Diuretic activity evaluation and chemical composition analysis of Hedyotis scandens extract from Mizoram, India, in rat models

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Diuretics play a crucial role in addressing various medical conditions such as hypertension and edema. Across numerous communities, plants have served as diuretic agents, leveraging their abundant phytochemical composition. In certain instances, plant-based remedies have gained preference over synthetic drugs due to their affordability and ready availability. Hedyotis scandens Roxb., commonly recognized as Laikingtuibur/Kelhnamtur in Mizoram, belongs to the Rubiaceae family. This plant has been harnessed worldwide within diverse societies as a medicinal resource to combat a spectrum of ailments. Notably, in Mizoram, the leaves are employed in creating a decoction with diuretic properties. The ethnopharmacological exploration of plant diuretics not only preserves cultural traditions but also contribute to the potential discovery of novel therapeutic agents.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our study endeavours to explore the traditional employment of this plant as a diuretic in Mizoram. Furthermore, we seek to elucidate the plant's chemical composition through the utilization of GC-MS analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this investigation, we conducted plant extraction using methanol and distilled water as solvents within a soxhlet apparatus. Prior to commencing the main experiment, we conducted an acute toxicity test to ensure the safety of the plant extract. For the assessment of diuretic activity, we adopted the methodology outlined by Lipschitz et al. (1943). All in vivo experiments were conducted in strict accordance with the guidelines set forth by the OECD. Based on the outcomes of the acute toxicity evaluation, we opted for three dosage levels: a high dose (1000 mg/kg), a medium dose (500 mg/kg), and a low dose (250 mg/kg). Furosemide, recognized as a loop diuretic, was employed as the standard reference, while the control group received distilled water.

RESULTS

Our investigation unveiled the presence of several uncharacterized bioactive compounds within the plant. Of particular interest, the GC-MS analysis identified a specific compound named 'phytol,' which has previously been associated with diuretic properties. Notably, the acute toxicity assessment demonstrated the plant extract's safety even at a high dose of 5000 mg/kg, as no toxic effects were observed. The diuretic evaluation of the H. scandens extract exhibited a dose-dependent increase in diuresis, with the methanolic extract yielding notably superior outcomes compared to the aqueous extract. Moreover, the treated animals displayed an elevated output of electrolytes and an enhanced glomerular filtration rate in comparison to the control group. Notably, the histological examination of the kidneys from the treated animals depicted a normal structural configuration, devoid of any cellular-level modifications attributed to the plant extract across all tested doses.

CONCLUSION

The Hedyotis scandens extract demonstrated a pronounced diuretic effect in contrast to the control group. As such, our study substantiates the traditional employment of this plant as a diuretic within the Mizoram region.

An Overview of Security Materials in Banknotes and Analytical Techniques in Detecting Counterfeits

Counterfeiting or forged imitation of banknotes is a perpetual practice engulfing global economies. This not only poses challenges for the material scientists to come forth with advanced security materials but also demands veracious forensic examination to detect counterfeits. The present article pursues novel efforts in summarizing a study that lays focus on the recent optical and analytical examinations being used for the characterization and detection of chemical profiles of authentic and counterfeited banknotes. The article briefs the trends in banknote materials, security paper manufacturing process, security inks used for printing, and types of the security printing process in banknote practices. Reported literature shows the introduction of new anti-counterfeiting materials viz. magnetically-responsive photonic anti-counterfeiting watermarks, and fluorescent nanoparticles that can be used as anti-counterfeiting inks, anti-stokes inks, metameric inks, etc. Analytical techniques such as IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, LIBS, XRF, ELDI-MS, EASI/DESI-MS, HPLC, VSC, AFM, etc. in conjunction with different chemometrics approaches have been critically discussed. The study also presents the future scope in banknote examination like the use of hyper spectral imaging and sensor-based counterfeit detection systems.

Zirconia-based nanomaterials: recent developments in synthesis and applications

In the last decade, the whole scientific community has witnessed great advances and progress in the various fields of nanoscience. Among the different nanomaterials, zirconia nanomaterials have found numerous applications as nanocatalysts, nanosensors, adsorbents, etc. Additionally, their exceptional biomedical applications in dentistry and drug delivery, and interesting biological properties, viz. anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activity, have further motivated the researchers to explore their physico-chemical properties using different synthetic pathways. With such an interest in zirconia-based nanomaterials, the present review focuses systematically on different synthesis approaches and their impact on the structure, size, shape, and morphology of these nanomaterials. Broadly, there are two approaches, viz., chemical synthesis which includes hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, microwave, solution combustion, and co-precipitation methods, and a greener approach which employs bacteria, fungus, and plant parts for the preparation of zirconia nanoparticles. In this review article, the aforementioned methods have been critically analyzed for obtaining specific phases and shapes. The review also incorporates a detailed survey of the applications of zirconia-based nanomaterials. Furthermore, the influence of specific phases, morphology, and the comparison with their counterpart composites for different applications have also been included. Finally, the concluding remarks, prospects and possible scope are given in the last section.

