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Abbas H, Derkaoui DK, Jeammet L, Adicéam E, Tiollier J, Sicard H, Braun T, Poyet JL. Apoptosis Inhibitor 5: A Multifaceted Regulator of Cell Fate. Biomolecules 2024; 14:136. [PMID: 38275765 PMCID: PMC10813780 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental process that maintains tissue homeostasis, eliminates damaged or infected cells, and plays a crucial role in various biological phenomena. The deregulation of apoptosis is involved in many human diseases, including cancer. One of the emerging players in the intricate regulatory network of apoptosis is apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5), also called AAC-11 (anti-apoptosis clone 11) or FIF (fibroblast growth factor-2 interacting factor). While it may not have yet the same level of notoriety as some other cancer-associated proteins, API5 has garnered increasing attention in the cancer field in recent years, as elevated API5 levels are often associated with aggressive tumor behavior, resistance to therapy, and poor patient prognosis. This review aims to shed light on the multifaceted functions and regulatory mechanisms of API5 in cell fate decisions as well as its interest as therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsia Abbas
- Université Oran 1, Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran 31000, Algeria; (H.A.); (D.K.D.)
| | | | - Louise Jeammet
- Jalon Therapeutics, 75010 Paris, France; (L.J.); (J.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Emilie Adicéam
- Jalon Therapeutics, 75010 Paris, France; (L.J.); (J.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Jérôme Tiollier
- Jalon Therapeutics, 75010 Paris, France; (L.J.); (J.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Hélène Sicard
- Jalon Therapeutics, 75010 Paris, France; (L.J.); (J.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Thorsten Braun
- Laboratoire de Transfert des Leucémies, EA3518, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France;
- AP-HP, Service d’Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Paris XIII, 93000 Bobigny, France
- OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Poyet
- INSERM UMRS976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
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2
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Hu H, Deng N, Zhao X, Yi C, Wei W, Gong Y. API5-Hsp20 axis regulate apoptosis and viral infection in mud crab ( Scylla paramamosain). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1323382. [PMID: 38143869 PMCID: PMC10739306 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1323382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis Inhibitor 5 (API5) is a widely concerned nuclear protein with diverse functions in organisms, so far, study of API5 is still quite limited in lower animals, and its role in viral immune response has not been addressed. Here, we explored the function of API5 in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) during White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection. The interacting protein Hsp20 of API5 was screened by pull-down assay, and API5 and hsp20 were knocked down by RNAi interference. The results showed that API5 was upregulated along with virus infection, silencing of API5 led to increased WSSV copy numbers and apoptotic rate of hemocytes, highlighting its significance in the immune response. Moreover, we discovered a novel interaction between API5 and Heat Shock Protein 20 (Hsp20), and then revealed that Hsp20 could promote cell apoptosis of hemocytes and reduce viral copy numbers by suppressing API5. The current study therefore improves the knowledge of API5-Hsp20 axis and provides novel insights into intricate mechanisms governing the antiviral response in marine crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinshan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiqian Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yi Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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3
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Kuttanamkuzhi A, Panda D, Malaviya R, Gaidhani G, Lahiri M. Altered expression of anti-apoptotic protein Api5 affects breast tumorigenesis. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:374. [PMID: 37095445 PMCID: PMC10127332 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and, therefore, is a tightly regulated process. Deregulation of apoptosis signalling can favour carcinogenesis. Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (Api5), an inhibitor of apoptosis, is upregulated in cancers. Interestingly, Api5 is shown to regulate both apoptosis and cell proliferation. To address the precise functional significance of Api5 in carcinogenesis here we investigate the role of Api5 in breast carcinogenesis. METHODS Initially, we carried out in silico analyses using TCGA and GENT2 datasets to understand expression pattern of API5 in breast cancer patients followed by investigating the protein expression in Indian breast cancer patient samples. To investigate the functional importance of Api5 in breast carcinogenesis, we utilised MCF10A 3D breast acinar cultures and spheroid cultures of malignant breast cells with altered Api5 expression. Various phenotypic and molecular changes induced by altered Api5 expression were studied using these 3D culture models. Furthermore, in vivo tumorigenicity studies were used to confirm the importance of Api5 in breast carcinogenesis. RESULTS In-silico analysis revealed elevated levels of Api5 transcript in breast cancer patients which correlated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of Api5 in non-tumorigenic breast acinar cultures resulted in increased proliferation and cells exhibited a partial EMT-like phenotype with higher migratory potential and disruption in cell polarity. Furthermore, during acini development, the influence of Api5 is mediated via the combined action of FGF2 activated PDK1-Akt/cMYC signalling and Ras-ERK pathways. Conversely, Api5 knock-down downregulated FGF2 signalling leading to reduced proliferation and diminished in vivo tumorigenic potential of the breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study identifies Api5 as a central player involved in regulating multiple events during breast carcinogenesis including proliferation, and apoptosis through deregulation of FGF2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith Kuttanamkuzhi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Debiprasad Panda
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Radhika Malaviya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Gautami Gaidhani
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mayurika Lahiri
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
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Habault J, Thonnart N, Ram-Wolff C, Bagot M, Bensussan A, Poyet JL, Marie-Cardine A. Validation of AAC-11-Derived Peptide Anti-Tumor Activity in a Single Graft Sézary Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192933. [PMID: 36230895 PMCID: PMC9564267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive cutaneous T cell lymphoma with poor prognosis mainly characterized by the expansion of a tumor CD4+ T cell clone in both skin and blood. So far, the development of new therapeutic strategies has been hindered by a lack of reproducible in vivo models closely reflecting patients’ clinical features. We developed an SS murine model consisting of the intravenous injection of Sézary patients’ PBMC, together with a mixture of interleukins, in NOD-SCID-gamma mice. Thirty-four to fifty days after injection, mice showed skin disorders similar to that observed in patients, with the detection of epidermis thickening and dermal tumor T cell infiltrates. Although experimental variability was observed, Sézary cells could be tracked in the blood stream, confirming that our model could efficiently exhibit both skin and blood involvement. Using this model, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of RT39, a cell-penetrating peptide derived from the survival protein anti-apoptosis clone 11 (AAC-11), that we previously characterized as specifically inducing apoptosis of Sézary patients’ malignant clone ex vivo. Systemic administration of RT39 led to cutaneous tumor T cells depletion, demonstrating efficient malignant cells’ targeting and a favorable safety profile. These preclinical data confirmed that RT39 might be an innovative therapeutic tool for Sézary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Habault
