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DNA adducts as link between in vitro and in vivo carcinogenicity - A case study with benzo[ a]pyrene. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 4:100097. [PMID: 36590448 PMCID: PMC9794893 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the need for animal tests, in vitro assays are often used as alternative methods. To derive toxic doses for higher tier organisms from in vitro assay results, quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (qIVIVE) based on physiological-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models is typically the preferred approach. Such PBTK models require many input parameters to address the route from dose to target site concentration. However, respective data is very often not available. Hence, our aim is to call attention to an alternative way to build a link between animal (in vivo) and cell-derived (in vitro) toxicity data. To this end, we selected the carcinogenic chemical benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) for our study. Our approach relates both in vitro assay and in vivo data to a main intermediate marker structure for carcinogenicity on the subcellular level - the BaP-DNA adduct BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide-deoxyguanosine. Thus, BaP dose is directly linked to a measure of the toxicity-initiating event. We used Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) and Balb/c 3T3 cell transformation assay as in vitro data and compared these data to outcomes of in vivo carcinogenicity tests in rodents. In vitro and in vivo DNA adduct levels range within three orders of magnitude. Especially metabolic saturation at higher doses and interspecies variabilities are identified and critically discussed as possible sources of errors in our simplified approach. Finally, our study points out possible routes to overcome limitations of the envisaged approach in order to allow for a reliable qIVIVE in the future.
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Yu Z, Wang H, Zhang X, Gong S, Liu Z, Zhao N, Zhang C, Xie X, Wang K, Liu Z, Wang JS, Zhao X, Zhou J. Long-term environmental surveillance of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, China (2014-2020): Health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127766. [PMID: 34916105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We established long-term surveillance sites in Jinan city to monitor PM2.5 particles (PM2.5) and PM2.5-bound PAHs (2014-2020). The range of PM2.5 was 15-230 µg/m3. The average annual ƩPAH16 were 433 ± 271 ng/m3 (industrial area) and 299 ± 171.8 ng/m3 (downtown). PAHs captured in winter accounted for 61.5% (industrial area) and 59.1% (downtown) of total PAHs. A hazardous seasonal benzo[a]pyrene level was detected in 2015-2016 winter as 14.03 ng/m3 (14 folds of EU standard). The dominant PM2.5-bound PAHs were benzo[b]fluoranthene (24-26%), chrysene (19-20%), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (15%), Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (12%) and Benzo[a]pyrene (10%). Toxic equivalent quotients of PAHs were 4.93 ng/m3 (industrial area) and 3.13 ng/m3 (downtown). Excess cancer risks (ECRs) were 4.3 × 10-4 ng/m3 and 2.7 × 10-4 ng/m3, respectively. The ECRs exceeded EPA regulatory limit of 1 × 10-6 ng/m3 largely. Non-negligible excess lifetime cancer risks were found as 36 and 26 related cancer incidences per 1,000,000 people. Consistently, local prevalence of lung cancer raise from 56.97/100,000 to 72.38/100,000; the prevalence of thyroid cancer raise from 10.12/100,000 to 45.26/100,000 from 2014 to 2020. Our findings suggest an urgent need to investigate the adverse health effects of PAHs on local population and we call for more strictly restriction on coal consumption and traffic tail gas emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Hospital, 250013, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Shuping Gong
- Institute of Chronic and Non-communicable Disease, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Zhen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Cuiqin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Xiaorui Xie
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Kaige Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
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Comparative analysis of contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to the removal of atmospheric BaP by MFDCCA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5515. [PMID: 33750883 PMCID: PMC7943829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) in the atmosphere possess great carcinogenic potential to human health, and the understanding of its scavenging mechanisms has attracted considerable attention. In this work, a new quantitative method is proposed to make a comparative analysis of the long-term contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to BaP removal based on multi-fractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MFDCCA). According to the precipitation and global solar radiation (GSR) observations from 1998 to 2016 for two urban sites (Central/Western District and TsuenWan) in Hong Kong, the wet deposition and photodegradation of BaP are analyzed. Using MFDCCA method, long-term cross-correlation between precipitation/GSR and BaP are investigated. Moreover, the differences of multifractal features in cross-correlations of precipitation-BaP and GSR-BaP system are analyzed. Strong long-term persistence is observed in the cross-correlations for precipitation-BaP system in a one-year cycle; while cross-correlations between GSR and BaP show weak persistence over the whole timescale. Based on the meteorology in Hong Kong, this difference has been discussed. Then, contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to atmospheric BaP removal are quantified based on MFDCCA method, which are further compared between summer and winter. The comparative analysis suggests that wet deposition plays a more significant role in the removal of atmospheric BaP. Specifically, in summer, the contributions of wet deposition are twice as much as that of photodegradation for both two sites; while in winter, the contribution of photodegradation is a little higher than that of wet deposition to BaP removal. Meanwhile, for wet deposition, the contributions in summer are about ten times greater than that in winter; while for photodegradation, the difference in contributions between summer and winter are relatively smaller. Furthermore, based on sliding window technique, the temporal evolutions in the contributions of wet deposition/photodegradation to BaP removal have been presented for both two sites. On this basis, it is discovered that the comprehensive contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation peak in June, and reach their lowest levels in December for both two sites. Quantifying the contribution of meteorological factors to the removal of atmospheric BaP is help for understanding its geochemical cycle.
