1
|
Son YS, Ullah HMA, Elfadl AK, Chung MJ, Ghim SG, Kim YD, Lee EJ, Kang KK, Jeong KS. Preventive Effects of Vitamin C on Diethylnitrosamine-induced Hepatotoxicity in Smp30 Knockout Mice. In Vivo 2018; 32:93-99. [PMID: 29275304 PMCID: PMC5892647 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is well known as a free radical scavenger that protects cells against damage from oxidative stress. Herein, we investigated the effects of vitamin C against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatotoxicity. Male wild-type (C57BL/6) and senescence marker protein-30 (Smp30) knockout (KO) mice were used and divided in the following four groups: WT group (n=15): Wild-type (WT) mice fed vitamin C-free diet with tap water; WV group (n=14): WT mice fed vitamin C-free diet with water supplemented with 1.5 g/kg vitamin C; KT group (n=12): Smp30 KO mice fed vitamin C-free diet with tap water; and KV group (n=13): Smp30 KO mice fed vitamin C-free diet with water supplemented with 1.5 g/kg vitamin C. A single intraperitoneal injection of DEN (5 mg/kg body weight) was injected in the second week during the experimental period. Mice were sacrificed after 17 weeks of treatment to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin C on DEN-induced hepatotoxicity. The results showed that vitamin C significantly increased the mean lifespan (p<0.05) in the WT, WV and KV groups compared with the KT group. The serum concentrations of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase did not significantly differ among groups. The WT group exhibited significantly more acute cellular swelling accompanied by centrilobular necrosis, focal lymphocyte infiltration, and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies as compared with the WV and KV groups, suggesting that vitamin C had a hepatoprotective effect. Dysplastic, large, and binucleated hepatocytes were also observed in the WT group, but these pathological signs were absent from the WV and KV groups. Our experimental evidence suggests that vitamin C supplementation in Smp30 KO mice was effective for the treatment of DEN-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sook Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Arif Ullah
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed K Elfadl
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Chung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong-Gu Ghim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deuk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ku Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kawata K, Shimazaki R, Okabe S. Comparison of gene expression profiles in HepG2 cells exposed to arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and three model carcinogens for investigating the mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:46-59. [PMID: 19031421 DOI: 10.1002/em.20438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is an important chronic toxicity of metals and metalloids, although their mechanisms of action are still unclear. Comparison of gene expression patterns induced by carcinogenic metals, metalloids, and model carcinogens would give an insight into understanding of their carcinogenic mechanisms. In this study, we examined the gene expression alteration in human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, after exposing to two metals (cadmium and nickel), a metalloid (arsenic), and three model carcinogenic chemicals N-dimethylnitrosoamine (DMN), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and tetrachloroethylene (TCE) using DNA microarrays with 8,795 human genes. Of the genes altered by As, Cd, and Ni exposures, 31-55% were overlapped with those altered by three model carcinogenic chemical exposures in our experiments. In particular, the metals and metalloid shared certain characteristics with TPA and TCE in remarkable upregulations of the genes associated with progression of cell cycle, which might play a central role in As, Cd, and Ni carcinogenesis. This characteristic of gene expression alteration was partially counteracted by intracellular accumulation of vitamin C in As-exposed cells, whereas the number of cell-cycle associated genes was increased in Cd- and Ni-exposed cells. In our experimental conditions, ROS might have an accelerative effect on the cell proliferation mechanisms of As, but have an inhibitory effect on those of other two heavy metals. Furthermore, based on the results of Q-PCR, the oncogene PTTG1, which was upregulated by all carcinogenic chemical exposures in the array experiments, might be a useful biomarker for evaluation of the carcinogenesis of inorganic carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawata
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang X, Lu P, Fujii C, Nakamoto Y, Gao JL, Kaneko S, Murphy PM, Mukaida N. Essential contribution of a chemokine, CCL3, and its receptor, CCR1, to hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1869-76. [PMID: 16284949 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously observed that a chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/CCL3, and its receptor, CCR1, were aberrantly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues. Here, we show that CCL3 and CCR1 are also expressed in 2 different models of this cancer; N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)-induced HCC and HCC induced by hepatitis B virus surface (HBs) antigen-primed splenocyte transfer to myelo-ablated syngeneic HBs antigen transgenic mice. At 10 months after DEN treatment, foci number and sizes were remarkably reduced in CCR1- and CCL3-deficient mice, compared with those of wild-type (WT) mice, although tumor incidence were marginally, but significantly, higher in CCR1- and CCL3-deficient mice than in WT mice. Of note is that tumor angiogenesis was also markedly diminished in CCL3- and CCR1-deficient mice, with a concomitant reduction in the number of intratumoral Kupffer cells, a rich source of growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Among growth factors and MMPs that we examined, only MMP9 and MMP13 gene expression was augmented progressively in liver of WT mice after DEN treatment. Moreover, MMP9, but not MMP13, gene expression was attenuated in CCR1- and CCL3-deficient mice, compared with that of WT mice. Furthermore, MMP9 was expressed mainly by mononuclear cells but not hepatoma cells, and MMP9-expressing cell numbers were decreased in CCR1- or CCL3-deficient mice, compared with WT mice. These observations suggest the contribution of the CCR1-CCL3 axis to HCC progression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alkylating Agents/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/physiopathology