An evaluation of remineralised MIH using CPP-ACP and fluoride varnish: An in-situ and in-vitro study

BACKGROUND

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) affected teeth have enamel with altered mineral content like decreased calcium and phosphorus and increased carbon content leading to porous enamel and subsequent post-eruptive breakdown.

AIM

An in situ study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of a Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP)-based cream and fluoride varnish on the remineralization of MIH affected teeth.

METHODS

Enamel slabs were prepared from MIH affected teeth that had been extracted for various reasons and inserted in appliances of 30 participants who were undergoing interceptive orthodontic therapy. They were randomly divided into two groups using block randomization technique: Group A-daily single application of CPP-ACP cream (n = 15); Group B-professional application of fluoride varnishes every 3 months (n = 15). After 6 months of regular wear of the appliance, the enamel slabs were placed under Field Emission Scanning Microscope (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) for evaluation of ultra structure and mineral content, respectively.

RESULTS

A significant increase in calcium and phosphorus content, and a decrease in carbon content was observed within the 6 months period, suggesting remineralization in both the groups. On comparing the Ca:P and Ca:C ratios, a significant increase in the Ca:C ratio was evident in the two groups. No significant difference was seen in the Ca:P ratio in the CPP-ACP group at six months. The inter-group comparison did not reveal any significant difference between the two groups either at baseline or at 6 months post-intervention.

CONCLUSION

Remineralization can be achieved in MIH affected teeth with the use of remineralizing agents.

Forensic examination of thermal papers using Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics: Non-destructive approach

Thermal papers are replacing the conventional form of printing and are being extensively used across the globe. This study encompasses a non-destructive approach to examine thermal papers by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and Video Spectral Comparator (VSC), where the former technique helps in characterizing and discriminating different samples and the latter helps in deciphering the faded prints on thermal paper. The qualitative analysis of the spectroscopic data based on peak to peak comparison and quantitative analysis using chemometrics has been done to obtain high discriminating power. Multivariate analysis using HCA gave a discriminating power of 83.82% and PCA showed a variance of 95.64%. The strength of the study is portrayed through the decipherment of artificially and naturally faded thermal papers using VSC and analyzing the effect of different storing conditions on their rate of fading.

Effect of Synthesis Methods and Conditions on Properties and Applications of Carbon Dots for the Detection of Potential Water Contaminants: A Review

The worldwide pollution of water bodies by potential contaminants such as heavy metals, dyes, and pesticides etc. have severely affected the entire eco-system due to their toxic mobility and tough degradation in water. Consequently, there is a requirement to develop cost-competitive and easily handleable sensing materials which can detect targets sensitively and with selectivity. Among the low-cost sensory materials, carbon dots (CDs) constitute an important class of carbon nanomaterial with unique photostability, electronic and fluorescent properties. This review is an effort to comprehend the recent improvements in the sensing applications of CDs with prominence on synthetic routes, the effect of various synthesis parameters on physical properties (quantum yield, size range), detection mechanisms, and detection parameters (limit of detection, interference etc.). Particularly, the scope and progress for the detection of potential water contaminants using CDs have been explored and a holistic view of mechanisms of their detection has been included.

Biosynthesis of silver nanospheres, kinetic profiling and their application in the optical sensing of mercury and chlorite ions in aqueous solutions

Pollution of water linked to microbial decontamination and extensive use of sodium chlorite (NaClO₂) as a disinfectant, especially in the face of the current COVID-19 situation, is a serious water pollution issue that needs to be addressed. In this context, an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method has been developed for the biomimetic synthesis of Ag nanospheres (Ag NSs) using aqueous extract of Piper nigrum for the detection of chlorite (ClO₂^-) and mercury (Hg²⁺) ions. The strong antioxidant properties of the biomolecules present in the Piper nigrum extract reduce silver ions (Ag⁺) to Ag⁰. After optimization of the formulation parameters, it was observed that 1 mL of piper nigrum extract was sufficient to reduce and stabilize 100 mL of 1.5 mM of Ag⁺ in 2.5 h at 30 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Ag NSs revealed their crystalline nature and the characteristic Bragg's diffraction peaks confirmed their face cubic crystal (FCC) lattice. The characteristic reddish-brown color and absorption surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 435 nm confirmed the successful fabrication of Ag NSs. Kinetic analysis revealed a three-phase growth pattern involving nucleation, growth and stabilization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrograms, showed spherical NSs with narrow polydispersity with particle size ranging from 10 to 30 nm. The synthesized NSs were exposed to various metal ions and anions. The absorption intensity of Ag NSs quenched in the presence of mercury ions (Hg²⁺) among the cations and Chlorite ions (ClO₂^-) among the anions. The limit of detection (LOD) of 7.47 μM and 1.11 μM was evaluated from the calibration curve for Hg²⁺ and ClO₂^-, respectively. Based on these promising results, it is suggested that the method reported is a low-cost and one step biogenic protocol for the synthesis of Ag NSs and their employment for the detection of Hg²⁺ and ClO₂^-ions.

Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Rods for Enhanced Visible Light Driven Dye Degradation

Here, we report simple and efficient method to synthesize CuO rods using copper acetate, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions via hydrothermal process followed by calcination. The Field emission scanning electron microscopy images revealed that synthesized CuO rods were 2-4μm thick with several micrometers long and grown into high density. The as-synthesized CuO rods were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) which confirmed the formation of highly crystalline, single phase pure CuO rods with monoclinic structures. The photocatalytic capability of synthesized CuO rods was executed by monitoring the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light illumination. The results showed MB dye degraded about ~70% in just 100 min and followed first order reaction kinetics with rate constant k = 0.01123 mint.1 and R² = 0.9880.

Synthesis and Characterizations of Nitrogen (N) Doped Strontium Titanate (SrTiO₃) Nanoparticles for Enhanced Visible Light Driven Photocatalytic Degradation

Highly crystalline bare and N-doped SrTiO₃ nanoparticles were effectively synthesized with strontium acetate, titanium isopropoxide, hexamethylenetetramine as precursor via citric acid assisted hydrothermal process followed by calcination. The hydrothermally synthesized bare and N-doped SrTiO₃ NPs possessed monodispersity throughout with particle size diameter 50±5 nm but because of annealing at 750 °C temperature the synthesized NPs got agglomerate which created rough surface and induces oxygen vacancy in the NPs. Introducing N^3- ions impurity into SrTiO₃ lattice tailored the electronic band structure of SrTiO₃ and extends its absorption into the visible region. It would display the p-type conductivity and facilitate the photoinduced electron-hole pairs towards respective site which diminishes the chances of recombination of electron-hole pairs that enhances photocatalytic degradation reaction. The results showed MB degraded about ~88 in just 140 min and followed first order reaction kinetics with rate constant k = 0.01489 mint^-1.

Solvothermal assisted phosphate functionalized graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots for optical sensing of Fe ions and its thermodynamic aspects

A facile method has been proposed for the determination of Ferrous (Fe(II)) and Ferric (Fe(III)) ions using phosphate functionalized graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (Ph-g-CNQDs) in an aqueous medium. The easy solvothermal procedure using oleic acid as the solvent yielded the Ph-g-CNQDs in less than 30 min. The communication among the Fe(II) and Fe(III) with Ph-g-CNQDs caused quenching of the blue Ph-g-CNQDs fluorescence signals. The Ph-g-CNQDs have been successfully characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence spectrophotometry. The temperature dependent behavior of the Ph-g-CNQDs was also observed and various thermodynamic parameters have also been evaluated. The Ph-g-CNQDs displayed an excellent quantum yield of 60.54% using quinine sulfate as the standard reference. The developed method has been applied to water samples collected from different sources and good recoveries were observed which entitles this method as apt for real time monitoring.

Reply to the ‘Comment on “Physicochemical stimuli as tuning parameters to modulate the structure and stability of nanostructured lipid carriers and release kinetics of encapsulated antileprosy drugs”’ by J. Kang and A. M. Kang, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2020, , DOI: 10.1039/D0TB01160F

The present article puts forth how the outcome remains the same despite the complicated analysis by Kang and Kang and, most importantly, how the stated facts do not add any significant new insights to the earlier reported work.

Physicochemical stimuli as tuning parameters to modulate the structure and stability of nanostructured lipid carriers and release kinetics of encapsulated antileprosy drugs

To unveil the effect of electrolyte concentration, pH and polymer addition on Tween 80 stabilized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs, based on dialkyldimethylammonium bromides D_xDAB and Na oleate), an in-depth scattering analysis was performed. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS/SLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques along with zeta potential studies were exploited to understand the structural evolution and physical stability of NLCs. In these experiments, we varied the salt concentration, pH, and the admixture of Pluronic F127 in order to elucidate their effect on NLC morphologies. In most cases, two populations of different sizes are present which differ by one order of magnitude. The antileprosy drugs (ALD) Rifampicin and Dapsone were encapsulated in NLCs and the vector properties were assessed for a series of D_xDAB (where x = 12, 14, 16 and 18) NLCs. The influence of composition on the entrapment and release behavior of NLCs was investigated: The size of NLCs correlates with the release rate of the incorporated drug. The interaction of drug-loaded NLCs with bovine serum albumin was studied to understand the release of ALD in the plasma.