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Ganesan K, Sukalingam K, Xu B. Impact of consumption of repeatedly heated cooking oils on the incidence of various cancers- A critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:488-505. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1379470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kumeshini Sukalingam
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
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Labib S, Williams A, Guo CH, Leingartner K, Arlt VM, Schmeiser HH, Yauk CL, White PA, Halappanavar S. Comparative transcriptomic analyses to scrutinize the assumption that genotoxic PAHs exert effects via a common mode of action. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2461-80. [PMID: 26377693 PMCID: PMC5043007 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the accuracy of the assumption that genotoxic, carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) act via similar mechanisms of action as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the reference PAH used in the human health risk assessment of PAH-containing complex mixtures, was investigated. Adult male Muta™Mouse were gavaged for 28 days with seven individual, genotoxic PAHs. Global gene expression profiles in forestomach, liver, and lung (target tissues of exposure) were determined at 3 days post-exposure. The results are compared with our previously published results from mice exposed to BaP via the same exposure regimen. Although all PAHs showed enhanced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, DNA adduct formation, and lacZ mutant frequency in the lungs, the unsupervised cluster analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the transcriptional changes are both PAH- and tissue-specific, with lung showing the most response. Further bioinformatics-/pathway-based analysis revealed that all PAHs induce expression of genes associated with carcinogenic processes, including DNA damage response, immune/inflammatory response, or cell signaling processes; however, the type of pathways and the magnitude of change varied for each PAH and were not the same as those observed for BaP. Benchmark dose modeling showed transcriptomic data closely reflected the known tumor incidence for the individual PAHs in each tissue. Collectively, the results suggest that the underlying mechanisms of PAH-induced toxicity leading to tumorigenesis are tissue-specific and not the same for all PAHs; based on the tissue type considered, use of BaP as a reference chemical may overestimate or underestimate the carcinogenic potential of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Labib
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - C H Guo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - K Leingartner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - V M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - H H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - P A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - S Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Le Dû-Lacoste M, Akcha F, Dévier MH, Morin B, Burgeot T, Budzinski H. Comparative study of different exposure routes on the biotransformation and genotoxicity of PAHs in the flatfish species, Scophthalmus maximus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:690-707. [PMID: 23247530 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, laboratory experiments were carried out in order to come to a better understanding of the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the marine environment and especially on their bioaccumulation, biotransformation and genotoxic effects in fish. Juveniles of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were exposed to PAHs through different routes via (1) a mixture of dissolved PAHs, (2) a PAH-polluted sediment and (3) an oil fuel elutriate. Fish were exposed 4 days followed by a 6-day depuration period. In each experiment, PAH concentrations in the seawater of the tanks were analysed regularly by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Muscle and liver samples were also analysed for parent PAH levels and PAH bioconcentration factors were calculated. Biotransformation was evaluated by measuring the levels of PAH metabolites in fish bile. Genotoxicity was assessed by the alkaline comet assay. Regardless of exposure route, the parent PAH concentrations in the liver and muscle showed a peak level 1 day after the beginning of the exposure, followed by a decrease up to the background level towards the end of the experiment, except for the exposure to dissolved PAHs for which levels were relatively low throughout the study. As a consequence, no bioaccumulation was observed in fish tissues at the end of the experiment. In contrast, regardless of exposure routes, a rapid production of biliary metabolites was observed throughout the whole exposure experiment. This was especially true for 1-hydroxypyrene, the major metabolite of pyrene. After 6 days of recovery in clean water, a significant decrease in the total metabolite concentrations occurred in bile. Fish exposed through either route displayed a significant increase in DNA strand breaks after 4 days of exposure, and significant correlations were observed between the level of biliary PAH metabolites and the level of DNA lesions in fish erythrocytes. Overall results indicate that exposure to either a mixture of dissolved PAHs, a PAH-contaminated sediment or a dispersed oil fuel elutriate leads to biotransformation and increase in DNA damage in fish. The quantification of PAH metabolites in bile and DNA damage in erythrocytes appear to be suitable for environmental monitoring of marine pollution either in the case of accidental oil spills or sediment contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Dû-Lacoste
- Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, Laboratory of Physico- and Toxico-Chemistry of the Environment, LPTC, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