- INSERM U976 Team 1, Onco-Dermatology and Therapies, 75010 Paris, France
- Saint Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Thonnart
- INSERM U976 Team 1, Onco-Dermatology and Therapies, 75010 Paris, France
- Saint Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Ram-Wolff
- INSERM U976 Team 1, Onco-Dermatology and Therapies, 75010 Paris, France
- Saint Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis Hospital, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Martine Bagot
- INSERM U976 Team 1, Onco-Dermatology and Therapies, 75010 Paris, France
- Saint Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis Hospital, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Armand Bensussan
- INSERM U976 Team 1, Onco-Dermatology and Therapies, 75010 Paris, France
- Saint Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Poyet
- INSERM U976 Team 1, Onco-Dermatology and Therapies, 75010 Paris, France
- Saint Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Anne Marie-Cardine
- INSERM U976 Team 1, Onco-Dermatology and Therapies, 75010 Paris, France
- Saint Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
SUMOylation is a reversible posttranslational modification involved in the regulation of diverse biological processes. Growing evidence suggests that virus infection can interfere with the SUMOylation system. In the present study, we discovered that apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5) is a SUMOylated protein. Amino acid substitution further identified that Lys404 of API5 was the critical residue for SUMO3 conjugation. Moreover, we found that Avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection significantly decreased SUMOylation of API5. In addition, our results further revealed that viral protein VP3 inhibited the SUMOylation of API5 by targeting API5 and promoting UBC9 proteasome-dependent degradation through binding to the ubiquitin E3 ligase TRAF3. Furthermore, we revealed that wild-type but not K404R mutant API5 inhibited IBDV replication by enhancing MDA5-dependent IFN-β production. Taken together, our data demonstrate that API5 is a UBC9-dependent SUMOylated protein and deSUMOylation of API5 by viral protein VP3 aids in viral replication.
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Guha S, Bhaumik SR. Viral regulation of mRNA export with potentials for targeted therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1864:194655. [PMID: 33246183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene expression begins with transcription in the nucleus to synthesize mRNA (messenger RNA), which is subsequently exported to the cytoplasm for translation to protein. Like transcription and translation, mRNA export is an important regulatory step of eukaryotic gene expression. Various factors are involved in regulating mRNA export, and thus gene expression. Intriguingly, some of these factors interact with viral proteins, and such interactions interfere with mRNA export of the host cell, favoring viral RNA export. Hence, viruses hijack host mRNA export machinery for export of their own RNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm for translation to proteins for viral life cycle, suppressing host mRNA export (and thus host gene expression and immune/antiviral response). Therefore, the molecules that can impair the interactions of these mRNA export factors with viral proteins could emerge as antiviral therapeutic agents to suppress viral RNA transport and enhance host mRNA export, thereby promoting host gene expression and immune response. Thus, there has been a number of studies to understand how virus hijacks mRNA export machinery in suppressing host gene expression and promoting its own RNA export to the cytoplasm for translation to proteins required for viral replication/assembly/life cycle towards developing targeted antiviral therapies, as concisely described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Sukesh R Bhaumik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Bong SM, Bae SH, Song B, Gwak H, Yang SW, Kim S, Nam S, Rajalingam K, Oh SJ, Kim TW, Park S, Jang H, Lee BI. Regulation of mRNA export through API5 and nuclear FGF2 interaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:6340-6352. [PMID: 32383752 PMCID: PMC7293033 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
API5 (APoptosis Inhibitor 5) and nuclear FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2) are upregulated in various human cancers and are correlated with poor prognosis. Although their physical interaction has been identified, the function related to the resulting complex is unknown. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the API5–FGF2 complex and identified critical residues driving the protein interaction. These findings provided a structural basis for the nuclear localization of the FGF2 isoform lacking a canonical nuclear localization signal and identified a cryptic nuclear localization sequence in FGF2. The interaction between API5 and FGF2 was important for mRNA nuclear export through both the TREX and eIF4E/LRPPRC mRNA export complexes, thus regulating the export of bulk mRNA and specific mRNAs containing eIF4E sensitivity elements, such as c-MYC and cyclin D1. These data show the newly identified molecular function of API5 and nuclear FGF2, and provide a clue to understanding the dynamic regulation of mRNA export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Min Bong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Bae
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomin Song
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeRan Gwak
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Yang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunshin Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology and Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Se Jin Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYoun Park
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Il Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
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8
