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Unicsovics M, Molnár Z, Mézes M, Posta K, Nagyéri G, Várbíró S, Ács N, Sára L, Szőke Z. The Possible Role of Mycotoxins in the Pathogenesis of Endometrial Cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:236. [PMID: 38922131 PMCID: PMC11209310 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancer types among women. Many factors can contribute to the development of this disease, including environmental factors and, thus, eating habits. Our study aims to determine the levels of various mycotoxins and their metabolites in the blood serum and endometrial tissue samples of participants with previously proven endometrial cancer and to find possible contributions to cancer development. In the cohort clinical trial, 52 participants aged between 44 and 86 were studied. The participants were divided into two groups: patients or matched controls. All patients had previously histologically diagnosed endometrial cancer. The cancer patients were divided into low-grade endometrioid and low- plus high-grade endometrioid groups. Controls had no history of endometrial malignancy or premalignancy. Blood serum and endometrial tissue samples were obtained from all study patients. We compared the concentrations of total Aflatoxins (Afs), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Ochratoxin-A (OTA), T2-toxin and HT2 toxin (T2/HT2 toxin), Zearalenone (ZEN), alpha-Zearalenol (α-ZOL), and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the serum and endometrium between the different study groups. As a result, we can see a significant correlation between the higher levels of Afs and zearalenone and the presence of endometrial cancer. In the case of Afs, DON, OTA, T2/HT2 toxins, ZEN, and alpha-ZOL, we measured higher endometrial concentrations than in serum. Considering the effect of mycotoxins and eating habits on cancer development, our results might lead to further research exploring the relationship between certain mycotoxins and endometrium cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Unicsovics
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
| | - Zsófia Molnár
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Z.M.); (G.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Katalin Posta
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - György Nagyéri
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Z.M.); (G.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Szabolcs Várbíró
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nándor Ács
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
| | - Levente Sára
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Szőke
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Z.M.); (G.N.); (Z.S.)
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Miguel Alfonso RA, Yael Yvette BH, Irma Martha MD, Cyndia Azucena GA, Briscia Socorro BV, José Francisco HM, Monserrat S, Aurora Elizabeth RG. Genotoxic effects of the ochratoxin A (OTA), its main metabolite (OTα) per se and in combination with fumonisin B1 in HepG2 cells and human lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 878:503482. [PMID: 35649676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are mycotoxins distributed in a wide variety of foods for human or animal consumption and are classified as possible carcinogens for humans. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic, cytostatic and genotoxic effects of OTA and its main metabolite, ochratoxin α (OTα), FB1 and three combinations of OTA and FB1 at moderate and environmental doses. Cell viability was evaluated through MTT assay and the trypan blue exclusion method. The cytostatic and genotoxic effects were evaluated through the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The results showed synergistic time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects of one of the combinations of OTA and FB1. In contrast, significant differences were observed in the micronuclei (MN) frequency from OTA, OTα and coexposure of OTA + FB1. Some of these combinations increased the frequency of nuclear buds, nucleoplasmic bridges, donut-shaped nuclei, necrotic and apoptotic cells and MN in mononucleated cells. In conclusion, OTA and its main metabolite OTα, as well as the co-exposure of OTA and FB1, cause stable DNA damage at environmentally relevant concentrations, which was greater in metabolically competent cells. More studies are needed to understand the chemical interactions that occur due to the joint presence of mycotoxins, which occurs commonly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruíz-Arias Miguel Alfonso
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Bernal-Hernández Yael Yvette
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Medina-Díaz Irma Martha
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - González-Arias Cyndia Azucena
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Barrón-Vivanco Briscia Socorro
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Herrera-Moreno José Francisco
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Sordo Monserrat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rojas-García Aurora Elizabeth
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Abedi E, Mousavifard M, Hashemi SMB. Ultrasound-Assisted Detoxification of Ochratoxin A: Comparative Study of Cell Wall Structure, Hydrophobicity, and Toxin Binding Capacity of Single and Co-culture Lactic Acid Bacteria. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zheng QW, Ding XF, Cao HJ, Ni QZ, Zhu B, Ma N, Zhang FK, Wang YK, Xu S, Chen TW, Xia J, Qiu XS, Yu DZ, Xie D, Li JJ. Ochratoxin A Induces Steatosis via PPARγ-CD36 Axis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110802. [PMID: 34822586 PMCID: PMC8620754 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A(OTA) is considered to be one of the most important contaminants of food and feed worldwide. The liver is one of key target organs for OTA to exert its toxic effects. Due to current lifestyle and diet, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been the most common liver disease. To examine the potential effect of OTA on hepatic lipid metabolism and NAFLD, C57BL/6 male mice received 1 mg/kg OTA by gavage daily. Compared with controls, OTA increased lipid deposition and TG accumulation in mouse livers. In vitro OTA treatment also promoted lipid droplets accumulation in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Mechanistically, OTA prevented PPARγ degradation by reducing the interaction between PPARγ and its E3 ligase SIAH2, which led to activation of PPARγ signaling pathway. Furthermore, downregulation or inhibition of CD36, a known of PPARγ, alleviated OTA-induced lipid droplets deposition and TG accumulation. Therefore, OTA induces hepatic steatosis via PPARγ-CD36 axis, suggesting that OTA has an impact on liver lipid metabolism and may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Wen Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xu-Fen Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Hui-Jun Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Qian-Zhi Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Bing Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Ning Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Feng-Kun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Yi-Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Sheng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Tian-Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Ji Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Song Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dian-Zhen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
| | - Dong Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (J.-J.L.); Tel.: +86-21-5492-0655 (J.-J.L.)
