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Wei Y, Edstorp J, Feychting M, Andersson T, Carlsson S. Prenatal and adult exposure to smoking and incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adults-a nationwide cohort study with a family-based design. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2024; 36:100775. [PMID: 38019976 PMCID: PMC10652139 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Prenatal exposure to smoking is linked to a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in children. We wanted to find out if the risk of adult-onset type 1 diabetes is reduced in individuals who are exposed to smoking prenatally or during adulthood. Methods We linked Swedish, nationwide registers and prospectively analyzed incidence of type 1 diabetes in relation to maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult smoking. Everyone was followed until age 30 or year 2019. We employed cohort and sibling design and used adjusted Cox regression and conditional logistic regression. Findings For analyses of maternal smoking there were 3,170,386 individuals (18,745 cases of type 1 diabetes) and for adult smoking 1,608,291 individuals (1274 cases). Prenatal exposure to smoking was associated with lower incidence of type 1 diabetes during childhood and young adulthood (age 20-24, Hazard ratio (HR) 0.76, 95% Confidence interval 0.67-0.87), but not at higher ages. The HR associated with adult smoking was estimated at 1.14 (CI 1.00-1.31) overall and 1.34 (CI 1.03-1.75) in those with family history of diabetes. In sibling analyses, the odds ratio (OR) of type 1 diabetes in relation to prenatal exposure was 0.71 (CI 0.62-0.81) in children and 1.06 (CI 0.75-1.51) in adults (age 19-30), while adult smoking conferred an OR of 1.59 (CI 1.08-2.35). Interpretation These findings indicate that a reduced risk conferred by tobacco exposure is limited to the prenatal period and type 1 diabetes developing during childhood. Adult smoking may be a risk factor for adult-onset type 1 diabetes, especially in people with family history of diabetes. Funding Swedish Research Councils, Swedish Diabetes and Novo Nordisk Foundations, China Scholarship Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Wei
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden
| | - Jessica Edstorp
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden
| | - Maria Feychting
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden
| | - Tomas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Solnavägen 4, Stockholm S-113 65, Sweden
| | - Sofia Carlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden
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Wei Y, Andersson T, Edstorp J, Löfvenborg JE, Talbäck M, Feychting M, Carlsson S. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in the offspring: a nationwide register-based study with family-based designs. BMC Med 2022; 20:240. [PMID: 35953788 PMCID: PMC9373415 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy was reported to be associated with a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. We investigated whether this association is consistent with a causal interpretation by accounting for familial (shared genetic and environmental) factors using family-based, quasi-experimental designs. METHODS We included 2,995,321 children born in Sweden between 1983 and 2014 and followed them for a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes until 2020 through the National Patient, Diabetes and Prescribed Drug Registers. Apart from conducting a traditional cohort study, we performed a nested case-control study (quasi-experiment) comparing children with type 1 diabetes to their age-matched siblings (or cousins). Information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was retrieved from the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression and conditional logistic regression were used. RESULTS A total of 18,617 children developed type 1 diabetes, with a median age at diagnosis of 9.4 years. The sibling and cousin comparison design included 14,284 and 7988 of these children, respectively. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a 22% lower risk of offspring type 1 diabetes in the full cohort (hazard ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.82). The corresponding odds ratio was 0.78 (95% CI 0.69-0.88) in the sibling and 0.72 (95% CI 0.66-0.79) in the cousin comparison analysis. CONCLUSIONS This nationwide, family-based study provides support for a protective effect of maternal smoking on offspring type 1 diabetes. Mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the underlying pathways behind this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Wei
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Edstorp
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin E Löfvenborg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Talbäck
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Feychting