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Mikhailova A, Valle-Casuso JC, David A, Monceaux V, Volant S, Passaes C, Elfidha A, Müller-Trutwin M, Poyet JL, Sáez-Cirión A. Antiapoptotic Clone 11-Derived Peptides Induce In Vitro Death of CD4 + T Cells Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00611-20. [PMID: 32350074 PMCID: PMC7343195 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00611-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 successfully establishes long-term infection in its target cells despite viral cytotoxic effects. We have recently shown that cell metabolism is an important factor driving CD4+ T cell susceptibility to HIV-1 and the survival of infected cells. We show here that expression of antiapoptotic clone 11 (AAC-11), an antiapoptotic factor upregulated in many cancers, increased with progressive CD4+ T cell memory differentiation in association with the expression of cell cycle, activation, and metabolism genes and was correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Synthetic peptides based on the LZ domain sequence of AAC-11, responsible for its interaction with molecular partners, were previously shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells. Here, we observed that these peptides also blocked HIV-1 infection by inducing the death of HIV-1-susceptible primary CD4+ T cells across all T cell subsets. The peptides targeted metabolically active cells and had the greatest effect on effector and transitional CD4+ T cell memory subsets. Our results suggest that the AAC-11 survival pathway is potentially involved in the survival of HIV-1-infectible cells and provide proof of principle that some cellular characteristics can be targeted to eliminate the cells offering the best conditions to sustain HIV-1 replication.IMPORTANCE Although antiretroviral treatment efficiently blocks HIV multiplication, it cannot eliminate cells already carrying integrated proviruses. In the search for an HIV cure, the identification of new potential targets to selectively eliminate infected cells is of the outmost importance. We show here that peptides derived from antiapoptotic clone 11 (AAC-11), whose expression levels correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells, induced cytotoxicity in CD4+ T cells showing the highest levels of activation and metabolic activity, conditions known to favor HIV-1 infection. Accordingly, CD4+ T cells that survived the cytotoxic action of the AAC-11 peptides were resistant to HIV-1 replication. Our results identify a new potential molecular pathway to target HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Mikhailova
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Amal Elfidha
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Poyet
- INSERM UMRS976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
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9
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Kim YS, Park HJ, Park JH, Hong EJ, Jang GY, Jung ID, Han HD, Lee SH, Vo MC, Lee JJ, Yang A, Farmer E, Wu TC, Kang TH, Park YM. A novel function of API5 (apoptosis inhibitor 5), TLR4-dependent activation of antigen presenting cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1472187. [PMID: 30288341 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1472187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are recognized as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against cancer. Various adjuvants are often incorporated to enhance the modest immunogenicity of DC vaccines. More specifically, many of the commonly used adjuvants are derived from bacteria. In the current study, we evaluate the use of apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5), a damage-associated molecular pattern expressed by many human cancer cells, as a novel DC vaccine adjuvant. We showed that API5 can prompt activation and maturation of DCs and activate NFkB by stimulating the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. We also demonstrated that vaccination with API5-treated DCs pulsed with OVA, E7, or AH1-A5 peptides led to the generation of OVA, E7, or AH1-A5-specific CD8 + T cells and memory T cells, which is associated with long term tumor protection and antitumor effects in mice, against EG.7, TC-1, and CT26 tumors. Additionally, we determined that API5-mediated DC activation and immune stimulation are dependent on TLR4. Lastly, we showed that the API5 protein sequence fragment that is proximal to its leucine zipper motif is responsible for the adjuvant effects exerted by API5. Our data provide evidence that support the use of API5 as a promising adjuvant for DC-based therapies, which can be applied in combination with other cancer therapies. Most notably, our results further support the continued investigation of human-based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seob Kim
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Park
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Hong
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Gun-Young Jang
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Manh-Cuong Vo
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Korea
| | - Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology KU Open Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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10
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Imre G, Berthelet J, Heering J, Kehrloesser S, Melzer IM, Lee BI, Thiede B, Dötsch V, Rajalingam K. Apoptosis inhibitor 5 is an endogenous inhibitor of caspase-2. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:733-744. [PMID: 28336776 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are key enzymes responsible for mediating apoptotic cell death. Across species, caspase-2 is the most conserved caspase and stands out due to unique features. Apart from cell death, caspase-2 also regulates autophagy, genomic stability and ageing. Caspase-2 requires dimerization for its activation which is primarily accomplished by recruitment to high molecular weight protein complexes in cells. Here, we demonstrate that apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5/AAC11) is an endogenous and direct inhibitor of caspase-2. API5 protein directly binds to the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of caspase-2 and impedes dimerization and activation of caspase-2. Interestingly, recombinant API5 directly inhibits full length but not processed caspase-2. Depletion of endogenous API5 leads to an increase in caspase-2 dimerization and activation. Consistently, loss of API5 sensitizes cells to caspase-2-dependent apoptotic cell death. These results establish API5/AAC-11 as a direct inhibitor of caspase-2 and shed further light onto mechanisms driving the activation of this poorly understood caspase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Imre
- MSU-FZI, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean Berthelet
- MSU-FZI, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Inga Maria Melzer
- MSU-FZI, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU, Mainz, Germany
| | - Byung Il Lee
- Division of Convergence Technology, Biomolecular Function Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- MSU-FZI, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU, Mainz, Germany .,UCT, Mainz, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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API5 confers cancer stem cell-like properties through the FGF2-NANOG axis. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e285. [PMID: 28092370 PMCID: PMC5294250 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune selection drives the evolution of tumor cells toward an immune-resistant and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype. We reported that apoptosis inhibitor-5 (API5) acts as an immune escape factor, which has a significant role in controlling immune resistance to antigen-specific T cells, but its functional association with CSC-like properties remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that API5 confers CSC-like properties, including NANOG expression, the frequency of CD44-positive cells and sphere-forming capacity. Critically, these CSC-like properties mediated by API5 are dependent on FGFR1 signaling, which is triggered by E2F1-dependent FGF2 expression. Furthermore, we uncovered the FGF2-NANOG molecular axis as a downstream component of API5 signaling that is conserved in cervical cancer patients. Finally, we found that the blockade of FGFR signaling is an effective strategy to control API5high human cancer. Thus, our findings reveal a crucial role of API5 in linking immune resistance and CSC-like properties, and provide the rationale for its therapeutic application for the treatment of API5+ refractory tumors.