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Q.-W.Z.); (X.-F.D.); (H.-J.C.); (Q.-Z.N.); (B.Z.); (N.M.); (F.-K.Z.); (Y.-K.W.); (S.X.); (T.-W.C.); (J.X.); (X.-S.Q.); (D.-Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (J.-J.L.); Tel.: +86-21-5492-0655 (J.-J.L.)
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Li P, Li K, Zou C, Tong C, Sun L, Cao Z, Yang S, Lyu Q. Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in Chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030143. [PMID: 32106596 PMCID: PMC7150738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of selenium yeast (Se-Y) against hepatotoxicity induced by ochratoxin A (OTA). The OTA-induced liver injury model was established in chickens by daily oral gavage of 50 µg/kg OTA for 21 days. Serum biochemistry analysis, antioxidant analysis, as well as the qRT-PCR and Western blot (WB) analyses were then used to evaluate oxidative damage and apoptosis in chicken liver tissue. The results showed that Se-Y significantly increased liver coefficient induced by OTA (P < 0.05). OTA + Se-Y treated group revealed that Se-Y reduced the OTA-induced increase in glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content, and reversed the decrease in antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (P < 0.05). In this study, we found that OTA is involved in the mRNA expression levels about Nrf2/Keap1 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, such as oxidative stress-related genes (Nrf2, GSH-Px, GLRX2 and Keap1) and apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Caspase3, P53, AKT, PI3K and Bcl-2). Besides, significant downregulations of protein expression of HO-1, MnSOD, Nrf2 and Bcl-2, as well as a significant upregulation of Caspase3 and Bax levels were observed after contaminated with OTA (P < 0.05). Notably, OTA-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in the liver of chickens were reverted back to normal level in the OTA + Se-Y group. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with Se-Y effectively ameliorates OTA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Kang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Chao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Cui Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Lin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhongjun Cao
- Tieling City Inspection and Testing and Certification Service Center (Animal Product Safety Testing Station), Tieling 112000, China;
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiufeng Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (P.L.); (K.L.); (C.Z.); (C.T.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Q.L.)
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Maatouk I, Mehrez A, Amara AB, Chayma R, Abid S, Jerbi T, Landoulsi A. Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Ochratoxin A Stability and Cytotoxicity in Methanolic Solutions and Potential Application in Tunisian Millet Samples. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1433-1439. [PMID: 31339370 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gamma irradiation is a useful technology for degrading mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of irradiation on ochratoxin A (OTA) stability under different conditions. OTA was irradiated in methanolic solution and on millet flour at doses of 2 and 4 kGy. Residual OTA concentrations and possible degradation products in irradiated samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The extent of in vitro cytotoxicity of OTA to HepG2 cells, with and without irradiation treatment, was assessed with an MTT assay. OTA was more sensitive to gamma radiation on Tunisian millet flour than in methanolic solutions. After irradiation of naturally contaminated millet flour, the OTA concentration was significantly reduced by 48 and 62% at a dose of 2 and 4 kGy, respectively. However, in the methanolic solution, OTA at concentrations of 1 and 5 μg mL-1 was relatively stable even at a dose of 4 kGy, with no degradation products detected in the chemical analysis. Analytical results were confirmed by cell culture assays. The remaining cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of OTA following irradiation was not significantly affected compared with the controls. These findings indicate that gamma irradiation could offer a solution for OTA decontamination in the postharvest processing chain of millet flour. However, the associated toxicological hazard of decontaminated food matrices needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imed Maatouk
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Amel Mehrez
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Aya Ben Amara
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Ragoubi Chayma
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid
- 2 Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Taieb Jerbi
- 3 National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (CNSTN), Tunis cedex 2020, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Landoulsi
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
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Juan-García A, Tolosa J, Juan C, Ruiz MJ. Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060341. [PMID: 31208011 PMCID: PMC6628395 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by a number of fungal genera spp., for example, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Claviceps. Beauvericin (BEA) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are present in various cereal crops and processed grains. This goal of this study was to determine their combination effect in HepG2 cells, presented for the first time. In this study, the type of interaction among BEA and OTA through an isobologram method, cell cycle disturbance by flow cytometry, and genotoxic potential by in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay following the TG 487 (OECD, 2016) of BEA and OTA individually and combined in HepG2 cells are presented. Cytotoxic concentration ranges studied by the MTT assay over 24, 48, and 72 h were from 0 to 25 µM for BEA and from 0 to 100 µM for OTA, while BEA + OTA combinations were at a 1:10 ratio from 3.4 to 27.5 µM. The toxicity observed for BEA was higher than for OTA at all times assayed; additive and synergistic effects were detected for their mixtures. Cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase was detected for OTA and BEA + OTA treatments in HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity revealed significant effects for BEA, OTA, and in combinations underlining the importance of studying real exposure scenarios of chronic exposure to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Josefa Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
- ProtoQSAR, CEEI, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 12, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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9