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Carlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sanapalli BKR, Yele V, Sigalapalli DK, Gadewal N, Shaik AB, Bhandare RR, Annadurai S, Karri VVSR. Forging of nicotine for the effective management of diabetic wounds: A hybrid of scaffold hopping and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Wen X, Zhao WH, Chen LZ, Qu W, Liu HX, Yan HY, Hou LF, Ping J. Attenuated cholesterol metabolism pathway suppresses regulatory T cell development in prenatal nicotine exposed female mice. Toxicology 2019; 428:152309. [PMID: 31629012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recession of regulatory T cells (Tregs) contributes to development of autoimmune disease. Our previous study suggested that prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) inhibited Tregs frequency in offspring, but the mechanisms are still uncertain. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of PNE-induced Tregs inhibition from the perspective of cellular cholesterol homeostasis both in vivo and in vitro. PNE mice model were established by 3 mg/kg/d nicotine administration in Balb/c strain from gestational day (GD) 9 to GD 18. The results showed that PNE significantly decreased thymic Tregs frequency in neonatal offspring. The activation of mTOR and downregulation of p-STAT5/Foxp3 pathway of Tregs were observed in PNE offspring. Mechanism study found that PNE elevated ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) expression and decreased intracellular cholesterol content of Tregs in offspring, indicating impaired intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Similar results were observed in 1 μM nicotine-treated primary thymocytes in vitro. Further, cholesterol-replenishment can abrogate nicotine-induced mTOR activation and the following suppression of p-STAT5/Foxp3 pathway and Tregs frequency. In addition, Abcg1 siRNA transfection can partly reverse the nicotine-decreased intracellular cholesterol content and cell frequency of Tregs. In conclusion, this study showed that PNE could suppress Tregs development in female mice by up-regulating ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux, and suggested that PNE-induced thymic Tregs recession of offspring at early life was the developmental origin mechanism of immune dysfunction in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lan-Zhou Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Han-Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui-Yi Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li-Fang Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Narvestad H, Vestergaard CH, Rytter D, Bech BH. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring utilisation of health care services: A population-based cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2019; 33:384-393. [PMID: 31556141 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has been associated with a wide range of adverse effects on offspring health, such as low birthweight, behavioural disorders, and asthma. The number of women that smoke during pregnancy in Denmark is still high, making it relevant to study the long-term health outcomes in offspring exposed to maternal smoking in utero. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether exposure to MSDP is associated with more frequent use of health care services during the first 10 years of life. METHODS This population-based cohort study included participants enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort between 1996 and 2003. Data on MSDP were obtained from two telephone interviews during pregnancy and one interview after pregnancy. The primary outcome was contacts to the health care system. From Danish national registries, we obtained information on number and type of contacts to the general practitioner (GP), and information on the specific types of services provided. Further, we obtained information on hospital admissions, and redemption of prescribed medicine. We fitted negative binomial regression models and Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate associations. All analyses were adjusted for socio-economic status, birth year, and various maternal factors. RESULTS We studied 83,905 liveborn singletons and found that offspring exposed to maternal smoking in utero had more contacts to the GP in the first 10 years of life with an incidence rate ratio of 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04, 1.06. A higher rate of admission to hospital in 9 out of 20 categories was found, as was a higher rate of being prescribed psychoanaleptics (hazard ratio [HR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.25, 1.60), drugs for obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.14, 1.20), and antibiotics (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01, 1.05). CONCLUSIONS We found that offspring exposed to MSDP had a higher use of health care services than unexposed offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorte Rytter
