Energy expenditure during allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplantation

Comparison of pre- and posttransplant energy expenditure in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and evaluation of associated factors

OBJECTIVES

Patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may present with metabolic alterations that can have an effect on their energy expenditure and nutritional status. This project aimed to compare the pre- and posttransplant energy expenditures of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as well as related factors.

METHODS

This prospective study was conducted at a single center. Patients, undergoing autograft or allograft, were evaluated before transplantation and on the 10th and 17th d posttransplantation. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Diet intake was assessed by a 24-h dietary recall. Infectious and noninfectious complications were analyzed between days 1 to 10 after transplantation and days 11 to 17 after transplantation. Paired model analyses were carried out to identify the pretransplantation and posttransplantation periods.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were evaluated with a mean age of 45.6 ± 17.2 y; a majority were male sex (65%), and the most frequent diagnoses were chronic myeloid leukemia (25%) and multiple myeloma (25%). Energy expenditure increased by 15% posttransplantation, and the energy requirement per kilogram of weight was 23 kcal/kg at day 10 after transplantation. Throughout the posttransplantation period, 45% of the patients required nutritional therapy. Negative energy and negative protein balance were observed at all analyzed times. Phase angle (P = 0.018), fever (P = 0.014), mucositis grades I to II (P = 0.018), and the total number of infectious and noninfectious events (P = 0.043) were associated with an increase in energy expenditure at day 10 after transplantation.

CONCLUSIONS

Energy expenditure increased after transplantation compared with pretransplantation in 50% of patients. Phase angle, fever, grades I to II mucositis, and infectious and noninfectious events were associated with increased energy expenditure at day 10 after transplantation.

Brazilian Nutritional Consensus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: children and adolescents

The Brazilian Nutritional Consensus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Children and Adolescents was developed by dietitians, physicians, and pediatric hematologists from 10 Brazilian reference centers in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The aim was to emphasize the importance of nutritional status and body composition during treatment, as well as the main characteristics related to patient´s nutritional assessment. This consensus is intended to improve and standardize nutrition therapy during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The consensus was approved by the Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation.

Systematic Nutritional Support in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become an established treatment modality for various hematological diseases. However, in allogeneic HSCT, patients often suffer from severe gastrointestinal complications caused by the conditioning regimen and acute/chronic graft-versus-host disease, which requires support by multidisciplinary nutritional support teams (NST). In addition, pretransplantation nutritional status can affect the clinical outcome after allogeneic HSCT. Therefore, it is important to refer the patient to a NST when becoming aware of nutritional problems before allogeneic HSCT. It is also important to follow nutritional status over the long term, as patients often suffer from various nutritional problems, such as malnutrition and metabolic syndrome, even late after allogeneic HSCT. In summary, NST can contribute to the improvement of nutritional status and possibly prognosis at every stage before and after allogeneic HSCT. Here, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of current understanding about nutritional support in allogeneic HSCT and try to provoke a constructive discussion to stimulate further investigation.

Pretreatment hepatoprotective effect of the marine fungus derived from sponge on hepatic toxicity induced by heavy metals in rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pretreatment hepatoprotective effect of the extract of marine-derived fungus Trichurus spiralis Hasselbr (TS) isolated from Hippospongia communis sponge on hepatotoxicity. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 7). Group I served as −ve control, group II served as the induced group receiving subcutaneously for seven days 0.25 mg heavy metal mixtures, group III received (i.p.) TS extract of dose 40 mg for seven days, and group IV served as the protected group pretreated with TS extract for seven days as a protection dose, and then treated with the heavy metal-mixture. The main pathological changes within the liver after heavy-metal mixtures administrations marked hepatic damage evidenced by foci of lobular necrosis with neutrophilic infiltration, adjacent to dysplastic hepatocytes. ALT and AST measurements show a significant increase in group II by 46.20% and 45.12%, respectively. Total protein, elevated by about 38.9% in induction group compared to the −ve control group, in contrast to albumin, decreased as a consequence of metal administration with significant elevation on bilirubin level. The results prove that TS extract possesses a hepatoprotective property due to its proven antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties.

[Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): oncohematological patient]

Patients with cancer, irrespective of the stage of their disease, can require admission to the intensive care unit as a result of the complications of their underlying process or the surgical or pharmacological treatment provided. The cancer itself, as well as the critical status that can result from the complications of the disease, frequently lead to a high degree of hypermetabolism and inadequate energy intake, causing a high incidence of malnutrition in these patients. Moreover, cancer causes anomalous use of nutritional substrates and therefore the route of administration and proportion and intake of nutrients may differ in these patients from those in non-cancer patients.

Attenuation of resting energy expenditure following hematopoietic SCT in children

Background

Children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) typically receive parenteral nutrition (PN) due to gastrointestinal toxicities. Accurate determination of resting energy expenditure (REE) may facilitate optimal energy provision and help avoid unintended overfeeding or underfeeding.

Methods

In a multicenter, prospective cohort study of children undergoing allogeneic HSCT, REE was measured by indirect calorimetry at baseline and twice weekly until 30 days after transplantation. Change in percent predicted REE over time from admission was analyzed using repeated measures regression analysis.

Results

Twenty-six children (14 females) with a mean (SD) age of 14.9 (4.2) years who underwent an HLA-matched sibling or unrelated donor transplantation were enrolled. Mean (SD) percent predicted REE at baseline was 92.4 (15.2). Baseline REE was highly correlated with lean body mass measured by DXA (r=0.78, p<.0001). REE decreased significantly over time, following a quadratic curve to a nadir of 79% predicted at 14 days post transplantation (p <0.001) and returned to near baseline by day 30.

Conclusions

Children undergoing HSCT exhibit a significant reduction in REE in the early weeks after transplantation, a phenomenon that places them at risk for overfeeding. Serial measurements of REE or reductions in energy intake should be considered when PN is the primary mode of nutrition.

Effect of titrated parenteral nutrition on body composition after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial

BACKGROUND

Children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) often require parenteral nutrition (PN) to optimize caloric intake. Standard approaches to nutritional supplementation provide 130-150% of estimated energy expenditure, but resting energy expenditure (REE) may be lower than expected after HSCT. Provision of PN exceeding energy needs may lead to overfeeding and associated complications.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a blinded, randomized, controlled, multicenter trial in children undergoing HSCT to determine the effect on body composition of 2 different approaches of nutrition support: standard amounts of energy from PN (130-150% of REE) compared with PN titrated to match measured REE.

DESIGN

Twenty-six children undergoing HSCT were randomly assigned to standard or titrated PN. Energy intake was monitored until day 30 after HSCT. Body-composition and anthropometric measures were obtained through day 100. The primary outcome variable was percentage body fat (%BF) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS

The estimated change in %BF from baseline to day 30 was 1.2 ± 0.5% in the standard group and 0.1 ± 0.5% in the experimental group, but the overall time course of %BF did not differ significantly by treatment (P = 0.39 for time × treatment interaction). A profound loss of lean body mass (LBM) occurred in both groups during the intervention period and persisted through day 100.

CONCLUSIONS

Parenteral energy intake titrated to energy expenditure does not result in a lower accumulation of BF than does standard energy intake. Neither titrated nor standard PN regimens during HSCT preserve LBM. Alternative approaches to preserve LBM are needed. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 00115258.

A multi-center, randomized, controlled trial of parenteral nutrition titrated to resting energy expenditure in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ("PNTREE"): rationale and design

BACKGROUND

Children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) frequently require prolonged courses of parenteral nutrition (PN) as a consequence of gastrointestinal dysfunction related to preparative chemotherapy and radiation. PN has been associated with shorter engraftment time and decreased mortality during HSCT, however, it is also linked with complications, including infections, liver disease, and metabolic disturbances. Some of these complications may be a result of providing PN in excess of nutrient requirements. We previously described significant reductions in resting energy expenditure (REE), as measured by indirect calorimetry, over the course of HSCT. We also documented a decline in mid-arm muscle area, suggesting depletion of muscle mass, while triceps skinfold, a marker of fat stores, was unchanged. These results suggested the need for further study of energy expenditure, body composition and nutritional intake in this group of high risk patients.