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Yu Z, Wu F, Tian J, Guo X, An R. Protective effects of compound ammonium glycyrrhizin, L‑arginine, silymarin and glucurolactone against liver damage induced by ochratoxin A in primary chicken hepatocytes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2551-2560. [PMID: 30015927 PMCID: PMC6102706 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is produced by fungi in improperly stored food and animal feed. It exhibits nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic effects in laboratory and farm animals. In the present study, the hepatotoxicity of OPA was investigated in chicken primary hepatocytes. On this basis, the cytoprotective effects of compound ammonium glycyrrhizin (CAG), L‑arginine (L‑Arg), silymarin (Sil) and glucurolactone (GA) were investigated in vitro. Hepatocytes were treated with OTA, which resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability and increases in serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities, as determined by an MTT assay and commercial kits, respectively. Furthermore, following OTA treatment, the levels of hepatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione, were decreased, and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde was increased, compared with the control group. However, pretreatment with CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA significantly ameliorated these alterations and Sil exerted the optimum hepatoprotective effect. The apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry and the results revealed that OTA increased cell apoptosis. The four types of hepatoprotective compounds employed in the present study decreased the apoptosis rate and significantly reversed OTA‑induced increases in the mRNA expression levels of caspase‑3, which was determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) mRNA expression was increased in OTA‑treated cells when pretreated with CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA. However, no alterations in the mRNA expression of Bcl‑2‑associated X were observed in the L‑Arg and GA groups, compared with the OTA‑only group. These results indicate that OTA may exhibit hepatotoxicity in chickens and that CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA may protect the liver against this via anti‑oxidative and antiapoptosis mechanisms. In addition, CAG and GA are likely to mediate their effects through the mitochondrion‑dependent apoptosis pathway; however, the exact hepatoprotective mechanism of L‑Arg and GA require further investigation. Therefore, CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA are potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of chicken liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugong Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ran An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
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10
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Gayathri L, Karthikeyan BS, Rajalakshmi M, Dhanasekaran D, Li AP, Akbarsha MA. Metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity of citrinin and ochratoxin A alone and in combination as assessed adopting integrated discrete multiple organ co-culture (IdMOC). Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:166-177. [PMID: 28951292 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) can be present as co-contaminants in cereals, foods and feed commodities, and can affect human health. Metabolism-dependent toxicity of these two mycotoxins, separately as well as in combination, is not yet understood. To fill this gap we adopted integrated discrete multiple organ co-culture (IdMOC) technique, which obviates animal experiments from the perspectives of species difference as well as animal welfare concerns. IdMOC facilitates co-culture of a metabolically competent cell (HepG2) and a metabolically incompetent cell (3T3) that are physically separated but provides for extracellular product(s) from one cell to interact with the other. After ascertaining that HepG2 is metabolically competent and 3T3 is not, adopting luciferin-IPA metabolism assay, CTN and OTA were tested separately and in combination in the co-culture set-up, when both proved to be metabolism-dependent cytotoxic agents. Hepatocytes metabolize CTN into a diffusible product that is cytotoxic to 3T3 cells but the cytotoxicity of OTA appears to be limited to the hepatocytes, i.e., local acting. As a combination at a concentration of 20% of IC50 of each, CTN forms a reactive metabolite that diffuses out of HepG2 to cause cytotoxicity to 3T3 cells synergistically with OTA parent molecule. The CYP isoenzymes involved in the metabolism OTA and CTN were identified adopting in silico methods which indicated that OTA and CTN can bind CYP proteins at specific sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Gayathri
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | | | - Manikkam Rajalakshmi
- Department of Zoology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | | | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
| | - Mohammad A Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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12
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Wang L, Zhang J, Yuan Q, Xie H, Shi J, Ju X. Separation and purification of an anti-tumor peptide from rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and the effect on cell apoptosis. Food Funct 2016; 7:2239-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapeseed peptides were prepared by means of the combined methods of the laboratory bacteria enzyme synergy and solid-state fermentation of rapeseed meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Huihui Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Xingrong Ju
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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13
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Ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and reactive oxygen species in kidney cells: An integrative approach of complementary endpoints. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 87:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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González-Arias CA, Benitez-Trinidad AB, Sordo M, Robledo-Marenco L, Medina-Díaz IM, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Marín S, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Rojas-García AE. Low doses of ochratoxin A induce micronucleus formation and delay DNA repair in human lymphocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 74:249-54. [PMID: 25455892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of food commodities by fungal toxins has attracted great interest because many of these mycotoxins are responsible for different diseases, including cancer and other chronic illnesses. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin naturally present in food, and long-term exposure to food contaminated with low levels of OTA has been associated with renal cancer. In the present study, the cytotoxicity, cytostaticity, and genotoxicity of OTA (0.075-15 µM) in human lymphocytes were evaluated. A comet assay, a modified comet assay (DNA repair assay), which uses N-hydroxyurea (NHU) to detect non-repaired lesions produced by OTA, and a cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay were used. Treatments with OTA were not cytotoxic, but OTA caused a cytostatic effect in human lymphocytes at a concentration of 15 µM. OTA (0.075-5 µM) produced a slight increase in the percentage of DNA in the comets and a delay in the DNA repair capacity of the lymphocytes. Micronucleus (MN) induction was observed at OTA concentrations of 1.5 and 5 µM. Our results indicate that OTA induces DNA stable damage at low doses that are neither cytotoxic nor cytostatic, and OTA delays the DNA repair kinetics. These findings indicate that OTA affects two pivotal events in the carcinogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyndia A González-Arias
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
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15
