Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic oil on the antioxidation system in rat liver and red blood cells

Luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin inhibit lipotoxicity-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy damage in macrophages by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress

Lipotoxicity leads to numerous metabolic disorders such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin are three flavones with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but whether they inhibit lipotoxicity-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation was unclear. To address this question, we used J774A.1 macrophages and Kupffer cells stimulated with 100 μM palmitate (PA) in the presence or absence of 20 μM of each flavone. PA increased p-PERK, p-IRE1α, p-JNK1/2, CHOP, and TXNIP as well as p62 and LC3-II expression and induced autophagic flux damage. Caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release were also noted after 24 h of exposure to PA. In the presence of the PERK inhibitor GSK2656157, PA-induced CHOP and TXNIP expression and caspase-1 activation were mitigated. Compared with PA treatment alone, Bcl-2 coupled to beclin-1 was elevated and autophagy was reversed by the JNK inhibitor SP600125. With luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin treatment, PA-induced ROS production, ER stress, TXNIP expression, autophagic flux damage, and apoptosis were ameliorated. Moreover, TXNIP binding to NLRP3 and IL-1β release in response to LPS/PA challenge were reduced. These results suggest that luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin protect hepatic macrophages against PA-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy damage by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Garlic oil improves small intestinal motility in experimentally induced type II diabetes mellitus in female Wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the contractile ability of the small intestine. However, there is a paucity of studies investigating the impact of garlic oil on small intestinal motility. This study aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of garlic oil on type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. Thirty-six adult female Wistar rats (n = 36) were divided into four groups: control, non-diabetic rats supplemented with garlic oil, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with garlic oil. The rats were anesthetized using pentobarbitone (40 mg/kg BW); various motility parameters and oxidative markers were determined in small intestinal segments. Measurements were taken for naso-anal length, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose level (FBG), and plasma insulin level. Compared to the control group, the diabetic rats exhibited a reduction in the average force of contraction and motility index in all small intestinal segments. Furthermore, the rats exhibited a reduction in the average duration of muscle contraction only in the jejunum. The rats also exhibited hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, significant oxidative stress, and obesity. This was proven by changes in motility parameters, fasting blood glucose levels, HOMA-IR values, intestinal MDA levels, and waist circumference. The non-diabetic rats supplemented with garlic oil also exhibited a decrease in the average force of contraction and motility index in all small intestinal segments, despite having consistently higher Lee index and waist circumference values. However, the diabetic rats treated with garlic oil demonstrated improved small intestinal motility in nearly all small intestinal segments and a reduction in oxidative stress. In conclusion, rats with diabetes mellitus experienced a decrease in small intestinal motility, which is primarily driven by oxidative stress. Normal rats administered with garlic oil supplements exhibited similar effects. In contrast, garlic oil treatment in diabetic rats led to enhanced small intestinal motility and a notable anti-hyperglycemic effect, which can be attributed to the potent antioxidant properties of garlic oil.

Metabolomics analysis to interpret changes in physiological and metabolic responses to chronic heat stress in Pekin ducks

Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental threat that affects duck production in subtropical and tropical regions, especially in summer. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and metabolic responses of Pekin ducks to chronic HS conditions via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using a paired-fed (PF) experimental design. On the basis of equivalent feed intake (HS vs. PF), HS significantly reduced growth performance and the percentage of leg and breast muscles, however, markedly increased the percentage of abdominal fat and breast skin fat. Serum metabolomics results revealed that heat-stressed ducks showed enhanced glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, as demonstrated by higher glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phogluconic acid levels in the PF vs. HS comparison. HS decreased hepatic mRNA levels of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes (MCAD and SCAD) compared to the PF group, resulting in acetylcarnitine accumulation in serum. Moreover, HS elevated the concentrations of serum amino acids and mRNA levels of ubiquitination-related genes (MuRF1 and MAFbx) in the skeletal muscle and amino acid transporter-related genes (SLC1A1 and SLC7A1) and gluconeogenesis-related genes (PCK1 and PCase) in the liver compared to the PF group. When compared to the normal control group (NC), HS further decreased growth performance, but it elevated the abdominal fat rate. However, increased mRNA levels of ubiquitination-related genes and serum amino acid accumulation were not observed in the HS group compared to the NC group, implying that reduced feed intake masked the effect of HS on skeletal muscle breakdown and is a form of protection for the organism. These results suggest that chronic HS induces protein degradation in the skeletal muscle to provide amino acids for hepatic gluconeogenesis to provide sufficient energy, as Pekin ducks under HS conditions failed to efficiently oxidise fatty acids and ketones in the mitochondria, leading to poor growth performance and slaughter characteristics.

