1
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Poojary B, Viviani L, Sengupta A, Kalaivani M, Verma SR, Teng V, Makhija V, Prakash R, Bhatia N, Singh SN, Bruckner L, Halder M, Vree J. Future of TABST and LABST in the Indian Pharmacopoeia Monographs A Humane Society International/India Workshop Report. Biologicals 2023; 83:101665. [PMID: 37244127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Humane Society International India (HSI India) organized and facilitated a workshop on the 'Future of Target Animal Batch Safety Test (TABST) and Laboratory Animal Batch Safety Test (LABST) in the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) Monographs'. The workshop hosted key Indian regulators from the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) and the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), industry representatives from the Indian Federation of Animal Health Companies (INFAH), Asian Animal Health Association (AAHA), and international experts representing the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), the International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH), and multinational veterinary products manufacturers. The workshop was organized to encourage a bidirectional flow of information and to discuss the deletion of TABST and LABST from the veterinary vaccine monographs in the IP. This workshop was built from the symposium held by Humane Society International on the 'Global Harmonization of Vaccine Testing Requirements' held in 2019. This report details the outcomes of the workshop with proposed activities to be taken up as part of the next steps for the elimination or waiving of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Viviani
- Laura Viviani, Humane Society International, Switzerland
| | | | - M Kalaivani
- M Kalaivani, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lukas Bruckner
- Lukas Bruckner, Consultant EDQM Nominated Expert, Switzerland
| | - Marlies Halder
- Marlies Halder, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Italy
| | - Jeroen Vree
- Jeroen Vree, MSD Animal Heath, the Netherlands
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2
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Viviani L, Reid K, Gastineau T, Milne C, Smith D, Levis R, Lei D, van Ooij M, Gilbert PA, Vandeputte J, Xie J, Madhuri L, Shaid S, Kubiak V, Suri R, Mizukami T, Shirasaki Y, Li X, Zhou YY, Trapkova A, Goel S, Prakash J, Subagio AA, Suwarni E, Jung KJ, Sanyal G, Das P, Coppens E, Wright D, Peng Z, Northeved H, Jungbäck C, Kirpitchenok T, Del Pace L, Seo B, Poojary B, Ottoni A. Accelerating Global Deletion of the Abnormal Toxicity Test for vaccines and biologicals. Planning common next steps. A workshop Report. Biologicals 2022; 78:17-26. [PMID: 35840492 PMCID: PMC9490484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This online workshop Accelerating Global Deletion of the Abnormal Toxicity Test for vaccines and biologicals. Planning common next steps was organized on October 14th, 2021, by the Animal Free Safety Assessment Collaboration (AFSA), the Humane Society International (HSI), the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), in collaboration with the International Alliance of Biological Standardization (IABS). The workshop saw a participation of over a hundred representatives from international organizations, pharmaceutical industries and associations, and regulatory authorities of 28 countries. Participants reported on country- and region-specific regulatory requirements and, where present, on the perspectives on the waiving and elimination of the Abnormal Toxicity Test. With AFSA, HSI, EFPIA and IABS representatives as facilitators, the participants also discussed specific country/global actions to further secure the deletion of ATT from all regulatory requirements worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsty Reid
- European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry and Association, Belgium
| | | | - Catherine Milne
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicine and HealthCare (EDQM), France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vaughn Kubiak
- International Alliance for Biological Standardization, France
| | - Rajinder Suri
- Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Alla Trapkova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products' of the Ministry of Health, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Jungbäck
- International Alliance for Biologicals Standardization, France
| | | | | | - Borami Seo
- Humane Society International, South Korea
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3
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Baldwin J, Piplani S, Sakala IG, Honda-Okubo Y, Li L, Petrovsky N. Rapid development of analytical methods for evaluating pandemic vaccines: a COVID-19 perspective. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1805-1826. [PMID: 34645288 PMCID: PMC8516068 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are key in charting a path out of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, development of new vaccines is highly dependent on availability of analytical methods for their design and evaluation. This paper highlights the challenges presented in having to rapidly develop vaccine analytical tools during an ongoing pandemic, including the need to address progressive virus mutation and adaptation which can render initial assays unreliable or redundant. It also discusses the potential of new computational modeling techniques to model and analyze key viral proteins and their attributes to assist vaccine production and assay design. It then reviews the current range of analytical tools available for COVID-19 vaccine application, ranging from in vitro assays for immunogen characterization to assays to measure vaccine responses in vivo. Finally, it provides a future perspective for COVID-19 vaccine analytical tools and attempts to predict how the field might evolve over the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Baldwin
