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Xu EP, Li J, Zapetis SL, Keefe K, Trull TJ, Stange JP. Momentary impulsivity interferes with emotion regulation strategy prioritization in everyday life in remitted depression. Behav Res Ther 2024; 172:104424. [PMID: 38103360 PMCID: PMC10843662 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selectively prioritizing some emotion regulation (ER) strategies over others has been shown to predict well-being; however, it is unclear what mechanisms underlie this process. Impulsivity, which captures both top-down control of and bottom-up reactivity to emotions, is one potential mechanism of interest. METHODS Using multilevel mediation modeling, we investigated whether lower ER strategy prioritization (i.e., lower between-strategy variability) mediates the relationship between greater momentary impulsivity and lower ER success in 82 individuals with remitted depression or no history of a mental disorder (1558 observations). To determine the specific effect of impulsivity, we covaried for mean regulatory effort and negative affect. RESULTS The indirect effect of impulsivity on ER success was significant at the within-person, but not between-person, level. Specifically, in moments when individuals endorsed more impulsivity than usual, they showed less ER strategy prioritization than usual, which predicted less successful ER. Individuals who, on average, reported more impulsivity indicated lower ER strategy prioritization, but no difference in ER success. CONCLUSION ER strategy prioritization mediated the within-person relationship between greater impulsivity and lower ER success. Interventions focused on training individuals to selectively prioritize ER strategies may improve ER success, particularly when individuals are feeling more impulsive than usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie P Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Jiani Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Sarah L Zapetis
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Kaley Keefe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, United States
| | - Jonathan P Stange
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, United States.
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2
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Martin-Romero N, Sanchez-Lopez A. Negative interpretation bias as a clinical marker and a scar of depression: New insights from a large-scale study of the scrambled sentence task in formerly, subclinically and clinically depressed individuals. Behav Res Ther 2023; 163:104276. [PMID: 36821874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Negative interpretation biases are thought to be clinical markers of depression and risk factors for its recurrence that would remain active after remission. Evidence on the conditions under which negative interpretation biases are active after remission is still unclear, and further studies are required to clarify whether negative interpretation biases are equivalent in magnitude at different depression conditions. A large-scale study of the Scrambled Sentence Task (SST) was conducted (639 participants), where different depression and never-depressed samples were compared in their performance in the SST through three experiments (i.e., formerly - Studies 1 and 2 -, subclinically - Study 2 - and clinically depressed individuals - Study 3 -). Cognitive load manipulations were used while completing the task. Formerly compared to never-depressed individuals showed higher negative interpretation biases at conditions of cognitive load only (Study 1). Formerly and subclinically depressed showed equivalent biases compared to never-depressed individuals (Study 2). Negative interpretation biases were further supported for clinically depressed (Study 3). Comparative analyses showed that both formerly and subclinically differed from clinically depressed individuals in their negative bias magnitude. These results prove the utility of the SST to detect negative interpretation biases in different depression conditions, including those recovered from depression. Results further show that negative bias magnitudes tend to decrease after remission but remain at subclinical levels, potentially conferring risk for depression recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martin-Romero
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; Department of Educational Sciences, University of Alcala, Spain.
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3
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Shamai-Leshem D, Linetzky M, Bar-Haim Y. Attention Biases in Previously Depressed Individuals: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Depression Recurrence. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Marr NS, Zainal NH, Newman MG. Focus on and venting of negative emotion mediates the 18-year bi-directional relations between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses. J Affect Disord 2022; 303:10-17. [PMID: 35065091 PMCID: PMC8917061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myriad emotion regulation and coping theories have proposed that avoidant/emotion-oriented coping is a cause and consequence of anxiety and depression. However, few studies have investigated potential mechanisms underlying the prospective anxiety-depression disorder relation. The current study examined various coping strategies (i.e., denial, focus on and venting of emotion (FOAVE), and behavioral disengagement) as potential longitudinal mediators between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS In a nationally representative sample of adults (N = 3,294), MDD and GAD were assessed at Time 1 (T1) and Time 3 (T3) (Composite International Diagnostic Interview - Short-Form), and avoidant coping strategies (denial, behavioral disengagement, and FOAVE) were measured at Time 2 (T2) (Coping Questionnaire). Assessments occurred over 18 years, each spaced approximately 9 years apart. Structural equation modeling mediation analyses examined whether T1 MDD predicted T3 GAD (and vice versa), and if T2 avoidant coping mediated these relations, above and beyond baseline comorbidity. RESULTS FOAVE mediated the T1 MDD-T3 GAD association, and vice versa. Presence of T1 MDD and GAD predicted more T2 FOAVE, and greater T2 FOAVE forecasted T3 MDD and GAD, accounting for 16-21% of the longitudinal MDD-GAD relations. However, behavioral disengagement and denial did not mediate the prospective MDD-GAD relations. Also, T1 MDD and GAD forecasted greater T2 behavioral disengagement. CONCLUSIONS The use of FOAVE, may be a mechanism by which MDD earlier in life may lead to GAD 18 years later, and vice versa. Theoretical and potential clinical implications are discussed.