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Gayathri L, Dhivya R, Dhanasekaran D, Periasamy VS, Alshatwi AA, Akbarsha MA. Hepatotoxic effect of ochratoxin A and citrinin, alone and in combination, and protective effect of vitamin E: In vitro study in HepG2 cell. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:151-63. [PMID: 26111808 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are the most commonly co-occurring mycotoxins in a wide variety of food and feed commodities. The major target organ of these toxins is kidney but liver could also be a target organ. The combined toxicity of these two toxins in kidney cells has been studied but not in liver cell. In this study HepG2 cells were exposed to OTA and CTN, alone and in combination, with a view to compare the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying OTA, CTN and OTA + CTN hepatotoxicity. OTA and CTN alone as well as in combination affected the viability of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. OTA + CTN, at a dose of 20% of IC50 of each, produced effect almost similar to that produced by either of the toxins at its IC50 concentration, indicating that the two toxins in combination act synergistically. The cytotoxicity of OTA + CTN on hepatocytes is mediated by increased level of intracellular ROS followed/accompanied by DNA strand breaks and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. Co-treatment of vitamin E (Vit E) with OTA, CTN and OTA + CTN reduced the levels of ROS and the cytotoxicity. But the genotoxic effect of OTA and OTA + CTN was not completely alleviated by Vit E treatment whereas the DNA damage as caused by CTN when treated alone was obviated, indicating that OTA induces DNA damage directly whereas CTN induces ROS-mediated DNA damage and OTA + CTN combination induces DNA damage not exclusively relying on but influenced by ROS generation. Taken together, these findings indicate that OTA and CTN in combination affect hepatocytes at very low concentrations and, thereby, pose a potential threat to public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Gayathri
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Rajakumar Dhivya
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | | | - Vaiyapuri S Periasamy
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Alshatwi
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Zhang M, Liu C, Hu MY, Zhang J, Xu P, Li F, Zhong ZY, Liu L, Liu XD. High-fat diet enhanced retinal dehydrogenase activity, but suppressed retinol dehydrogenase activity in liver of rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:430-8. [PMID: 25953270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that hyperlipidemia is associated with retinoid dyshomeostasis. In liver, retinol is mainly oxidized to retinal by retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs) and alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), further converted to retinoic acid by retinal dehydrogenases (RALDHs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether high-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia affected activity and expression of hepatic ADHs/RDHs and RALDHs in rats. Results showed that retinol levels in liver, kidney and adipose tissue of HFD rats were significantly increased, while plasma retinol and hepatic retinal levels were markedly decreased. HFD rats exhibited significantly downregulated hepatic ADHs/RDHs activity and Adh1, Rdh10 and Dhrs9 expression. Oppositely, hepatic RALDHs activity and Raldh1 expression were upregulated in HFD rats. In HepG2 cells, treatment of HFD rat serum inhibited ADHs/RDHs activity and induced RALDHs activity. Among the tested abnormally altered components in HFD rat serum, cholesterol reduced ADHs/RDHs activity and RDH10 expression, while induced RALDHs activity and RALDH1 expression in HepG2 cells. Contrary to the effect of cholesterol, cholesterol-lowering agent pravastatin upregulated ADHs/RDHs activity and RDH10 expression, while suppressed RALDHs activity and RALDH1 expression. In conclusion, hyperlipidemia oppositely altered activity and expression of hepatic ADHs/RDHs and RALDHs, which is partially due to the elevated cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Can Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Meng-yue Hu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ping Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ze-yu Zhong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiao-dong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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17
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Domijan AM, Gajski G, Novak Jovanović I, Gerić M, Garaj-Vrhovac V. In vitro genotoxicity of mycotoxins ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 could be prevented by sodium copper chlorophyllin – Implication to their genotoxic mechanism. Food Chem 2015; 170:455-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Zhang K, Wang X, Wang C, Zheng H, Li T, Xiao S, Wang M, Fei C, Zhang L, Xue F. Investigation of quinocetone-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in HepG2 cells and compared with its metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:555-567. [PMID: 25681706 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quinocetone (QCT) has been widely used as an animal growth promoter in China. However, amounts of available data indicated that QCT probably had potential toxicity. The present study was aimed to investigate the genotoxicity, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in HepG2 cells for QCT and its metabolites, DQCT and MQCA. QCT has seriously cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. The cell viability test and cytokinesis-block micronucleus test showed that the micronucleus frequency of cells treated with QCT has increased significantly, compared with DQCT and MQCA. With increasing of QCT concentrations, the genomic template stability and mitochondrial damage of HepG2 cells were aggravated. QCT-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells were also observed. Data of caspase activities in measurement and real-time RT-PCR possibly suggested both of the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways participated in the HepG2 cells apoptosis. However, all the results suggested that DQCT and MQCA showed only a little cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. In a word, QCT had toxic effects on HepG2 cells and resulted in the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis, but the intermediate metabolites of QCT (DQCT and MQCA) were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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19