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Diethylnitrosamine/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hepatitis B virus
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Yang
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang JH, Chou CC, Cheng YW, Sheen LY, Chou MC, Yu HS, Wei YH, Chung JG. Effects of glycolic acid on the induction of apoptosis via caspase-3 activation in human leukemia cell line (HL-60). Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1777-84. [PMID: 15350675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a particular process that leads to the programmed cell death, and it has been a potentially therapeutic target of cancer. In this study, we evaluated the possible apoptotic effects of glycolic acid on human leukemia cell line (HL-60) in vitro. The morphological changes, cell viability, apoptosis induction, and caspase-3 activity were measured by phase microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. Morphological changes including shrinkage of cells were clearly demonstrated in HL-60 cells treated with increasing concentrations of glycolic acid. Cell viability was significantly affected by glycolic acid treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In comparison to the control group, glycolic acid treatment had a profound effect in the induction of apoptosis by flow cytometric assays. In the cell cycle analysis, glycolic acid caused the increased percentage of cells in G2/M phase and the decreased expression of the cyclin A and cyclin B1, suggesting the induction of G2/M arrest of cell cycle by glycolic acid. Moreover, glycolic acid treatment promoted caspase-9 and -3 activity in a dose-dependent manner, but caspse-8 activity was not affected during the same process. Glycolic acid co-administrated with broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, caspase-3 activity was blunted and apoptosis was also markedly blocked in HL-60 cells. In conclusion, glycolic acid-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells may be through the activation of caspase-3. Future studies focusing on cell signaling and biological significance of glycolic acid-induced apoptosis would lead to exploring the mechanisms of chemotherapeutic potency of glycolic acid in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hung Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu HF, Sue CC, Yu CS, Chen SC, Chen GW, Chung JG. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apoptosis undergo caspase-3 activity in human bladder cancer T24 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1543-52. [PMID: 15304301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2003] [Accepted: 06/26/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the major components of garlic (Allium sativum), is well known to have chemopreventative activity against human cancer such as colon, lung and skin. But the exact mechanism of the action is still unclear. In this study, we investigated how DADS--induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in T24 human bladder cancer cells in vitro. Apoptosis induction, cell viability, cell cycle arrest, caspases-3, -9 activity and gene expression were measured to determine their variation by flow cytometric assay, western blot, and determination of caspase-3 activity, PCR and cDNA microarray. There are significant differences in cell death (decreased viable cells then increased the amounts of apoptosis) of T24 cells that were detected between DADS (5-75 microM) treated and untreated groups. A significant increase was found in apoptosis induction when cells were treated with DADS (50 microM) compared to without DADS treated groups. DADS also promoted caspase-3 activity after exposure for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, which led to induce apoptosis. DADS also increased the product of intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the DADS-induced apoptosis on T24 cells was blocked by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk and antioxidant (catalase). DADS also increased cyclin E and decreased CDK2 gene expression which may lead to the G2/M arrest of T24 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng-Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li YC, Tyan YS, Kuo HM, Chang WC, Hsia TC, Chung JG. Baicalein induced in vitro apoptosis undergo caspases activity in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:37-43. [PMID: 14630128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the potential apoptosis effects of baicalein on human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro. Apoptosis induction, cell viability, morphology and caspase-3 activity were then performed to determine by flow cytometric assay, DNA gel electrophoresis, anti-ADP-ribose stain and determination of caspase-3 activity. There is a significant difference in cell death of HL-60 cells that was detected between baicalein-treated and untreated groups. Furthermore, there was a further significant increase in apoptosis induction when cells were treated with baicalein compared to without baicalein treated groups. Flow cytometric assays and DNA fragmentation gel electrophoresis also confirmed baicalein induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Baicalein also promoted caspase-3 activity then leading to cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase finally leading to DNA fragmentation occurrence. Furthermore, the baicalein-induced apoptosis was markedly blocked by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. Taken together, these results suggest that treatment of human leukemia HL-60 cells with baicalein induced apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y C Li