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Weintraub MJ, Schneck CD, Walshaw PD, Chang KD, Sullivan AE, Singh MK, Miklowitz DJ. Longitudinal trajectories of mood symptoms and global functioning in youth at high risk for bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:394-401. [PMID: 32861841 PMCID: PMC7572604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the longitudinal course of mood symptoms and functioning in youth who are at high risk for bipolar disorder (BD). Identifying distinct course trajectories and predictors of those trajectories may help refine treatment approaches. METHODS This study examined the longitudinal course of mood symptoms and functioning ratings in 126 youth at high risk for BD based on family history and early mood symptoms. Participants were enrolled in a randomized trial of family-focused therapy and followed longitudinally (mean 2.0 years, SD = 53.6 weeks). RESULTS Using latent class growth analyses (LCGA), we observed three mood trajectories. All youth started the study with active mood symptoms. Following the index mood episode, participants were classified as having a "significantly improving course" (n = 41, 32.5% of sample), a "moderately symptomatic course" (n = 21, 16.7%), or a "predominantly symptomatic course" (n = 64, 50.8%) at follow-up. More severe depression, anxiety, and suicidality at the study's baseline were associated with a poorer course of illness. LCGA also revealed three trajectories of global functioning that closely corresponded to symptom trajectories; however, fewer youth exhibited functional recovery than exhibited symptomatic recovery. LIMITATIONS Mood trajectories were assessed within the context of a treatment trial. Ratings of mood and functioning were based on retrospective recall. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests considerable heterogeneity in the course trajectories of youth at high risk for BD, with a significant proportion (32.5%) showing long-term remission of symptoms. Treatments that enhance psychosocial functioning may be just as important as those that ameliorate symptoms in youth at risk for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. Weintraub
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Patricia D. Walshaw
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Aimee E. Sullivan
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - David J. Miklowitz
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Stange JP, Jenkins LM, Pocius S, Kreutzer K, Bessette KL, DelDonno SR, Kling LR, Bhaumik R, Welsh RC, Keilp JG, Phan KL, Langenecker SA. Using resting-state intrinsic network connectivity to identify suicide risk in mood disorders. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2324-2334. [PMID: 31597581 PMCID: PMC7368462 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the neural substrates of suicide risk in mood disorders. Improving the identification of biomarkers of suicide risk, as indicated by a history of suicide-related behavior (SB), could lead to more targeted treatments to reduce risk. METHODS Participants were 18 young adults with a mood disorder with a history of SB (as indicated by endorsing a past suicide attempt), 60 with a mood disorder with a history of suicidal ideation (SI) but not SB, 52 with a mood disorder with no history of SI or SB (MD), and 82 healthy comparison participants (HC). Resting-state functional connectivity within and between intrinsic neural networks, including cognitive control network (CCN), salience and emotion network (SEN), and default mode network (DMN), was compared between groups. RESULTS Several fronto-parietal regions (k > 57, p < 0.005) were identified in which individuals with SB demonstrated distinct patterns of connectivity within (in the CCN) and across networks (CCN-SEN and CCN-DMN). Connectivity with some of these same regions also distinguished the SB group when participants were re-scanned after 1-4 months. Extracted data defined SB group membership with good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (79-88%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that individuals with a history of SB in the context of mood disorders may show reliably distinct patterns of intrinsic network connectivity, even when compared to those with mood disorders without SB. Resting-state fMRI is a promising tool for identifying subtypes of patients with mood disorders who may be at risk for suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Runa Bhaumik
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - K. Luan Phan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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A Test of the Habit-Goal Framework of Depressive Rumination and Its Relevance to Cognitive Reactivity. Behav Ther 2020; 51:474-487. [PMID: 32402262 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test predictions derived from the habit-goal framework of depressive rumination and investigate its relevance to cognitive reactivity-another well-known vulnerability factor to depression. Formerly depressed (FD; n=20) and never depressed (ND; n=22) participants completed self-report measures of rumination, cognitive reactivity, and habitual characteristics of rumination (e.g., lack of awareness, control, intent). A standard mood-induction task was also used to measure cognitive reactivity and an outcome-devaluation task to measure general habit vs. goal-directed behavior control. Habitual characteristics of ruminative thoughts were greater in the FD group and were related to depressive brooding and cognitive reactivity, but not reflective pondering. Reliance on habit on the outcome-devaluation task was strongly correlated with number of depression episodes, although group differences were not observed in general habit vs. goal-directed control. Habitual characteristics of rumination (e.g., greater automaticity) may explain reactivity and persistence of negative thoughts in depression. Habitual behavior control may contribute to inflexible responding and vulnerability for depression episodes.
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8
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Cerny BM, Stange JP, Kling LR, Hamlat EJ, O’Donnell LA, Deveney C, Langenecker SA. Self-reported affective biases, but not all affective performance biases, are present in depression remission. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 58:274-288. [PMID: 30854675 PMCID: PMC6682436 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with active major depressive disorder (MDD) have shown affective biases in cognitive flexibility and memory, particularly for negatively valenced stimuli. We evaluated whether impairments in affective flexibility would remain even during remission (rMDD), potentially representing trait- or scar-like effects of illness. METHOD Participants completed the Emotion Card Sort Test (ECST), a measure of cognitive flexibility containing emotionally valenced stimuli, and the Emotion Word Stimulus Test (EWST), a measure of affective biases in delayed recall and recognition memory, and several self-report measures. RESULTS Healthy controls (HCs; n = 35) and individuals with rMDD (n = 93) did not differ on performance for any of the three word types on the ECST or EWT. However, individuals with rMDD demonstrated greater negative bias on EWT recognition trials relative to HCs (d = .36). On self-report measures, individuals with rMDD exhibited greater levels of neuroticism, problems with attentional control, pessimistic attributional style, and negative automatic thoughts compared to HCs. CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial evidence that some performance, but not self-reported, indices of affective bias may improve during remission from MDD. Results of this study could suggest that some components of affective bias may represent state feature of illness and others trait-like risk or scar features. PRACTITIONER POINTS This study suggests that self-reported affective biases may persist in remission of major depressive disorder (rMDD). Affective attentional biases and affective memory biases were not demonstrated in individuals with rMDD, with the exception of a bias for recognizing negatively versus neutrally valenced stimuli. CAUTIONS OR LIMITATIONS A limitation of this study was its cross-sectional design. Under ideal conditions, the same individuals would be studied in both the active and remitted phases of illness. Another limitation of this study was the smaller number of healthy controls relative to individuals with rMDD.
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9
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Liu RT, McArthur BA, Burke TA, Hamilton JL, Mac Giollabhui N, Stange JP, Hamlat EJ, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. A Latent Structure Analysis of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescence. Behav Ther 2019; 50:755-764. [PMID: 31208685 PMCID: PMC6582994 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Whether cognitive vulnerability to depression exists along a continuum of severity or as a qualitatively discrete phenomenological entity has direct bearing on theoretical formulations of risk for depression and clinical risk assessment. This question is of particular relevance to adolescence, given that cognitive vulnerability appears to coalesce and rates of depression begin to rise markedly during this period of development. Although a dimensional view is often assumed, it is necessary to submit this assumption to direct empirical evaluation. Taxometric analysis is a family of statistical techniques developed directly to test such assumptions. The present study applied taxometric methods to address this question in a community sample of early adolescents (n = 485), drawing on three indices of cognitive vulnerability to depression (i.e., negative inferential style, ruminative response style, self-referent information processing). The results of three taxometric analyses (i.e., mean above minus below a cut [MAMBAC], maximum eigenvalue [MAXEIG], and latent mode [L-Mode]) were consistent in unambiguously supporting a dimensional conceptualization of this construct. The latent structure of the tested indices of cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescence appears to exist along a continuum of severity rather than as a discrete clinical entity.