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Corcuera LA, Vettorazzi A, Arbillaga L, Pérez N, Gil AG, Azqueta A, González-Peñas E, García-Jalón JA, López de Cerain A. Genotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A after simultaneous application of the in vivo micronucleus and comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 76:116-24. [PMID: 25530104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are genotoxic mycotoxins that can contaminate a variety of foodstuffs, the liver and the kidney being their target organs, respectively. The micronucleus (MN) assay (bone marrow) and the comet assay (liver and kidney) were performed simultaneously in F344 rats, treated with AFB1 (0.25 mg/kg b.w.), OTA (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) or both mycotoxins. After AFB1 treatment, histopathology and biochemistry analysis showed liver necrosis, focal inflammation and an increase in Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase. OTA alone did not cause any alteration. The acute hepatotoxic effects caused by AFB1 were less pronounced in animals treated with both mycotoxins. With regard to the MN assay, after 24 h, positive results were obtained for AFB1 and negative results were obtained for OTA, although both toxins caused bone marrow toxicity. In the combined treatment, OTA reduced the toxicity and the number of MN produced by AFB1. In the comet assay, after 3 h, positive results were obtained for AFB1 in the liver and for OTA in the kidney. The combined treatment reduced DNA damage in the liver and had no influence in the kidney. Altogether, these results may be indicative of an antagonistic relationship regarding the genotoxicity of both mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Ana Corcuera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arbillaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Gloria Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio García-Jalón
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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20
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Xie H, Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen J, Wu D, Wang L. Study of the fermentation conditions and the antiproliferative activity of rapeseed peptides by bacterial and enzymatic cooperation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Yumei Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Ding Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
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Sun X, He X, Xue KS, Li Y, Xu D, Qian H. Biological detoxification of zearalenone by Aspergillus niger strain FS10. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:76-82. [PMID: 25007785 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of corn and cereal products is a serious health hazard throughout the world and its elimination by microbial methods is now being widely examined. In this study, an Aspergillus niger strain, FS10, isolated from Chinese fermented soybean, was shown to reduce levels of ZEN in corn steep liquor (CSL). Spores, mycelium and culture filtrate of the strain FS10 were tested for their ability to remove ZEN. The results indicated that strain FS10 could remove 89.56% of ZEN from potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. Mycelium and culture filtrate decreased the ZEN content by 43.10% and 68.16%, respectively. The contaminated corn steep liquor initially contained ZEN 29 μg/ml, 60.01% of which could be removed by strain FS10. To demonstrate the loss of toxicity in vivo, the culture filtrate incubated with the contaminated corn steep liquor for 48 h was administered to rats. The results indicated that the contaminated corn steep liquor severely damaged liver and kidney tissue. Rats administered with contaminated corn steep liquor treated with the strain FS10 culture filtrate showed significantly less severe liver and kidney damage, and organ index values were comparable to the non-ZEN-exposed control (p<0.05). Our study suggests an effective approach to reduce the hazards of ZEN in corn steep liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Xingxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kathy siyu Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Food Science, Shaanxi University of Science Technology, Xian 710021, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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22
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Goyary D, Chattopadhyay P, Giri S, Aher V, Upadhyay A, Veer V. Ochratoxin A induces cytotoxicity, DNA damage and apoptosis in rat hepatocyte primary cell culture at nanomolar concentration. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillum, is widely found as a contaminant of food. OTA exhibits a wide range of toxic activities, including nephro- and hepatotoxicity. Although the mechanisms of its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity have been studied before, many controversial results have been published. In addition, the studies were mostly conducted with kidney cells. Therefore, the present study used a primary culture of Wistar rat hepatocytes incubated with increasing concentrations of OTA (2.0-6.0 nanomolar). OTA treatment showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Further, flow cytometric analysis of hepatocytes showed dose-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that OTA-induced hepatotoxicity is, may be partly, mediated by apoptosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene, a potent pro-angiogenic in hepatocellular carcinoma and responsible for hepatocyte regeneration, did not show any change with OTA treatment, as analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Thus, the present data indicated OTA-induced rat hepatotoxicity in vitro at nanomolar concentration, which inferred a major possible target other than kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - P. Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - S. Giri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Science, Ashram more, G.T. Road, Asansol 713 301, West Bengal, India
| | - V. Aher
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - A. Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - V. Veer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
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23
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Ramyaa P, krishnaswamy R, Padma VV. Quercetin modulates OTA-induced oxidative stress and redox signalling in HepG2 cells — up regulation of Nrf2 expression and down regulation of NF-κB and COX-2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:681-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Sorrenti V, Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R, Barbagallo I, Bognanno M, Galvano F. Toxicity of ochratoxin a and its modulation by antioxidants: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1742-66. [PMID: 24152986 PMCID: PMC3813909 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin involved in the development of different types of cancers in rats, mice and humans. A growing number of in vitro and in vivo studies has been collected and has described evidence compatible with a role for oxidative stress in OTA toxicity and carcinogenicity. Because the contribution of the oxidative stress response in the development of cancers is well established, a role in OTA carcinogenicity is plausible. Several studies have been performed to try to counteract the adverse effects of oxygen radicals generated under OTA-exposure. A number of molecules with various antioxidant properties were tested, using in vivo or in vitro models. Protection against OTA-induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, as well as cytotoxicity were observed, further confirming the link between OTA toxicity and oxidative damage. These studies demonstrated that antioxidants are able to counteract the deleterious effects of chronic consumption or exposure to OTA and confirmed the potential effectiveness of dietary strategies to counteract OTA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Matteo Bognanno
- Agriculture Department, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria89122, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
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25