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Jagot-Lacoussiere L, Kotula E, Villoutreix BO, Bruzzoni-Giovanelli H, Poyet JL. A Cell-Penetrating Peptide Targeting AAC-11 Specifically Induces Cancer Cells Death. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5479-90. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Rosa Fernandes L, Stern ACB, Cavaglieri RDC, Nogueira FCS, Domont G, Palmisano G, Bydlowski SP. 7-Ketocholesterol overcomes drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines beyond MDR1 mechanism. J Proteomics 2016; 151:12-23. [PMID: 27343758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease with a characteristic BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (TK) fusion protein. Despite the clinical efficacy accomplished by TKIs therapies, disease progression may affect patient response rate to these inhibitors due to a multitude of factors that could lead to development of a mechanism known as multidrug resistance (MDR). 7-Ketocholesterol (7KC) is an oxidized cholesterol derivative that has been extensively reported to cause cell death in a variety of cancer models. In this study, we showed the in vitro efficacy of 7KC against MDR leukemia cell line, Lucena. 7KC treatment induced reduction in cell viability, together with apoptosis-mediated cell death. Moreover, downregulation of MDR protein caused intracellular drug accumulation and 7KC co-incubation with either Daunorubicin or Vincristine reduced cell viability compared to the use of each drug alone. Additionally, quantitative label-free mass spectrometry-based protein quantification showed alteration of different molecular pathways involved in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and misfolded protein response. Conclusively, this study highlights the effect of 7KC as a sensitizing agent of multidrug resistance CML and elucidates its molecular mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE CML patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have showed a 5-year estimated overall survival of 89%, with cumulative complete cytogenetic response of 87%. However, development of drug resistance is a common feature of the disease progression. This study aimed at showing the effect of 7KC as a cytotoxic and sensitizing agent of multidrug resistance CML cell lines. The cellular and molecular basis of this compound were elucidated using a comprehensive strategy based on quantitative proteomic and cell biology assays. We showed that 7KC induced cell death and overcomes drug resistance in CML through mechanisms that go beyond the classical MDR1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Rosa Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Bassi Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto Domont
- Proteomic Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mayank AK, Sharma S, Nailwal H, Lal SK. Nucleoprotein of influenza A virus negatively impacts antiapoptotic protein API5 to enhance E2F1-dependent apoptosis and virus replication. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2018. [PMID: 26673663 PMCID: PMC4720893 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of host cells profoundly influences virus propagation and dissemination, events that are integral to influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenesis. The trigger for activation of apoptosis is regulated by an intricate interplay between cellular and viral proteins, with a strong bearing on IAV replication. Though the knowledge of viral proteins and mechanisms employed by IAV to induce apoptosis has advanced considerably of late, we know relatively little about the repertoire of host factors targeted by viral proteins. Thus, identification of cellular proteins that are hijacked by the virus will help us not only to understand the molecular underpinnings of IAV-induced apoptosis, but also to design future antiviral therapies. Here we show that the nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV directly interacts with and suppresses the expression of API5, a host antiapoptotic protein that antagonizes E2F1-dependent apoptosis. siRNA-mediated depletion of API5, in NP-overexpressed as well as IAV-infected cells, leads to upregulation of apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1), a downstream modulator of E2F1-mediated apoptosis, and cleavage of caspases 9 and 3, although a reciprocal pattern of these events was observed on ectopic overexpression of API5. In concordance with these observations, annexin V and 7AAD staining assays exhibit downregulation of early and late apoptosis in IAV-infected or NP-transfected cells on overexpression of API5. Most significantly, while overexpression of API5 decreases viral titers, cellular NP protein as well as mRNA levels in IAV-infected A549 cells, silencing of API5 expression causes a steep rise in the same parameters. From the data reported in this manuscript, we propose a proapoptotic role for NP in IAV pathogenesis, whereby it suppresses expression of antiapoptotic factor API5, thus potentiating the E2F1-dependent apoptotic pathway and ensuring viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mayank
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - S Sharma
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - H Nailwal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor DE 47500, Malaysia
| | - S K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor DE 47500, Malaysia
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15
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Baxter PA, Lin Q, Mao H, Kogiso M, Zhao X, Liu Z, Huang Y, Voicu H, Gurusiddappa S, Su JM, Adesina AM, Perlaky L, Dauser RC, Leung HCE, Muraszko KM, Heth JA, Fan X, Lau CC, Man TK, Chintagumpala M, Li XN. Silencing BMI1 eliminates tumor formation of pediatric glioma CD133+ cells not by affecting known targets but by down-regulating a novel set of core genes. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:160. [PMID: 25526772 PMCID: PMC4289398 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcome of children with malignant glioma remains dismal. Here, we examined the role of over-expressed BMI1, a regulator of stem cell self-renewal, in sustaining tumor formation in pediatric glioma stem cells. Our investigation revealed BMI1 over-expression in 29 of 54 (53.7%) pediatric gliomas, 8 of 8 (100%) patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models, and in both CD133+ and CD133− glioma cells. We demonstrated that lentiviral-shRNA mediated silencing of suppressed cell proliferation in vitro in cells derived from 3 independent PDOX models and eliminated tumor-forming capacity of CD133+ and CD133− cells derived from 2 PDOX models in mouse brains. Gene expression profiling showed that most of the molecular targets of BMI1 ablation in CD133+ cells were different from that in CD133- cells. Importantly, we found that silencing BMI1 in CD133+ cells derived from 3 PDOX models did not affect most of the known genes previously associated with the activated BMI1, but modulated a novel set of core genes, including RPS6KA2, ALDH3A2, FMFB, DTL, API5, EIF4G2, KIF5c, LOC650152, C20ORF121, LOC203547, LOC653308, and LOC642489, to mediate the elimination of tumor formation. In summary, we identified the over-expressed BMI1 as a promising therapeutic target for glioma stem cells, and suggest that the signaling pathways associated with activated BMI1 in promoting tumor growth may be different from those induced by silencing BMI1 in blocking tumor formation. These findings highlighted the importance of careful re-analysis of the affected genes following the inhibition of abnormally activated oncogenic pathways to identify determinants that can potentially predict therapeutic efficacy.
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16
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Li D, Liu Y, Li H, Peng JJ, Tan Y, Zou Q, Song XF, Du M, Yang ZH, Tan Y, Zhou JJ, Xu T, Fu ZQ, Feng JQ, Cheng P, chen T, Wei D, Su XM, Liu HY, Qi ZC, Tang LJ, Wang T, Guo X, Hu YH, Zhang T. MicroRNA-1 promotes apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells by targeting apoptosis inhibitor-5 (API-5). FEBS Lett 2014; 589:68-76. [PMID: 25433291 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Peng
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Scientific Research and Training, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Institute of Aging and Immunity, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Song
- Department of Health Care, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin-Jun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Fu
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian-Qiong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao chen
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Su
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huan-Yi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Chun Qi
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Medical Lab, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong-He Hu
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China.