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ENDO M, HARUYAMA Y, MITSUI K, MUTO G, NISHIURA C, KUWAHARA K, WADA H, TANIGAWA T. Durations of first and second periods of depression-induced sick leave among Japanese employees: the Japan sickness absence and return to work (J-SAR) study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2019; 57:22-28. [PMID: 30101896 PMCID: PMC6363587 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the difference between the durations of first and second periods of depression-induced sick leave and to identify predictors of a prolonged second period of depression-induced sick leave. Among Japanese employees who were registered in the Japan sickness absence and return to work (J-SAR) study, the subjects were those employees who returned to work after an initial period of depression-induced sick leave (F3; ICD-10, based on a psychiatrist's certificate), and returned to work after a second period of depression-induced sick leave. The subjects' second periods of sick leave (mean: 156.9 d) were longer than their first periods of sick leave (107.3 d) (Wilcoxon test, p=0.007). In the logistic regression analysis (Table 2), "longer duration of the first period of sick leave" (Odds ratio: 3.258, 95%CI: 1.780-5.963, p<0.001) was identified as a significant predictor of a longer recurrent period of sick leave. Individuals who experience a long initial period of depression-induced sick leave should be supported carefully by occupational health professionals after they RTW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki ENDO
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Faculty of
Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuo HARUYAMA
- Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University,
Japan
| | - Kiyomi MITSUI
- Department of Public Health, Showa University, Japan
| | - Go MUTO
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo
University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroo WADA
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Faculty of
Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi TANIGAWA
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Faculty of
Medicine, Japan
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Scallion LM, Cummings JA. Comparison of Team and Participant Ratings of Event Dependence: Inferential Style, Cognitive Style, and Stress Generation. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.9.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Previous research has linked negative cognitive styles with stress generation. However, measures of cognitive styles have replied on ratings for hypothetical events, not experienced events. We examined the relationship between stress generation and attributional style for experienced events (i.e., inferential style) at both macro and daily levels. Methods: We measured stress generation in college students using the traditional objective team ratings (i.e., observer) as well as via participants’ own ratings (i.e., actor), which we argue captures more information and is consistent with calls for participant-centered research. Results: Cognitive style and inferential style positively correlated, indicating consistency between these two forms of assessment. Actor and observer identified events were significantly correlated for both dependent and independent events, suggesting that participants and teams are consistent in these categorizations. Results from both studies showed that inferential style was associated with actor but not observer identified dependent events. Discussion: Our findings provide some of the first evidence for the role of inferential style in actor identified stress generation and indicate that it is useful to examine both participant and observer ratings of stressful life events.
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Bos EH, Ten Have M, van Dorsselaer S, Jeronimus BF, de Graaf R, de Jonge P. Functioning before and after a major depressive episode: pre-existing vulnerability or scar? A prospective three-wave population-based study. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2264-2272. [PMID: 29331152 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vulnerability hypothesis suggests that impairments after remission of depressive episodes reflect a pre-existing vulnerability, while the scar hypothesis proposes that depression leaves residual impairments that confer risk of subsequent episodes. We prospectively examined vulnerability and scar effects in mental and physical functioning in a representative Dutch population sample. METHODS Three waves were used from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2, a population-based study with a 6-years follow-up. Mental and physical functioning were assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36). Major depressive disorder (MDD) was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Vulnerability effects were examined by comparing healthy controls (n = 2826) with individuals who developed a first-onset depressive episode during first follow-up but did not have a lifetime diagnosis of MDD at baseline (n = 181). Scarring effects were examined by comparing pre- and post-morbid functioning in individuals who developed a depressive episode after baseline that was remitted at the third wave (n = 108). RESULTS Both mental (B = -5.4, s.e. = 0.9, p < 0.001) and physical functioning (B = -8.2, s.e. = 1.1, p < 0.001) at baseline were lower in individuals who developed a first depressive episode after baseline compared with healthy controls. This effect was most pronounced in people who developed a severe episode. No firm evidence of scarring in mental or physical functioning was found. In unadjusted analyses, physical functioning was still lowered post-morbidly (B = -5.1, s.e. = 2.1, p = 0.014), but this effect disappeared in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS Functional impairments after remission of depression seem to reflect a pre-existing vulnerability rather than a scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Bos
- Department of Developmental Psychology,Behavioural and Social Sciences,University of Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - M Ten Have
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - S van Dorsselaer
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - B F Jeronimus
- Department of Developmental Psychology,Behavioural and Social Sciences,University of Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - R de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - P de Jonge
- Department of Developmental Psychology,Behavioural and Social Sciences,University of Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
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13
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Liu RT, Burke TA, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. The Behavioral Approach System (BAS) Model of Vulnerability to Bipolar Disorder: Evidence of a Continuum in BAS Sensitivity across Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:1333-1349. [PMID: 29101589 PMCID: PMC5934343 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity has been implicated in the development of a variety of different psychiatric disorders. Prominent among these in the empirical literature are bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs). Given that adolescence represents a critical developmental stage of risk for the onset of BSDs, it is important to clarify the latent structure of BAS sensitivity in this period of development. A statistical approach especially well-suited for delineating the latent structure of BAS sensitivity is taxometric analysis, which is designed to evaluate whether the latent structure of a construct is taxonic (i.e., categorical) or dimensional (i.e., continuous) in nature. The current study applied three mathematically non-redundant taxometric procedures (i.e., MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-Mode) to a large community sample of adolescents (n = 12,494) who completed two separate measures of BAS sensitivity: the BIS/BAS Scales Carver and White (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. 1994) and the Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment Questionnaire (Torrubia et al. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 837-862. 2001). Given the significant developmental changes in reward sensitivity that occur across adolescence, the current investigation aimed to provide a fine-grained evaluation of the data by performing taxometric analyses at an age-by-age level (14-19 years; n for each age ≥ 883). Results derived from taxometric procedures, across all ages tested, were highly consistent, providing strong evidence that BAS sensitivity is best conceptualized as dimensional in nature. Thus, the findings suggest that BAS-related vulnerability to BSDs exists along a continuum of severity, with no natural cut-point qualitatively differentiating high- and low-risk adolescents. Clinical and research implications for the assessment of BSD-related vulnerability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA.