The nutritional value, bioactive availability and functional properties of garlic and its related products during processing

Garlic, a common culinary spice, is cultivated and used around the globe. Consumption of garlic and its supplements reduces the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease and boosts the immune system with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-aging, and anti-cancer properties. Diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, triallyl trisulfide, phenolics, flavonoids, and others are the most commercially recognized active ingredients in garlic and its products. In recent years, global demand for medicinal or functional garlic has surged, introducing several products such as garlic oil, aged garlic, black garlic, and inulin into the market. Garlic processing has been demonstrated to directly impact the availability of bioactive ingredients and the functionality of products. Depending on the anticipated functional qualities, it is also recommended that one or a combination of processing techniques be deemed desirable over the others. This work describes the steps involved in processing fresh garlic into products and their physicochemical alterations during processing. Their nutritional, phytochemical, and functional properties are also reviewed. Considering the high demand for functional food, this review has been compiled to provide guidance for food producers on the industrial utilization and suitability of garlic for new product development.

Evaluation of egg white hydrolysates on the hepatoprotective effect in vitro and in vivo

The small molecule characteristics and nutritional value of egg white hydrolysates have been widely used. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo models were used to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of egg protein hydrolysate (EWH) by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The in vitro experiment results showed that 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL of EWH enhanced antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells by increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The in vivo experiment results showed that EWH (L) (38.5 mg/kg BW) and EWH (H) (385 mg/kg BW) alleviated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats through reduced levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, EWH also ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats by increasing the antioxidant activity of GSH levels with a decrease in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Besides, EWH ameliorates liver tissue injuries by CCl4-induction. EWH has the highest glutamic acid in free amino acid composition, the second highest was aspartic acid, and the third was cystine, 204, 141, and 125 mg/100 g, respectively. These results suggest EWH has hepatoprotective potential through reduced lipid peroxidation products and enhanced antioxidant activity.

FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Asafetida oil, garlic oil and onion oil

The Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) applies its procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) to re-evaluate the safety of Asafetida Oil (Ferula assa-foetida L.) FEMA 2108, Garlic Oil (Allium sativum L.) FEMA 2503 and Onion Oil (Allium cepa L.) FEMA 2817 for use as flavoring in food. This safety evaluation is part of a series of evaluations of NFCs for use as flavoring ingredients conducted by the Expert Panel that applies a scientific procedure published in 2005 and updated in 2018. Using a group approach that relies on a complete chemical characterization of the NFC intended for commerce, the constituents of each NFC are organized into well-defined congeneric groups and the estimated intake of each constituent congeneric group is evaluated using the conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept. Data on the metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology for each constituent congeneric group are reviewed as well as studies on each NFC. Based on the safety evaluation, Asafetida Oil (Ferula assa-foetida L.), Garlic Oil (Allium sativum L.) and Onion Oil (Allium cepa L.) were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRASa) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.

Deodorized Garlic Decreases Oxidative Stress Caused by Lipopolysaccharide in Rat Heart through Hydrogen Sulfide: Preliminary Findings

Deodorized garlic (DG) may favor the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and promote the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The objective was to test if DG favors an increase in H₂S and if it decreases the oxidative stress caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rat hearts. A total of 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 control (C), Group 2 LPS, Group 3 DG, and Group 4 LPS plus DG. The cardiac mechanical performance (CMP), coronary vascular resistance (CVR), and oxidative stress markers, such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), selenium (Se), lipid peroxidation (LPO), thiols, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), and the activities and expressions of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), cystathionine synthetase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH), iNOS, and eNOS-p, were analyzed in the heart. Infarct zones in the cardiac tissue were present (p = 0.01). The CMP and CVR decreased and increased (p ≤ 0.05), TAC, GSH, H₂S, NO, thiols, and GST activity (p ≤ 0.01) decreased, and LPO and iNOS increased (p ≤ 0.05). The activities and expressions of TrxR, GPx, eNOS-p, CTH, and CBS (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with the LPS treatment; however, DG normalized this effect. DG treatment decreases heart damage caused by LPS through the cross-talk between the H₂S and NO systems.

Diallyl trisulfide sensitizes radiation therapy on glioblastoma through directly targeting thioredoxin 1

Radiotherapy is a standard-of-care treatment approach for glioblastoma (GBM) patients, but therapeutic resistance to radiotherapy remains a major challenge. Here we demonstrate that diallyl trisulfide (DATS) directly conjugates with cysteine (C) 32 and C35 (C32/35) residues of thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) through Michael addition reactions. Due to localizing in activity center of Trx1, the conjugation between DATS and C32/35 results in inhibition of Trx1 activity, therefore disturbing thioredoxin system and leading to accumulated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). High levels of Trx1 expression are correlated with poor prognosis of glioma patients. Notably, we reveal that DATS synergistically enhances irradiation (IR)-induced ROS accumulation, apoptosis, DNA damage, as well as inhibition of tumor growth of GBM cells. These findings highlight the potential benefits of DATS in sensitizing radiotherapy of GBM patients.

Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Formulation of Diallyl Trisulfide Chemosensitizes the Growth Inhibitory Activity of Doxorubicin in Colorectal Cancer Model: A Novel In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Analysis

Garlic’s main bioactive organosulfur component, diallyl trisulfide (DATS), has been widely investigated in cancer models. However, DATS is not suitable for clinical use due to its low solubility. The current study seeks to improve DATS bioavailability and assess its chemopreventive and chemosensitizing properties in an AOM-induced colorectal cancer model. The polyethylene glycol coated Distearoylphosphatidylcholine/Cholesterol (DSPC/Chol) comprising DATS-loaded DATSL and doxorubicin (DOXO)-encapsulated DOXL liposomes was prepared and characterized. The changes in the sensitivity of DATS and DOXO by DATSL and DOXL were evaluated in RKO and HT-29 colon cancer cells. The synergistic effect of DATSL and DOXL was studied by cell proliferation assay in the combinations of IC₁₀, IC₂₅, and IC₃₅ of DATSL with the IC₁₀ of DOXL. AOM, DATSL, and DOXL were administered to different groups of mice for a period of 21 weeks. The data exhibited ~93% and ~46% entrapment efficiency of DATSL and DOXL, respectively. The size of sham liposomes was 110.5 nm, whereas DATSL and DOXL were 135.5 nm and 169 nm, respectively. DATSL and DOXL exhibited significant sensitivity in the cell proliferation experiment, lowering their IC₅₀ doses by more than 8- and 14-fold, respectively. However, the DATSL IC₁₀, IC₂₅, and IC₃₅ showed escalating chemosensitivity, and treated the cells in combination with DOXL IC₁₀. Analysis of histopathological, cancer marker enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes revealed that the high dose of DATSL pretreatment and DOXL chemotherapy is highly effective in inhibiting AOM-induced colon cancer promotion. The combination of DATSL and DOXL indicated promise as a colorectal cancer treatment in this study. Intermolecular interactions of DATS and DOXO against numerous cancer targets by molecular docking indicated MMP-9 as the most favourable target for DATS exhibiting binding energy of −4.6 kcal/mol. So far, this is the first research to demonstrate the chemopreventive as well as chemosensitizing potential of DATSL in an animal model of colorectal cancer.

The Effect of Liposomal Diallyl Disulfide and Oxaliplatin on Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells: In Vitro and In Silico Analysis

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is one of the main bioactive organosulfur compounds of garlic, and its potential against various cancer models has been demonstrated. The poor solubility of DADS in aqueous solutions limits its uses in clinical application. The present study aimed to develop a novel formulation of DADS to increase its bioavailability and therapeutic potential and evaluate its role in combination with oxaliplatin (OXA) in the colorectal cancer system. We prepared and characterized PEGylated, DADS (DCPDD), and OXA (DCPDO) liposomes. The anticancer potential of these formulations was then evaluated in HCT116 and RKO colon cancer cells by different cellular assays. Further, a molecular docking-based computational analysis was conducted to determine the probable binding interactions of DADS and OXA. The results revealed the size of the DCPDD and DCPDO to be 114.46 nm (95% EE) and 149.45 nm (54% EE), respectively. They increased the sensitivity of the cells and reduced the IC₅₀ several folds, while the combinations of them showed a synergistic effect and induced apoptosis by 55% in the cells. The molecular docking data projected several possible targets of DADS and OXA that could be evaluated more precisely by these novel formulations in detail. This study will direct the usage of DCPDD to augment the therapeutic potential of DCPDO against colon cancer in clinical settings.

Oxidative Stress in Plasma from Patients with Marfan Syndrome Is Modulated by Deodorized Garlic Preliminary Findings

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue that affects the fibrillin-1 protein (FBN-1). It is associated with the formation of aneurysms, damage to the endothelium and oxidative stress (OS). Allium sativum (garlic) has antioxidant properties; therefore, the goal of this study was to show the antioxidant effect of deodorized garlic (DG) on antioxidant enzymes and OS markers in the plasma of patients with MFS. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD), peroxidases, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gluthatione-S-tranferase (GST), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) was quantified, and nonenzymatic antioxidant system markers including lipid peroxidation (LPO), carbonylation, nitrates/nitrites, GSH, and vitamin C in plasma were determined in patients with MFS before and after treatment with DG. The results show that DG increased the activity of the EcSOD, peroxidases, GPx, GST, TrxR (p ≤ 0.05) and decrease LPO, carbonylation, and nitrates/nitrites (p ≤ 0.01). However, glutathione was increased (p = 0.01) in plasma from patients with MFS. This suggests that treatment with garlic could lower the OS threshold by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and could help in the prevention and mitigation of adverse OS in patients with MFS.