Photophysical deactivation behaviour of Rhodamine B using different graphite materials

In the present work, an attempt has been made to elucidate the structural features of synthesized graphite materials, i.e., expanded graphite (EG) and an expanded graphite/silver nanoparticles (EG/AgNPs) nanocomposite. In order to obtain knowledge about the functional groups present, the interlayer spacing between the carbon layers, topographical features, and the characterization of the materials were carried out using Fourier-transformer infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. Furthermore, the quenching efficiency of the synthesized graphite materials was also compared using Rhodamine B (Rhd B) as a fluorescent probe. The non-linear behaviour of the Stern–Volmer plots suggested that the complex quenching mechanism (a combination of static and dynamic quenching) was responsible for the decrease in photoluminescence intensity. At a lower concentration of the quencher, the static quenching mechanism was dominant whereas at a higher concentration dynamic processes seemed to be more likely. The binding strength of the complexation between the fluorophore and the quencher at lower concentrations was studied in detail for both of the synthesized materials. The analysis showed that the EG/AgNPs exhibited better quenching efficiency and possessed a strong binding strength in comparison to EG. The thermodynamic parameters of this association suggested that the interaction process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Thus, this work offers helpful insights into the fluorescence quenching mechanisms of the Rhd B/EG and its composite system.

Graphical representation of varying quenching mechanism of RhD B dye using different graphite materials i.e. EG and EG/AgNPs.

Magnetically retrievable Ce-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles as scaffolds for the removal of azo dyes

Considering the significant impact of magnetically retrievable nanostructures, herein, Fe₃O₄ and Ce-doped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were employed as scaffolds for the removal of the Reactive Black 5 (RB5) azo dye. We synthesized the Ce-doped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles via hydrothermal treatment at 120 °C for 10 h with varying cerium concentrations (1.5–3.5%) and characterized them using basic techniques such as FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy, and XRD analysis. The retention of their magnetic behaviors even after cerium amalgamation was demonstrated and confirmed by the VSM results. FESEM and EDX were used for the morphological and purity analysis of the synthesized nanoabsorbents. XPS was carried out to determine the electronic configuration of the synthesized samples. The porosity of the magnetic nanoparticles was investigated by BET analysis, and subsequently, the most porous sample was further used in the adsorption studies for the cleanup of RB5 from wastewater. The dye adsorption studies were probed via UV-visible spectroscopy, which indicated the removal efficiency of 87%. The prepared Ce-doped Fe₃O₄ nanoabsorbent showed the high adsorption capacity of 84.58 mg g⁻¹ towards RB5 in 40 min. This is attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the nanoabsorbent and the dye molecules and high porosity of the prepared sample. The adsorption mechanism was also analyzed. The kinetic data well-fitted the pseudo-first-order model, and the adsorption capability at different equilibrium concentrations of the dye solution indicated monolayer formation and chemisorption phenomena. Furthermore, the magnetic absorbent could be rapidly separated from the wastewater using an external magnetic field after adsorption.

Considering the significant impact of magnetically retrievable nanostructures, herein, Ce-doped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were employed as scaffolds for the removal of the Reactive Black 5 (RB5), an azo dye.

The role of a weakly coordinating thioether group in ligation controlled molecular self-assemblies and their inter-conversions in Ni(ii) complexes of l-methionine derived ligand

A series of Ni(ii) complexes of an amino acid derived ligand (Salmet) has been synthesized, and characterized by various techniques including X-ray crystallography. Alkali ions K⁺/Na⁺ direct the conversion of monomers to multi-nuclear complexes.

Ultrasonication assisted fabrication of l-lysine functionalized gadolinium oxide nanoparticles and its biological acceptability

Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (GdO) have recently gained attention due to their diverse bio-applications. However, their functionalization with amino acids has not been reported yet to the best of our knowledge. In the present report, the potential of sonication technique (for the first time to the best of our knowledge) in the fabrication of GdO nanoparticles was explored. Sonication is an efficient technique for the synthesis of evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids thus, the present report highlights the use of ultrasonication technique for the fabrication of uniform 2 nm sized luminescent l-lysine coated gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (l-lysine@GdO). Investigation of l-lysine conjugation with nanoparticles was confirmed by FT-IR, Differential Scanning Calorimetric analysis and Zeta potential. The interactions of serum protein (BSA) with synthesized nanoparticles have been explored using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy and Circular Dichroism (CD). The synthesized l-lysine coated nanoparticles demonstrated potential for antimicrobial and antifungal agents, which has been tested against two bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and two antifungal Candida albicans and Candida glabrata cells. The minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) of nanoparticles against E.coli and S. aureus are 8 µg mL^-1 and 16 µg mL^-1, respectively. The cell viability, MTT assay on HaCaT cell lines revealed the non-toxicity of synthesized nanoparticles.

Biocompatible gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as efficient agent against pathogenic bacteria

The inappropriate and surfeit use of antibiotics have generated a hunt for safe and alternative antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria. With the advancement in nanoscience and nanotechnology, promising opportunities for examining the bacterial effect of metal nanoparticles were demonstrated in literature. Focusing on this, our present study presentssynthesis of l-ascorbic coated gadolinium oxide nanoparticles via a simple precipitation route. Their complete characterization and detailed stability studies were carried out. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, confirming that l-ascorbic acid onto the surface of nanoparticles. The size and morphology were analyzed by Transmission electron Microcopy (TEM) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) which reveals their spherical nature. The stability studies were performed to know about their chemical and colloidal stability. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be non-toxic to HaCaT cells upto the concentration of 125 µg/mL. The antimicrobial effect of nanoparticles was analyzed against three bacterial strains; E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhimurium. To summarize, the synthesized nanoparticles are found to be safe and protective against pathogenic bacteria. They further can be explored in biomedical applications considering their non-toxic nature.

Biomimetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Sophorolipids Designed for Antileprosy Drugs

The objective of the present work was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as drug-encapsulating structures by the solvent injection method. In this report, for the first time the inherent potential of lactonic sophorolipid (glycolipid) was exploited to formulate SLNs. A range of different Pluronic copolymers were screened by dynamic and static light scattering with the aim of obtaining most stable SLNs. To comprehend the structure of the SLNs, techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were employed. A clear correlation between the type of Pluronic and size and stability of the SLNs could be drawn. The vector properties of the formed SLNs were assessed for both the encapsulated hydrophobic drugs-rifampicin and dapsone. To elucidate the transport mechanism of drug release, kinetic modeling was carried out on the drug release profiles. The promising results of sophorolipid-based SLNs have actually established a new arena beneath the significantly developed field of SLNs.

Surfactant Coated Silica Nanoparticles as Smart Scavengers for Adsorptive Removal of Naphthalene

This manuscript represents the synthesis of silica nanoparticles modified with four different types of cationic surfactants. The surfactant capped nanoparticles have better control over the size of silica nanoparticles. The as formed as model nanomaterials were used for the removal of naphthalene, a simple white crystalline polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) from aqueous media. The obtained materials were characterized by various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The average particle size of nanoparticles was approximately between 50 and 75 nm. The removal kinetic and adsorption studies were also conducted on silica nanoparticles with different contact time, initial concentrations of silica and naphthalene to achieve the optimum adsorption conditions. CPB functionalized nanoparticles have displayed higher removal efficiency of more than 85% as compared to 75 to 80% in case of CTAB, CTAC and CPC functionalized silica nanoparticles. The effects of various parameters like pH, adsorbent doses, naphthalene concentration and addition of salt have also been investigated for better understanding of the removal efficacy of prepared nanoparticles.

Exploring drying pattern of a sessile droplet of genomic DNA in the presence of hematite nanoparticles

For the first time, drying pattern of a sessile droplet of genomic DNA, in the presence of hematite nanoparticles was sighted by polarizing optical microscopy (POM) in this research article. POM results indicated that only at an appreciably high concentration of hematite nanoparticles dried pattern of deoxyribonucleic acid from calf thymus (CT-DNA) was altered. Iron hybridized cetylpyridinium chloride was utilized for the preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles through hydrothermal method. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies confirmed the formation of highly crystalline hematite i.e. α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles. Morphology of the synthesized nanoparticle was visualized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), which revealed that nanoparticles were rhombohedral in shape with a size of 45 ± 10 nm. Based upon all the findings, hydrothermal growth mechanism was also proposed having bilayer protection of surfactant around the nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were explored to study the affinity of thus prepared nanoparticles towards calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (CT-DNA). The low value of binding constant calculated from the spectroscopy data confirmed the weak interaction between nanoparticles and the CT-DNA.

Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant status: Correlation with the severity of sepsis

Sepsis is a condition caused by infection followed by unregulated inflammatory response which may lead to the organ dysfunction. During such condition, over-production of oxidants is one of the factors which contribute cellular toxicity and ultimately organ failure and mortality. Antioxidants having free radicals scavenging activity exert protective role in various diseases. This study has been designed to evaluate the levels of oxidative and antioxidative activity in sepsis patients and their correlation with the severity of the sepsis. A total of 100 sepsis patients and 50 healthy controls subjects were enrolled in this study from the period October 2016 to June 2017. The investigation included measurements of oxidative enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8 and IFN-γ). Furthermore, the level of these activities was correlated with severity of sepsis. Augmented levels of oxidants were found in sepsis as demonstrated by DMPO nitrone adduct formation and plasma MPO level activity (1.37 ± 0.51 in sepsis vs 0.405 ± 0.16 in control subjects). Cytokines were also found to be increased in sepsis patients. However, plasma SOD and CAT activities were significantly attenuated (P < .001) in the sepsis patients compared with controls subjects. Moreover, inverse relation between antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and organ failure assessment (SOFA), physiological score (APACHE II), organ toxicity specific markers have been observed as demonstrated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. This study suggests that imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant plays key role in the severity of sepsis.

Synthesis and characterization of fused imidazole heterocyclic selenoesters and their application for chemical detoxification of HgCl2

Selenoester derivatives of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine/imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine has been synthesized by the reaction of sodium selenocarboxylates with 2-(chloromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine/pyrimidine.