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Qu W, Zhao WH, Wen X, Yan HY, Liu HX, Hou LF, Ping J. Prenatal nicotine exposure induces thymic hypoplasia in mice offspring from neonatal to adulthood. Toxicol Lett 2018; 304:30-38. [PMID: 30605750 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical study showed that smoking during pregnancy deceased the thymus size in newborns. However, the long-term effect remains unclear. This study was aimed to observe the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) on the development of thymus and the T-lymphocyte subpopulation in mice offspring from the neonatal to adulthood. Both the thymus weight and cytometry data indicated that PNE caused persistent thymic hypoplasia in male offspring from neonatal to adult period and transient changes in female offspring from neonatal to prepuberal period. Flow cytometry analysis disclosed a permanent decreased proportion and number of mature CD4 single-positive (SP) T cells in thymus of both sex. In addition, the PNE male offspring showed a more serious thymus atrophy in the ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized model. Moreover, increased autophagic vacuole and elevated mRNA expression of Beclin 1 were noted in PNE fetal thymus. In conclusion, PNE offspring showed thymus atrophy and CD 4 SP T cell reduction at different life stages. Mechanically, PNE induced excessive autophagy in fetal thymocytes might be involved in these changes. All the results provided evidence for elucidating the PNE-induced programmed immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Wen-Hao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui-Yi Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Han-Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li-Fang Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Cole E, Brown TA, Pinkerton KE, Postma B, Malany K, Yang M, Kim YJ, Hamilton RF, Holian A, Cho YH. Perinatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with changes in DNA methylation that precede the adult onset of lung disease in a mouse model. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 29:435-442. [PMID: 29124997 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1392655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early-life environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure can induce epigenetic alterations associated with inflammation and respiratory disease. The objective of this study was to address the long-term epigenetic consequences of perinatal ETS exposure on latent respiratory disease risk, which are still largely unknown. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to prenatal and early-life ETS; offspring lung pathology, global DNA, and gene-specific methylation were measured at two adult ages. Significant alterations in global DNA methylation and promoter methylation of IFN-γ and Thy-1 were found in ETS-exposed offspring at 10-12 and 20 weeks of age. These sustained epigenetic alterations preceded the onset of significant pulmonary pathologies observed at 20 weeks of age. This study suggests that perinatal ETS exposure induces persistent epigenetic alterations in global DNA, as well as IFN-γ and Thy-1 promoter methylation that precede the adult onset of fibrotic lung pathology. These epigenetic findings could represent potential biomarkers of latent respiratory disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cole
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Traci A Brown
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- b Center for Health and the Environment, University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Britten Postma
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Keegan Malany
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Mihi Yang
- c Department of Toxicology , Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Yang Jee Kim
- d Da Vinci College of General Education , Chung-Ang University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Raymond F Hamilton
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
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Hyperactivity and memory/learning deficits evoked by developmental exposure to nicotine and/or ethanol are mitigated by cAMP and cGMP signaling cascades activation. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:150-159. [PMID: 29653137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant smoking women are frequently episodic drinkers. Here, we investigated whether ethanol exposure restricted to the brain growth spurt period when combined with chronic developmental exposure to nicotine aggravates memory/learning deficits and hyperactivity, and associated cAMP and cGMP signaling disruption. To further investigate the role of these signaling cascades, we verified whether vinpocetine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) ameliorates the neurochemical and behavioral outcomes. Swiss mice had free access to nicotine (NIC, 50 μg/ml) or water to drink during gestation and until the 8th postnatal day (PN8). Ethanol (ETOH, 5 g/kg, i.p.) or saline were injected in the pups every other day from PN2 to PN8. At PN30, animals either received vinpocetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle before being tested in the step-down passive avoidance or open field. Memory/learning was impaired in NIC, ETOH and NIC + ETOH mice, and vinpocetine mitigated ETOH- and NIC + ETOH-induced deficits. Locomotor hyperactivity identified in ETOH and NIC + ETOH mice was ameliorated by vinpocetine. While cyclic nucleotides levels in cerebral cortex and hippocampus were reduced by NIC, ETOH and NIC + ETOH, this outcome was more consistent in the latter group. As observed for behavior, vinpocetine normalized NIC + ETOH nucleotides levels. pCREB levels were also increased in response to vinpocetine, with stronger effects in the NIC + ETOH group. Exposure to both drugs of abuse worsens behavioral and neurochemical disruption. These findings and the amelioration of deleterious effects by vinpocetine support the idea that cAMP and cGMP signaling contribute to nicotine- and ethanol-induced hyperactivity and memory/learning deficits.