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Okona-Mensah KB, Battershill J, Boobis A, Fielder R. An approach to investigating the importance of high potency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the induction of lung cancer by air pollution. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1103-16. [PMID: 15833386 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that people living in urban areas have an increased risk of lung cancer due to higher levels of air pollution in these areas. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is currently used as the main indicator of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air pollution, but there is concern that B[a]P may not be the ideal surrogate of choice for PAH mixtures since higher potency PAHs have recently been identified which could potentially contribute more and variably to the overall carcinogenicity. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA) and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) are estimated to have carcinogenic potencies 10 or more times greater than B[a]P but data on their presence and formation in the environment are limited. Several occupational and environmental PAH biomonitoring studies are reviewed here, with particular focus on the specific exposure groups, study design, sample tissue, in particular the use of nasal tissues, and biomarkers used in each study. Consideration of these data is then used to propose a novel biomonitoring approach to evaluate exposure, uptake and the role of high potency PAHs in air pollution-related lung cancer. This is based upon an occupational study examining specific DNA adducts for DBA and DB[a,l]P in nasal cells to evaluate the extent to which these high potency PAHs might contribute to the increased risk of developing lung cancer from air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Okona-Mensah
- Department of Health Toxicology Unit, Section of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Pufulete M, Battershill J, Boobis A, Fielder R. Approaches to carcinogenic risk assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a UK perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 40:54-66. [PMID: 15265606 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the approaches to carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air pollution with emphasis on high potency PAHs such as dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P). The potency of DB[a,l]P may be 100-fold greater than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P); thus the B[a]P surrogate approach currently used to monitor for compliance with UK air pollution standards may not be appropriate. It is suggested that an approach based on potency equivalency factors (PEFs) could be developed to include highly potent PAHs provided an appropriate reference data set for relevant PAHs using a route acceptable for inhalation risk assessment is selected. Available data suggest that intratracheal administration of low doses of PAHs to rats is likely to simulate the kinetics of inhalation exposure to PAHs in a feasible manner. The use of a measure of total DNA adducts as an endpoint, which correlates well with lung tumourigenicity, would provide surrogate data for setting PEFs without the need for long-term bioassays in rodents. Further, dose-response studies using intratracheal administration of a range of PAHs singly and in combination to assess additivity are required to develop a PEF system for inhalation PEFs derived from DNA adduct measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pufulete
- Nutrition, Food and Health Research Centre, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK
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Jonsson G, Taban IC, Jørgensen KB, Sundt RC. Quantitative determination of de-conjugated chrysene metabolites in fish bile by HPLC-fluorescence and GC--MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 54:1085-1097. [PMID: 14664837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two analytical methods have been evaluated for quantitative determination of de-conjugated chrysene metabolites in fish bile. High performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (HPLC-F) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC--MS) were compared regarding instrumental and overall limits of detection (LOD) as well as recoveries for the following nine chrysene compounds: 1-, 2,- 3-, 4- and 6-hydroxychrysene (1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-OH-chr), 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrochrysene (1,2-DHD-chr), 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrochrysene (3,4-DHD-chr), 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrochrysene (5,6-DHD-chr) and chrysene. Instrumental LODs were comparable for the two methods whereas the overall LOD was better for HPLC-F. Recoveries varied per chrysene compound for both HPLC-F (62-107%) and GC-MS (48-124%). In vivo formed chrysene metabolites were studied in the bile of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to chrysene (1 mg/kg) via intra-peritoneal (i.p.) and inter-muscular (i.m.) injection. Total amounts of chrysene metabolites were three times higher in i.p. compared to i.m. exposed cod bile, but the relative distribution of determined metabolites was very similar. 1,2-DHD-chr was the most prominent metabolite in de-conjugated bile and constituted more than 88% of the total chrysene metabolites. Additional chrysene metabolites formed were 3,4-DHD-chr and 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-OH-chr. K-region chrysene metabolites (oxidation at carbons 5 and 6) were not detected and seem to be a less favoured biotransformation route. The two methods were applied and evaluated for analysis of chrysene metabolites in two bile reference materials (BCR 720 and 721) and a limited number of field exposed cods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Jonsson
- RF-Akvamiljø, Mekjarvik 12, N-4070 Randaberg, Norway.