Ethanol extract of Gynura bicolour reduces atherosclerosis risk by enhancing antioxidant capacity and reducing adhesion molecule levels

CONTEXT

Gynura bicolour (Roxb. and Willd.) DC (Asteraceae) leaf is a common vegetable. Ethanol extracts of fresh G. bicolour leaves (GBEE) have several physiological effects, but studies on atherosclerosis are limited.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the oxidant scavenging ability and vascular adhesion molecule expression of these extracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The antioxidant effects of 0.05-0.4 mg/mL GBEE were analyzed in vitro. Intracellular antioxidant capacity and adhesion molecule levels were detected in EA.hy926 cells pre-treated with 10-100 μg/mL GBEE for 8 h, then TNF-α for 3 h. The antioxidant capacity of red blood cells and the adhesion molecule levels in the thoracic aorta were detected in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Sprague-Dawley rats treated with GBEE for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

The in vitro EC₅₀ values of GBEE based on its DPPH radical-scavenging ability, reducing power, and ferrous ion-chelating ability were 0.20, 3.21 and 0.49 mg/mL, respectively. In TNF-α-treated EA.hy926 cells, the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels were decreased after 10, 50, or 100 μg/mL GBEE treatments (IC₅₀: 19.1 mg/mL). When HFD-fed rats were co-treated with GBEE, the GBEE-H group exhibited 25% higher glutathione levels than the HFD group (p < 0.05). E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 levels were decreased in TNF-α-treated EA.hy926 cells after GBEE treatment (by approximately 11-73%; p < 0.05), and the above three adhesion molecules levels were decreased in HFD-fed rats with combined GBEE treatment (by approximately 30-77%; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

GBEE can protect the vascular endothelium by reducing adhesion molecule expression and regulating antioxidants. It may have the potential to prevent atherosclerosis.

Chemical constituents and medicinal properties of Allium species

Allium species, belonging to Alliaceae family, are among the oldest cultivated vegetables used as food. Garlic, onions, leeks and chives, which belong to this family, have been reported to have medicinal properties. The Allium species constituents have been shown to have antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and, in addition, other biological properties. These activities are related to their rich organosulfur compounds. These organosulfur compounds are believed to prevent the development of cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, diabetes, liver diseases as well as allergy and arthritis. There have also been reports on toxicities of these compounds. The major active compounds of Allium species includes, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, diallyl sulfide, dipropyl disulfide, dipropyl trisulfide, 1-propenylpropyl disulfide, allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl disulfide. The aim of this review is to focus on a variety of experimental and clinical reports on the effectiveness, toxicities and possible mechanisms of actions of the active compounds of garlic, onions, leek and chives.

The oil of garlic, Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae), as a potential protectant against Anisakis spp. Type II (L3) (Nematoda) infection in Wistar rats

The consumption of inadequately thermally treated fish is a public health risk due to the possible propagation of Anisakis larvae. The present study demonstrated the physiological and histopathological changes that accompanied an oral inoculation of crude extracts from fresh and thermally treated Anisakis Type II (L3) in rats. Worms were isolated from a marine fish and examined and identified using light and scanning electron microscopy. The study was performed in 6 rat groups: control (I), garlic oil (GO) inoculated (II), fresh L3 inoculated (III), thermally treated L3 inoculated (IV), fresh L3 + GO inoculated (V), and a thermally treated L3 + GO inoculated (VI) groups. Rats inoculated with fresh and thermally treated L3 showed abnormal liver and kidney functions associated with the destruction of normal architecture. GO produced a protective effect in rat groups inoculated with L3 extracts + GO via the amelioration of liver and kidney functions, which was confirmed by the marked normal structure on histology. Cooking of L3-infected fish induced severe alterations compared to uncooked fish. The administration of garlic before and after fish eating is recommended to avoid the dangerous effect of anisakids, even if they are cooked.

Garlic oil as a fight against histological and oxidative stress abnormalities in Wistar rats after oral inoculation of Anisakis spp. Type II (L3) (Nematoda)

ABSTRACT The consumption of inadequately thermally treated fish is a public health risk due to the possible propagation of Anisakis larvae and their antigenic proteins, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease anisakidosis. The present study demonstrated the physiological and histopathological changes that accompanied an oral inoculation of crude extracts from fresh and thermally treated Anisakis Type II (L3) in Wistar albino rats. Nematode worms were isolated from the marine fish Dicentrarchus labrax. They were examined and taxonomically identified using light and scanning electron microscopy. The study was performed in 6 rat groups: a control group (I), a garlic oil (GO) inoculated group (II), a fresh L3 inoculated group (III), a thermally treated L3 inoculated group (IV), a fresh L3 + GO inoculated group (V), and a thermally treated L3 + GO inoculated group (VI). It was observed that rats inoculated with fresh and thermally treated L3 crude extracts showed abnormal oxidative stress markers associated with the destruction of normal architecture of spleen and thymus. GO produced a protective effect in rat groups inoculated with L3 extracts + GO administration via the amelioration of oxidative stress markers, which was confirmed by the marked normal structure of the organs’ histology. Cooking of L3 infected fish induced severe physiological and histopathological alterations compared to uncooked infected fish. The administration of garlic before and after fish eating is recommended to avoid the dangerous effect of anisakids, even if they are cooked.

