Nanoscale Science & Technology, National Institute of Standards & Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 6201, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6201, USA
| | - Vincent Luciani
- Center for Nanoscale Science & Technology, National Institute of Standards & Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 6201, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6201, USA
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30
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Dong L, Huang Z, Cai X, Xiang J, Zhu YA, Wang R, Chen J, Zhang J. Localized delivery of antisense oligonucleotides by cationic hydrogel suppresses TNF-α expression and endotoxin-induced osteolysis. Pharm Res 2010; 28:1349-56. [PMID: 21140285 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the possibility of using localized nucleic drug delivery methods for the treatment of osteolysis-related bone disease. METHODS A bio-degradable cationic hydrogel composed of gelatin and chitosan was used to deliver an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting murine TNF-α for the treatment of endotoxin-induced osteolysis. RESULTS ASO combined with this hydrogel was released when it was digested by adhering cells. The released ASO was efficiently delivered into contacted cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. When tested in animal models of edotoxin-induced bone resorption, ASO delivered by such means effectively suppressed the expression of TNF-α and subsequently the osteoclastogenesis in vivo. Osteolysis in the edotoxin-induced bone resorption animal models was blocked by the treatment. CONCLUSION This is a successful attempt to apply localized gene delivery method to treat inflammatory diseases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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31
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Scheler S, Kitzan M, Fahr A. Cellular uptake and degradation behaviour of biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol-graft-methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles crosslinked with dimethacryloyl hydroxylamine. Int J Pharm 2010; 403:207-18. [PMID: 20969936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked polymers with hydrolytically cleavable linkages are highly interesting materials for the design of biodegradable drug carriers. The aim of this study was to investigate if nanoparticles made of such polymers have the potential to be used also for intracellular drug delivery. PEGylated nanoparticles were prepared by copolymerization of methacrylic acid esters and N,O-dimethacryloylhydroxylamine (DMHA). The particles were stable at pH 5.0. At pH 7.4 and 9.0 the degradation covered a time span of about 14 days, following first-order kinetics with higher crosslinked particles degrading slower. Cellular particle uptake and cytotoxicity were tested with L929 mouse fibroblasts. The particle uptake rate was found to correlate linearly with the surface charge and to increase as the zeta potential becomes less negative. Coating of the particle surface with polysorbate 80 drops the internalization rate close to zero and the charge dependence disappears. This indicates the existence of a second effect apart from surface charge. A similar pattern of correlation with zeta potential and coating was also found for the degree of membrane damage while there was no effect of polysorbate on the cell metabolism which increased as the negative charge decreased. It is discussed whether exocytotic processes may explain this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scheler
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jena, Germany.
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32
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Petros RA, DeSimone JM. Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:615-27. [PMID: 20616808 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2497] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles have the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases; for example, by allowing the targeted delivery of a drug to particular subsets of cells. However, so far, such nanoparticles have not proved capable of surmounting all of the biological barriers required to achieve this goal. Nevertheless, advances in nanoparticle engineering, as well as advances in understanding the importance of nanoparticle characteristics such as size, shape and surface properties for biological interactions, are creating new opportunities for the development of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. This Review focuses on recent progress important for the rational design of such nanoparticles and discusses the challenges to realizing the potential of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby A Petros
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
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Burke RS, Pun SH. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable HPMA-oligolysine copolymers for improved gene delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:140-50. [PMID: 19968270 DOI: 10.1021/bc9003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides, including DNA-binding, endosomal release, and cell targeting peptides, have been integrated into synthetic gene carriers to improve delivery efficiency by enabling the vectors to overcome barriers to gene delivery. Our overall goal is to develop multifunctional, peptide-based polymers that incorporate motifs to condense DNA and facilitate sequential trafficking steps. One approach is to polymerize vinyl-terminated peptides by radical polymerization. In this work, cationic oligolysine peptides were designed to contain vinyl termini with internal reducible linkers. These peptides were copolymerized with HPMA to form biodegradable, DNA-condensing copolymers for gene delivery. The polymerization conditions were optimized by varying the initiator to monomer ratios, macromonomer to comonomer ratios, and reactant concentrations. The synthesized copolymers were shown to possess several important properties required for in vivo gene delivery applications, including (i) efficient DNA binding and condensation, (ii) the ability to stabilize particles against salt-induced aggregation, (iii) the ability to resist extracellular polyplex unpackaging, (iv) biocompatibility and the potential to be degraded into nontoxic components after cellular uptake, and (v) efficient delivery of plasmid to cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob S Burke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Filippov SK, Konák C, Kopecková P, Starovoytova L, Spírková M, Stepánek P. Effect of hydrophobic interactions on