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17
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Cho H, Chung JY, Song KH, Noh KH, Kim BW, Chung EJ, Ylaya K, Kim JH, Kim TW, Hewitt SM, Kim JH. Apoptosis inhibitor-5 overexpression is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:545. [PMID: 25070070 PMCID: PMC4125689 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apoptosis inhibitor-5 (API5), anti-apoptosis protein, is considered a key molecule in the tumor progression and malignant phenotype of tumor cells. Here, we investigated API5 expression in cervical cancer, its clinical significance, and its relationship with phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) in development and progression of cervical cancer. METHODS API5 effects on cell growth were assessed in cervical cancer cell lines. API5 and pERK1/2 immunohistochemical staining were performed on a cervical cancer tissue microarray consisting of 173 primary cervical cancers, 306 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs), and 429 matched normal tissues. RESULTS API5 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and colony formation in CaSki cells, whereas API5 knockdown inhibited the both properties in HeLa cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed that API5 expression increased during the normal to tumor transition of cervical carcinoma (P < 0.001), and this increased expression was significantly associated with tumor stage (P = 0.004), tumor grade (P < 0.001), and chemo-radiation response (P = 0.004). API5 expression levels were positively associated with pERK1/2 in cervical cancer (P < 0.001) and high grade CIN (P = 0.031). In multivariate analysis, API5+ (P = 0.039) and combined API5+/pERK1/2+ (P = 0.032) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS API5 expression is associated with pERK1/2 in a subset of cervical cancer patients and its expression predicts poor overall survival, supporting that API5 may be a promising novel target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbyoul Cho
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 146-92 Dogok-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-720 South Korea
- />Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- />Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- />Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- />Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Wook Kim
- />Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Eun Joo Chung
- />Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kris Ylaya
- />Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- />Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- />Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- />Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 146-92 Dogok-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-720 South Korea
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18
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Noh KH, Kim SH, Kim JH, Song KH, Lee YH, Kang TH, Han HD, Sood AK, Ng J, Kim K, Sonn CH, Kumar V, Yee C, Lee KM, Kim TW. API5 confers tumoral immune escape through FGF2-dependent cell survival pathway. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3556-66. [PMID: 24769442 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Identifying immune escape mechanisms used by tumors may define strategies to sensitize them to immunotherapies to which they are otherwise resistant. In this study, we show that the antiapoptotic gene API5 acts as an immune escape gene in tumors by rendering them resistant to apoptosis triggered by tumor antigen-specific T cells. Its RNAi-mediated silencing in tumor cells expressing high levels of API5 restored antigen-specific immune sensitivity. Conversely, introducing API5 into API5(low) cells conferred immune resistance. Mechanistic investigations revealed that API5 mediated resistance by upregulating FGF2 signaling through a FGFR1/PKCδ/ERK effector pathway that triggered degradation of the proapoptotic molecule BIM. Blockade of FGF2, PKCδ, or ERK phenocopied the effect of API5 silencing in tumor cells expressing high levels of API5 to either murine or human antigen-specific T cells. Our results identify a novel mechanism of immune escape that can be inhibited to potentiate the efficacy of targeted active immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Noh
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University; Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea; Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA
| | - Joanne Ng
- Global Research Lab, Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Kwanghee Kim
- Global Research Lab, Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chung Hee Sonn
- Global Research Lab, Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Global Research Lab, Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul;
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University; Global Research Lab, Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul;
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Garcia-Jove Navarro M, Basset C, Arcondéguy T, Touriol C, Perez G, Prats H, Lacazette E. Api5 contributes to E2F1 control of the G1/S cell cycle phase transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71443. [PMID: 23940755 PMCID: PMC3737092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The E2f transcription factor family has a pivotal role in controlling the cell fate in general, and in particular cancer development, by regulating the expression of several genes required for S phase entry and progression through the cell cycle. It has become clear that the transcriptional activation of at least one member of the family, E2F1, can also induce apoptosis. An appropriate balance of positive and negative regulators appears to be necessary to modulate E2F1 transcriptional activity, and thus cell fate. Methodology/Principal Findings In this report, we show that Api5, already known as a regulator of E2F1 induced-apoptosis, is required for the E2F1 transcriptional activation of G1/S transition genes, and consequently, for cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. Api5 appears to be a cell cycle regulated protein. Removal of Api5 reduces cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin D1 and Cdk2 levels, causing G1 cell cycle arrest and cell cycle delay. Luciferase assays established that Api5 directly regulates the expression of several G1/S genes under E2F1 control. Using protein/protein and protein/DNA immunoprecipitation studies, we demonstrate that Api5, even if not physically interacting with E2F1, contributes positively to E2F1 transcriptional activity by increasing E2F1 binding to its target promoters, through an indirect mechanism. Conclusion/Significance The results described here support the pivotal role of cell cycle related proteins, that like E2F1, may act as tumor suppressors or as proto-oncogenes during cancer development, depending on the behavior of their positive and negative regulators. According to our findings, Api5 contributes to E2F1 transcriptional activation of cell cycle-associated genes by facilitating E2F1 recruitment onto its target promoters and thus E2F1 target gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Basset
- INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Cancer Department, Toulouse, France
| | - Tania Arcondéguy
- INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Cancer Department, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Touriol
- INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Cancer Department, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Perez
- INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Cancer Department, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Prats
- INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Cancer Department, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Lacazette
- INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Cancer Department, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Müller PJ, Rigbolt KTG, Paterok D, Piehler J, Vanselow J, Lasonder E, Andersen JS, Schaper F, Sobota RM. Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2/PTPN11 mistargeting as a consequence of SH2-domain point mutations associated with Noonan Syndrome and leukemia. J Proteomics 2013; 84:132-47. [PMID: 23584145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED SHP2/PTPN11 is a key regulator of cytokine, growth factor and integrin signaling. SHP2 influences cell survival, proliferation and differentiation by regulating major signaling pathways. Mutations in PTPN11 cause severe diseases like Noonan, LEOPARD syndrome or leukemia. Whereas several of these mutations result in altered enzymatic activity due to impaired auto-inhibition, not all disease patterns can be explained by this mechanism. In this study we analyzed altered binding properties of disease-related SHP2-mutants bearing point mutations within the SH2-domain (T42A, E139D, and R138Q). Mutants were chosen according to SPR assays, which revealed different binding properties of mutated SH2 towards phosphorylated receptor peptides. To analyze global changes in mutant binding properties we applied quantitative mass spectrometry (SILAC). Using an in vitro approach we identified overall more than 1000 protein candidates, which specifically bind to the SH2-domain of SHP2. We discovered that mutations in the SH2-domain selectively affected protein enrichment by altering the binding capacity of the SH2-domain. Mutation-dependent, enhanced or reduced exposure of SHP2 to its binding partners could have an impact on the dynamics of signaling networks. Thus, disease-associated mutants of SHP2 should not only be discussed in the context of deregulated auto-inhibition but also with respect to deregulated protein targeting of the SHP2 mutants. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Using quantitative mass spectrometry based proteomics we provided evidence that disease related mutations in SHP2 domains of SHP2 are able to influence SHP2 recruitment to its targets in mutation dependent manner. We discovered that mutations in the SH2-domain selectively affected protein enrichment ratios suggesting altered binding properties of the SH2-domain. We demonstrated that mutations within SHP2, which had been attributed to affect the enzymatic activity (i.e. affect the open/close status of SHP2), also differ in respect to binding properties. Our study indicates that SHP2 mutations need to be discussed not only in terms of deregulated auto-inhibition but also with respect to deregulated protein targeting properties of the SHP2 mutants. Discovery of the new binding partners for disease-related SHP2 mutants might provide a fruitful foundation for developing strategies targeting Noonan-associated leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia J Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Han BG, Kim KH, Lee SJ, Jeong KC, Cho JW, Noh KH, Kim TW, Kim SJ, Yoon HJ, Suh SW, Lee S, Lee BI. Helical repeat structure of apoptosis inhibitor 5 reveals protein-protein interaction modules. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10727-37. [PMID: 22334682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.317594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5) is an anti-apoptotic protein that is up-regulated in various cancer cells. Here, we present the crystal structure of human API5. API5 exhibits an elongated all α-helical structure. The N-terminal half of API5 is similar to the HEAT repeat and the C-terminal half is similar to the ARM (Armadillo-like) repeat. HEAT and ARM repeats have been implicated in protein-protein interactions, suggesting that the cellular roles of API5 may be to mediate protein-protein interactions. Various components of multiprotein complexes have been identified as API5-interacting protein partners, suggesting that API5 may act as a scaffold for multiprotein complexes. API5 exists as a monomer, and the functionally important heptad leucine repeat does not exhibit the predicted a dimeric leucine zipper. Additionally, Lys-251, which can be acetylated in cells, plays important roles in the inhibition of apoptosis under serum deprivation conditions. The acetylation of this lysine also affects the stability of API5 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Gu Han
- Biomolecular Function Research Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Korea
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22
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Koci L, Chlebova K, Hyzdalova M, Hofmanova J, Jira M, Kysela P, Kozubik A, Kala Z, Krejci P. Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API-5; AAC-11; FIF) is upregulated in human carcinomas in vivo. Oncol Lett 2012; 3:913-916. [PMID: 22741017 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API-5) is a 55 kDa nuclear protein with potent anti-apoptotic signaling in tumor cells in vitro. In this study, we analyzed the expression of the API-5 protein in vivo in a broad spectrum of human carcinomas, including those of the colon, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, stomach and esophagus using tumor tissues obtained during tumor resection. The results showed significant upregulation of API-5 expression in biopsies of lung (23%, n=13) and colorectal tumors (33%, n=27) in comparison with biopsies from the adjacent normal tissue. Colon cancer biopsies were used to study the cell populations with an upregulated level of expression of API-5 more closely. Using a magnetic bead-based selection for the epithelial cell marker EpCAM, we purified epithelial cells from the tumor and control tissues and analyzed these cells for API-5 expression by western immunoblotting. We observed that EpCAM-positive tumor cells expressed API-5 in all three colorectal cancer cases tested, in contrast to the control EpCAM-positive and EpCAM-negative cells isolated from the control or tumor tissues. These data suggest that the expression of the API-5 protein is upregulated in tumor epithelial cells and may serve as a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Koci
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Zhu W, Fang C, Gramatikoff K, Niemeyer CC, Smith JW. Proteins and an inflammatory network expressed in colon tumors. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2129-39. [PMID: 21366352 DOI: 10.1021/pr101190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein is crucial to homeostasis of normal intestinal epithelia because it suppresses the β-catenin/TCF pathway. Consequently, loss or mutation of the APC gene causes colorectal tumors in humans and mice. Here, we describe our use of multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) to compare protein expression in colon tumors to that of adjacent healthy colon tissue from Apc(Min/+) mice. Twenty-seven proteins were found to be up-regulated in colon tumors and 25 were down-regulated. As an extension of the proteomic analysis, the differentially expressed proteins were used as "seeds" to search for coexpressed genes. This approach revealed a coexpression network of 45 genes that is up-regulated in colon tumors. Members of the network include the antibacterial peptide cathelicidin (CAMP), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), IL-8, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1). The coexpression network is associated with innate immunity and inflammation, and there is significant concordance between its connectivity in humans versus mice (Friedman: p value = 0.0056). This study provides new insights into the proteins and networks that are likely to drive the onset and progression of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Zhu
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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24
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Since its discovery in 1997, the antiapoptotic factor AAC-11 has rapidly gained attention due to its potential use in cancer therapy. Indeed, most cancer cells express elevated levels of AAC-11, which is now known to be involved in both tumor cells growth as well as sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this review, we examine the most recent evidence about the role of AAC-11 in cancer biology and the therapeutic perspectives associated with its specific targeting. For that purpose, literature dealing with AAC-11 in the PubMed database was reviewed from 1997 up to date. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN AAC-11 is an antiapoptotic gene that has the potential to be a target for anti-cancer therapy, and warrants further investigation. As its expression seems to predict unfavorable prognosis, at least in some cancers, it also may become a potent prognostic marker. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Blocking AAC-11 function in cancer for therapeutic purposes might be of great interest. The recent report of efficient AAC-11 inhibiting peptides that sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs has raise the exciting notion that AAC-11 might be a druggable target and fueled the search for new therapeutic agents that could block AAC-11 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Faye