| | - Taylor A Burke
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Lyn Y Abramson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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14
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Duque A, Vazquez C. A failure to show the efficacy of a dot-probe attentional training in dysphoria: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. J Clin Psychol 2018; 74:2145-2160. [PMID: 29900614 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines whether a 4-day dot-probe attentional training to orient attention toward positive words could lead participants with dysphoria to change selective attention to emotional faces. It was also explored whether this positive attentional bias training could lead to a decrease in depressive symptoms. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to Positive Training Group (PTG) and No Training Group (NTG). PTG was composed of 16 subjects, whereas NTG was composed of 15 subjects. All participants were women with a mean age of 22.87 (SD = 3.21). RESULTS Results showed that dysphoric participants in the PTG did not show changes in attentional patterns to emotional faces. Furthermore, depressive symptoms did not significantly change after the 4-session training. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cognitive training procedures based on dot-probe paradigms are probably not adequate to modify attentional patterns in individuals with depressive symptoms. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmelo Vazquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Diehl C, Yin S, Markell H, Gallop R, Gibbons MBC, Crits-Christoph P. The Measurement of Cognitive Schemas: Validation of the Psychological Distance Scaling Task in a Community Mental Health Sample. Int J Cogn Ther 2017; 10:17-33. [PMID: 29250215 DOI: 10.1521/ijct_2016_09_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the Psychological Distance Scaling Task (PDST), a measure of cognitive schema organization, in a community mental health setting. We also compared validity among African Americans and Caucasians. Method In order to accommodate participants with low education levels, 26 out of 80 PDST word stimuli were replaced with similar words at a lower reading level. A sample of 466 (42% African American; 50% Caucasian; 8% other) community patients with major depressive disorder completed the PDST and a variety of depressive symptom measures. Results The modified PDST demonstrated acceptable validity within all subscales. Validity coefficients resembled those reported in prior studies and were similar within minority and non-minority subsamples. Conclusions The modified PDST appears to be a valid measure of schema organization in a low-income, racially diverse population seeking treatment for depression at community clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Diehl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Seohyun Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hannah Markell
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Robert Gallop
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, PA
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A comprehensive meta-analysis of interpretation biases in depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 58:33-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Stange JP, Alloy LB, Fresco DM. Inflexibility as a Vulnerability to Depression: A Systematic Qualitative Review. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017; 24:245-276. [PMID: 29038622 PMCID: PMC5640320 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of vulnerabilities to depression typically identifies factors that are thought to be universally maladaptive or adaptive. In contrast, researchers recently have theorized that the ability to flexibly engage in different thoughts and behaviors that fit situational demands may be most indicative of psychological health. We review empirical evidence from 147 studies reporting associations between five components of flexibility (set-shifting, affective set-shifting, cardiac vagal control, explanatory flexibility, and coping flexibility) and depression and classify studies according to strength of study design. Evidence from correlational and case-controlled studies suggests cross-sectional relationships, but few prospective studies have been conducted. We discuss limitations of existing studies, identify new directions for programmatic research, and discuss implications that flexibility has for the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Stange JP, Hamilton JL, Olino TM, Fresco DM, Alloy LB. Autonomic reactivity and vulnerability to depression: A multi-wave study. Emotion 2017; 17:602-615. [PMID: 27991819 PMCID: PMC5444964 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the autonomic nervous system to flexibly adapt to environmental changes is thought to indicate efficient use of self-regulatory resources. Deficits in autonomic reactivity appear to characterize current depression; however, whether autonomic reactivity confers vulnerability to future depression when individuals encounter environmental stressors is unknown. Fluctuations in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated in response to emotion-eliciting films among 134 undergraduates. Negative events and depressive symptoms were assessed 5 times across 12 weeks. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that smaller decreases in RSA in response to sadness, greater increases in HR following sadness, and smaller increases in HR to amusement were prospectively associated with greater depressive symptoms when individuals encountered high levels of idiographically assessed negative events. These results demonstrate that the lack of contextually appropriate autonomic reactivity may confer vulnerability to depression under conditions of environmental stress, perhaps due to attenuated capacity for effective self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Haeffel GJ, Hershenberg R, Goodson JT, Hein S, Square A, Grigorenko EL, Chapman J. The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: Clinical Utility and Generalizability. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-017-9833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bredemeier K, Warren SL, Berenbaum H, Miller GA, Heller W. Executive function deficits associated with current and past major depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2016; 204:226-33. [PMID: 27379618 PMCID: PMC5064806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there has been extensive research showing that depression is associated with executive function (EF) deficits, the nature of these deficits is not clearly delineated. Specifically, previous reviews on this topic have yielded different conclusions about the particular domains of EF that are disrupted in depressed individuals. Further, research on whether these deficits persist after depressed mood has remitted is less prevalent and not consistent. METHODS In two independent samples of college students, we examined associations between clinical ratings of current and past symptoms of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and difficulties in two domains of EF: inhibition and shifting. In Study 1 (n=162), EF was measured using behavioral tasks shown to index these two domains. In Study 2 (n=95), EF was measured using a self-report questionnaire believed to capture EF difficulties experienced in daily life. RESULTS In both studies, past MDE symptoms were associated with worse shifting. In contrast, current MDE symptoms were associated with worse inhibition, though only on the behavioral measure (in Study 1). LIMITATIONS Both studies used college samples and retrospective assessments of past symptoms. Further, only two domains of EF were examined, and the EF measures employed in each study have their own unique methodological limitations. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that inhibition deficits vary as a function of current symptoms and thus may be a by-product of distress rather than a causal contributor. In contrast, shifting deficits associated with depression appear to be more enduring, suggesting that they could contribute to risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Bredemeier
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; University of Pennsylvania, United States.
| | - Stacie L Warren
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Palo Alto University, United States
| | | | - Gregory A Miller
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Wendy Heller
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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21
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Snyder HR, Hankin BL. Spiraling out of control: Stress generation and subsequent rumination mediate the link between poorer cognitive control and internalizing psychopathology. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4:1047-1064. [PMID: 27840778 PMCID: PMC5102509 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616633157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Poor cognitive control is associated with nearly every mental disorder and has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. What specific mechanisms might cause individuals with poor cognitive control to experience higher levels of psychopathology? The current research tests a new process model linking poor cognitive control to depression and anxiety symptoms via increased dependent stress (i.e., self-generated stressors) and subsequent rumination. This model was supported across two studies in youth during the key period for emergence of internalizing psychopathology. Study 1 provides longitudinal evidence for prospective prediction of change in symptoms. Study 2 confirms this model using well-established executive function tasks in a cross-sectional study. These finding have potential implications for understanding why cognitive control impairments may be broadly associated with psychopathology, and suggest that interventions to prevent stress generation might be effective in preventing negative consequences of poor cognitive control.