Encompassment of Benzyl Isothiocyanate in cyclodextrin using ultrasonication methodology to enhance its stability for biological applications

The use of methodical and innovative sonication method has been explored for the fabrication of inclusion complex of Benzyl Isothiocyanate, a potential anticancer and -antimicrobial agent. The advancement involved investigation of inclusion behaviour, characterisation and an in-depth study of thermal and UV stability of Benzyl Isothiocyanate with cyclodextrins; β-CD and hp-β-CD. The sonication driven encompassment in cyclodextrins helped to overcome the hindrance of low solubility and high volatility. Investigations of physical and thermodynamic parameters using UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TGA etc confirmed stability of inclusion complexes. Both β-CD and hp-β-CD based inclusion complexes retained the antimicrobial property of the free Benzyl Isothiocyanate, indicating their potential utility as antimicrobial agents. Haematological safety and cellular uptake data gives direction to in-depth analysis for its exploitation of anti-tumour activity.

Formulation and physiochemical study of α-tocopherol based oil in water nanoemulsion stabilized with non toxic, biodegradable surfactant: Sodium stearoyl lactate

The unique properties such as high optical clarity, stability and enhanced bioavailability of nanoemulsion make them useful for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, sodium stearoyl lactate and Tween 80 surfactants were collectively used to fabricate alpha tocopherol based oil in water nanoemulsion using high energy ultrasonication method. The spherical nature of pure and drug loaded nanoemulsion has been confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The influence of pH, dilution, surfactant concentration and ionic strength on average particle size of pure and nutraceutical (benzylisothiocyanate and curcumin) encapsulated emulsion was examined. The prepared emulsion exhibited good stability up to 90days in salt solution (50-200mM) and different pH conditions. The cumulative release % of benzylisothiocyanate and curcumin was found to be 50.29% in 36h and 89.15% in 150h respectively. The antioxidant activity of pure, benzylisothiocyanate, curcumin and cocktail (benzylisothiocyanate and curcumin) nanoemulsion was calculated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The IC₅₀ value of different antioxidant showed that benzylisothiocyanate nanoemulsion acted as better antioxidant as compared to pure and curcumin encapsulated nanoemulsion. Also the cell viability of pure nanoemulsion was found to be 24% on hep G2 cell. The effect of UV light irradiation on curcumin and benzylisothiocyanate stability was carried out in different solvent conditions (water/ethanol and nanoemulsion). The degradation of curcumin by the impact of UV light was successfully controlled by trapping in NEm.

Anti-Alzheimer's potential of berberine using surface decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes: A preclinical evidence

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a sub-family of fullerenes, are nanosized seamless cylinders of graphene sheets with enormous drug loading potential. The current studies entail the systematic development of berberine (BRB)-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polysorbate and phospholipid coating for effective management of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). For systematic optimization using design of experiment (DoE), a central composite design (FCCD) was employed and the optimized formulation was choosen using numerical desirability function. Optimized formulation exhibited particle size of 186nm, 68.6% drug adsorption and amount of drug released in 16h (Q_16h) of 96%. Degree of carboxylation was observed to be 36%. FTIR and FESEM studies confirmed the coating of polysorbate and phospholipid onto the MWCNTs side walls. Confocal studies ratified the uptake potential of BRB-loaded MWCNT formulations on SH-SY5Y cell lines. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed significant improvement in the rate and extent of drug absorption in the plasma and brain tissues, both, vis-a-vis pure drug. Behavioral assessment employing Morris Maze test demonstrated the enhanced performance efficiency of the formed MWCNT complexes. Moreover, the phospholipid-coated and the polysorbate-coated MWCNTs exhibited remarkable recovery in memory performance from 18th to 20th day vis-a-vis other groups. Maintenance of normal biochemical levels in brain tissue demonstrated the potential of these coated MWCNTs in reducing β-amyloid induced AD. The studies, in a nutshell, demonstrate significant potential of polysorbate/phospholipid coated MWCNTs of BRB in holistic management of AD.

Ultrasound processed nanoemulsion: A comparative approach between resveratrol and resveratrol cyclodextrin inclusion complex to study its binding interactions, antioxidant activity and UV light stability

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring therapeutic molecule used for treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress. This investigation elucidates the advantages of fabrication of size controlled resveratrol inclusion complex. This has been done by encapsulating resveratrol-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in a phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsion formulated by ultrasonication emulsification method. The prepared nanoemulsion has been compared with resveratrol encapsulated nanoemulsion system. The morphology of the resveratrol nanoemulsion and inclusion complex nanoemulsion have been observed using transmission electron microscopy with average size 20.41±3.41 and 24.48±5.70nm respectively. The nanoemulsion showed good loading and release efficiency. The radical diminishing potential of resveratrol and its inclusion complex has been compared in nanoemulsion. The effect of UV irradiation (365nm) on resveratrol in different solvent systems (ethanol, water and nanoemulsion) indicated that nanoemulsion prevents degradation of resveratrol. Efforts have also been made to explore the interactions between bovine serum albumin and resveratrol in nanoemulsion.

