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Improved Antitumor Efficacy of Combined Vaccine Based on the Induced HUVECs and DC-CT26 Against Colorectal Carcinoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050494. [PMID: 31121964 PMCID: PMC6562839 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for the development, growth, and metastasis of solid tumors. Vaccination with viable human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) has been used for antitumor angiogenesis. However, the limited immune response induced by HUVECs hinders their clinical application. In the present study, we found that HUVECs induced by a tumor microenvironment using the supernatant of murine CT26 colorectal cancer cells exerted a better antiangiogenic effect than HUVECs themselves. The inhibitory effect on tumor growth in the induced HUVEC group was significantly better than that of the HUVEC group, and the induced HUVEC group showed a strong inhibition in CD31-positive microvessel density in the tumor tissues. Moreover, the level of anti-induced HUVEC membrane protein antibody in mouse serum was profoundly higher in the induced HUVEC group than in the HUVEC group. Based on this, the antitumor effect of a vaccine with a combination of induced HUVECs and dendritic cell-loading CT26 antigen (DC-CT26) was evaluated. Notably, the microvessel density of tumor specimens was significantly lower in the combined vaccine group than in the control groups. Furthermore, the spleen index, the killing effect of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and the concentration of interferon-γ in the serum were enhanced in the combined vaccine group. Based on these results, the combined vaccine targeting both tumor angiogenesis and tumor cells may be an attractive and effective cancer immunotherapy strategy.
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Ichim TE, Li S, Ma H, Yurova YV, Szymanski JS, Patel AN, Kesari S, Min WP, Wagner SC. Induction of tumor inhibitory anti-angiogenic response through immunization with interferon Gamma primed placental endothelial cells: ValloVax™. J Transl Med 2015; 13:90. [PMID: 25889119 PMCID: PMC4363400 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the concept of angiogenesis blockade as a therapeutic intervention for cancer has been repeatedly demonstrated, the full promise of this approach has yet to be realized. Specifically, drugs such as VEGF-blocking antibodies or kinase inhibitors suffer from the drawbacks of resistance development, as well as off-target toxicities. Previous studies have demonstrated feasibility of specifically inducing immunity towards tumor endothelium without consequences of systemic autoimmunity in both animal models and clinical settings. METHOD Placenta-derived endothelial cells were isolated and pretreated with interferon gamma to enhance immunogenicity. Syngeneic mice received subcutaneous administration of B16 melanoma, 4 T1 mammary carcinoma, and Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC), followed by administration of control saline, control placental endothelial cells, and interferon gamma primed endothelial cells (ValloVax™). Tumor volume was quantified. An LLC metastasis model was also established and treated under similar conditions. Furthermore, a safety analysis in non-tumor bearing mice bracketing the proposed clinical dose was conducted. RESULTS ValloVax™ immunization led to significant reduction of tumor growth and metastasis as compared to administration of non-treated placental endothelial cells. Mitotic inactivation by formalin fixation or irradiation preserved tumor inhibitory activity. Twenty-eight day evaluation of healthy male and female mice immunized with ValloVax™ resulted in no abnormalities or organ toxicities. CONCLUSION Given the established rationale behind the potential therapeutic benefit of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis as a treatment for cancer, immunization against a variety of endothelial cell antigens may produce the best clinical response, enhancing efficacy and reducing the likelihood of the development of treatment resistance. These data support the clinical evaluation of irradiated ValloVax™ as an anti-angiogenic cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Ichim
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Yuliya V Yurova
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
| | - Julia S Szymanski
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Amit N Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MSC 0752, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0752, USA. .,Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., MSC 0819, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Wei-Ping Min
- Department of Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Samuel C Wagner
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Perez-Cruz M, Costa C, Mañez R. Boosted rat natural xenoantibodies cross-react with Enterococcus faecalis by targeting melibiose and L-rhamnose. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:140-51. [PMID: 24246417 DOI: 10.1159/000355305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies include a subset described as xenoantibodies considered to be directed at microorganisms and also cross-react with antigens of unrelated species. In this study, we generated T-cell-independent (TI) and T-cell-dependent (TD) xenoantibodies in Lewis rats with hamster and pig blood injections. TI anti-hamster and anti-pig IgM and IgG xenoantibodies cross-reacted with Enterococcus faecalis but not with Escherichia coli isolated from the blood of Lewis rats after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). TI anti-pig IgM xenoantibodies also showed some reactivity with two human blood isolates of E. faecalis. In contrast, TD xenoantibodies did not show any reactivity with rat or human bacteria. TI and TD anti-hamster and anti-pig IgM and IgG xenoantibodies showed cross-reactivity with lymphocytes and endothelial cells from species distinct to that used for immunization. Glycan array analysis and inhibition assays identified antibodies against melibiose and L-rhamnose as mediators of anti-hamster and anti-porcine xenoantibody cross-reactivity with E. faecalis. A rise in TI anti-hamster and anti-pig xenoantibodies was accompanied by decreased survival of Lewis rats in a low-severity sepsis model of CLP. Therefore, TI xenoantibodies in the rat include anti-carbohydrate antibodies reactive to bacteria of endogenous flora. Enhancement of these antibodies may result in more severe infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Perez-Cruz