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The carotenoid lycopene protects rats against DNA damage induced by Ochratoxin A. Toxicon 2013; 73:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Matsuda Y, Wakai T, Kubota M, Osawa M, Sanpei A, Fujimaki S. Mycotoxins are conventional and novel risk biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2587-2590. [PMID: 23674865 PMCID: PMC3645376 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant disease with poor prognosis. To improve the clinical outcome, early diagnosis of HCC arising from nonviral agents and hepatitis virus is important. Among several etiological factors, mycotoxins defined as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) might be one of the critical risk factors for nonviral HCC. Aflatoxin B1 is the most well-known carcinogenic mycotoxin for HCC, but the role of the other types of mycotoxin remains unclear. Several studies have reported that a chromatographic separation technique based on high-performance liquid chromatography can successfully detect the concentration of mycotoxins in plasma. Recently, serum level of ochratoxin A (OTA), a widely distributed mycotoxin classified as Group 2B by IARC, was evaluated in HCC patients in Egypt. The results suggested that serum OTA levels might be a good biomarker for HCC. In this article, we review recent studies of OTA, and discuss its possible significance as a biomarker of HCC.
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27
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28
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Zhang T, Jiang S, He C, Kimura Y, Yamashita Y, Ashida H. Black soybean seed coat polyphenols prevent B(a)P-induced DNA damage through modulating drug-metabolizing enzymes in HepG2 cells and ICR mice. Mutat Res 2013; 752:34-41. [PMID: 23370448 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Black soybean seed coat is a rich source of polyphenols that have been reported to have various physiological functions. The present study investigated the potential protective effects of polyphenolic extracts from black soybean seed coat on DNA damage in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and ICR mice. The results from micronucleus (MN) assay revealed that black soybean seed coat extract (BE) at concentrations up to 25μg/mL was non-genotoxic. It is noteworthy that BE (at 4.85μg/mL) and its main components, procyanidins (PCs) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), at 10μM significantly reduced the genotoxic effect induced by benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P]. To obtain insights into the underlying mechanism, we investigated BE and its main components on drug-metabolizing enzyme expression. The results of this study demonstrate that BE and its main components, PCs and C3G, down-regulated B(a)P-induced cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) expression by inhibiting the transformation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Moreover, they increased expression of detoxifying defense enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) via increasing the binding of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 to antioxidant response elements. Collectively, we found that PCs and C3G, which are the main active compounds of BE, down-regulated CYP1A1 and up-regulated GST expression to protect B(a)P-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells and ICR mice effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Zhang
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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29
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Mally A. Ochratoxin a and mitotic disruption: mode of action analysis of renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:315-30. [PMID: 22403158 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin and food contaminant ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in rodents, but its mode of action (MoA) is still poorly defined. In 2006, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that there is a "lack of evidence for the existence of OTA-DNA adducts" and thus insufficient evidence to establish DNA reactivity as a MoA for tumor formation by OTA. In reviewing the available database on OTA toxicity, a MoA for renal carcinogenicity of OTA is developed that involves a combination of genetic instability and increased proliferative drive as consequences of OTA-mediated disruption of mitosis, whereby the organ- and site-specificity of tumor formation by OTA is determined by selective renal uptake of OTA into the proximal tubule epithelium. The proposed MoA is critically assessed with respect to concordance of dose-response of the suggested key events and tumor formation, their temporal association, consistency, and biological plausibility. Uncertainties, data gaps and needs for further research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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30
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Haighton LA, Lynch BS, Magnuson BA, Nestmann ER. A reassessment of risk associated with dietary intake of ochratoxin A based on a lifetime exposure model. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:147-68. [PMID: 22276591 PMCID: PMC3310481 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.636342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A (OTA), can occur from fungal growth on foods. OTA is considered a possible risk factor for adverse renal effects in humans based on renal tumors in male rats. For risk mitigation, Health Canada proposed maximum limits (MLs) for OTA based largely on a comparative risk assessment conducted by Health Canada (Kuiper-Goodman et al., 2010), in which analytical data of OTA in foods were used to determine the possible impact adopting MLs may have on OTA risks. The EU MLs were used for comparison and resultant risk was determined based on age-sex strata groups. These data were reevaluated here to determine comparative risk on a lifetime basis instead of age strata. Also, as there is scientific disagreement over the mechanism of OTA-induced renal tumors, mechanistic data were revisited. On a lifetime basis, risks associated with dietary exposure were found to be negligible, even without MLs, with dietary exposures to OTA three to four orders of magnitude below the pivotal animal LOAEL and the TD(05). Our review of the mechanistic data supported a threshold-based mechanism as the most plausible. In particular, OTA was negative in genotoxicity assays with the highest specificity and levels of DNA adducts were very low and not typical of genotoxic carcinogens. In conclusion, OTA exposures from Canadian foods do not present a significant cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Haighton
- Cantox Health Sciences International, An Intertek Company, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Ochratoxin A reduces aflatoxin B1 induced DNA damage detected by the comet assay in Hep G2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2883-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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A potential role of calcium in apoptosis and aberrant chromatin forms in porcine kidney PK15 cells induced by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:97-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Comparative analysis of micronuclei and DNA damage induced by Ochratoxin A in two mammalian cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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34