Safety assessment of propyl-propane-thiosulfonate (PTSO): 90-days oral subchronic toxicity study in rats

Propyl-propane-thiosulfonate (PTSO) is one of the main organosulfur compounds present in Allium essentials oil. Different applications in the food sector have been proposed for PTSO, such as food and feed additive and as active packaging. However, the authorization of its use depends on its toxicity profile. Thus, as a part of its safety assessment, in this work a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study has been conducted for the first time in rats following the OECD guideline 408. PTSO was administered to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats at dose levels of 0, 14, 28, and 55 mg/kg/day. No clinical signs or mortality and no changes in body weight, food consumption and feed conversion efficiency were detected through the study. Moreover, no treatment-related changes in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed, for either sex or dose groups. The histopathology study performed revealed no differences in organ weights, and no morphological and histopathological changes were observed. Based on these results, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of PTSO was judged to be ≥ 55 mg/kg/day for both sexes.

Impact of Antioxidant Natural Compounds on the Thyroid Gland and Implication of the Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUND

Natural compounds with potential antioxidant properties have been used in the form of food supplements or extracts with the intent to prevent or treat various diseases. Many of these compounds can activate the cytoprotective Nrf2 pathway. Besides, some of them are known to impact the thyroid gland, often with potential side-effects, but in other instances, with potential utility in the treatment of thyroid disorders.

OBJECTIVE

In view of recent data regarding the multiple roles of Nrf2 in the thyroid, this review summarizes the current bibliography on natural compounds that can have an effect on thyroid gland physiology and pathophysiology, and it discusses the potential implication of the Nrf2 system in the respective mechanisms.

METHODS & RESULTS

Literature searches for articles from 1950 to 2018 were performed in PubMed and Google Scholar using relevant keywords about phytochemicals, Nrf2 and thyroid. Natural substances were categorized into phenolic compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, quinones, terpenoids, or under the general category of plant extracts. For individual compounds in each category, respective data were summarized, as derived from in vitro (cell lines), preclinical (animal models) and clinical studies. The main emerging themes were as follows: phenolic compounds often showed potential to affect the production of thyroid hormones; sulfur-containing compounds impacted the pathogenesis of goiter and the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells; while quinones and terpenoids modified Nrf2 signaling in thyroid cell lines.

CONCLUSION

Natural compounds that modify the activity of the Nrf2 pathway should be evaluated carefully, not only for their potential to be used as therapeutic agents for thyroid disorders, but also for their thyroidal safety when used for the prevention and treatment of non-thyroidal diseases.

Phytochemical Analysis of Paliurus spina-christi Fruit and Its Effects on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Oxidative stress can play an important role in the autoxidation of glucose, glycation of proteins and activation of polyol metabolism, and the development of various complications in diabetes. This study investigated the protective effect of Paliurus spina-christi (PSC) fruit against diabetes-induced pathologies such as inflammation caused by oxidative stress and its phytochemical content. The bioactive compounds of Paliurus spina-christi fruit extract (PSC-FE) prepared by the infusion method were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis, and the metal reduction and radical removal activity were determined in vitro by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC methods. The effect of PSC-FE on catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues was determined in vivo. For determining in vivo antioxidant activity, the study was carried out on 30 Wistar albino male rats that were distributed into 3 research and 2 control groups. As a result of LC-MS/MS analysis, malic acid (28,424.18 ± 3.21 μg/g PSC-FE) and rutin (23,459.68 ± 3.73 μg/g PSC-FE) are the highest among the 22 phenolic compounds. The PSC fruit water extracts were determined to have a more powerful antioxidant activity than standard antioxidants. In those groups that received PSC-FE, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme levels that decreased in patient group were found to have a statistically meaningful increase in treatment groups (P < 0.01). Although malondialdehyde amount, the last product of lipid peroxidation, was observed to have a statistically meaningful increase in patient group when compared with control group, this increase was decreased in all treatment groups in a statistically meaningful manner (P < 0.01). The PSC was seen to be more successful, when compared with standard antioxidants. The PSC-FE was found to have a rich phenolic diversity. It can be said that the PSC may have a significant therapeutic effect on diabetes caused by oxidative stress due to its biological activities and content.

Allicin modulates diclofenac sodium induced hepatonephro toxicity in rats via reducing oxidative stress and caspase 3 protein expression

PURPOSE

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of allicin against diclofenac sodium induced hepatonephro toxicity in rats.

METHODS

Sixty male Wister albino rats were assigned into six groups. The control group received calcium carbonate and corn starch. 2^nd group received diclofenac sodium (2 mg/kg bw orally) for 30 days. 3^rd group received allicin (45 mg/kg bw orally) for 30 days. 4^th group administrated diclofenac sodium as in the 2^nd group and allicin (15 mg/kg bw orally) for 30 days. 5^th group received diclofenac sodium as in the 2^nd group and allicin (30 mg/kg bw orally) for 30 days. 6^th group received diclofenac sodium as 2^nd and allicin (45 mg/kg bw orally) for 30 days.