Physiochemical and cytotoxicity study of TPGS stabilized nanoemulsion designed by ultrasonication method

The main aim of the present work was to prepare TPGS stabilized D-α-Tocopherol, lemon oil, tween-80, and water nanoemulsion by low cost and highly effective sonication method. The prepared nanoemulsion showed good stability for 60days at variable temperature conditions i.e. 4, 25 and 37°C. The tolerance of the prepared nanoemulsion to salt (50mM-500mM) and pH (pH 2-pH 7.4) was also studied. The morphology and droplet size of pure and quinine loaded nanoemulsion was characterized with transmission electron microscopy. The prepared formulation was transparent and the obtained average particle size ranged between 25nm and 35nm. The nanoemulsion was found to be non toxic. The cell viability study of pure nanoemulsion carried out on Hep G2 cells revealed that the cell viability was 100%. The formulation further exhibited high quinine loading and release capacity with cumulative release up to 76±2% and 65±2% at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5 respectively. The interaction between quinine and vitamins (riboflavin, thiamine and biotin) was also carried out (aqueous medium). The study revealed that riboflavin had strong interaction with quinine and vitamins vis-à-vis thiamine and biotin.

Metallomicelle templated transition metal nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, DFT study and catalytic activity

A simple and versatile protocol to achieve surface-modified catalytically efficient nanoparticles employing metallosurfactants as excellent scaffolds has been reported.

Formulation of saponin stabilized nanoemulsion by ultrasonic method and its role to protect the degradation of quercitin from UV light

The objective of the present study was to prepare quercitin (QT) loaded o/w nanoemulsion using food grade surfactants (saponin and tween 80). The prepared nanoemulsion) was stable up to 30 days. The average particle size of the nanoemulsion was 52 ± 10 nm. The formation of saponin stabilized nanoemulsion was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Quercitin (QT) trapped nanoemulsion showed higher stability on exposure to UV light (254 nm) as compared to water/ethanol system. The degradation rate was found to decrease from 9 ± 1%, 11 ± 1% at pH 7.4, 8.0 respectively as compared to 42 ± 2% in water/ethanol system. Attempt was also made to study the interaction of QT with two different bile salts (sodium cholate and sodium taurocholate). The free radical scavenging activity of DPPH quercitin and curcumin was compared in NEm media. The obtained IC50 value of quercitin, curcumin and ascorbic acid are 28.88 ± 1, 45.53 ± 2 and 51.51 ± 2 μM respectively. The values of binding constant for sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium taurocholate (NaTC) are 2.66 × 10(5) and 2.72 × 10(4) M(-1) respectively. Sodium cholate (NaC) was found to show strong interaction towards quercitin (QT) due to more electron density on oxygen atom of carboxylate ion.

Revealing the potential of Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide as efficient scaffold for fabrication of nano liquid crystalline structures

To exploit the potential of Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (D12DAB) as a core lipidic constituent, an attempt was made to fabricate and optimize cationic nanostructured lipid carriers (cNLCs) using a cost-effective microemulsification methodology. Designed composition was optimized by studying the effect of different microemulsion components on D12DAB cNLCs characteristics. ​Spherical shaped D12DAB cNLCs were obtained with an average size of ∼160 nm and zeta potential of +30.2 mV. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) depicted the presence of thermotropic character, whereas polarized optical microscopy confirmed the mesophase like behavior of D12DAB based cNLCs. In addition, hemolysis analysis revealed that the toxicity was concentration dependent as LC50 was reached at a concentration of 50 μg/mL of cNLCs. This class of cNLCs is expected to become a potent candidate for a broad spectrum of medicaments as carriers, targeting for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes, due to the combination of a hard lipid with a soft lipid, where the liquid crystalline structure of the lipid co-exists.

Synthesis, structural analysis, antimicrobial evaluation and synergistic studies of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine chalcogenides

Synthesis and structural analysis of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine chalcogenides exhibiting effective antimicrobial activity and synergistic effects with known antibiotics have been reported.

Potential prospects for carbon dots as a fluorescence sensing probe for metal ions

The well defined emission properties of CQDs have encouraged further investigation of their prospects in chemo-sensing applications for the identification of Cr³⁺ ions in aqueous media.

Luminescent ZnO quantum dots as an efficient sensor for free chlorine detection in water

Highly luminescent ZnO quantum dots (QDs) synthesizedviaa simple and facile route are used for the preparation of an optical sensor for the detection of free chlorine.

Surface functionalized selenium nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Selenium nanoparticles present an enhanced genetic actions and possess superior adsorptive capacity due to the interaction between the nanoparticles and NH, C=O, COO- and C-N groups of proteins. This review is focused on the biomedical applications of surafce funtionalized selenium nanoparticles. The engineering of exterior surface of the selenium nanoparticles has further emphasizing on the recent progresses in regulating monolayer structures for competent delivery of drugs and biomolecules. Crucial queries of transport, uptake, and clearance are discussed and illustrated through the prospects of selenium nanoparticles. The work presents an insight of how biomedical research can evolve with selenium nanoparticles and where we see the field is heading in the near future.