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22
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Stange JP, Connolly SL, Burke TA, Hamilton JL, Hamlat EJ, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. INFLEXIBLE COGNITION PREDICTS FIRST ONSET OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODES IN ADOLESCENCE. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:1005-1012. [PMID: 27093215 PMCID: PMC5071106 DOI: 10.1002/da.22513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder often is characterized by a lack of cognitive and emotional flexibility, resulting in an impaired ability to adapt to situational demands. Adolescence is an important period of risk for the first onset of depression, yet relatively little is known about whether aspects of inflexibility, such as rumination and deficits in attentional shifting, could confer risk for the development of the disorder during this time. METHOD In the present study, a sample of 285 never-depressed adolescents completed self-report and behavioral measures of rumination and attentional shifting at a baseline visit, followed by up to 4 years of annual prospective follow-up diagnostic assessments. RESULTS Survival analyses indicated that adolescents with greater levels of rumination or poorer attentional shifting experienced a shorter time until the first onset of major depressive episodes, even after accounting for baseline symptoms and demographic characteristics. Although girls were twice as likely as boys to experience the first onset of depression, rumination predicted a shorter time until depression onset only for boys. Rumination and attentional shifting were not correlated and predicted time until onset of major depression independently of one another. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that components of cognition that are characterized by rigidity and perseveration confer risk for the first onset of major depression during adolescence. Evaluating rumination and attentional shifting in adolescence may be useful in identifying individuals who are at risk for depression and who may benefit from interventions that target or alter the development of these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Stange
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Taylor A Burke
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Elissa J Hamlat
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lyn Y Abramson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Ng RMK, Heyes SB, McManus F, Kennerley H, Holmes EA. Bipolar risk and mental imagery susceptibility in a representative sample of Chinese adults residing in the community. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2016; 62:94-102. [PMID: 26271252 PMCID: PMC4712386 DOI: 10.1177/0020764015597951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We need to better understand the cognitive factors associated with risk for bipolar disorders. Recent research suggests that increased susceptibility to mental imagery may be one such factor. However, since this research was primarily conducted with Western students and at a single time-point, it is not known whether the relationship between imagery susceptibility and bipolar symptoms exists across cultures or within the general community, or whether this relationship remains stable over time. AIM This study evaluated whether Chinese adults identified as being at high (HR) versus low (LR) risk of developing bipolar disorders showed greater mental imagery susceptibility. We aimed to test whether such a relationship was stable over time by measuring imagery characteristics at baseline and at the 7-week follow-up. METHOD This prospective study recruited a community sample of N = 80 Chinese adults screened for the absence of neurotic and psychotic disorders. The sample was split into HR (n = 18) and LR (n = 62) groups at baseline based on a criterion cut-off score on a measure of hypomania, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Participants completed measures of imagery susceptibility and its impact: the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (SUIS) and the Impact of Future Events Scale (IFES), at baseline and 7 weeks later. RESULTS HR group reported greater tendency to use imagery in daily life (SUIS) and greater emotional impact of prospective imagery (IFES) than LR group at baseline. These results remained stable at follow-up. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for increased susceptibility to mental imagery in individuals at high risk of bipolar disorders recruited from a community sample of Chinese adults. This extends previous research in Western student samples suggesting that imagery (both levels of use and its emotional impact) may be a cognitive factor with cross-cultural relevance that is stable over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Burnett Heyes
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Department of Experimental Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Freda McManus
- Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Kennerley
- Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily A Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK Department for Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Kluczniok D, Hindi Attar C, Fydrich T, Fuehrer D, Jaite C, Domes G, Winter S, Herpertz SC, Brunner R, Boedeker K, Bermpohl F. Transgenerational effects of maternal depression on affect recognition in children. J Affect Disord 2016; 189:233-9. [PMID: 26451509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between maternal depression and adverse emotional and behavioral outcomes in children is well established. One associated factor might be altered affect recognition which may be transmitted transgenerationally. Individuals with history of depression show biased recognition of sadness. Our aim was to investigate parallels in maternal and children's affect recognition with remitted depressed mothers. METHODS 60 Mother-child dyads completed an affect recognition morphing task. We examined two groups of remitted depressed mothers, with and without history of physical or sexual abuse, and a group of healthy mothers without history of physical or sexual abuse. Children were between 5 and 12 years old. RESULTS Across groups, mothers identified happy faces fastest. Mothers with remitted depression showed a higher accuracy and response bias for sadness. We found corresponding results in their children. Maternal and children's bias and accuracy for sadness were positively correlated. Effects of remitted depression were found independent of maternal history of physical or sexual abuse. LIMITATIONS Our sample size was relatively small and further longitudinal research is needed to investigate how maternal and children's affect recognition are associated with behavioral and emotional outcomes in the long term. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a negative processing bias in mothers with remitted depression which might represent both the perpetuation of and vulnerability to depression. Children of remitted depressed mothers appear to be exposed to this processing bias outside acute depressive episodes. This may promote the development of a corresponding processing bias in the children and could make children of depressed mothers more vulnerable to depressive disorders themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Kluczniok
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Catherine Hindi Attar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Fydrich
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Fuehrer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Virchow, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Jaite
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Virchow, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor Domes
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Winter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Virchow, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department for General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Section for Disorders of Personality Development, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Boedeker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Virchow, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Bermpohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Jenkins LM, Kassel MT, Gabriel LB, Gowins JR, Hymen EA, Vergés A, Calamia M, Crane NA, Jacobs RH, Ajilore O, Welsh RC, Drevets WC, Phillips ML, Zubieta JK, Langenecker SA. Amygdala and dorsomedial hyperactivity to emotional faces in youth with remitted Major Depression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:736-45. [PMID: 26714574 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We present neuroimaging markers of the remitted state of major depressive disorder (rMDD) during facial emotion perception in 84 individuals during fMRI. Participants comprised 47 individuals (aged 18-23) diagnosed with rMDD and 37 healthy controls (HCs). Participants classified emotional faces or animals (control condition) in the Facial Emotion Perception Test (FEPT) during fMRI. Behavioural performance on the FEPT did not differ significantly between groups. During fMRI, both groups demonstrated significant blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity in bilateral inferior frontal gyri for the faces minus animals (F-A) contrast. The rMDD group additionally showed BOLD activity during F-A in numerous regions, including the bilateral paracingulate gyri, middle temporal gyri and right amygdala. The rMDD group exhibited significantly greater activity than the HC group in regions including the bilateral middle temporal gyri and left superior frontal gyrus. Although the rMDD group did not manifest the behavioural performance deficits on facial emotion recognition tasks that have been observed in actively depressed individuals, the rMDD group nevertheless showed increased BOLD activity compared with never-depressed controls during F-A in multiple posterior brain regions, suggesting that persistent effects of illness or possible trait vulnerabilities may distinguish individuals with rMDD from never-depressed controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michelle T Kassel
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Laura B Gabriel
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer R Gowins
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Erica A Hymen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alvaro Vergés
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew Calamia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Natania A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rachel H Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Olusola Ajilore
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert C Welsh
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Mary L Phillips
- The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, and
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
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Soltani S, Newman K, Quigley L, Fernandez A, Dobson K, Sears C. Temporal changes in attention to sad and happy faces distinguish currently and remitted depressed individuals from never depressed individuals. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:454-63. [PMID: 26455760 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with attentional biases for emotional information that are proposed to reflect stable vulnerability factors for the development and recurrence of depression. A key question for researchers is whether those who have recovered from depression also exhibit attentional biases, and if so, how similar these biases are to those who are currently depressed. To address this question, the present study examined attention to emotional faces in remitted depressed (N=26), currently depressed (N=16), and never depressed (N=33) individuals. Participants viewed sets of four face images (happy, sad, threatening, and neutral) while their eye movements were tracked throughout an 8-s presentation. Like currently depressed participants, remitted depressed participants attended to sad faces significantly more than never depressed participants and attended to happy faces significantly less. Analyzing temporal changes in attention revealed that currently and remitted depressed participants did not reduce their attention to sad faces over the 8-s presentation, unlike never depressed participants. In contrast, remitted depressed participants attended to happy faces similarly to never depressed participants, increasing their attention to happy faces over the 8-s presentation. The implications for cognitive theories of depression and depression vulnerability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Soltani