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Isaac G Sakala
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide, 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
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4
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Akkermans A, Chapsal JM, Coccia EM, Depraetere H, Dierick JF, Duangkhae P, Goel S, Halder M, Hendriksen C, Levis R, Pinyosukhee K, Pullirsch D, Sanyal G, Shi L, Sitrin R, Smith D, Stickings P, Terao E, Uhlrich S, Viviani L, Webster J. Animal testing for vaccines. Implementing replacement, reduction and refinement: challenges and priorities. Biologicals 2020; 68:92-107. [PMID: 33041187 PMCID: PMC7543787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition to in vitro alternative methods from in vivo in vaccine release testing and characterization, the implementation of the consistency approach, and a drive towards international harmonization of regulatory requirements are most pressing needs in the field of vaccines. It is critical for global vaccine community to work together to secure effective progress towards animal welfare and to ensure that vaccines of ever higher quality can reach the populations in need in the shortest possible timeframe. Advancements in the field, case studies, and experiences from Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) were the topics discussed by an international gathering of experts during a recent conference titled "Animal Testing for Vaccines - Implementing Replacement, Reduction and Refinement: Challenges and Priorities". This conference was organized by the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS), and held in Bangkok, Thailand on December 3 and 4 2019. Participants comprised stakeholders from many parts of the world, including vaccine developers, manufacturers and regulators from Asia, Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. In interactive workshops and vibrant panel discussions, the attendees worked together to identify the remaining barriers to validation, acceptance and implementation of alternative methods, and how harmonization could be promoted, especially for LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud Akkermans
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sunil Goel
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., India
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Robin Levis
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA / CBER), USA
| | | | | | | | - Li Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Company, China
| | | | | | - Paul Stickings
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), United Kingdom
| | - Eriko Terao
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (EDQM), France
| | | | - Laura Viviani
- Independent Consultant, Humane Society International, Switzerland.
| | - Jim Webster
- World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), New Zealand
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5
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Lei D, Schmidt H, Knezevic I, Zhou T, Kang HN, Kopp S. Removal of the innocuity test from The International Pharmacopoeia and WHO recommendations for vaccines and biological products. Biologicals 2020; 66:17-20. [PMID: 32536585 PMCID: PMC7391003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innocuity test was indicated as a quality control test to release pharmaceutical and biological products to the market. The test was intended to detect possible extraneous toxic contaminants derived from the manufacturing processes of the product. The test was included in WHO Recommendations and Guidelines for vaccines, biotherapeutics and blood products and in some monographs on antibiotics in The International Pharmacopoeia. Over the past years, the requirements in WHO Recommendations/Guidelines for conducting the test evolved such that it could be waived for routine release of product once consistency of production was established to the satisfaction of the NRA, or that the need for this test should be discussed and agreed with the NRA. However, some users of WHO written standards for biologicals (i.e., Recommendations, Guidelines) and WHO specifications for pharmaceuticals (i.e., The International Pharmacopoeia) requested that the innocuity test be deleted from WHO written standards based on its lack of specificity and scientific relevance. In response to that request, we studied the history of this test and its use by the member states of WHO, and the recommendations in WHO written standards. The outcomes of the study were reviewed by the relevant WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization and Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Products who then decided to discontinue this test in WHO Recommendations for vaccines and biologicals and to omit the test from The International Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianliang Lei
- Unit of Technical Specifications and Standards, Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, Division of Access to Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Unit of Technical Specifications and Standards, Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, Division of Access to Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Knezevic
- Unit of Technical Specifications and Standards, Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, Division of Access to Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiequn Zhou
- Unit of Technical Specifications and Standards, Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, Division of Access to Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hye-Na Kang
- Unit of Technical Specifications and Standards, Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, Division of Access to Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Kopp