- New Therapies of Genes and Transplants Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Polyclonal antitumor immunoglobulin may play a role in ovarian cancer adjuvant therapy. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:530-2. [PMID: 21255939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy are the mainstay of care in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Although this therapeutic strategy has been considered as "golden standard" regimen with profound impact on survival improvement, several obstacles have been encountered, such as chemotherapy drug resistance and disease relapse. Residual cancer cells in the abdominal cavity and vessels are considered as the main cause of disease relapse. New treatment options attempt to yield higher survival rate in patients. Monoclonal antibodies such as Trastuzumab and Cetuximab showed promising effects on several solid tumors. But for epithelial ovarian cancer, modalities of intravenous monoclonal antibody monotherapy have not achieved expected results as they have in the treatments of breast and colorectal cancer. Relatively low expression of matched receptors on ovarian cancer cells, as well as the intravenous delivery with less efficacy of intra-abdominal antibody accumulation, may account for lack of efficacy of monoclonal antibody on ovarian cancer. So we hypothesize that polyvalent antibodies boosted from rabbit by inoculating human tumor cells could deplete ovarian cancer cells through intraperitoneal route. The mechanisms may include interrupting ligand-receptor binding and thus result in blockage of intracellular signaling pathways such as EGFR and HER2 signal transduction, and possibly may also involve antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity.
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Boswell CA, Tesar DB, Mukhyala K, Theil FP, Fielder PJ, Khawli LA. Effects of Charge on Antibody Tissue Distribution and Pharmacokinetics. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2153-63. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Boswell
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Devin B. Tesar
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kiran Mukhyala
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Frank-Peter Theil
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul J. Fielder
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leslie A. Khawli
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Department of Antibody Engineering, and Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Zhong Z, Kusznieruk KP, Popov IA, Riordan NH, Izadi H, Yijian L, Sher S, Szczurko OM, Agadjanyan MG, Tullis RH, Harandi A, Reznik BN, Mamikonyan GV, Ichim TE. Induction of antitumor immunity through xenoplacental immunization. J Transl Med 2006; 4:22. [PMID: 16725035 PMCID: PMC1482718 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically cancer vaccines have yielded suboptimal clinical results. We have developed a novel strategy for eliciting antitumor immunity based upon homology between neoplastic tissue and the developing placenta. Placenta formation shares several key processes with neoplasia, namely: angiogenesis, activation of matrix metalloproteases, and active suppression of immune function. Immune responses against xenoantigens are well known to break self-tolerance. Utilizing xenogeneic placental protein extracts as a vaccine, we have successfully induced anti-tumor immunity against B16 melanoma in C57/BL6 mice, whereas control xenogeneic extracts and B16 tumor extracts where ineffective, or actually promoted tumor growth, respectively. Furthermore, dendritic cells were able to prime tumor immunity when pulsed with the placental xenoantigens. While vaccination-induced tumor regression was abolished in mice depleted of CD4 T cells, both CD4 and CD8 cells were needed to adoptively transfer immunity to naïve mice. Supporting the role of CD8 cells in controlling tumor growth are findings that only freshly isolated CD8 cells from immunized mice were capable of inducing tumor cell caspases-3 activation ex vivo. These data suggest feasibility of using xenogeneic placental preparations as a multivalent vaccine potently targeting not just tumor antigens, but processes that are essential for tumor maintenance of malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zhong
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Igor A Popov
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | - Hamid Izadi
- MedVax Pharma Corp, Toronto, Canada/San Diego, USA
| | - Li Yijian
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Salman Sher
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amir Harandi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas E Ichim
- MedVax Pharma Corp, Toronto, Canada/San Diego, USA