- INSERM UMRS 940, Equipe Avenir, Université Paris 7, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 75010 Paris, France
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25
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Rieber J, Remke M, Hartmann C, Korshunov A, Burkhardt B, Sturm D, Mechtersheimer G, Wittmann A, Greil J, Blattmann C, Witt O, Behnisch W, Halatsch ME, Orakcioglu B, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Kulozik A, Pfister S. Novel oncogene amplifications in tumors from a family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:558-68. [PMID: 19378321 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) represents an inherited tumor syndrome that is typically caused by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene TP53. TP53 dysfunction secondarily disturbs the genetic integrity of the cell. Here, we report a family with LFS harboring a germline TP53 mutation (R248W) located in the functional domain of the protein that binds to the minor groove of the DNA. In this family, tumors of the central nervous system were diagnosed as primary malignancies in all carriers of the mutation. The index patient developed an anaplastic medulloblastoma with unusual genomic profile exhibiting six distinct high-level genomic amplifications, two of them targeting the MYCN and GLI2 genes, respectively. In an extrarenal rhabdoid tumor from the same patient, we found a novel high-level amplification of the MYC oncogene. The father of this patient was diagnosed with myxopapillary ependymoma (WHO degrees I), whereas a brother died from an early relapse of a choroid plexus carcinoma. The analysis of this LFS familiy thus revealed novel oncogene amplifications as different second hits that are likely to also play a role in the pathogenesis of their sporadic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieber
- Division Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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The antiapoptotic protein AAC-11 interacts with and regulates Acinus-mediated DNA fragmentation. EMBO J 2009; 28:1576-88. [PMID: 19387494 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor Acinus has been suggested to mediate apoptotic chromatin condensation after caspase cleavage. However, this role has been challenged by recent observations suggesting a contribution of Acinus in apoptotic internucleosomal DNA cleavage. We report here that AAC-11, a survival protein whose expression prevents apoptosis that occurs on deprivation of growth factors, physiologically binds to Acinus and prevents Acinus-mediated DNA fragmentation. AAC-11 was able to protect Acinus from caspase-3 cleavage in vivo and in vitro, thus interfering with its biological function. Interestingly, AAC-11 depletion markedly increased cellular sensitivity to anticancer drugs, whereas its expression interfered with drug-induced cell death. AAC-11 possesses a leucine-zipper domain that dictates, upon oligomerization, its interaction with Acinus as well as the antiapoptotic effect of AAC-11 on drug-induced cell death. A cell permeable peptide that mimics the leucine-zipper subdomain of AAC-11, thus preventing its oligomerization, inhibited the AAC-11-Acinus complex formation and potentiated drug-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Our results, therefore, show that targeting AAC-11 might be a potent strategy for cancer treatment by sensitization of tumour cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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27
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Kakinuma Y, Katare RG, Arikawa M, Muramoto K, Yamasaki F, Sato T. A HIF-1alpha-related gene involved in cell protection from hypoxia by suppression of mitochondrial function. FEBS Lett 2007; 582:332-40. [PMID: 18155669 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that acetylcholine-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia; however, the downstream factors reducing hypoxic stress are unknown. We identified apoptosis inhibitor (AI) gene as being differentially expressed between von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein-positive cells with high levels of GRP78 expression and VHL-negative cells with lower GRP levels, using cDNA subtraction. AI decreased GRP78 level, suppressed mitochondrial function, reduced oxygen consumption and, ultimately, suppressed hypoxia-induced apoptosis. By contrast, knockdown of the AI gene increased mitochondrial function. Hypoxic cardiomyocytes and ischemic myocardium showed increased AI mRNA expression. These findings suggest that AI is involved in suppressing mitochondrial function, thereby leading to cellular stress eradication and consequently to protection during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Cardiovascular Control, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
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28
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Pen A, Moreno MJ, Martin J, Stanimirovic DB. Molecular markers of extracellular matrix remodeling in glioblastoma vessels: microarray study of laser-captured glioblastoma vessels. Glia 2007; 55:559-72. [PMID: 17266141 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most malignant and vascularized brain tumors. The aberrant vascular phenotype of GBM could be exploited for diagnosis or therapeutic targeting. This study identified new molecular markers of GBM vessels, using a combination of laser capture microdissection (LCM) microscopy, RNA amplification, and microarray analyses to compare vessels from nonmalignant human brain and GBM tumors. Forty-two genes were differentially expressed in GBM vessels compared to nonmalignant brain vessels. Validation of differentially expressed genes was performed by literature mining, Q-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Among the differentially expressed genes, only 64% were previously associated with vessels, angiogenesis, gliomas, and/or cancer. The upregulation of genes encoding secreted extracellular proteins IGFBP7 and SPARC was confirmed by Q-PCR in LCM-captured vessels. Whereas SPARC and IGFBP7 protein were absent in nonmalignant brain vessels, a distinct immunoreactivity patterns were observed in GBM sections whereby SPARC was strongly expressed in perivascular cells adjacent to GBM vessels while GBM endothelial cells were immunostained for IGFBP7. IGFBP7 immunoreactivity was also detected on the abluminal side of GBM vessels deposited between strands of vascular basal lamina. The study discerns unique molecular characteristics of GBM vessels compared with nonmalignant brain vessels that could potentially be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Pen
