1
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial ghosts are intact bacterial cell envelopes that are emptied of their content by gentle biological or chemical poring methods. Ghost techniques increase the safety of the killed vaccines, while maintaining their antigenicity due to mild preparation procedures. Moreover, ghost-platforms may express and/or carry several antigens or plasmid-DNA encoding for protein epitopes. AREAS COVERED In this review, the development in ghost-vaccine production over the last 30 years is classified and discussed. The different applications of ghost-vaccines, how they trigger the immune system, their advantages and limitations are displayed. The phage-mediated lysis, molecular manipulation of the lysis-genes, and the biotechnological production of ghosts are described. The trials are classified according to the pattern of lysis and to the type of bacteria. Further subdivision includes chronological ordered application of the ghost as alternative-killed vaccine, recombinant antigen platform, plasmid DNA carrier, adjuvants, and dendritic cell inducer. Particular trials for specific pathogens or from distinct research schools are gathered. EXPERT OPINION Ghosts are highly qualified to act as immune-presenting platforms that express and/or carry several recombinant and DNA vaccines, as well as, being efficient alternative-killed vaccines. The coming years will show more molecular advances to develop ghost-production and to express more antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Batah
- Tropical Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology , Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Tarek A Ahmad
- Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA.,Library Sector, Bibliotheca Alexandrina , Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amro AA, Neama AJ, Hussein A, Hashish EA, Sheweita SA. Evaluation the surface antigen of the Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 ghosts prepared by "SLRP". ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:840863. [PMID: 24772035 PMCID: PMC3977473 DOI: 10.1155/2014/840863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, bacterial ghosts (BGs) were prepared using a protocol based on critical chemical concentrations. It has been given the name "sponge like" (SL) protocol and used in its reduced form "sponge like reduced protocol" (SLRP). While specific antibody for Salmonella is available on the market under the commercial names (of some kits) such as Febrile Antigen Kit (N.S. BIO-TEC), we used the described Kit to investigate the validity of the SLRP. In this study, using SLRP we succeeded to prepare STGs with correct surface antigens could interact with their specific antibodies. Additionally the study has included oral vaccination with STGs with challenge test. The rats serums have been evaluated against both of the O and H antigens. The antigen-antibody interaction (agglutination) results of both the SLRP and the animal experiments prove that we have correct STGs able to immunize the rats against viable Salmonella. STGs could be used as vaccine and as adjuvant and in the antibodies and in the diagnostic kits production. This study is an additional step for the establishment of correct BGs for immunological purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amara A. Amro
- Department of Protein Research, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg Al-Arab, P.O. Box. 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, 163 El Horreya Avenu, P.O. Box 832, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed J. Neama
- Zoonoses Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alqadisya University, Alqadisya, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, 163 El Horreya Avenu, P.O. Box 832, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Emad A. Hashish
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Salah A. Sheweita
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, 163 El Horreya Avenu, P.O. Box 832, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muhammad A, Champeimont J, Mayr UB, Lubitz W, Kudela P. Bacterial ghosts as carriers of protein subunit and DNA-encoded antigens for vaccine applications. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:97-116. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
4
|
Amara AA, Salem-Bekh MM, Alanazi FK. Preparation of Bacterial Ghosts for E. coli JM109 Using “Sponge-like
Reduced Protocol”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbs.2013.363.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Paukner S, Kohl G, Jalava K, Lubitz W. Sealed Bacterial Ghosts—Novel Targeting Vehicles for Advanced Drug Delivery of Water-soluble Substances. J Drug Target 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860310001593366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
6
|
Paukner S, Stiedl T, Kudela P, Bizik J, Al Laham F, Lubitz W. Bacterial ghosts as a novel advanced targeting system for drug and DNA delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 3:11-22. [PMID: 16370937 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although there are powerful drugs against infectious diseases and cancer on the market, delivery systems are needed to decrease serious toxic and noncurative side effects. In order to enhance compliance, several delivery systems such as polymeric micro- and nanoparticles, liposomal systems and erythrocyte ghosts have been developed. Bacterial ghosts representing novel advanced delivery and targeting vehicles suitable for the delivery of hydrophobic or water-soluble drugs, are the main focus of this review. They are useful nonliving carriers, as they can carry different active substances in more than one cellular location separately and simultaneously. Bacterial ghosts combine excellent natural or engineered adhesion properties with versatile carrier functions for drugs, proteins and DNA plasmids or DNA minicircles. The simplicity of both bacterial ghost production and packaging of drugs and/or DNA makes them particularly suitable for the use as a delivery system. Further advantages of bacterial ghost delivery vehicles include high bioavailability and a long shelf life without the need of cold-chain storage due to the possibility to freeze-dry the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Paukner