RESULTS

Diclofenac sodium significantly elevated activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and serum levels of creatinine and urea. In addition, it induced hyperglycemia, lipid peroxidation, pathological alteration and caspase 3 protein expression in hepatic and renal tissues. However, it decreased reduced glutathione concentration and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression in hepatic tissues. In contrast, allicin modulated the diclofenac sodium induced alteration in liver and kidney functions and structures dose dependently.

CONCLUSION

This study indicated that allicin had potential preventive effects against diclofenac sodium induced hepatonephro toxicity in rats.

Novel Sodium O-Benzythioethyl Xanthate Surfactant: Synthesis, DFT Calculation and Adsorption Mechanism on Chalcopyrite Surface

Xanthate with low cost and strong collecting ability has great application in the recovery of sulfide mineral. Herein, a xanthate, sodium O-benzythioethyl xanthate (SBEX), with high collecting ability was prepared by introducing thioether structure, which was constructed by reactive 2-(benzylthio)ethanol, carbon disulfide, and sodium hydroxide. The flotation performance of SBEX to chalcopyrite is yet to be explored by flotation experimental, surface tension measurements, adsorption experimental, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. It is found that the thioether structure can increase the hydrophobicity and adsorption amount of SBEX on chalcopyrite surface, and SBEX features a higher collecting recovery toward chalcopyrite than sodium isobutyl xanthate (SIBX) and sodium phenylethyl xanthate (SPEX). The adsorption mechanism analyses reveal that two S atoms in the structure of -C(═S)-S are the reactive sites that can donate their electrons to minerals, as confirmed by DFT calculations and XPS analyses.

Diallyl Trisulfide Protects Rat Brain Tissue against the Damage Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion through the Nrf2 Pathway

Stroke is a public health problem due to its high mortality and disability rates; despite these, the pharmacological treatments are limited. Oxidative stress plays an important role in cerebral damage in stroke and the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) confers protection against oxidative stress. Different compounds, such as diallyl trisulfide (DATS), have the ability to activate Nrf2. DATS protects against the damage induced in oxygen-glucose deprivation in neuronal cells; however, in in vivo models of cerebral ischemia, DATS has not been evaluated. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 1 h of ischemia and seven days of reperfusion and the protective effect of DATS was evaluated. DATS administration (IR + DATS) decreased the infarct area and brain damage in the striatum and cortex; improved neurological function; decreased malondialdehyde and metalloproteinase-9 levels; increased Nrf2 activation in the cortex and the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in the nucleus, SOD2 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the striatum and cortex; and increased the activity of catalase (CAT) in the striatum and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the cortex. Our results demonstrate the protective effect of DATS in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia that involves Nrf2 activation.

Hydrogen Sulfide as a Novel Regulatory Factor in Liver Health and Disease

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a colorless gas smelling of rotten egg, has long been recognized as a toxic gas and environment pollutant. However, increasing evidence suggests that H₂S acts as a novel gasotransmitter and plays important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in mammals. H₂S is involved in many hepatic functions, including the regulation of oxidative stress, glucose and lipid metabolism, vasculature, mitochondrial function, differentiation, and circadian rhythm. In addition, H₂S contributes to the pathogenesis and treatment of a number of liver diseases, such as hepatic fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatotoxicity, and acute liver failure. In this review, the biosynthesis and metabolism of H₂S in the liver are summarized and the role and mechanism of H₂S in liver health and disease are further discussed.

International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H2S Levels: H2S Donors and H2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors

Over the last decade, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has emerged as an important endogenous gasotransmitter in mammalian cells and tissues. Similar to the previously characterized gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, H₂S is produced by various enzymatic reactions and regulates a host of physiologic and pathophysiological processes in various cells and tissues. H₂S levels are decreased in a number of conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and aging) and are increased in other states (e.g., inflammation, critical illness, and cancer). Over the last decades, multiple approaches have been identified for the therapeutic exploitation of H₂S, either based on H₂S donation or inhibition of H₂S biosynthesis. H₂S donation can be achieved through the inhalation of H₂S gas and/or the parenteral or enteral administration of so-called fast-releasing H₂S donors (salts of H₂S such as NaHS and Na₂S) or slow-releasing H₂S donors (GYY4137 being the prototypical compound used in hundreds of studies in vitro and in vivo). Recent work also identifies various donors with regulated H₂S release profiles, including oxidant-triggered donors, pH-dependent donors, esterase-activated donors, and organelle-targeted (e.g., mitochondrial) compounds. There are also approaches where existing, clinically approved drugs of various classes (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) are coupled with H₂S-donating groups (the most advanced compound in clinical trials is ATB-346, an H₂S-donating derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound naproxen). For pharmacological inhibition of H₂S synthesis, there are now several small molecule compounds targeting each of the three H₂S-producing enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Although many of these compounds have their limitations (potency, selectivity), these molecules, especially in combination with genetic approaches, can be instrumental for the delineation of the biologic processes involving endogenous H₂S production. Moreover, some of these compounds (e.g., cell-permeable prodrugs of the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate, or benserazide, a potentially repurposable CBS inhibitor) may serve as starting points for future clinical translation. The present article overviews the currently known H₂S donors and H₂S biosynthesis inhibitors, delineates their mode of action, and offers examples for their biologic effects and potential therapeutic utility.