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Borniger JC, Don RF, Zhang N, Boyd RT, Nelson RJ. Enduring effects of perinatal nicotine exposure on murine sleep in adulthood. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28637659 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00156.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The long-term consequences of early life nicotine exposure are poorly defined. Approximately 8-10% of women report smoking during pregnancy, and this may promote aberrant development in the offspring. To this end, we investigated potential enduring effects of perinatal nicotine exposure on murine sleep and affective behaviors in adulthood (~13-15 wk of age) in C57Bl6j mice. Mothers received a water bottle containing 200 µg/ml nicotine bitartrate dihydrate in 2% wt/vol saccharin or pH-matched 2% saccharin with 0.2% (vol/vol) tartaric acid throughout pregnancy and before weaning. Upon reaching adulthood, offspring were tested in the open field and elevated plus maze, as well as the forced swim and sucrose anhedonia tests. Nicotine-exposed male (but not female) mice had reduced mobility in the open field, but no differences were observed in anxiety-like or depressive-like responses. Upon observing this male-specific phenotype, we further assessed sleep-wake states via wireless EEG/EMG telemetry. Following baseline recording, we assessed whether mice exposed to nicotine altered their homeostatic response to 5 h of total sleep deprivation and whether nicotine influenced responses to a powerful somnogen [i.e., lipopolysaccharides (LPS)]. Males exposed to perinatal nicotine decreased the percent time spent awake and increased time in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, without changes to REM sleep. Nicotine-exposed males also displayed exaggerated responses (increased time asleep and NREM spectral power) to sleep deprivation. Nicotine-exposed animals additionally had blunted EEG slow-wave responses to LPS administration. Together, our data suggest that perinatal nicotine exposure has long-lasting effects on normal sleep and homeostatic sleep processes into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Borniger
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Reuben F Don
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - R Thomas Boyd
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Increased Fetal Thymocytes Apoptosis Contributes to Prenatal Nicotine Exposure-induced Th1/Th2 Imbalance in Male Offspring Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39013. [PMID: 27976742 PMCID: PMC5157046 DOI: 10.1038/srep39013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, a definite risk factor during pregnancy, is an immunomodulator. This study was designed to investigate the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) on the balance of Th1/Th2 in offspring, and further explore the developmental origin mechanisms from the perspective of fetal thymocytes apoptosis. Pregnant Balb/c mice were administered 1.5 mg/kg nicotine subcutaneously twice per day from gestational day (GD) 9 to GD18. Results showed that PNE could cause a Th2 shift in male offspring, manifested as increased ratio of IgG1/IgG2a, IL-4 production in serum, and IL-4/IFN-γ expression ratio in spleen. Increased apoptosis of total thymocytes and CD4SP and reduced cell proportion of CD4SP were found in PNE male offspring on postnatal day (PND) 14 and PND 49. In the fetuses, decreased body weight and organ index of fetal thymus, histological changes in fetal thymus, reduced CD4SP proportion and increased fetal thymocyte apoptosis were observed in nicotine group. The increased mRNA expression of genes involved in Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway and protein expression of Fas were also detected. In conclusion, PNE could cause a Th2 shift in male offspring mediated by reduced CD4+ T cells output, which may result from the increasing apoptosis of total thymocytes and CD4SP.
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Effect of prenatal exposure to nicotine/thiocyanate on the pituitary–adrenal axis of 1-month-old rat offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000512120.79296.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Spindel ER, McEvoy CT. The Role of Nicotine in the Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Lung Development and Childhood Respiratory Disease. Implications for Dangers of E-Cigarettes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:486-94. [PMID: 26756937 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201510-2013pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of e-cigarettes, especially among the young, is increasing at near-exponential rates. This is coupled with a perception that e-cigarettes are safe and with unlimited advertising geared toward vulnerable populations, the groups most likely to smoke or vape during pregnancy. There is now wide appreciation of the dangers of maternal smoking during pregnancy and the lifelong consequences this has on offspring lung function, including the increased risk of childhood wheezing and subsequent asthma. Recent evidence strongly supports that much of the effect of smoking during pregnancy on offspring lung function is mediated by nicotine, making it highly likely that e-cigarette use during pregnancy will have the same harmful effects on offspring lung function and health as do conventional cigarettes. In fact, the evidence for nicotine being the mediator of harm of conventional cigarettes may be most compelling for its effects on lung development. This raises concerns about both the combined use of e-cigarettes plus conventional cigarettes by smokers during pregnancy as well as the use of e-cigarettes by e-cigarette-only users who think them safe or by those sufficiently addicted to nicotine to not be able to quit e-cigarette usage during pregnancy. Thus, it is important for health professionals to be aware of the risks of e-cigarette usage during pregnancy, particularly as it pertains to offspring respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot R Spindel
- 1 Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, and
| | - Cindy T McEvoy