- Department of Medical/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, UZA II, 2B255, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ebensen T, Paukner S, Link C, Kudela P, de Domenico C, Lubitz W, Guzmán CA. Bacterial Ghosts Are an Efficient Delivery System for DNA Vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6858-65. [PMID: 15153504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mass implementation of DNA vaccines is hindered by the requirement of high plasmid dosages and poor immunogenicity. We evaluated the capacity of Mannheimia haemolytica ghosts as delivery system for DNA vaccines. In vitro studies showed that bacterial ghosts loaded with a plasmid carrying the green fluorescent protein-encoding gene (pEGFP-N1) are efficiently taken up by APC, thereby leading to high transfection rates (52-60%). Vaccination studies demonstrated that ghost-mediated delivery by intradermal or i.m. route of a eukaryotic expression plasmid containing the gene coding for beta-galactosidase under the control of the CMV immediate early gene promoter (pCMVbeta) stimulates more efficient Ag-specific humoral and cellular (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) immune responses than naked DNA in BALB/c mice. The use of ghosts also allows modulating the major Th response from a mixed Th1/Th2 to a more dominant Th2 pattern. Intravenous immunization with dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with pCMVbeta-containing ghosts also resulted in the elicitation of beta-galactosidase-specific responses. This suggests that dendritic cells play an important role in the stimulation of immune responses when bacterial ghosts are used as a DNA delivery system. Bacterial ghosts not only target the DNA vaccine construct to APC, but also provide a strong danger signal, acting as natural adjuvants, thereby promoting efficient maturation and activation of dendritic cells. Thus, bacterial ghosts constitute a promising technology platform for the development of more efficient DNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebensen
- Vaccine Research Group, Division of Microbiology, Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Forschung-German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yard BA, Wille AI, Haak M, van der Woude FJ. Human proteinase 3 can inhibits LPS-mediated TNF-alpha production through CD14 degradation: lack of influence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:444-52. [PMID: 12067299 PMCID: PMC1906262 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate if proteinase-3 (PR3) is able to influence lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responses of monocytes via degradation of CD14 and if antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) may modify this process. Recombinant (r) CD14 and CD14 expressed on monocytes were investigated for PR3 mediated degradation by SDS-PAGE and FACS analysis, respectively. TNF-alpha production in whole blood was used to determine functional consequences of CD14 degradation. PR3 degraded rCD14 in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Major degradation products were found with apparent molecular weight of 45, 25 and 10 kDa. Treatment of PR3 with PMSF completely abolished CD14 degradation. ANCA IgG did not inhibit CD14 degradation. In whole blood, addition of PR3 resulted in diminished CD14 expression on monocytes. In contrast, CD14 was increased in a subpopulation of cells that expressed major histocompatibility (MHC) class II and PR3, but lacked expression of CD64 and CD16. LPS mediated TNF-alpha production in whole blood was significantly inhibited when preincubated with PR3. This study demonstrates that PR3 can degrade rCD14 and that PR3 differentially affects CD14 expression in subsets of monocytes. ANCA IgG does not play a significant role herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Yard
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Klinikum Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gröger M, Holnthoner W, Maurer D, Lechleitner S, Wolff K, Mayr BB, Lubitz W, Petzelbauer P. Dermal microvascular endothelial cells express the 180-kDa macrophage mannose receptor in situ and in vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:5428-34. [PMID: 11067894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the 180-kDa mannose receptor (MR) is mainly found on cells of the macrophage lineage. MR mediates the uptake of micro-organisms and host-derived glycoproteins. We demonstrate that endothelium of the human skin in situ and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMEC) in vitro expressed MR at both the protein and mRNA levels. In contrast, HUVEC were consistently negative for MR expression. DMEC internalized dextran as well as Escherichia coli by the way of MR into acidic phagosomes, only a few of which fused with CD63- and lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein-2-positive lysosomes. This contrasts with the situation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, where almost all of the MR-Ag complexes reached CD63- and lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein-2-positive compartments, indicating differences in the phagolysosomal fusion rate between DMEC and dendritic cells. In conclusion, DMEC express functional MR, a finding that corroborates a role of skin endothelium in Ag capture/clearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gröger
- Department of Dermatology, Divisions of General Dermatology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lubitz W, Witte A, Eko FO, Kamal M, Jechlinger W, Brand E, Marchart J, Haidinger W, Huter V, Felnerova D, Stralis-Alves N, Lechleitner S, Melzer H, Szostak MP, Resch S, Mader H, Kuen B, Mayr B, Mayrhofer P, Geretschläger R, Haslberger A, Hensel A. Extended recombinant bacterial ghost system. J Biotechnol 1999; 73:261-73. [PMID: 10486935 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled expression of cloned PhiX174 gene E in Gram-negative bacteria results in lysis of the bacteria by formation of an E-specific transmembrane tunnel structure built through the cell envelope complex. Bacterial ghosts from a variety of bacteria are used as non-living candidate vaccines. In the recombinant ghost system, foreign proteins are attached on the inside of the inner membrane as fusions with specific anchor sequences. Ghosts have a sealed periplasmic space and the export of proteins into this space vastly extends the capacity of ghosts or recombinant ghosts to function as carriers of foreign antigens. In addition, S-layer proteins forming shell-like self assembly structures can be expressed in candidate vaccine strains prior to E-mediated lysis. Such recombinant S-layer proteins carrying foreign epitopes further extend the possibilities of ghosts as carriers of foreign epitopes. As ghosts have inherent adjuvant properties, they can be used as adjuvants in combination with subunit vaccines. Subunits or other ligands can also be coupled to matrixes like dextran which are used to fill the internal lumen of ghosts. Oral, aerogenic or parenteral immunization of experimental animals with recombinant ghosts induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses against bacterial and target components including protective mucosal immunity. The most relevant advantage of recombinant bacterial ghosts as immunogens is that no inactivation procedures that denature relevant immunogenic determinants are employed in this production. This fact explains the superior quality of ghosts when compared to other inactivated vaccines. The endotoxic component of the outer membrane does not limit the use of ghosts as vaccine candidates but triggers the release of several potent immunoregulatory cytokines. As carriers, there is no limitation in the size of foreign antigens that can be inserted in the membrane and the capacity of all spaces including the membranes, peri-plasma and internal lumen of the ghosts can be fully utilized. This extended recombinant ghost system represents a new strategy for adjuvant free combination vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Lubitz
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|