properties and stability of DNA-polyelectrolyte complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4999-5006. [PMID: 20073519 DOI: 10.1021/la9036716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyplexes are polyelectrolyte complexes of DNA and polycations, designed for potential gene delivery. We investigated the properties of new polyplexes formed from cholesterol-modified polycations and DNA. Three complexes were tested; their cholesterol contents were 1.4, 6.3, and 8.7 mol %. UV spectroscopy and fluorescence assay using ethidium bromide proved the formation of polyplexes. The kinetics of turbidity of polyplexes solutions in physiological solution showed that the colloid stability of polyplexes increases with increasing content of cholesterol in polycations. Dynamic, static, and electrophoretic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and atomic force microscopy were used for characterization of polyplexes. The observed hydrodynamic radii of polyplexes were in the range of 30-60 nm; they were related to the polycation/DNA ratio and hydrophobicity of the used polycations (the cholesterol content). The properties of polyplex particles depend, in addition to polycation structure, on the rate of polycation addition to DNA solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey K Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Wan L, You Y, Zou Y, Oupický D, Mao G. DNA release dynamics from bioreducible poly(amido amine) polyplexes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 113:13735-41. [PMID: 19522487 DOI: 10.1021/jp901835u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA release dynamics of bioreducible poly(amido amine) polyplexes were studied in real time by atomic force microscopy (AFM). DNA release is triggered by a depolymerization of high-molecular-weight polycations into low-molecular-weight oligocations that occurs by means of the thiol and disulfide exchange reaction mechanism. AFM images were captured in a simulated physiological reducing environment that used dithiothreitol. Distinctive stages of disassembly are common among various polyplexes that have different disulfide content, molecular weight, and polymer architecture, while the DNA release rate depends upon the disulfide content. In the first stage, polyplexes evolve from metastable structures into the more stable toroid structure upon the depolymerization. In the second stage, toroids either aggregate or fuse into larger toroids. In the last stage, DNA wormlike chains and loops are held by a central compact core. The results confirm the prospect of bioreducible poly(amido amine)s as controlled DNA delivery vectors. The study offers new physical insights into the DNA release pathway including intermediate structures that have a high degree of structural heterogeneity and disassembly induced particle growth. The study identifies disassembly induced colloidal and morphological instability as an important issue to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Christie RJ, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Delivering the code: polyplex carriers for deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid interference therapies. Endocrinology 2010; 151:466-73. [PMID: 20032060 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapies offer great potential for treatment of a variety of diseases including cancer by modulating protein expression with DNA or small interfering RNA. However, realization of their full therapeutic potential is currently limited due to an inability to reach the target site in an active form. Identification of delivery barriers such as stability in circulation, resistance to degradation and entrapment in subcellular vesicles has led to development of sophisticated multifunctional synthetic polymers for forming ionic complexes with nucleic acids and also providing performance-enhancing features. The most promising designs comprise features to help increase stability in circulation and also contain functionality to aid in endosome escape of nucleic acid cargo after cellular internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Christie
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Chen JX, Wang HY, Quan CY, Xu XD, Zhang XZ, Zhuo RX. Amphiphilic cationic lipopeptides with RGD sequences as gene vectors. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3142-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c003538f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Réthoré G, Mathew A, Naik H, Pandit A. Preparation of Chitosan/Polyglutamic Acid Spheres Based on the Use of Polystyrene Template as a Nonviral Gene Carrier. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:605-13. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Réthoré
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Asha Mathew
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hemantkumar Naik
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Newman CM, Crosdale DJ, Fisher KD, Briggs SS, Norman KE, Seymour LW, Hellewell PG. P-selectin dependent targeting to inflamed endothelium of recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 immunoglobulin chimera-coated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide]-DNA polyplexes in vivo visualised by intravital microscopy. J Gene Med 2009; 11:326-34. [PMID: 19219895 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing vectors that target specifically to disease sites after systemic injection is an important goal in gene therapy research. METHODS We prepared fluorescent DNA polyplexes (< or =150 nm in diameter) comprising plasmid DNA condensed with poly(L-lysine) and coated with a multivalent reactive copolymer based on poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (pHPMA). These polyplexes were then surface modified with a recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 immunoglobulin chimera (rPSGL-Ig) previously investigated as a selectin antagonist in clinical studies. RESULTS Five minutes after jugular vein injection of these polyplexes, fluorescence accumulation in inflamed cremasteric venules of C57BL6 mice was more than eight-fold higher than that observed after injection of Fc-blocked control polyplexes. Fluorescence above background was not observed in P-selectin deficient mice, confirming the specificity for P-selectin in this model. CONCLUSIONS These data provide encouragement for the further development of rPSGL-Ig-coated polyplexes as potential nonviral vectors for targeted gene therapy in inflammatory conditions, such as ischaemia reperfusion injury, unstable atherosclerotic plaques and myocarditis. This approach may also be transferable to the use of other targeting ligands whose cognate partner is specifically upregulated on the vascular endothelium in individual pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Newman