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Marin-Kuan M, Ehrlich V, Delatour T, Cavin C, Schilter B. Evidence for a role of oxidative stress in the carcinogenicity of ochratoxin a. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:645361. [PMID: 21776264 PMCID: PMC3135259 DOI: 10.1155/2011/645361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo evidence compatible with a role for oxidative stress in OTA carcinogenicity has been collected and described. Several potential oxido-reduction mechanisms have been identified in the past. More recently, the possibility of a reduction of cellular antioxidant defense has been raised as an indirect source of oxidative stress. Consequences resulting from the production of oxidative stress are observed at different levels. First, OTA exposure has been associated with increased levels of oxidative DNA, lipid, and protein damage. Second, various biological processes known to be mobilized under oxidative stress were shown to be altered by OTA. These effects have been observed in both in vitro and in vivo test systems. In vivo, active doses were often within doses documented to induce renal tumors in rats. In conclusion, the evidence for the induction of an oxidative stress response resulting from OTA exposure can be considered strong. Because the contribution of the oxidative stress response in the development of cancers is well established, a role in OTA carcinogenicity is plausible. Altogether, the data reviewed above support the application of a threshold-based approach to establish safe level of dietary human exposure to OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Marin-Kuan
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - V. Ehrlich
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - T. Delatour
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - C. Cavin
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - B. Schilter
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Lerda D, Biagi Bistoni M, Pelliccioni P, Litterio N. Allium cepa as a biomonitor of ochratoxin A toxicity and genotoxicity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:685-688. [PMID: 20636912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillum moulds. Since OTA has not yet been evaluated in plant systems, this paper focused on describing the controversial effect OTA in an Allium root test model, which has known sensitivity to genotoxins and could be useful in toxin screening. Analyses of root growth and the root meristematic zone in response to OTA treatment were undertaken. The results show OTA toxicity to root growth at a concentration of 10 ug.ml(-1) associated with inhibition of proliferation activity. Cytological changes observed in the Allium chromosome aberrations assay, at a concentration of 5.0 ug.ml(-1), showed that OTA was able to induce genotoxicity at the chromosome level. These results indicate that plants cells (Allium cepa) are very sensitive to the mycotoxin OTA, as observed at the highest concentration. Under these conditions, OTA produced toxicity and cytogenetic injury. Evidence in vitro and in vivo indicates that OTA can induce damage at the DNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lerda
- Genetic Laboratory, School of Medicine, Cordoba Catholic University, Córdoba, Argentina.
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36
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Klarić MS, Darabos D, Rozgaj R, Kasuba V, Pepeljnjak S. Beauvericin and ochratoxin A genotoxicity evaluated using the alkaline comet assay: single and combined genotoxic action. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:641-50. [PMID: 20352195 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the genotoxic potential of single beauvericin (BEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as their interaction in porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cells and human leukocytes using the alkaline comet assay. IC(50) of BEA (5.0 +/- 0.6) and OTA (15.8 +/- 1.5) estimated by MTT reduction assay shows that BEA is three times more toxic than OTA. BEA (0.1 and 0.5 microM) and OTA (1 and 5 microM) were applied alone or in combination of these concentrations for 1 and 24 h in PK15 cells and human leukocytes. Genotoxicity of these toxins to PK15 cells was time- and concentration dependent. After 1 h, significant increase in tail length, tail intensity, tail moment, and abnormal sized tails (AST) was noted upon exposure to 1 muM of OTA alone and BEA + OTA combinations. Single BEA (0.5 microM) and OTA (1 and 5 microM) and their combinations evoked significant DNA damage in PK15 cells, considering all comet tail parameters measured after 24 h of treatment. Human leukocytes were slightly concentration but not time dependent. After 1 h of exposure, there were no significant changes in the tail length. Tail intensity, tail moment, and/or incidence of AST were significantly higher in cells treated with single OTA or BEA and their combinations than in control cells. DNA damage in leukocytes was significantly higher after 24 h of exposure to single toxins and their combinations, considering all comet tail parameters, but these changes were less pronounced than in PK15 cells. Combined toxins showed additive and synergistic effects in PK15 cells, while only additive effects were observed in human leukocytes. Combined prolonged exposure to BEA and OTA in subcytotoxic concentrations through food consumption could induce DNA damage contributing to the carcinogenicity in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Segvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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37
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Barcelos GRM, Angeli JPF, Serpeloni JM, Rocha BA, Mantovani MS, Antunes LMG. Effect of annatto on micronuclei induction by direct and indirect mutagens in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:808-814. [PMID: 19402158 DOI: 10.1002/em.20494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Annatto (AN), a natural food colorant rich in carotenoids, has been reported as being an effective antioxidant, but little is known about its potential chemopreventive properties. In this study, we evaluated the ability of AN to protect human hepatoma cells (HepG2) from micronucleus (MN) induction against three different mutagens: benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), doxorubicin (DXR), and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). In an attempt to clarify the possible mechanism of antimutagenicity of AN, three protocols of treatment were applied (pretreatment; simultaneous treatment, and post-treatment with AN following treatment with the mutagens). Also, cells exposed only to AN were assayed for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. A dosage up to 10 microg/ml of AN was devoid of mutagenic activity. Protective effects were seen on micronuclei induced by B(a)P and DXR using pre and simultaneous treatment, but AN had no significant effect on MN induction by MMS in any of the protocols. Our results also show that exposure of cells to concentrations of AN higher than 10 microg/ml decreased cell viability. Taken together, our findings indicate that AN presents antimutagenic activity in vitro, but its protective effect is dependent on the mutagen and on type of treatment suggesting its potential use as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Bromatológicas e Toxicológicas de Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Av. do Café, s/n., Campus Universitário da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.