DESIGN AND HYPOTHESIS

We hypothesize that changes in body composition affect REE during HSCT, and that standard nutritional support may lead to overfeeding. We are performing a randomized controlled trial of parenteral nutrition among children undergoing allogeneic HSCT. Subjects are randomized to receive PN designed to provide 100% of measured REE, or standard PN, i.e., 140% of estimated energy expenditure. The primary outcome variable is change in percent body fat. Secondary outcomes include glycemic control and frequency of infections, changes in REE and body composition.

CONCLUSION

This study will provide unique and comprehensive nutritional data and its results will guide nutritional therapy for children undergoing HSCT and possibly other catabolic patients.

Avaliação da eficiência da nutrição parenteral quanto à oferta de energia em pacientes oncológicos pediátricos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficiência da nutrição parenteral administrada a pacientes oncológicos pediátricos quanto à oferta de energia, indicações e principais dificuldades no procedimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional descritivo, realizado entre julho de 2003 e julho de 2004 no Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Critérios de inclusão: pacientes com câncer recebendo nutrição parenteral nas unidades de internação. A análise da adequação energética foi efetuada usando-se equações preditivas para o cálculo do gasto energético basal ajustado para a progressão inicial. RESULTADOS: Foram 41 episódios de nutrição parenteral de, 1.016, internações (4%): 54% do sexo masculino, com mediana de uso de 10 dias (1-51). Demonstrou-se que em 56% dos episódios não se atingiu o gasto energético basal ajustado; 26% ficaram entre 100% e 120% e 18% acima de 120%. A média do gasto energético basal ajustado foi 106%, com desvio-padrão de 38% e a mediana 96%. Os motivos associados às dificuldades para atingir o gasto energético basal foram intolerância metabólica, via de nutrição parenteral não exclusiva, suspensão ou interrupção da sua administração, prescrição sem discussão com nutricionista e uso de via periférica. A principal indicação foi por toxicidade gastrintestinal. O volume desprezado de nutrição parenteral demonstrou-se superior a 10% em 17 de 35 episódios (49%). Proteção contra luz ambiente (capa), avaliada em 19 pacientes durante os dias da administração, detectou ausência em 37 de 315 dias (12%). CONCLUSÃO: A oferta de energia não contemplou as necessidades de alta porcentagem de pacientes, principalmente devido à gravidade do quadro clínico, às interrupções e ao uso de via não exclusiva, reduzindo o período disponível para administração da nutrição. A eficiência dos procedimentos por atuação de equipe multidisciplinar poderia reduzir o prejuízo, garantindo uma oferta mais adequada, aumentando os benefícios da nutrição parenteral.

Perfil de lipoproteínas, triglicérides e glicose plasmáticos de pacientes com câncer durante o transplante de medula óssea