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Abdelhafez AM, Eltony SA, Abdelhameed SY, Elgayar SA. Effect of maternal nicotine/thiocyanate exposure during gestational period upon pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid function/morphology of 1-month-old rat offspring. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:455-65. [PMID: 24639120 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-013-0043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impact of in utero exposure to nicotine, on the structure of the thyroid-pituitary axis and the parathyroid glands have been examined in 1-month-old rats and compared with that of thiocyanate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three pregnant female groups were used; control, nicotine and thiocyanate. Treatment started from gestation day (4-20) and the specimens were harvested from the male offspring of all groups at the age of 1 month and processed for light, electronmicroscopic and immunohistochemical examination. Total triiodothyronine (tT3), total thyroxine (tT4) and total thyrotropin (TSH) were quantitatively determined in serum. RESULTS Both nicotine and thiocyanate activated the thyroid follicular cells, with an increase in height (about 30 %) and a negative feedback on the pituitary thyrotrophs which revealed a reduction in the number of cytoplasmic secretory granules, particularly the thiocyanate group. However, in thiocyanate group there was signs of impaired secretory activity of the thyroid gland. The arbitrary area of parathyroid chief cells, increased (about 45 %) particularly in nicotine group, with signs of reduced activity and a positive feedback on the parafollicular cells which revealed hypertrophy, proliferation (25 %) and increased intensity of positive immunohistochemical reaction for calcitonin. CONCLUSION Nicotine impaired chief parathyroid cells activity and consequently activated parafollicular cells. Thiocyanate reduced pituitary thyrotrophs activity, whereas both nicotine and thiocyanate increased thyroid follicular cells activity. This impact of in utero exposure persisted for 1-month postnatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abdelhafez
- Histology and Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Paccola CC, Neves FMO, Cipriano I, Stumpp T, Miraglia SM. Effects of prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure on rat testicular interstitial tissue. Andrology 2014; 2:175-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Paccola
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - F. M. O. Neves
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - I. Cipriano
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - T. Stumpp
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - S. M. Miraglia
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
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Ng SP, Silverstone AE, Lai ZW, Zelikoff JT. Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke alters later-life antitumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity via possible changes in T-regulatory cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1096-1110. [PMID: 24274151 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.839976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that maternal smoking increases the incidence in the progeny of certain childhood cancers. Our previous study in mice demonstrated the feasibility of such an association by demonstrating that prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) elevated the incidence of transplanted tumors and reduced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in juvenile male offspring. The current study extends these findings by investigating the relationship between CS-induced CTL suppression and effects on regulators of effector T-cell activity, such as T-regulatory (Treg; CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+) cells and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Results here demonstrate that in utero exposure to CS, at a maternal particle concentration of 15 mg/m3 (4 h/d, 5 d/wk), significantly reduced ex vivo CTL activity of whole splenocytes (and isolated CD8+ cells) against tumor cells both before and after injection of prenatally exposed mice with EL4 lymphoma cells. In contrast, prenatal CS exposure significantly increased levels of thymic Treg cells in a time-dependent manner following tumor cell injection. In vitro production of TGF-β by splenocytes recovered from prenatally exposed, tumor-bearing mice was also altered. Neither prenatal CS exposure nor subsequent administration of EL4 cells exerted any marked effects on lymphoid organ weights, cellularity, or histologic profiles. Given that Treg cells and TGF-β suppress effector T-cell activities, these findings suggest possible immune mechanisms by which early exposure to CS reduces CTL tumoricidal activity during tumor cell development. Data suggest that children of smoking mothers may be less able to mount an appropriate adaptive immune response to tumors, thus increasing their risk for some cancers later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung P Ng
- a E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , Haskell Global Centers for Heath & Environmental Sciences , Newark , Delaware , USA
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16
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Winans B, Humble MC, Lawrence BP. Environmental toxicants and the developing immune system: a missing link in the global battle against infectious disease? Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:327-36. [PMID: 20851760 PMCID: PMC3033466 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that developmental exposure to chemicals from our environment contributes to disease later in life, with animal models supporting this concept in reproductive, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, data regarding how developmental exposures impact the susceptibility of the immune system to functional alterations later in life are surprisingly scant. Given that the immune system forms an integrated network that detects and destroys invading pathogens and cancer cells, it provides the body's first line of defense. Thus, the consequences of early life exposures that reduce immune function are profound. This review summarizes available data for pollutants such as cigarette smoke and dioxin-like compounds, which consistently support the idea that developmental exposures critically impact the immune system. These findings suggest that exposure to common chemicals from our daily environment represent overlooked contributors to the fact that infectious diseases remain among the top five causes of death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Winans
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Michael C. Humble
- Cellular, Organs and Systems Pathobiology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560
| | - B. Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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Smith GN, Macewan GW, Kopala LC, Ehmann TS, Good K, Thornton AE, Neilson H, Lang DJ, Barr AM, Honer WG. Prenatal tobacco exposure in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2010; 119:271-2. [PMID: 20116216 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Piao WH, Campagnolo D, Dayao C, Lukas RJ, Wu J, Shi FD. Nicotine and inflammatory neurological disorders. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:715-22. [PMID: 19448649 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a major health risk factor which significantly increases the incidence of diseases including lung cancer and respiratory infections. However, there is increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Nicotine is the main immunosuppressive constituent of cigarette smoke, which inhibits both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Unlike cigarette smoke, nicotine is not yet considered to be a carcinogen and may, in fact, have therapeutic potential as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent. This review provides a synopsis summarizing the effects of nicotine on the immune system and its (nicotine) influences on various neurological diseases.