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Shen Y, Li Q, Tu J, Zhu J. Synthesis and characterization of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid-based cationic micelles for efficient siRNA delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Osada K, Christie RJ, Kataoka K. Polymeric micelles from poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(amino acid) block copolymer for drug and gene delivery. J R Soc Interface 2009; 6 Suppl 3:S325-39. [PMID: 19364722 PMCID: PMC2690088 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0547.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic advances in biological research have revealed the mechanisms underlying many diseases at the molecular level. However, conventional techniques may be inadequate for direct application of this new knowledge to medical treatments. Nanobiotechnology, which integrates biology with the rapidly growing field of nanotechnology, has great potential to overcome many technical problems and lead to the development of effective therapies. The use of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery systems (DDS) is attractive for advanced treatment of conditions such as cancer and genetic diseases. In this review paper for a special issue on biomaterial research in Japan, we discuss the development of DDS based on polymeric micelles mainly in our group for anti-cancer drug and gene delivery, and also address our challenges associated with developing polymeric micelles as super-functionalized nanodevices with intelligent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Osada
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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42
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Recent development of nonviral gene delivery systems with virus-like structures and mechanisms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71:475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wang F, Liu X, Li G, Li D, Dong S. Selective electrodissolution of inorganic ions/DNA multilayer film for tunable DNA release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b812940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Akita H, Harashima H. Advances in non-viral gene delivery: using multifunctional envelope-type nano-device. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:847-59. [PMID: 18712995 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.8.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low transfection efficiency is an obstacle to the clinical use of non-viral gene vectors. Effective non-viral vectors require the ability to control intracellular trafficking of gene vectors for the delivery of exogenous DNA to the nucleus. OBJECTIVE To overcome multiple intracellular barriers, various types of devices must be integrated into one nano-particle so that each device performs its function at the appropriate location at the desired time. Such a strategy requires an understanding, based on quantitative information, of the rate-limiting processes that hinder intracellular trafficking. METHODS In this review, advancements in the development of multifunctional envelope-type nano-devices (MEND) are discussed. In particular, a novel method to quantitatively evaluate the rate-limiting steps in intracellular trafficking, based on a comparison of viral and non-viral gene-delivery systems, is described. CONCLUSION MENDs are useful to integrate various kinds of devices to overcome intracellular barriers into one particle. Comparison of intracellular trafficking between adenoviruses and non-viral vectors indicates that a postnuclear delivery process is an important rate-limiting step for efficient transfection with non-viral vectors.
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Gratton SEA, Williams SS, Napier ME, Pohlhaus PD, Zhou Z, Wiles KB, Maynor BW, Shen C, Olafsen T, Samulski ET, DeSimone JM. The pursuit of a scalable nanofabrication platform for use in material and life science applications. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:1685-95. [PMID: 18720952 DOI: 10.1021/ar8000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this Account, we describe the use of perfluoropolyether (PFPE)-based materials that are able to accurately mold and replicate micro- and nanosized features using traditional techniques such as embossing as well as new techniques that we developed to exploit the exceptional surface characteristics of fluorinated substrates. Because of the unique partial wetting and nonwetting characteristics of PFPEs, we were able to go beyond the usual molding and imprint lithography approaches and have created a technique called PRINT (Particle [or Pattern] Replication In Nonwetting Templates). PRINT is a distinctive "top-down" fabrication technique capable of generating isolated particles, arrays of particles, and arrays of patterned features for a plethora of applications in both nanomedicine and materials science. A particular strength of the PRINT technology is the high-resolution molding of well-defined particles with precise control over size, shape, deformability, and surface chemistry. The level of replication obtained showcases some of the unique characteristics of PFPE molding materials. In particular, these materials arise from very low surface energy precursors with positive spreading coefficients, can be photocured at ambient temperature, and are minimally adhesive, nonswelling, and conformable. These distinctive features enable the molding of materials with unique attributes and nanometer resolution that have unprecedented scientific and technological value. For example, in nanomedicine, the use of PFPE materials with the PRINT technique allows us to design particles in which we can tailor key therapeutic parameters such as bioavailability, biodistribution, target-specific cell penetration, and controlled cargo release. Similarly, in materials science, we can fabricate optical films and lens arrays, replicate complex, naturally occurring objects such as adenovirus particles, and create 2D patterned arrays of inorganic oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick D. Pohlhaus
- Liquidia Technologies, P.O. Box 110085, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Zhilian Zhou
- Liquidia Technologies, P.O. Box 110085, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | - Benjamin W. Maynor