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução do perfil metabólico-nutricional de crianças e adolescentes com câncer que realizaram transplante de medula óssea. Dezoito pacientes submetidos a transplante de medula óssea foram avaliados prospectivamente de outubro de 2003 a agosto de 2004. A avaliação foi realizada por meio da análise bioquímica de sangue para albumina, lipídeos e glicose em três momentos: antes da infusão da medula óssea, após sete dias e após catorze dias do transplante de medula óssea. O teste de Friedman foi aplicado para comparar as distribuições nos períodos e o teste de Mann'Whitney para comparar as diferenças na evolução entre os grupos de transplante de medula óssea autólogo versus alogênico. Quinze dos dezoito pacientes foram elegíveis: sete portadores de leucemia, quatro de linfomas e quatro de tumores de células germinativas. Os quinze pacientes apresentaram em média 10,7±7,1 anos. Nove realizaram transplante de medula óssea autólogo e seis alogênico aparentado; dois utilizaram ciclosporina A como imunossupressor e três receberam irradiação corporal total como parte da terapia de condicionamento. Treze de quinze usaram nutrição parenteral. A média de internação foi 33±14 dias. As prevalências nos déficits de albumina e HDL-C aumentaram progressivamente durante o acompanhamento: 15%, 31% e 46% e 54%, 69% e 85%, respectivamente. O mesmo ocorreu com os níveis de glicose e triglicérides, com aumento progressivo nas prevalências de anormalidades no decorrer do transplante de medula óssea, que foram de 7%, 43% e 50% e de 31%, 69% e 77%, respectivamente. Níveis de colesterol total e de LDL-C acima do normal foram observados somente em um paciente no primeiro momento (antes da infusão da medula óssea). A análise da evolução das variáveis no decorrer dos três períodos demonstrou que os níveis de HDL-C, glicemia e triglicérides se modificaram significantemente. Quando se compararam pacientes que realizaram transplante de medula óssea alogênico versus autólogo, não foi possível detectar diferença estatisticamente significante. Porém os níveis de HDL-C e de triglicérides apresentaram alterações mais acentuadas nos pacientes que realizaram transplante de medula óssea alogênico. Os resultados sugerem que alterações metabólicas e bioquímicas ocorrem durante o período do transplante. Tais alterações, possivelmente, são multifatoriais, podendo estar associadas com o déficit nutricional, catabolismo protéico e distúrbios no metabolismo energético. Provavelmente, a desnutrição, o uso de nutrição parenteral, bem como a resposta inflamatória e as toxicidades dos medicamentos estejam implicadas como fatores causais desses distúrbios.

Changes in resting energy expenditure among children undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND

Because of the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT) are commonly provided nutritional support with parenteral nutrition. The energy and nutrient needs of these patients have not been well studied.

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to measure resting energy expenditure (REE), dietary intake, and biochemical and anthropometric changes in children before and after allogeneic SCT.

DESIGN

This was a prospective cohort study of 37 children aged 9.1 +/- 6.4 y ( +/- SD) undergoing SCT who were enrolled in an open-label trial of a unique supportive care intervention that included the routine use of oral leucovorin, vitamin E, and ursodeoxycholic acid. Parenteral nutrition was provided to match 100% of measured or estimated REE. REE was measured weekly via indirect calorimetry.

RESULTS

Baseline REE was 95% of the predicted age- and sex-matched norms and was significantly correlated with midarm muscle area (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). REE fell to a nadir of approximately 80% of the predicted levels by week 3 after SCT, with a gradual increase in weeks 4 and 5. Arm anthropometric measurements showed no change in triceps skinfold thickness but significant declines in midarm muscle area after SCT. Serum vitamin E remained in the normal range.

CONCLUSIONS

Children undergoing SCT show significant declines in REE after transplantation. These changes may be due to alterations in lean body mass. Standard nutritional regimens may lead to overfeeding.

Energy expenditure in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Prior studies suggest that patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for malignancy have nutritional needs that are greater than their estimated needs. To determine whether energy estimation equations accurately predict energy expenditure of pediatric patients undergoing HSCT, we prospectively compared the estimated energy expenditure (EEE) and measured energy expenditure (MEE) of 40 patients at four time-points. We also investigated whether energy requirements changed during the transplant period. MEE was determined by indirect calorimetry. Data from 34 patients (autologous HSCT = 10, allogeneic HSCT = 24) were sufficient for analysis. The World Health Organization equation adequately approximated MEE only on day 14 after HSCT. At all other time-points, measured energy expenditure was significantly less than estimated energy expenditure obtained by using the WHO equation (applicable to all patients), the Seashore equation (for patients <15 years of age; n = 19), or the Harris-Benedict equation (for patients > or =15 years of age; n = 15). The median measured energy expenditure varied significantly over the study period and was greatest on day 14 after HSCT. Until accurate equations have been identified for estimating these patients' needs, the use of indirect calorimetry may be medically warranted.