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If nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant in animal studies, dare we recommend nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women and adolescents? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008; 30:1-19. [PMID: 18380035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use in pregnancy is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and contributes in major ways to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders and learning disabilities that emerge in childhood and adolescence. Over the past two decades, animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure have demonstrated that nicotine is a neurobehavioral teratogen that disrupts brain development by preempting the natural, neurotrophic roles of acetylcholine. Through its actions on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine elicits abnormalities of neural cell proliferation and differentiation, promotes apoptosis and produces deficits in the number of neural cells and in synaptic function. The effects eventually compromise multiple neurotransmitter systems because of the widespread regulatory role of cholinergic neurotransmission. Importantly, the long-term alterations include effects on reward systems that reinforce the subsequent susceptibility to nicotine addiction in later life. These considerations strongly question the appropriateness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation in pregnant women, especially as the pharmacokinetics of the transdermal patch may actually enhance fetal nicotine exposure. Further, because brain maturation continues into adolescence, the period when smoking typically commences, adolescence is also a vulnerable period in which nicotine can change the trajectory of neurodevelopment. There are also serious questions as to whether NRT is actually effective as an aid to smoking cessation in pregnant women and adolescents. This review considers the ramifications of the basic science findings of nicotine's effects on brain development for NRT in these populations.
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20
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Ng SP, Zelikoff JT. The effects of prenatal exposure of mice to cigarette smoke on offspring immune parameters. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:445-453. [PMID: 18306092 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701839281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
While direct exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) was shown in numerous human and animal studies to impair host immune responses, effects on the offspring following in utero CS exposure are relatively unknown. Thus, a toxicological study was performed that extended our previous investigations examining the effects of relatively low-dose CS exposure on immune tumor surveillance parameters of the prenatally exposed offspring. In the current study, pregnant B6C3F1 mice were exposed by inhalation to mainstream CS (at a concentration equivalent to smoking approximately 1 pack of cigarettes/d) for 5 d/wk, 4 h/d from gestational day 4 to parturition. Smoke-induced effects on a number of immune parameters were examined in 3- (and/or 5-), 10-, and 20-wk-old male and female offspring, including lymphoid organ weight/cellularity; blood and bronchopulmonary lavage cell numbers/profiles; splenic lymphocyte proliferation; mixed lymphocyte reactions; and, host resistance against transplanted melanoma cells. Exposure in utero to CS significantly increased circulating white blood cell and lymphocyte numbers in both sexes for up to 2.5 mo after birth (compared to their age-/sex-matched, air-exposed counterparts). In addition, 3-wk-old male and female offspring from smoke-exposed mothers had decreased mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocyte proliferation, while 5-wk-old male pups had increased mixed lymphocyte response compared to their sex-matched, air-exposed counterparts. Although effects of prenatal smoke exposure on overall offspring immunity were relatively modest, these findings could suggest that early toxic insult by CS may alter subsequent immune homeostasis in the offspring, leading, possibly, to changes in disease vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung P Ng
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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21
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Yeatts K, Sly P, Shore S, Weiss S, Martinez F, Geller A, Bromberg P, Enright P, Koren H, Weissman D, Selgrade M. A brief targeted review of susceptibility factors, environmental exposures, asthma incidence, and recommendations for future asthma incidence research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:634-40. [PMID: 16581558 PMCID: PMC1440793 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Relative to research on effects of environmental exposures on exacerbation of existing asthma, little research on incident asthma and environmental exposures has been conducted. However, this research is needed to better devise strategies for the prevention of asthma. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences held a conference in October 2004 to collaboratively discuss a future research agenda in this area. The first three articles in this mini-monograph summarize the discussion on potential putative environmental exposure; they include an overview of asthma and conclusions of the workshop participants with respect to public health actions that could currently be applied to the problem and research needs to better understand and control the induction and incidence of asthma, the potential role of indoor/outdoor air pollutants in the induction of asthma), and biologics in the induction of asthma. Susceptibility is a key concept in the U.S. EPA "Asthma Research Strategy" document and is associated with the U.S. EPA framework of protecting vulnerable populations from potentially harmful environmental exposures. Genetics, age, and lifestyle (obesity, diet) are major susceptibility factors in the induction of asthma and can interact with environmental exposures either synergistically or antagonistically. Therefore, in this fourth and last article we consider a number of "susceptibility factors" that potentially influence the asthmatic response to environmental exposures and propose a framework for developing research hypotheses regarding the effects of environmental exposures on asthma incidence and induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Yeatts
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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22
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Ng SP, Silverstone AE, Lai ZW, Zelikoff JT. Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Offspring Tumor Susceptibility and Associated Immune Mechanisms. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:135-44. [PMID: 16207940 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to intact (unfractionated) cigarette smoke (CS) increases the incidence of cancer in the offspring. A toxicology study was carried out to examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of prenatal exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) on offspring resistance to tumor challenge and surveillance mechanisms critical for the recognition and destruction of tumors. Pregnant B6C3F1 mice were exposed by inhalation to MCS for 5 days/week (4 h/day from gestational day 4 to parturition). Smoke-induced effects on offspring-host resistance to transplanted tumor cells; natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity; cytokine levels; lymphoid organ immune cell subpopulations; and histology-were examined in 5-, 10- and 20-week-old male and female offspring. At a concentration of smoke roughly equivalent to smoking <1 pack of cigarettes/day, prenatally exposed male offspring challenged at 5 week of age with EL4 lymphoma cells demonstrated a greater than two-fold increase in tumor incidence (relative to age-/gender-matched air-exposed offspring); tumors in prenatally smoke-exposed pups also grew significantly faster. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in the smoke-exposed 5- and 10-week-old male pups was significantly less than that of the age- and gender-matched controls. No effects of prenatal CS exposure were observed on offspring NK activity, cytokine levels, lymphoid organ histology, or immune cell subpopulations. Results demonstrated that exposure of pregnant mice to a relevant dose of MCS decreased offspring resistance against transplanted tumor cells and persistently reduced CTL activity in prenatally exposed pups. This study provides biological plausibility for the epidemiologic data indicating that children of mothers who smoke during pregnancy have a greater risk of developing cancer in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung P Ng
- New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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Kawashima K, Fujii T. The lymphocytic cholinergic system and its contribution to the regulation of immune activity. Life Sci 2003; 74:675-96. [PMID: 14654162 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes express most of the cholinergic components found in the nervous system, including acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), high affinity choline transporter, muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively), and acetylcholinesterase. Stimulation of T and B cells with ACh or another mAChR agonist elicits intracellular Ca2+ signaling, up-regulation of c-fos expression, increased nitric oxide synthesis and IL-2-induced signal transduction, probably via M3 and M5 mAChR-mediated pathways. Acute stimulation of nAChRs with ACh or nicotine causes rapid and transient Ca2+ signaling in T and B cells, probably via alpha7 nAChR subunit-mediated pathways. Chronic nicotine stimulation, by contrast, down-regulates nAChR expression and suppresses T cell activity. Activation of T cells with phytohemagglutinin or antibodies against cell surface molecules enhances lymphocytic cholinergic transmission by activating expression of ChAT and M5 mAChR, which is suggestive of local cholinergic regulation of immune system activity. This idea is supported by the facts that lymphocytic cholinergic activity reflects well the changes in immune system function seen in animal models of immune deficiency and immune acceleration. Collectively, these data provide a compelling picture in which lymphocytes constitute a cholinergic system that is independent of cholinergic nerves, and which is involved in the regulation of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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Kuo Y, Lucero L, Michaels J, DeLuca D, Lukas RJ. Differential expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in fetal and neonatal mouse thymus. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 130:140-54. [PMID: 12225896 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies were initiated to identify nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits and subtypes expressed in the developing immune system and cell types on which nAChR are expressed. Reported here are reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) studies of nAChR alpha2-alpha7 and beta2-beta4 subunit gene expression using fetal or neonatal regular or scid/scid C57BL/6 mouse thymus. Findings are augmented with studies of murine fetal thymic organ cultures (FOTC) and of human peripheral lymphocytes. Novel partial cDNA sequences were derived for mouse nAChR alpha2, alpha3, beta3 and beta4 subunits, polymorphisms were identified in mouse nAChR alpha4, alpha7 and beta2 subunits, and recently derived sequences for mouse nAChR alpha5 and alpha6 subunits were confirmed. Thymic stromal cells appear to express nAChR alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha7 and beta4 subunits, perhaps in addition to alpha5 and beta2 subunits, in a pattern reminiscent of expression in the developing brain. Immature T cells appear to express alpha3, alpha5, alpha7, beta2 and beta4 subunits, just as do neural crest-derived cells targeted by cholinergic innervation. Peripheral T cells seem to express an unusual profile of alpha2, alpha5 and alpha7 subunits, perhaps indicating that their nAChR express yet-to-be-identified assembly partners or that T cell nicotinic responsiveness occurs through homomeric nAChR composed of alpha7 subunits. Our findings are consistent with published work but show a much wider array of nAChR subunit gene expression in mouse thymic stromal and/or lymphoid cells and evidence for developmental regulation of nAChR subunit expression. These studies suggest important roles for nAChR in immune system development and function and in the neuroimmune network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Kuo
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, 85013, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Navarro HA, Basta PV, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Neonatal chlorpyrifos administration elicits deficits in immune function in adulthood: a neural effect? BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 130:249-52. [PMID: 11675126 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural input plays a key role in the establishment of immune function, and environmental agents or drugs that interfere with the development of the nervous system elicit corresponding immunologic deficits. In the current study, we gave neonatal rats the widely used organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), and determined the immediate and long-term effects on T-lymphocyte function. Exposure of neonatal rats to 1 mg/kg of CPF daily on postnatal days (PN) 1-4 had no immediate effect (PN5) on T-cell mitogenic responses to concanavalin A challenge. However, once the animals reached adulthood, T-cell responses were significantly impaired. There were no deficits in basal T-cell replication rates, implying that the adverse effect of CPF exposure was specific to mitogenic activation. Treatment during a later neonatal period (PN11-14) elicited similar deficits in adulthood. CPF administration leads to inhibition of cholinesterase, and a cholinergic connection is supported by the fact that the results seen here correspond to those seen with a direct cholinergic stimulant (nicotine) administered during gestation or adolescence. These results indicate that exposure to CPF during a developmental period in which this organophosphate pesticide is known to produce lasting changes in neural function, elicits corresponding, long-term deficits in immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Navarro
- Center for Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Navarro HA, Basta PV, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Adolescent nicotine: deficits in immune function. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 130:253-6. [PMID: 11675127 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is known to alter immune function in the offspring and recent studies with animals indicate that prenatal nicotine exposure leads to lasting deficiencies in T-lymphocyte mitogenic responses, likely through excessive cholinergic stimulation during a critical stage of development. The current study was conducted to determine if the vulnerable period for nicotine-induced mis-programming of immune responses extends into adolescence, the stage at which most smokers begin tobacco use. Adolescent rats were given nicotine via osmotic minipump infusions on postnatal days (PN) 30-47.5, using a regimen that produces plasma levels (25 ng/ml) of nicotine similar to those in smokers or in users of transdermal nicotine patches. Toward the end of the infusion period (PN45) and 1 month after termination of nicotine exposure (PN80), we examined the mitogenic responses of splenocytes to Concanavalin A. Although no deficiencies were seen on PN45, there were robust decreases in mitogenic responses on PN80, with deficits apparent at both suboptimal and optimal concentrations of Concanavalin A. These results indicate that the adolescent immune system is vulnerable to nicotine-induced disruption of T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Navarro
- Center for Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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