- Unit of Technical Specifications and Standards, Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, Division of Access to Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Viviani L, Halder M, Gruber M, Bruckner L, Cussler K, Sanyal G, Srinivas G, Goel S, Kaashoek M, Litthauer D, Lopes da Silva AL, Sakanyan E, Aprea P, Jin H, Vandeputte J, Seidle T, Yakunin D. Global harmonization of vaccine testing requirements: Making elimination of the ATT and TABST a concrete global achievement. Biologicals 2019; 63:101-105. [PMID: 31699501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This one-day symposium organized by Humane Society International (HSI) brought together 18 international experts from Argentina, Brazil, China, Europe, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States to discuss the elimination of the abnormal toxicity test (ATT) from the testing requirements for human vaccines as well as the target animal batch safety test (TABST) and the laboratory animal batch safety test (LABST) for veterinary vaccines. Participants reported on country-specific regulatory requirements and, where present, the perspectives on waiver and elimination of those tests. In addition, the attendees, with HSI in the role of facilitator, moved to define the barriers to the complete elimination or waiving of these tests. This report expounds the outcomes of the symposium, and introduces a proposed roadmap - populated with country specific activities - for the elimination of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marion Gruber
- FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, USA
| | | | - Klaus Cussler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, EDQM-nominated Expert, Germany
| | | | | | - Sunil Goel
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | | | - Derek Litthauer
- University of Free State / National Control Laboratory, South Africa
| | | | - Elena Sakanyan
- Russian Pharmacopoeia Committee, FSBI "SCEEMP" of Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - Patricia Aprea
- National Administration of Drugs, Foods and Medical Devices (ANMAT), Argentina
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | | | | | - Dimitriy Yakunin
- Moscow Laboratory of Control of Medicines, FSBI "IMCESACMP", Roszdravnadzor, Russia
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7
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Bruckner L, Cussler K, Halder M, Barrat J, Castle P, Duchow K, Gatewood DM, Gibert R, Groen J, Knapp B, Levis R, Milne C, Parker S, Stünkel K, Visser N, Volkers P. Three Rs Approaches in the Quality Control of Inactivated Rabies Vaccines: The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 48,. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 31:429-54. [PMID: 15601248 DOI: 10.1177/026119290303100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bruckner
- Institut für Viruskrankheiten und Immunprophylaxe, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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8
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Dal Negro G, Eskes C, Belz S, Bertein C, Chlebus M, Corvaro M, Corvi R, Dhalluin S, Halder M, Harvey J, Hermann M, Hoffmann-Dörr S, Kilian K, Lambrigts D, Laroche C, Louhimies S, Mahony C, Manou I, McNamee P, Prieto P, Reid K, Roggen E, Schutte K, Stirling C, Uhlrich S, Weissenhorn R, Whelan M. One science-driven approach for the regulatory implementation of alternative methods: A multi-sector perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:33-49. [PMID: 30098372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
EU regulations call for the use of alternative methods to animal testing. During the last decade, an increasing number of alternative approaches have been formally adopted. In parallel, new 3Rs-relevant technologies and mechanistic approaches have increasingly contributed to hazard identification and risk assessment evolution. In this changing landscape, an EPAA meeting reviewed the challenges that different industry sectors face in the implementation of alternative methods following a science-driven approach. Although clear progress was acknowledged in animal testing reduction and refinement thanks to an integration of scientifically robust approaches, the following challenges were identified: i) further characterization of toxicity pathways; ii) development of assays covering current scientific gaps, iii) better characterization of links between in vitro readouts and outcome in the target species; iv) better definition of alternative method applicability domains, and v) appropriate implementation of the available approaches. For areas having regulatory adopted alternative methods (e.g., vaccine batch testing), harmonised acceptance across geographical regions was considered critical for broader application. Overall, the main constraints to the application of non-animal alternatives are the still existing gaps in scientific knowledge and technological limitations. The science-driven identification of most appropriate methods is key for furthering a multi-sectorial decrease in animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Dal Negro
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chantra Eskes
- SeCAM Services and Consultation on Alternative Methods, Via Campagnora 1, 6983, Magliaso, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Belz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Magda Chlebus
- European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), Rue du Trône 108, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Corvaro
- ECPA - the European Crop Protection Association, 6 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | - Stephane Dhalluin
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jim Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Hermann