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin Newman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leanne Quigley
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Sears
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Liu RT, Kleiman EM, Nestor BA, Cheek SM. The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: A Quarter Century in Review. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2015; 22:345-365. [PMID: 26709338 PMCID: PMC4689589 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the formulation of the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) a quarter century ago, it has garnered considerable interest. The current paper presents a systematic review of this theory including its subsequent elaborations (Rose and Abramson's [1992] developmental elaboration, Abela and Sarin's [2002] weakest-link approach, Panzarella, Alloy, and Whitehouse's [2006] expansion of the hopelessness theory, and the hopelessness theory of suicide [Abramson et al., 2000]), followed by recommendations for future study. Although empirical support was consistently found for several major components of the hopelessness theory, further work is required assessing this theory in relation to clinically significant phenomena. Among the most significant hindrances to advancement in this area is the frequent conceptual confusion between the hopelessness theory and the reformulated learned helplessness theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University ; Bradley Hospital
| | | | - Bridget A Nestor
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University ; Bradley Hospital
| | - Shayna M Cheek
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University ; Bradley Hospital
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28
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Elgersma HJ, de Jong PJ, van Rijsbergen GD, Kok GD, Burger H, van der Does W, Penninx BWJH, Bockting CLH. Cognitive reactivity, self-depressed associations, and the recurrence of depression. J Affect Disord 2015; 183:300-9. [PMID: 26047308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed evidence exists regarding the role of cognitive reactivity (CR; cognitive responsivity to a negative mood) as a risk factor for recurrences of depression. One explanation for the mixed evidence may lie in the number of previous depressive episodes. Heightened CR may be especially relevant as a risk factor for the development of multiple depressive episodes and less so for a single depressive episode. In addition, it is theoretically plausible but not yet tested that the relationship between CR and number of episodes is moderated by the strength of automatic depression-related self-associations. AIM To investigate (i) the strength of CR in remitted depressed individuals with a history of a single vs. multiple episodes, and (ii) the potentially moderating role of automatic negative self-associations in the relationship between the number of episodes and CR. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained in a cohort study (Study 1) and during baseline assessments in two clinical trials (Study 2). Study 1 used data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and compared never-depressed participants (n=901) with remitted participants with either a single (n=336) or at least 2 previous episodes (n=273). Study 2 included only remitted participants with at least two previous episodes (n=273). The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity Revised (LEIDS-R) was used to index CR and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-associations. RESULTS In Study 1, remitted depressed participants with multiple episodes had significantly higher CR than those with a single or no previous episode. The remitted individuals with multiple episodes of Study 2 had even higher CR scores than those of Study 1. Within the group of individuals with multiple episodes, CR was not heightened as a function of the number of episodes, even if individual differences in automatic negative self-associations were taken into account. LIMITATIONS The study employed a cross-sectional design, which precludes a firm conclusion with regard to the direction of this relationship. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the view that high CR puts people at risk for recurrent depression and is less relevant for the development of an incidental depressive episode. This suggests that CR is an important target for interventions that aim to prevent the recurrence of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermien J Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gemma D Kok
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert Burger
- Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van der Does
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L H Bockting
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Altered white matter integrity in individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression: a tract-based spatial statistics study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9738. [PMID: 25984712 PMCID: PMC4434894 DOI: 10.1038/srep09738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microstructure of white matter in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated to be abnormal. However, it remains unclear whether these changes exist prior to the onset of disease. In this study, diffusion tensor imaging was used to evaluate white matter integrity in individuals who exhibited cognitive vulnerability to depression (CVD), MDD, and healthy controls (HC). Compared with the HC, MDD exhibited a lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in ten brain regions: the cerebral peduncle, the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule (ALIC and PLIC), the external capsule, the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule (RLIC), the body and splenium of the corpus callosum, the superior and posterior corona radiata, and the cingulum. Moreover, CVD had significantly lower FA in the ALIC, the PLIC, the external capsule, the RLIC, the cerebral peduncle, and the superior corona radiata than did the HC. However, the white matter integrity was not significantly different between the CVD and MDD. These preliminary results indicate that alterations in the white matter observed in CVD may be a marker of vulnerability to MDD and that these alterations may exist prior to the onset of depression.
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30
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Newman KR, Sears CR. Eye Gaze Tracking Reveals Different Effects of a Sad Mood Induction on the Attention of Previously Depressed and Never Depressed Women. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Chen J, Ma W, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wei D, Liu G, Deng Z, Yang L, Zhang Z. Distinct facial processing related negative cognitive bias in first-episode and recurrent major depression: evidence from the N170 ERP component. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109176. [PMID: 25314024 PMCID: PMC4196777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND States of depression are associated with increased sensitivity to negative events. For this novel study, we have assessed the relationship between the number of depressive episodes and the dysfunctional processing of emotional facial expressions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used a visual emotional oddball paradigm to manipulate the processing of emotional information while event-related brain potentials were recorded in 45 patients with first episode major depression (F-MD), 40 patients with recurrent major depression (R-MD), and 46 healthy controls (HC). Compared with the HC group, F-MD patients had lower N170 amplitudes when identifying happy, neutral, and sad faces; R-MD patients had lower N170 amplitudes when identifying happy and neutral faces, but higher N170 amplitudes when identifying sad faces. F-MD patients had longer N170 latencies when identifying happy, neutral, and sad faces relative to the HC group, and R-MD patients had longer N170 latencies when identifying happy and neutral faces, but shorter N170 latencies when identifying sad faces compared with F-MD patients. Interestingly, a negative relationship was observed between N170 amplitude and the depressive severity score for identification of happy faces in R-MD patients while N170 amplitude was positively correlated with the depressive severity score for identification of sad faces in F-MD and R-MD patients. Additionally, the deficits of N170 amplitude for sad faces positively correlated with the number of depressive episodes in R-MD patients. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These results provide new evidence that having more recurrent depressive episodes and serious depressive states are likely to aggravate the already abnormal processing of emotional facial expressions in patients with depression. Moreover, it further suggests that the impaired processing as indexed by N170 amplitude for positive face identification may be a potentially useful biomarker for predicting propagation of depression while N170 amplitude for negative face identification could be a potential biomarker for depression recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Chen
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xingqu Wu
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dunhong Wei
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guangxiong Liu
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zihe Deng
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Laiqi Yang
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Pavlickova H, Turnbull O, Bentall RP. Cognitive vulnerability to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 53:386-401. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Pavlickova
- School of Psychology; Bangor University; Bangor UK
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | | | - Richard P. Bentall
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Institute of Psychology, Health and Society; University of Liverpool; UK
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Implicit motives and cognitive variables: specific links to vulnerability for unipolar or bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:61-8. [PMID: 24182545 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive variables contribute to the etiology of affective disorders. With the differentiation between explicit and implicit measures some studies have indicated underlying depressogenic schemata even in bipolar disorders. We tested for differences in implicit motives and cognitive variables between patients with remitted unipolar and bipolar disorder compared to controls and in a high-risk sample. Additionally we investigated whether affective symptoms relate to those variables. We cross-sectionally examined N=164 participants (53 with bipolar disorder, 58 with major depression, and 53 without affective disorders) and a high-risk sample (N=49) of adolescent children of either parents with unipolar or bipolar disorder or of healthy parents. The Multi-Motive-Grid was used to measure the implicit motives achievement, affiliation, and power, in addition to the cognitive measures of self-esteem, dysfunctional attitudes, and perfectionism. Unipolar and bipolar groups did not differ from healthy controls in implicit motives but showed higher scores in the cognitive factors. Adolescents at high risk for unipolar disorder showed lower scores in the power and achievement motives compared to adolescents at low risk. Subsyndromal depressive symptoms were related to the cognitive variables in both samples. Our results underline the importance of cognitive-behavioral treatment for both unipolar and bipolar disorder.