- Department of Medical Technology, Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung 400, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee YM, Wu TH, Chen SF, Chung JG. Effect of 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) on cell apoptosis and cell cycle in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2003; 17:279-87. [PMID: 12781206 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemopreventive role of 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line was investigated by studying the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in HCC (J5) cells. Morphological analysis, cell viability assay, DNA analysis and cell-cycle analysis suggest that there are at least three modes of the suppressive effects shown by 5-MOP: (a) kills J5 cells directly; (b) induces apoptosis by arresting J5 cells at the G2/M phase in the cell cycle; (c) induces apoptosis through an independent pathway with cell-cycle arrest at 24-72 h of exposure. Further immunoblot analysis demonstrated that inhibition of cyclin B1 by 5-MOP may play an important role in G2/M arrest of J5 cells and provides an additional way to prevent cells from entering the M phase and undergoing apoptosis. 5-MOP therefore appears to exert its anticarcinogenic properties by cytotoxic effect, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Lee
- Department of Medical Technology, Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung, 406, Republic of, Taiwan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chow SN, Chen M, Chen PJ, Chen RJ, Chien CH. Cell cycle analysis and detection of proliferative cell nuclear antigen of the endometrium after hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2001; 39:227-37. [PMID: 11574182 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5122(01)00215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the effect of sequential combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the postmenopausal endometrium. METHODS Sonographic endometrial thickness, endometrial histopathology, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis and the level of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were studied. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-eight postmenopausal women were enrolled in this study. Among which, 97 women had their endometrium being adequately obtained; the most frequent type of histopathology was normal endometrium (91.8%). Endometrial hyperplasia was found in seven patients (7.2%), including typical simple hyperplasia (n=1, 1%), focal simple hyperplasia (n=5, 5.2%) and complex hyperplasia without atypia (n=1, 1%). The proliferative fractions (PF; S plus G2-M phase) of cells from normal and hyperplastic endometrium of menopausal women after HRT were 8.18 and 8.95%, respectively, which were lower than those from 29 premenopausal women without HRT. The level of PCNA of normal and hyperplastic endometrium in postmenopausal women after HRT was about 80 and 84%, respectively, of that from premenopausal endometrium. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed the PF of the cell cycle and the level of PCNA were not increased in the menopausal endometrium under HRT as compared to the premenopausal controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Chow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7, Chung-Shan South Road, 100, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Waring JF, Jolly RA, Ciurlionis R, Lum PY, Praestgaard JT, Morfitt DC, Buratto B, Roberts C, Schadt E, Ulrich RG. Clustering of hepatotoxins based on mechanism of toxicity using gene expression profiles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 175:28-42. [PMID: 11509024 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology, which allows one to quantitate the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously, has begun to have a major impact on many different areas of drug discovery and development. The question remains of whether microarray analysis and gene expression signature profiles can be applied to the field of toxicology. To date, there are very few published studies showing the use of microarrays in toxicology and important questions remain regarding the predictability and accuracy of applying gene expression profiles to toxicology. To begin to address these questions, we have treated rats with 15 different known hepatotoxins, including allyl alcohol, amiodarone, Aroclor 1254, arsenic, carbamazepine, carbon tetrachloride, diethylnitrosamine, dimethylformamide, diquat, etoposide, indomethacin, methapyrilene, methotrexate, monocrotaline, and 3-methylcholanthrene. These agents cause a variety of hepatocellular injuries including necrosis, DNA damage, cirrhosis, hypertrophy, and hepatic carcinoma. Gene expression analysis was done on RNA from the livers of treated rats and was compared against vehicle-treated controls. The gene expression results were clustered and compared to the histopathology findings and clinical chemistry values. Our results show strong correlation between the histopathology, clinical chemistry, and gene expression profiles induced by the agents. In addition, genes were identified whose regulation correlated strongly with effects on clinical chemistry parameters. Overall, the results suggest that microarray assays may prove to be a highly sensitive technique for safety screening of drug candidates and for the classification of environmental toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Waring
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|