Nutritional and metabolic support in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a sophisticated procedure consisting of the administration of high-dose chemoradiotherapy followed by intravenous infusion of hemopoietic stem cells to reestablish marrow function when bone marrow is damaged or defective. BMT is used in the treatment of solid tumors, hematologic diseases, and autoimmune disorders. Artificial nutrition, total parenteral nutrition in particular, is provided to patients undergoing BMT to minimize the nutritional consequences of both the conditioning regimens (eg, mucositis of the gastrointestinal tract) and complications resulting from the procedure (eg, graft versus host disease and venoocclusive disease of the liver). Although artificial nutrition is now recognized as the standard of care for BMT patients, defined guidelines for the use of artificial nutrition in this clinical setting are lacking. During the past 2 decades, artificial nutrition in BMT patients has moved from simple supportive care to adjunctive therapy because of the possible benefits, not strictly nutritional, of specialized nutritional intervention. Although data exist documenting the beneficial role of special nutrients, such as lipids and glutamine, in the management of BMT recipients, the results obtained to date are controversial. The reasons for this controversy may reside in the heterogeneity of the patients studied and of the study designs. This review focuses on the need to correctly identify the different patterns of BMT to achieve reproducible and reliable data, which may in turn be used to devise precise guidelines for the use of specialized artificial nutrition in BMT patients.

Energy and substrate metabolism in patients with chronic extensive graft-versus-host disease

BACKGROUND

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is frequently complicated by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Weight loss is one of the characteristic features of GVHD. The etiology of weight loss in GVHD is not completely understood.

METHODS

We measured resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation rates by indirect calorimetry in patients with stable chronic extensive GVHD under immunosuppressive therapy (n=13) and sex-, age-, height-, and weight-matched healthy controls (n=13) in order to evaluate metabolic changes in these patients. Measurements were done on day 518+/-261 after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the postabsorptive state. Serum concentrations of glucagon, norepinephrine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and free fatty acids were determined.

RESULTS

Patients showed a maximum weight loss of 22% during their course of GVHD; nevertheless, they regained 15% of total body weight (TBW) during successful treatment of GVHD. Indirect calorimetry showed an increase in REE per kilogram of TBW (patients, 21.8+/-3.1 kcal/kg TBW/day; controls, 19.9+/-2 kcal/kg TBW/day; P<0.05). Respiratory quotient (patients, 0.79+/-0.04, controls, 0.86+/-0.04; P<0.005) and non-protein respiratory quotient (0.78+/-0.05 and 0.87+/-0.05, respectively; P<0.005) were decreased in patients. GVHD patients had elevated serum glucagon and norepinephrine concentrations, whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were in the normal range.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with chronic extensive GVHD show an increase in REE and alterations in fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates. These changes seem to be the result of increased action of glucagon and norepinephrine.

Parenteral nutrition and cyclosporine: do lipids make a difference? A prospective randomized crossover trial

AIMS

This prospective, controlled, randomized crossover trial was conducted to assess the effects of parenteral nutrition, with or without lipids, in cyclosporine (CyA) pharmacokinetics.

METHODS

10 adult patients were randomized on the day of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation to receive isocaloric and isonitrogenous parenteral nutrition admixtures without (regimen A) or with lipids (regimen B). Admixtures were started on average by day + 7.4; 5 patients received regimen A followed by B, 5 in reverse order. Blood samples were collected at day 4 after transplantation, under oral diet, and 4 days after the initiation of each regimen as the sole nutrition support. At each time point, 8 whole blood samples were analysed for CyA to evaluate: area under the curve (AUC), trough concentration and systemic clearance. Clinical/laboratory events were recorded until 31 months of follow-up.

RESULTS

There was no evidence of a period or treatment-by period interaction, thus results were combined for further analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between regimens in any CyA pharmacokinetic parameters; there were no significant differences from baseline values, except for a higher systemic clearance of CyA with regimen A (0.40+/-0.09 vs 0.29+/-0.06 L/Kg/h, p=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The provision of 0.8 g/Kg/d of a 50:50 mixture of medium and long chain triglycerides did not affect CyA parameters, which were closer to baseline. In the short or long term there were no attributable side effects.