Cytoprotective effects of diallyl trisulfide against valproate-induced hepatotoxicity: new anticonvulsant strategy

Sodium valproate (VP) is an important antiepileptic drug, although it can produce deleterious hepatotoxic reactions. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is the principle component of garlic oil that possesses antioxidant properties. This study explored the potential hepatoprotective activity of DATS against VP-induced hepatic damage and its underlying mechanisms. In addition, the study assessed the effect of DATS on VP antiepileptic activity. Rats were given DATS once daily at two different doses along with VP for 2 weeks. Results have shown the ability of DATS to counteract VP-induced hepatic damage as it decreased elevated serum transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) and alkaline phosphatase. Liver histopathology indicated that DATS preserved the hepatic structural integrity and protected against VP-induced hepatic steatosis and necro-inflammation injury. DATS ameliorated VP-induced oxidative stress and increased the antioxidant capacity of the liver. Immunohistochemical analysis showed activation of nuclear factor kappa-B along with high expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) upon VP administration. This was accompanied by overproduction of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Tracing the apoptotic pathway, VP administration induced marked apoptosis using TUNEL staining. Furthermore, VP-treated animals exhibited high immunoexpression of Bax protein and increased levels of Bax and caspase-3 while level of Bcl2 was significantly decreased in hepatic tissue. However, DATS simultaneous treatment counteracted all of these molecular pathological changes. Using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures model in mice, the effect of DATS on the anticonvulsant activity of VP was found to be positive, meaning that combination of DATS with VP can confer protection against VP-induced hepatic injurious effects through its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties without affecting VP antiepileptic activity.

Garlic-inspired trisulfide linkers for thiol-stimulated H2S release

Garlic-inspired cholesterol-mPEG conjugates incorporating a trisulfide linkage have the ability to cleave upon exposure to thiols with a concomitant release of H₂S.

Allicin ameliorates kidney function and urinary bladder sensitivity in cyclosporine A-treated rats

Cyclosporine-A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug which has been used to prevent rejection after organ transplantation and to treat certain autoimmune diseases. However, its therapeutic use is limited by nephrotoxicity. In this study, the modulator effect of allicin on the oxidative nephrotoxicity of CsA in rats was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of allicin on CsA-induced hypersensitivity of urinary bladder rings to acetylcholine (ACh) was estimated. Rats were divided into three groups, control, CsA (15 mg/kg, subcutaneously), and CsA/allicin (50 mg/kg, orally). At the end of the study, all rats were killed and then blood, urine samples, and kidneys were taken. CsA administration caused a severe nephrotoxicity which was evidenced by elevated kidney/body weight ratio, serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, and urinary protein with a concomitant reduction in serum albumin and Cr clearance as compared with control. A significant increase in renal contents of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with a significant decrease in renal reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase activities, and nitric oxide (NOx) content was detected upon CsA administration. Exposure to CsA increased the sensitivity of isolated urinary bladder rings to ACh. Histological analysis revealed that CsA caused tubular necrosis and moderate diffuse tubular atrophy. Allicin protected kidney tissue against the oxidative damage and the nephrotoxic effect of CsA and significantly reduced the responses of isolated bladder rings to ACh. Our study indicates that allicin administration has the potential to protect against CsA-induced renal injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and restoring NOx level.

Garlic oil polysulfides: H2S- and O2-independent prooxidants in buffer and antioxidants in cells

The health benefits of garlic and other organosulfur-containing foods are well recognized and have been attributed to both prooxidant and antioxidant activities. The effects of garlic are surprisingly similar to those of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is also known to be released from garlic under certain conditions. However, recent evidence suggests that polysulfides, not H2S, may be the actual mediator of physiological signaling. In this study, we monitored formation of H2S and polysulfides from garlic oil in buffer and in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells with fluorescent dyes, 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin and SSP4, respectively and redox activity with two redox indicators redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) and DCF. Our results show that H2S release from garlic oil in buffer requires other low-molecular-weight thiols, such as cysteine (Cys) or glutathione (GSH), whereas polysulfides are readily detected in garlic oil alone. Administration of garlic oil to cells rapidly increases intracellular polysulfide but has minimal effects on H2S unless Cys or GSH are also present in the extracellular medium. We also observed that garlic oil and diallyltrisulfide (DATS) potently oxidized roGFP in buffer but did not affect DCF. This appears to be a direct polysulfide-mediated oxidation that does not require a reactive oxygen species intermediate. Conversely, when applied to cells, garlic oil became a significant intracellular reductant independent of extracellular Cys or GSH. This suggests that intracellular metabolism and further processing of the sulfur moieties are necessary to confer antioxidant properties to garlic oil in vivo.