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Xu J, Yan J, Wang X, Yu H, Milliken T. PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF CHRYSENE IN ACETONITRILE/WATER. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630490468243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Boyd DR, Sharma ND, Hempenstall F, Kennedy MA, Malone JF, Allen CCR, Resnick SM, Gibson DT. bis-cis-Dihydrodiols: A New Class of Metabolites Resulting from Biphenyl Dioxygenase-Catalyzed Sequential Asymmetric cis-Dihydroxylation of Polycyclic Arenes and Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo982517n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thomson B, Muller P. Approaches to the Estimation of Cancer Risk From Ingested PAH. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639808233842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mumtaz MM, George JD, Gold KW, Cibulas W, DeRosa CT. ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. IV. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): understanding a complex problem. Toxicol Ind Health 1996; 12:742-971. [PMID: 9050165 DOI: 10.1177/074823379601200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. There are more than 100 PAHs. PAHs generally occur as complex mixtures (for example, as part of products such as soot), not as single compounds. PAHs are found throughout the environment in the air, water, and soil. As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals, including PAHs (ATSDR, 1995), found at facilities on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) and which pose the most significant potential threat to human health, as determined by ATSDR and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These profiles include information on health effects of chemicals from different routes and durations of exposure, their potential for exposure, regulations and advisories, and the adequacy of the existing database. Assessing the health effects of PAHs is a major challenge because environmental exposures to these chemicals are usually to complex mixtures of PAHs with other chemicals. The biological consequences of human exposure to mixtures of PAHs depend on the toxicity, carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic, of the individual components of the mixture, the types of interactions among them, and confounding factors that are not thoroughly understood. Also identified are components of exposure and health effects research needed on PAHs that will allow estimation of realistic human health risks posed by exposures to PAHs. The exposure assessment component of research should focus on (1) development of reliable analytical methods for the determination of bioavailable PAHs following ingestion, (2) estimation of bioavailable PAHs from environmental media, particularly the determination of particle-bound PAHs, (3) data on ambient levels of PAHs metabolites in tissues/fluids of control populations, and (4) the need for a critical evaluation of current levels of PAHs found in environmental media including data from hazardous waste sites. The health effects component should focus on obtaining information on (1) the health effects of mixtures of PAHs particularly their noncarcinogenic effects in humans, and (2) their toxicokinetics. This report provides excerpts from the toxicological profile of PAHs (ATSDR, 1995) that contains more detailed information.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Determination of organic sulphur compounds in sediments of the river Elbe using gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00322895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Knebel JW, Aufderheide M, Emura M. Comparison of biological effects of different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lung cells of hamster and rat in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1994; 72:65-72. [PMID: 7515518 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity and frequencies of transformation induced by 5 environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in hamster (M3E3/C3) and rat (WRB K3) lung cells were compared. Both cell strains investigated here retain major metabolic characteristics of the target cells in vivo and are thus able to effectively metabolize, i.e. activate, PAH. Cytotoxic effects of the carcinogen were determined in colony-forming assays and the PAH tested induced dose-dependent cytotoxic responses in the M3E3/C3 and WRB cells. They could then be classified into strong and weak cytotoxicity. Compared to the hamster cell system, the WRB cells were generally shown to be more sensitive. The transforming capacity of the compounds was determined by a soft agar colony formation assay detecting cells with anchorage independency (AI). All PAH investigated induced transformation to AI growth in both cell systems. The transforming activity of the PAH, relative to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a reference substance, was determined to facilitate their ranking. This order of transforming potency appears to be similar to that observed in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Knebel
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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