Coencapsulation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic antituberculosis drugs in synergistic Brij 96 microemulsions: a biophysical characterization

A microemulsion has been formulated to coencapsulate antituberculosis drugs to solve the issue of stability of rifampicin (RIF) in the presence of isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA). The structural transition, solubilization locus, and quantitative release of drugs without interference have been estimated. Derivative absorbance spectroscopy, especially ratio derivative and double divisor ratio derivative methods, has been employed for estimating the release. The coencapsulation of the anti-tuberculosis drugs were carried out in single, binary, or ternary mixtures and occupy the same solubilization sites in multiple drugs microemulsion systems as in the case of single drug-loaded systems. INH and PZA obey the diffusional (Fickian) release mechanism, whereas RIF shows anomalous release. Resazurin assay and agar well diffusion method were adopted for cytotoxicity analysis and antimicrobial activity, respectively. Cytotoxicity was found to be dependent on concentration and on colloidal structure of microemulsion.

Tyloxapol niosomes as prospective drug delivery module for antiretroviral drug nevirapine

With the aim of assuring more patient compliant pharmacotherapy for acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, a formulation of the first line anti-retroviral drug, nevirapine (NVP), has been developed by encapsulating it within niosomes. Biocompatible niosomes were fabricated using a biological surfactant, tyloxapol, with variable cholesterol concentrations. Formulation with surfactant/cholesterol molar ratio 1:0.1 exhibits maximum stability and optimum hydrophobicity. Thus, it is most suitable for the entrapment of NVP and has high entrapment efficiency of 94.3%. FTIR and DSC results indicate that NVP has sufficient compatibility with the excipients of the formulation. Photoluminescence quenching measurements were employed to elucidate the position of drug molecules in niosome bilayer along with the partition coefficient. Dissolution results indicate that the efflux of drug is sustained which creates a depot effect and decreases the fluctuations in drug release. Such a versatile and improved formulation of NVP is expected to increase its therapeutic index and alleviate toxic systemic side effects while improving the quality of life and duration of survival of the patients.

Ultra fast and effective treatment of dyes from water with the synergistic effect of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles and ultrasonication

The current research work focuses on the synergistic effect of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles and ultrasonication for the degradation of anionic (Fast Green) and cationic (Victoria Blue) dyes. Well crystalline monodispersed Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized by quick and simple co-precipitation technique at low temperature. Synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The effects of operating parameters such as catalyst dosage, pH, power dissipation, temperature and dye initial concentration have been investigated, and the enhancement in degradation capability of Ni doped ZnO with undoped ZnO has also been discussed. The degradation of both the dyes follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. In concert with superior activity and reuse performance, the current route is promising for the application of ZnO-based catalysis for water decontamination.

An efficient and green synthesis of xanthene derivatives using CuS quantum dots as a heterogeneous and reusable catalyst under solvent free conditions

CuS quantum dots have been proven to be an efficient catalyst in the synthesis of xanthenes in terms of high yield, reduction of time and energy consumption under solvent free conditions with easy work up.

Dodecyl ethyl dimethyl ammonium bromide capped WO3 nanoparticles: efficient scaffolds for chemical sensing and environmental remediation

The current work revealed the comparative analysis of bare and surface functionalized tungsten trioxide (WO₃) nanoparticles towards the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and chemical sensing application.

Varicella-zoster DNA in saliva of patients with meningoencephalitis: a preliminary study

OBJECTIVES

Since the routine use of polymerase chain reaction testing (PCR) in diagnosing herpes infections, varicella-zoster virus is increasingly recognized as a cause of varicella-zoster meningoencephalitis (VZV ME) among immunocompetent patients. We were interested to determine whether patients with VZV ME had VZV DNA in their saliva during the acute phase of the illness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-five consecutive patients who underwent a lumbar puncture for diagnostic purposes were included in the study. The cerebrospinal fluid was examined for the presence of VZV DNA by PCR, and patients with positive findings were treated with acyclovir. The saliva was later analyzed in a blinded fashion for the presence of VZV DNA.

RESULTS

VZV DNA was found in saliva in four of five (80%) patients with PCR confirmed VZV ME (sensitivity 0.8, specificity 0.84, and likelihood ratio 5). This was significantly more than in patients with non-zoster viral ME (0%, P = 0.009), parainfectious headache (12%, P = 0.03) and controls (9.5%, P = 0.007). In immunocompromised patients with systemic lymphoma and AIDS, VZV DNA was present at a similar rate (67%, P = 0.6).

CONCLUSIONS

We have found VZV DNA in saliva of patients with PCR confirmed VZV ME at a higher proportion than in controls and patients with non-VZV viral ME. This finding might be of clinical importance, especially in immunocompetent individuals with suspected VZV ME where the results of genetic and immunological testing are not conclusive.