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Karin Kilian
- European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (DG ENV), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Lambrigts
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Charles Laroche
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Av. Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanna Louhimies
- European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (DG ENV), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Mahony
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Whitehall Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Manou
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Av. Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline McNamee
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Whitehall Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Prieto
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | - Kirsty Reid
- European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), Rue du Trône 108, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erwin Roggen
- 3Rs Management and Consulting, Asavænget 14, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrin Schutte
- European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (DG ENV), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sylvie Uhlrich
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Av. Marcel Merieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Renate Weissenhorn
- European Commission, Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Enterpreneurship and SME, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
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9
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Orally administered recombinant Lactobacillus casei vector vaccine expressing β-toxoid of Clostridium perfringens that induced protective immunity responses. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:332-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Schutte K, Szczepanska A, Halder M, Cussler K, Sauer UG, Stirling C, Uhlrich S, Wilk-Zasadna I, John D, Bopst M, Garbe J, Glansbeek HL, Levis R, Serreyn PJ, Smith D, Stickings P. Modern science for better quality control of medicinal products “Towards global harmonization of 3Rs in biologicals”: The report of an EPAA workshop. Biologicals 2017; 48:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Evans DM, Thorn JM, Arch-Douglas K, Sperry JB, Thompson B, Davis HL, McCluskie MJ. Support for the revocation of general safety test regulations in biologics license applications. Biologicals 2016; 44:178-81. [PMID: 26996102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration recently removed the requirement for a General Safety Test (GST) for biologics in the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 610.11). The GST, as well as abnormal toxicity (European Pharmacopeia) and innocuity tests (World Health Organization), were designed to test for extraneous toxic contaminants on each product lot intended for human use. Tests require one-week observations for general health and weight following injection of specified volumes of product batches into guinea pigs and mice. At the volumes specified, dose-related toxicity may result when the product is pharmacologically active in rodents. With vaccines, required doses may be > 3 logs higher than intended human dose on a weight-adjusted basis and if an immune modulatory adjuvant is included, systemic immune hyperactivation may cause toxicity. Herein, using the CpG/alum adjuvant combination we evaluated the different test protocols and showed their unsuitability for this adjuvant combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Evans
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Thorn
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Justin B Sperry
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce Thompson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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12
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Rastogi S, Kalaivani M, Bhatia AK, Prakash J, Singh GN. Implementing the Principle of the 3 Rs Through the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2015; 49:750-755. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479015572371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Xie J, Ottaviani G, Sun K, Lu M, Wu X, Huang S, Bopst M. Potential confounding effects of benzyl alcohol as a formulation excipient support the elimination of the abnormal toxicity test from pharmacopoeias. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:509-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Garbe JHO, Ausborn S, Beggs C, Bopst M, Joos A, Kitashova AA, Kovbasenco O, Schiller CD, Schwinger M, Semenova N, Smirnova L, Stodart F, Visalli T, Vromans L. Historical data analyses and scientific knowledge suggest complete removal of the abnormal toxicity test as a quality control test. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3349-3355. [PMID: 25209378 PMCID: PMC4278562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1900s, the abnormal toxicity test (ATT) was developed as an auxiliary means to ensure safe and consistent antiserum production. Today, the ATT is utilized as a quality control (QC) release test according to pharmacopoeial or other regulatory requirements. The study design has not been changed since around 1940. The evidence of abnormal toxicity testing as a prediction for harmful batches is highly questionable and lacks a scientific rationale. Numerous reviews of historical ATT results have revealed that no reliable conclusions can be drawn from this QC measure. Modern pharmaceutical manufacturers have thorough control of the manufacturing process and comply with good manufacturing practice rules. Contaminants are appropriately controlled by complying with the validated manufacturing processes and strict QC batch release confirming batch-to-batch consistency. Recognizing that product safety, efficacy, and stability can be ensured with strict QC measures, nowadays most regulatory authorities do not require the ATT for most product classes. In line with the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) initiative, the test requirement has been deleted from approximately 80 monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia and for the majority of product classes in the United States. For these reasons, it is recommended that the ATT should be consistently omitted world-wide and be removed from pharmacopoeias and other regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H O Garbe