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Morris EJ, Michaud WA, Ji JY, Moon NS, Rocco JW, Dyson NJ. Functional identification of Api5 as a suppressor of E2F-dependent apoptosis in vivo. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e196. [PMID: 17112319 PMCID: PMC1636698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma protein and E2-promoter binding factor (E2F) family members are important regulators of G1-S phase progression. Deregulated E2F also sensitizes cells to apoptosis, but this aspect of E2F function is poorly understood. Studies of E2F-induced apoptosis have mostly been carried out in tissue culture cells, and the analysis of the factors that are important for this process has been restricted to the testing of a few candidate genes. Using Drosophila as a model system, we have generated tools that allow genetic modifiers of E2F-dependent apoptosis to be identified in vivo and developed assays that allow effects on E2F-induced apoptosis to be studied in cultured cells. Genetic interactions show that dE2F1-dependent apoptosis in vivo involves dArk/Apaf1 apoptosome-dependent activation of both initiator and effector caspases and is sensitive to levels of Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (dIAP1). Using these approaches, we report the surprising finding that apoptosis inhibitor-5/antiapoptosis clone-11 (Api5/Aac11) is a critical determinant of dE2F1-induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. This functional interaction occurs in multiple tissues, is specific to E2F-induced apoptosis, and is conserved from flies to humans. Interestingly, Api5/Aac11 acts downstream of E2F and suppresses E2F-dependent apoptosis without generally blocking E2F-dependent transcription. Api5/Aac11 expression is often upregulated in tumor cells, particularly in metastatic cells. We find that depletion of Api5 is tumor cell lethal. The strong genetic interaction between E2F and Api5/Aac11 suggests that elevated levels of Api5 may be selected during tumorigenesis to allow cells with deregulated E2F activity to survive under suboptimal conditions. Therefore, inhibition of Api5 function might offer a possible mechanism for antitumor exploitation. The retinoblastoma protein (pRB) was the first human tumor suppressor to be described, and it works by limiting the activity of the E2F transcription factor. The pRB pathway is inactivated in most forms of cancer, and, accordingly, most tumor cells have deregulated E2F. Uncontrolled E2F drives cell proliferation, but it also sensitizes cells to die (apoptosis). E2F-induced apoptosis is not well understood, but it affects the development of cancer and, potentially, could be exploited for cancer treatment. To date, however, there have been very few studies of E2F-induced apoptosis in animal models. The authors describe a series of genetic tools that allow systematic studies of E2F-induced apoptosis in Drosophila. As validation, this approach identified some known regulators of E2F-dependent apoptosis and also identified Api5, a little-studied gene that had not previously been linked to E2F, as a potent suppressor of E2F-induced cell death. The effects of Api5 on E2F occur in several different tissues and are conserved from flies to humans. This last point is significant since Api5 is upregulated in cancer cells. The discovery of the E2F–Api5 interaction demonstrates that important modulators of E2F-induced apoptosis are waiting to be discovered and that they can be found using Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J Morris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William A Michaud
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nam-Sung Moon
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James W Rocco
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Singhal S, Vachani A, Antin-Ozerkis D, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Prognostic implications of cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer: a review. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3974-86. [PMID: 15930332 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. with survival restricted to a subset of those patients able to undergo surgical resection. However, even with surgery, recurrence rates range from 30% to 60%, depending on the pathologic stage. With the advent of partially effective, but potentially toxic adjuvant chemotherapy, it has become increasingly important to discover biomarkers that will identify those patients who have the highest likelihood of recurrence and who thus might benefit most from adjuvant chemotherapy. Hundreds of papers have appeared over the past several decades proposing a variety of molecular markers or proteins that may have prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer. This review analyzes the largest and most rigorous of these studies with the aim of compiling the most important prognostic markers in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. In this review, we focused on biomarkers primarily involved in one of three major pathways: cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Although no single marker has yet been shown to be perfect in predicting patient outcome, a profile based on the best of these markers may prove useful in directing patient therapy. The markers with the strongest evidence as independent predictors of patient outcome include cyclin E, cyclin B1, p21, p27, p16, survivin, collagen XVIII, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Singhal
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Lang G, White JR, Argent-Katwala MJG, Allinson CG, Weston K. Myb proteins regulate the expression of diverse target genes. Oncogene 2005; 24:1375-84. [PMID: 15608679 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis, the process by which mature blood cells arise, is controlled by multiple transcription factors, which act in stage- and lineage-specific complexes. It is a major goal to elucidate the genes regulated by these transcription factors, in order to obtain a full understanding of the process and its malignant counterpart, leukemia. Myb family transcription factors play a central role in hematopoiesis. To identify new Myb family target genes, we have used an inducible dominant-negative protein for a subtraction cloning protocol in a model cell system (FDCP-Mix) with many characteristics of normal hematopoiesis. We present here a novel group of 29 validated Myb family target genes of diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Lang
- CRUK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Sun W, Zhang K, Zhang X, Lei W, Xiao T, Ma J, Guo S, Shao S, Zhang H, Liu Y, Yuan J, Hu Z, Ma Y, Feng X, Hu S, Zhou J, Cheng S, Gao Y. Identification of differentially expressed genes in human lung squamous cell carcinoma using suppression subtractive hybridization. Cancer Lett 2004; 212:83-93. [PMID: 15246564 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths. Over the past decade, much has been known about the molecular changes associated with lung carcinogenesis; however, our understanding to lung tumorigenesis is still incomplete. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung, we compared the expression profiles between primarily cultured SCC tumor cells and bronchial epithelial cells derived from morphologically normal bronchial epithelium of the same patient. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), two cDNA libraries containing up- and down-regulated genes in the tumor cells were constructed, named as LCTP and LCBP. The two libraries comprise 258 known genes and 133 unknown genes in total. The known up-regulated genes in the library LCTP represented a variety of functional groups; including metabolism-, cell adhesion and migration-, signal transduction-, and anti-apoptosis-related genes. Using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, seven genes chosen randomly from the LCTP were analyzed in the tumor tissue paired with its corresponding adjacent normal lung tissue derived from 16 cases of the SCC. Among them, the IQGAP1, RAP1GDS1, PAICS, MLF1, and MARK1 genes showed a consistent expression pattern with that of the SSH analysis. Identification and further characterization of these genes may allow a better understanding of lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Sun
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 2258, Beijing 100021, China
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Abstract
The prognosis of bronchogenic carcinoma in stage III N2 is poor. Five-year survival ranges between 0 and 5%. Lymph-node involvement itself still is the main prognostic factor. Complete lymphadenectomy improves long-term survival in contrast to lymph-node sampling. Recent studies have indicated that the number of involved lymph nodes could be another prognostic factor. It has also been proved that complete lymphadenectomy is necessary for correct staging. This also applies to preoperative staging prior to neoadjuvant treatment. For this reason exact knowledge of lymph-node anatomy and drainage is required. To achieve assessment and comparison of mediastinal staging and of lymphadenectomy, the number of pathologically examined lymph nodes should be documented. Other prognostic factors within N2 stages are age and T stage. Molecular markers are subject to major investigation. A definite clinical relevance, however, could so far not be verified for any of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godehard Friedel
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Schillerhoehe Hospital, Solitudestrasse 18, D-70839 Gerlingen, Germany.
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