Synthesis, structural analysis, antimicrobial evaluation and synergistic studies of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine chalcogenides

Synthesis and structural analysis of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine chalcogenides exhibiting effective antimicrobial activity and synergistic effects with known antibiotics have been reported.

Diallyl Sulfide and Its Role in Chronic Diseases Prevention

Diallyl sulfide (C₆H₁₀S, DAS) is one of the novel natural organosulfur compounds, which is mostly obtained from the genus Allium plants. Numerous studies have revealed several unique properties of DAS in terms of its health-promoting effects. DAS has proved to be anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory like unique functions as demonstrated by the multiple investigations. Diallyl sulfide can also impede oxidative stress and chronic inflammation as suggested by the literature. Studies also explored that DAS could thwart the development of chronic diseases like cancer, neuronal, cardiovascular disease through modulating mechanistic pathways involved in pathogenesis. In this book chapter, we have attempted to give the comprehensive view on DAS about the physiochemical and biological properties, and its preventive role in chronic diseases with a mechanistic overview.

Protective effect of allicin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

In this study, the modulator effect of allicin on the oxidative nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in the kidneys of rats was investigated by determining indices of lipid peroxidation and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as by histological analyses. Furthermore, the effect of allicin on gentamicin induced hypersensitivity of urinary bladder rings to ACh was estimated. Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups, control, gentamicin (100mg/kg, i.p.) and gentamicin+allicin (50mg/kg, orally). At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed and then urine, blood samples and kidneys were taken. Gentamicin administration caused a severe nephrotoxicity as evidenced by an elevated kidney/body weight ratio, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and proteinuria with a reduction in serum albumin and creatinine clearance as compared with control group. In addition, a significant increase in renal contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NOx) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concomitantly with a significant decrease in renal reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities was detected upon gentamicin injection. Exposure to gentamicin increased the sensitivity of isolated urinary bladder rings to ACh and induced acute renal tubular epithelial cells necrosis. Administration of allicin significantly decreased kidney/body weight ratio, serum creatinine, LDH, renal MDA, MPO, NOx and TNF-α while it significantly increased creatinine clearance, renal GSH content and renal SOD activity when compared to gentamicin-treated group. Additionally, allicin significantly reduced the responses of isolated bladder rings to ACh and ameliorated tissue morphology as evidenced by histological evaluation. Our study indicates that allicin exerted protection against structural and functional damage induced by gentamicin possibly due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties in addition to its ability to retaining nitric oxide level.

Optimizing conditions for E-and Z-ajoene formation from garlic juice using response surface methodology

The optimum conditions for the formation of E- and Z-ajoene from garlic juice mixed with soybean oil were determined using response surface methodology. A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables temperature (°C, X₁), reaction time (hours, X₂), and oil volume (multiplied by weight, X₃). The dependent variables were Z-ajoene (Y₁) and E-ajoene (Y₂) in oil-macerated garlic. The optimal conditions for E- and Z-ajoene using ridge analysis were 98.80°C, 6.87 h, and weight multiplied by weight 2.57, and 42.24°C, 9.71 h, and weight multiplied by weight 3.08, respectively. These conditions resulted in E- and Z-ajoene compound predicted values of 234.17 and 752.62 μg/g from garlic juice, respectively. The experimental values of E- and Z-ajoene were 222.75 and 833.59 μg/g, respectively. The estimated maximum values at the predicted optimum conditions were in good agreement with experimental values.

Diallyl trisulfide ameliorates arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats

The present study investigates the possible ameliorative effects of diallyl trisulfide (DATS) against arsenic (As)-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. The four experimental groups evaluated include: (1) vehicle control; (2) As (5 mg/kg/day); (3) DATS (80 mg/kg/day) + As; and (4) DATS. Induction of As in rats caused severe hepatotoxicity as evidenced by an elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities and increased total bilirubin concentration, indicating hepatic function abnormalities. Histopathological examination revealed various structural changes in the liver, characterized by hepatocyte degeneration/necrosis, congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, vacuolation, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The significant decrease in reduced glutathione content, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and the significant increase in lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyl) contents indicated that As-induced hepatotoxicity was mediated through oxidative stress. As intoxication also elevated the levels of Cas-3 and nitric oxide and increased the expression of nuclear factor-κB p65 in the liver. In contrast, DATS pretreatment significantly improved As-induced serum biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological alterations reflecting hepatic dysfunction. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the hepatoprotective role of DATS, emphasizing the influence of this garlic trisulfide in the diet for human health, possibly preventing the hepatic injury associated with As intoxication, presumably due to its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and restoration of antioxidant status.

Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview

Ramson-Allium ursinum L. is a medicinal and dietary plant species with a long tradition of use. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of this valuable plant, with special emphasis on antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and cardio-protective effects.