- OncoMune LLC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Although monoclonal antibodies are increasingly used for cancer therapy, remissions are only temporary due to emergence of tumor cell escape variants that are no longer affected by the antibody. The emergence of escape variants could be minimized by multi-targeting of tumor cells with polyclonal antibodies, which would also be more efficient than monoclonal antibodies at mediating effector functions for target destruction. A technology for generating recombinant polyclonal antibodies for cancer therapy has been developed based on the construction and selection of tumor-reactive Fab phage display libraries. The selected Fabs are mass-converted to full-length polyclonal antibody libraries (PCALs) of any isotype and any species. Prototypic PCALs generated against human colorectal cancer cell lines showed that libraries of diverse recombinant antibodies, enriched for reactivity to the cancer cells compared to normal human cells, can be obtained. The success of recombinant polyclonal antibodies as cancer therapeutics will depend on the ability to generate, characterize, and mass-produce PCALs with high ratios of cancer-to-normal reactivities that cross-react with many cancers of the same type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Sharon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and the Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Scerbavicius R, Choe KH, Moore M, Sullivan A, Nicolls MR, Fontenot AP, Tuder RM, Voelkel NF. An animal model of autoimmune emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:734-42. [PMID: 15563631 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200409-1275oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cigarette smoking is implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema, the precise mechanisms of chronic progressive alveolar septal destruction are not well understood. We show, in a novel animal model, that immunocompetent, but not athymic, nude rats injected intraperitoneally with xenogeneic endothelial cells (ECs) produce antibodies against ECs and develop emphysema. Immunization with ECs also leads to alveolar septal cell apoptosis and activation of matrix metalloproteases MMP-9 and MMP-2. Anti-EC antibodies cause EC apoptosis in vitro and emphysema in passively immunized mice. Moreover, immunization also causes accumulation of CD4+ T cells in the lung. Adoptive transfer of pathogenic, spleen-derived CD4+ cells into naive immunocompetent animal also results in emphysema. This study shows for the first time that humoral- and CD4+ cell-dependent mechanisms are sufficient to trigger the development of emphysema, suggesting that alveolar septal cell destruction might result from immune mechanisms.
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Zhong X, Ran YL, Lou JN, Hu D, Yu L, Zhang YS, Zhou Z, Yang ZH. Construction of human liver cancer vascular endothelium cDNA expression library and screening of the endothelium-associated antigen genes. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1402-8. [PMID: 15133843 PMCID: PMC4656274 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i10.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To gain tumor endothelium associated antigen genes from human liver cancer vascular endothelial cells (HLCVECs) cDNA expression library, so as to find some new possible targets for the diagnosis and therapy of liver tumor.
METHODS: HLCVECs were isolated and purified from a fresh hepatocellular carcinoma tissue sample, and were cultured and proliferated in vitro. A cDNA expression library was constructed with the mRNA extracted from HLCVECs. Anti-sera were prepared from immunized BALB/c mice through subcutaneous injection with high dose of fixed HLCVECs, and were then tested for their specificity against HLCVECs and angiogenic effects in vitro, such as inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of tumor endothelial cells, using immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, cell cycle analysis and MTT assays, etc. The identified xenogeneic sera from immunized mice were employed to screen the library of HLCVECs by modified serological analyses of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX). The positive clones were sequenced and analyzed by bio-informatics.
RESULTS: The primary cDNA library consisted of 2 × 106 recombinants. Thirty-six positive clones were obtained from 6 × 105 independent clones by immunoscreening. Bio-informatics analysis of cDNA sequences indicated that 36 positive clones represented 18 different genes. Among them, 3 were new genes previously unreported, 2 of which were hypothetical genes. The other 15 were already known ones. Series analysis of gene expression (SAGE) database showed that ERP70, GRP58, GAPDH, SSB, S100A6, BMP-6, DVS27, HSP70 and NAC alpha in these genes were associated with endothelium and angiogenesis, but their effects on HLCVECs were still unclear. GAPDH, S100A6, BMP-6 and hsp70 were identified by SEREX in other tumor cDNA expression libraries.
CONCLUSION: By screening of HLCVECs cDNA expression library using sera from immunized mice with HLCVECs, the functional genes associated with tumor endothelium or angiogenesis were identified. The modified SEREX, xenogeneic functional serum screening, was demonstrated to be effective for isolation and identification of antigen genes of tumor endothelium, and also for other tumor cell antigen genes. These antigen genes obtained in this study could be a valuable resource for basic and clinical studies of tumor angiogenesis, thus facilitating the development of anti- angiogenesis targeting therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhong
- Department of Cell and Molecular Laboratory, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan, Chaoyang Qu PO Box, Beijing, 100021, China
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