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Global Technical Operations, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Ausborn
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Global Technical Operations, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Bopst
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Pharma and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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[Reduction of animal experiments in experimental drug testing]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57:1173-80. [PMID: 25183445 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-2033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to ensure the quality of biomedical products, an experimental test for every single manufactured batch is required for many products. Especially in vaccine testing, animal experiments are traditionally used for this purpose. For example, efficacy is often determined via challenge experiments in laboratory animals. Safety tests of vaccine batches are also mostly performed using laboratory animals. However, many animal experiments have clear inherent disadvantages (low accuracy, questionable transferability to humans, unclear significance). Furthermore, for ethical reasons and animal welfare aspects animal experiments are also seen very critical by the public. Therefore, there is a strong trend towards replacing animal experiments with methods in which no animals are used ("replacement"). If a replacement is not possible, the required animal experiments should be improved in order to minimize the number of animals necessary ("reduction") and to reduce pain and suffering caused by the experiment to a minimum ("refinement"). This "3R concept" is meanwhile firmly established in legislature. In recent years many mandatory animal experiments have been replaced by alternative in vitro methods or improved according to the 3R principles; numerous alternative methods are currently under development. Nevertheless, the process from the development of a new method to its legal implementation takes a long time. Therefore, supplementary regulatory measures to facilitate validation and acceptance of new alternative methods could contribute to a faster and more consequent implementation of the 3R concept in the testing of biomedical products.
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Leist M, Hasiwa N, Daneshian M, Hartung T. Validation and quality control of replacement alternatives – current status and future challenges. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Alternatives to animal testing have been developed mainly in the fields of toxicology and vaccine testing. Typical examples are the evaluation of phototoxicity, eye irritation or skin corrosion/irritation of cosmetics and industrial chemicals. However, examples can also be found in other biomedical areas, such the control of the quality of drug preparations for pyrogens or for the control of the production process of biologics, such as botulinum neurotoxin. For regulatory purposes, the quality, transferability and predictivity of an alternative method needs to be evaluated. This procedure is called the “validation process” of a new method. It follows defined rules, and several governmental institutions have been established to perform, supervise or advise on this process. As this often results in a delay of method implementation, different alternatives for the evaluation of a method's suitability and quality are under discussion. We describe here the principles of model development and quality control. We also give an overview on methods that have undergone validation. Strengths and shortcomings of traditional approaches are discussed, and new developments and challenges are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine and Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nina Hasiwa
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine and Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine and Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine and Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
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Alternative methods and strategies to reduce, refine, and replace animal use for human vaccine post-licensing safety testing: state of the science and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Halder M, Balls M, Hendriksen C, Cussler K. ECVAM's activities in promoting the Three Rs in the quality control of biologicals. Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32 Suppl 1A:93-8. [PMID: 23577439 DOI: 10.1177/026119290403201s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarises key activities initiated and the progress achieved between April 1993 and November 2002, in promoting the Three Rs in one of ECVAM's priority areas--the production and quality control of biologicals. These have included organising nine key workshops, financially supporting and/or participating in a number of prevalidation and/or validation studies, financial contributions and sponsorship to relevant international workshops, symposia and conferences, and financial support to the compilation of manuals, expert reports and training in test methods.