- Liquidia Technologies, P.O. Box 110085, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Clifton Shen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Tove Olafsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | | | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Liquidia Technologies, P.O. Box 110085, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Wan L, Manickam DS, Oupický D, Mao G. DNA release dynamics from reducible polyplexes by atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12474-82. [PMID: 18839970 PMCID: PMC2825055 DOI: 10.1021/la802088y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled intracellular disassembly of polyelectrolyte complexes of polycations and DNA (polyplexes) is a crucial step for the success of nonviral gene delivery. Motivated by our previous observation of different gene delivery performances among multiblock reducible copolypeptide vectors ( Manickam, D. S. ; Oupicky, D. Bioconjugate Chem. 2006, 17, 1395- 1403 ), atomic force microscopy is used to visualize plasmid DNA in various decondensed states from reducible polypeptide polyplexes under simulated physiological reducing conditions. DNA decondensation is triggered by reductive degradation of disulfide-containing cationic polypeptides. Striking differences in DNA release dynamics between polyplexes based on polypeptides of histidine-rich peptide (HRP, CKHHHKHHHKC) and nuclear localization signal (NLS, CGAGPKKKRKVC) peptide are presented. The HRP and NLS polyplexes are similar to each other in their initial morphology with a majority of them containing only one DNA plasmid. Upon reductive degradation by dithiothreitol, DNA is released from NLS abruptly regardless of the initial polyplex morphology, while DNA release from HRP polyplexes displays a gradual decondensation that is dependent on the size of polyplexes. The release rate is higher for larger HRP polyplexes. The smaller HRP polyplexes become unstable when they are in contact with expanding chains nearby. The results reveal potentially rich DNA release dynamics that can be controlled by subtle variation in multivalent counterion binding to DNA as well as the cellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Devika S. Manickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - David Oupický
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
- Corresponding author:
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Abstract
This work explores using self-assembled DNA nanostructures as carriers for drug delivery. We have recently developed an organic nanotube system that is assembled from a single component: a 52-base-long DNA single strand. In this work, functional agents (folate as a cancer cell target agent and Cy3 as a fluorescence imaging agent) are conjugated with the DNA strands; the conjugates self-assemble into micrometers-long nanotubes (NTs). The conjugated DNA-NTs can be effectively taken by cancer cells as demonstrated by fluorescence imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. No obvious toxicity has been observed under current experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeon Ko
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Chengde Mao
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Yoncheva K, Centelles MN, Irache JM. Development of bioadhesive amino-pegylated poly(anhydride) nanoparticles designed for oral DNA delivery. J Microencapsul 2008; 25:82-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02652040701776083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gratton SEA, Ropp PA, Pohlhaus PD, Luft JC, Madden VJ, Napier ME, DeSimone JM. The effect of particle design on cellular internalization pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11613-8. [PMID: 18697944 PMCID: PMC2575324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801763105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2027] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of particles with cells is known to be strongly influenced by particle size, but little is known about the interdependent role that size, shape, and surface chemistry have on cellular internalization and intracellular trafficking. We report on the internalization of specially designed, monodisperse hydrogel particles into HeLa cells as a function of size, shape, and surface charge. We employ a top-down particle fabrication technique called PRINT that is able to generate uniform populations of organic micro- and nanoparticles with complete control of size, shape, and surface chemistry. Evidence of particle internalization was obtained by using conventional biological techniques and transmission electron microscopy. These findings suggest that HeLa cells readily internalize nonspherical particles with dimensions as large as 3 mum by using several different mechanisms of endocytosis. Moreover, it was found that rod-like particles enjoy an appreciable advantage when it comes to internalization rates, reminiscent of the advantage that many rod-like bacteria have for internalization in nonphagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia A. Ropp
- Departments of *Chemistry and Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence
| | - Patrick D. Pohlhaus
- Departments of *Chemistry and Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence
| | - J. Christopher Luft
- Departments of *Chemistry and Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence
| | | | - Mary E. Napier
- Departments of *Chemistry and Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Pathology, and
- Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Jo JI, Tabata Y. Non-viral gene transfection technologies for genetic engineering of stem cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 68:90-104. [PMID: 17870447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent rapid progress of molecular biology together with the steady progress of genome projects has given us some essential and revolutionary information about DNA and RNA to elucidate various biological phenomena at a genetic level. Under these circumstances, the technology and methodology of gene transfection have become more and more important to enhance the efficacy of gene therapy for several diseases. In addition, gene transfection is a fundamental technology indispensable to the further research development of basic biology and medicine regarding stem cells. Stem cells genetically manipulated will enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cell transplantation. In this paper, the carrier and technology of gene delivery are briefly overviewed while the applications to the basic researches of biology and medicine as well as regenerative medical therapy are introduced. A new non-viral carrier and the cell culture system are described to efficiently manipulate stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Jo
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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