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Toki S, Okamoto Y, Onoda K, Matsumoto T, Yoshimura S, Kunisato Y, Okada G, Shishida K, Kobayakawa M, Fukumoto T, Machino A, Inagaki M, Yamawaki S. Hippocampal activation during associative encoding of word pairs and its relation to symptomatic improvement in depression: a functional and volumetric MRI study. J Affect Disord 2014; 152-154:462-7. [PMID: 24035490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered emotional memory is one of the core cognitive functions that causes and maintains depression. Although many studies have investigated the relationship between hippocampal volume, depression and treatment response, no studies have investigated the relationship for hippocampal activity. Additionally, few studies have examined the relationship between functional and structural abnormalities in depression. METHODS We conducted a functional and volumetric MRI study investigating associative encoding of positive, negative and neutral word pairs in 13 healthy controls, and 14 untreated depressives. We carried out fMRI during a memory-encoding task at baseline. Treatment response was clinically assessed six weeks after pharmacotherapy began. Then, we explored the relation between brain activation during encoding of each word pair and symptomatic improvement. RESULTS Relative to controls, depressives exhibited decreased activity in the left hippocampus during encoding positive word pairs and, in contrast, increased activity in the right hippocampus during encoding negative or neutral word pairs. Poor response to treatment was associated with smaller activation within the left hippocampus during the memory encoding of positive word pairs. Overall results were not confounded by hippocampal volume. LIMITATIONS We could not appreciate any disease alteration during the retrieving phase. CONCLUSION We found qualitative differences in hippocampus functioning between depressives and healthy controls. In addition, the left hippocampus could have an effect on treatment response in depression by contributing to the dysfunctional encoding of positive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Toki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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Holguín-Lew JC, Bell V. "When I Want to Cry I Can't": Inability to Cry Following SSRI Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:304-10. [PMID: 26573114 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(13)70026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We describe seven cases of patients with an inability to cry after treatment with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication, even during sad or distressing situations that would have normally initiated a crying episode, in the light of the role of the serotonergic system in emotional expression. METHOD Case series drawn from patients attended in a secondary care psychiatry service. RESULTS While excessive crying without emotional distress has been previously reported in the literature, and is associated with reduced serotonin function, these reports suggest cases of the reverse dissociation, where emotional distress and an urge to cry was present, but crying was impaired. DISCUSSION Although the case series presented here is new, these cases are consistent with the neuroscience of crying and their relationship with serotonergic function, and provide preliminary evidence for a double dissociation between subjective emotional experience and the behavioural expression of crying. This helps to further illuminate the neuroscience of emotional expression and suggests the possibility that the phenomenon is an under-recognised adverse effect of SSRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaughan Bell
- Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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Gamble SA, Chronis-Tuscano A, Roberts JE, Ciesla JA, Pelham WE. Self-Esteem Reactivity Among Mothers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Moderating Role of Depression History. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013; 37:1233-1242. [PMID: 24443616 PMCID: PMC3891776 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined self-esteem reactivity to a variety of contextual cues in a sample of women prone to depression. Participants were 49 mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Across a 9-month time-period, participants completed weekly measures of self-esteem, perceived stress, positive and negative affect, and child disruptive behavior. Results indicated that mothers reported lower self-esteem during weeks they experienced greater stress, lower positive affect, higher negative affect, and more inattentive, overactive, and oppositional behavior in their children. Depression history moderated these relationships such that mothers with prior histories of depression reported greater self-esteem reactivity to these cues than never depressed mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | | | - John E. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - William E. Pelham
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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Kircanski K, Mazur H, Gotlib IH. Behavioral activation system moderates self-referent processing following recovery from depression. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1909-1919. [PMID: 23298796 PMCID: PMC3622757 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712002851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has implicated the behavioral activation system (BAS) in depression. The relationship of BAS functioning to aspects of cognitive vulnerability to depression, however, is not known. Method The present study investigated associations among level of BAS functioning and the encoding and recall of positive and negative self-referent information in currently non-depressed participants with a history of recurrent major depression (recovered; RMD) and in never-depressed control participants (CTL). Participants completed self-report measures of levels of BAS and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) functioning. Following a negative mood induction, participants were presented with a series of positive and negative adjectives; they indicated which words described them and later recalled as many of the words as they were able. RESULTS The relationship of BAS functioning to self-referent processing was dependent on participant group. Although lower BAS reward responsivity was associated with the endorsement and recall of fewer positive words across groups, the magnitude of these associations was stronger, and was only significant, within the RMD group. Furthermore, only for RMD participants was lower BAS reward responsivity associated with the endorsement of more negative words. These effects were not accounted for by depressive or anxiety symptoms, current mood, or level of BIS functioning. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BAS functioning may be distinctively linked to negatively biased self-referent processing, one facet of cognitive vulnerability to depression, in individuals with a history of major depressive disorder. Enhancing BAS functioning may be important in buffering cognitive vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kircanski
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, Building 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA.
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Krieger T, Altenstein D, Baettig I, Doerig N, Holtforth MG. Self-compassion in depression: associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and avoidance in depressed outpatients. Behav Ther 2013; 44:501-13. [PMID: 23768676 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-compassion involves being kind to oneself when challenged with personal weaknesses or hardship and has been claimed to be associated with resilience in various areas. So far, there are only a handful of studies that investigate self-compassion and its relation to clinical depression. Therefore, the principal goals of the present study were (a) to compare self-compassion in clinically depressed patients and never-depressed subjects, (b) to investigate self-compassion and its relation to cognitive-behavioral avoidance and rumination in depressed outpatients, and (c) to investigate rumination and avoidance as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. One hundred and forty-two depressed outpatients and 120 never-depressed individuals from a community sample completed a self-report measure of self-compassion along with other measures. Results indicate that depressed patients showed lower levels of self-compassion than never-depressed individuals, even when controlled for depressive symptoms. In depressed outpatients, self-compassion was negatively related to depressive symptoms, symptom-focused rumination, as well as cognitive and behavioral avoidance. Additionally, symptom-focused rumination and cognitive and behavioral avoidance mediated the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. These findings extend previous research on self-compassion, its relation to depression, as well as processes mediating this relationship, and highlight the importance of self-compassion in clinically depressed patients. Since depressed patients seem to have difficulties adopting a self-compassionate attitude, psychotherapists are well advised to explore and address how depressed patients treat themselves.