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The Target Animal Safety Test—Is it Still Relevant? Biologicals 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/biol.2002.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Metz B, Hendriksen CFM, Jiskoot W, Kersten GFA. Reduction of animal use in human vaccine quality control: opportunities and problems. Vaccine 2002; 20:2411-30. [PMID: 12057596 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In vivo assays play a crucial role in the assessment of the potency and safety of human vaccines. Robust vaccine production procedures, improved characterisation methods and development of well-characterised vaccines create possibilities to reduce animal use. In this paper the current status in this field is reviewed. Achievements with regard to in vivo and in vitro potency and safety testing are discussed as well as new developments and possibilities in the field of in vitro characterisation of vaccine components. Finally, validation and implementation issues will be dealt with. Although replacement of in vivo tests for batch release of existing vaccines is difficult, emerging technologies allow well-considered reduction of in vivo experiments during product and process development and improvement. Inextricably bound up with this approach is good manufacturing practice (GMP), resulting in robust, validated production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Metz
- Laboratory for Product and Process Development, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Miethe G. Possibilities of replacing and reducing animal tests in the pharmacopoeias: an evaluation of unused methods and proposals for change. Altern Lab Anim 2002; 30:229-40. [PMID: 11971758 DOI: 10.1177/026119290203000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The animal tests currently carried out according to the German and European pharmacopoeias are evaluated. The routine testing of biological medicines, excluding vaccines and pyrogen tests, is examined. The opportunities for replacing obligatory bioassays and safety tests are assessed, taking into account both pharmaceutical quality and animal welfare aspects. The aim is to encourage institutions, public authorities, and the pharmaceutical industry to investigate the importance and the necessity of the remaining tests. In addition, all parties should be encouraged to initiate integrated projects to develop, validate and establish alternative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundel Miethe
- Stiftung zur Förderung der Erforschung von Ersatz- und Ergänzungsmethoden zur Einschränkung von Tierversuchen (SET), Kaiserstrasse 60, 55116-Mainz, Germany
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Halder M, Hendriksen C, Cussler K, Balls M. ECVAM's contributions to the implementation of the Three Rs in the production and quality control of biologicals. Altern Lab Anim 2002; 30:93-108. [PMID: 11827574 DOI: 10.1177/026119290203000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A summary is presented of the activities initiated, and the progress achieved, between April 1993 and December 2001 in implementing the Three Rs in one of the main priority areas of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) - the production and quality control of biologicals. These have included organising eight key workshops, and financial contributions to, and sponsorship of, relevant international workshops, symposia and conferences. Noteworthy activities include financial support and/or participation in a number of prevalidation and validation studies. These involved alternative methods for the batch potency testing of: human tetanus vaccines; human and veterinary tetanus antisera and immunoglobulin; rabies vaccines; Leptospira hardjo vaccines; Clostridium perfringens vaccines; and erysipelas vaccines. They also involved a cell culture test for specific toxicity testing of diphtheria toxoid vaccines. In addition, ECVAM funded a study on the use of humane endpoints for vaccine quality control tests involving severe suffering, such as the potency testing of erysipelas, rabies and pertussis vaccines. ECVAM has also contributed financially to the compilation of manuals and expert reports, and to training in test methods. Following the report of an ECVAM Task Force, ECVAM financially supported the prevalidation of some in vitro methods for the potency testing of a recombinant hormone. A proposal is presented for promotion of regulatory acceptance, and suggestions are made for possible future activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Halder
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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