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Kruijt AW, Antypa N, Booij L, de Jong PJ, Glashouwer K, Penninx BWJH, Van der Does W. Cognitive reactivity, implicit associations, and the incidence of depression: a two-year prospective study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70245. [PMID: 23922962 PMCID: PMC3724814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reactivity to sad mood is a vulnerability marker of depression. Implicit self-depressed associations are related to depression status and reduced remission probability. It is unknown whether these cognitive vulnerabilities precede the first onset of depression. AIM To test the predictive value of cognitive reactivity and implicit self-depressed associations for the incidence of depressive disorders. METHODS Prospective cohort study of 834 never-depressed individuals, followed over a two-year period. The predictive value of cognitive reactivity and implicit self-depressed associations for the onset of depressive disorders was assessed using binomial logistic regression. The multivariate model corrected for baseline levels of subclinical depressive symptoms, neuroticism, for the presence of a history of anxiety disorders, for family history of depressive or anxiety disorders, and for the incidence of negative life events. RESULTS As single predictors, both cognitive reactivity and implicit self-depressed associations were significantly associated with depression incidence. In the multivariate model, cognitive reactivity was significantly associated with depression incidence, together with baseline depressive symptoms and the number of negative life events, whereas implicit self-depressed associations were not. CONCLUSION Cognitive reactivity to sad mood is associated with the incidence of depressive disorders, also when various other depression-related variables are controlled for. Implicit self-depressed associations predicted depression incidence in a bivariate test, but not when controlling for other predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Wil Kruijt
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Emotion Regulation in Depression and Anxiety: Examining Diagnostic Specificity and Stability of Strategy Use. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Stress generation: Future directions and clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:406-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Owens M, Koster EHW, Derakshan N. Improving attention control in dysphoria through cognitive training: Transfer effects on working memory capacity and filtering efficiency. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:297-307. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Owens
- Affective and Cognitive Control Laboratory, Department of Psychological Sciences; Birkbeck, University of London; London; UK
| | - Ernst H. W. Koster
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent; Belgium
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Rawal A, Rice F. Examining overgeneral autobiographical memory as a risk factor for adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51:518-27. [PMID: 22525958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying risk factors for adolescent depression is an important research aim. Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is a feature of adolescent depression and a candidate cognitive risk factor for future depression. However, no study has ascertained whether OGM predicts the onset of adolescent depressive disorder. OGM was investigated as a predictor of depressive disorder and symptoms in a longitudinal study of high-risk adolescents. In addition, cross-sectional associations between OGM and current depression and OGM differences between depressed adolescents with different clinical outcomes were examined over time. METHOD A 1-year longitudinal study of adolescents at familial risk for depression (n = 277, 10-18 years old) was conducted. Autobiographical memory was assessed at baseline. Clinical interviews assessed diagnostic status at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Currently depressed adolescents showed an OGM bias compared with adolescents with no disorder and those with anxiety or externalizing disorders. OGM to negative cues predicted the onset of depressive disorder and depressive symptoms at follow-up in adolescents free from depressive disorder at baseline. This effect was independent of the contribution of age, IQ, and baseline depressive symptoms. OGM did not predict onset of anxiety or externalizing disorders. Adolescents with depressive disorder at both assessments were not more overgeneral than adolescents who recovered from depressive disorder over the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS OGM to negative cues predicted the onset of depressive disorder (but not other disorders) and depressive symptoms over time in adolescents at familial risk for depression. Results are consistent with OGM as a risk factor for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhip Rawal
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK.
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Stange JP, Molz AR, Black CL, Shapero BG, Bacelli JM, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Positive overgeneralization and Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity interact to predict prospective increases in hypomanic symptoms: a behavioral high-risk design. Behav Res Ther 2012; 50:231-9. [PMID: 22342167 PMCID: PMC3315156 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has identified Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity as a risk factor for the first onset and recurrence of mood episodes in bipolar disorder, but little work has evaluated risk factors for the prospective development of hypomanic symptoms in individuals at risk for, but without a history of, bipolar disorder. The present study used a prospective behavioral high-risk design to evaluate the impact of positive overgeneralization, a cognitive correlate of risk for hypomania, on hypomanic symptoms in individuals with high vs. moderate BAS sensitivity, but without a history of mood elevation. Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that upward positive overgeneralization and BAS sensitivity interacted to predict increased levels of hypomanic symptoms at follow-up, controlling for initial hypomanic symptoms. The pattern of this interaction was such that positive overgeneralization predicted higher levels of hypomanic symptoms among high-BAS, but not moderate-BAS, individuals. Thus, the self-reported tendency to experience grandiose increases in confidence following success may confer additional risk for mood elevation among individuals already at risk for developing bipolar disorder. Potential implications for prevention and treatment are discussed.
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Elevated appraisals of the negative impact of naturally occurring life events: a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 40:303-15. [PMID: 21845380 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to appraise naturally occurring life events (LEs) as having high negative impact may be a predisposing factor for the development of depression and anxiety disorders. In the current study, appraisals of the negative impact of recent LEs were examined in relationship to depressive and anxiety disorders in a sample of 653 adolescents who were administered diagnostic and life stress interviews at ages 15 and 20. Participants' appraisals of the negative impact of LEs reported at age 15 were statistically adjusted using investigator-based ratings to control for objective differences across LEs. Higher appraisals of the negative impact of LEs were associated with both past and current depressive and anxiety disorders at age 15 and predicted subsequent first onsets of depressive and anxiety disorders occurring between ages 15 and 20. In addition, appraisals of the negative impact of LEs were particularly elevated among those experiencing both a depressive and anxiety disorder over the course of the study. The findings suggest that systematically elevated appraisals of the negative impact of LEs are a predisposing factor for depression and anxiety disorders and may represent a specific risk factor for co-morbid depression and anxiety in mid-adolescence and early adulthood.
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Cassin SE, Rector NA. The Scarring Effects of Past Depression on Anxiety Sensitivity: Examining Risk for Depressive Relapse and Recurrence. Int J Cogn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Self-Discrepancies Among Individuals with a History of Depression: The Role of Feared Self-Guides. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sears CR, Newman KR, Ference JD, Thomas CL. Attention to Emotional Images in Previously Depressed Individuals: An Eye-Tracking Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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