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38
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Espejo FJ, Armada S. Effect of activated carbon on ochratoxin A reduction in “Pedro Ximenez” sweet wine made from off-vine dried grapes. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Bento J, Pena A, Lino C, Pereira J. Determination of ochratoxin A content in wheat bread samples collected from the Algarve and Bragança regions, Portugal: Winter 2007. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Adler M, Müller K, Rached E, Dekant W, Mally A. Modulation of key regulators of mitosis linked to chromosomal instability is an early event in ochratoxin A carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:711-9. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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41
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Mally A, Dekant W. Mycotoxins and the kidney: Modes of action for renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A in rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 53:467-78. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Magnoli C, Astoreca A, Ponsone M, Barberis C, Fernández-Juri M, Dalcero A. Ochratoxin- and aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with green and roasted coffee samples consumed in Argentina. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to identify the Aspergillus sections Nigri and Flavi, and to evaluate the natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxins in green and roasted coffee bean samples. The capacity to produce these toxins by Aspergillus species was also studied. Fifty samples of Colombian coffee beans (25 green and 25 roasted) were obtained from a processor plant located in the south of Córdoba province (Argentina). OTA and aflatoxin analysis were performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). OTA production by strains belonging to Aspergillus niger aggregate were cultivated using YES medium and detected by HPLC. Aflatoxin production was tested in strains belonging to section Flavi on malt extract agar and was detected by thin liquid chromatography (TLC). From green coffee samples, the predominant species isolated belonged to A. niger aggregate, 60 and 55%, in dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (DRBC) and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) respectively. While A. flavus strains were isolated in 14% from DRBC and A. parasiticus strains in 12% and 28% in DRBC and DG18, respectively. From roasted coffee samples, A. flavus was the most predominant fungi, isolated in similar percentages from both media (28%); followed by A. niger aggregate isolated in 28 and 14% in DRBC and DG18, respectively. In green and roasted coffee samples mean colony counts ranged from 2×103 to 3.5×104 colony forming units per gram of sample (cfu/g). OTA and aflatoxins were not detected in any sample analyses (<1 and 0.5 ng/g for OTA and aflatoxins, respectively). Twenty-five percent of black Aspergillus strains were OTA producers. The total of A. flavus strains assayed produced aflotoxin B1 (AFB1) and 80% of the A. parasiticus strains were AFB1 and aflotoxin G1 producers. The high percentage of A. flavus and A. parasiticus aflatoxin-producing strains suggest a potential risk for contamination in coffee with aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Magnoli
- Department of Microbioloy and Immunology, Faculty of Exact, Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba; Argentina
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - A. Astoreca
- Department of Microbioloy and Immunology, Faculty of Exact, Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba; Argentina
- Fellowship of CONICET
| | - M. Ponsone
- Department of Microbioloy and Immunology, Faculty of Exact, Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba; Argentina
- Fellowship of CONICET
| | - C. Barberis
- Department of Microbioloy and Immunology, Faculty of Exact, Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba; Argentina
- Fellowship of FONCyT
| | - M. Fernández-Juri
- Department of Microbioloy and Immunology, Faculty of Exact, Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba; Argentina
- Fellowship of CONICET
| | - A. Dalcero
- Department of Microbioloy and Immunology, Faculty of Exact, Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba; Argentina
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET
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Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) has been linked to the genesis of several disease states in both animals and humans. It has been described as nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunotoxic, and hepatotoxic in laboratory and domestic animals, as well as being thought to be the probable causal agent in the development of nephropathies (Balkan Endemic Nephropathy, BEN and Chronic Interstitial Nephropathy, CIN) and urothelial tumors in humans. As a result, several international agencies are currently attempting to define safe legal limits for OTA concentration in foodstuffs (e.g., grain, meat, wine, and coffee), in processed foods, and in animal fodder. In order to achieve this goal, an accurate risk assessment of OTA toxicity including mechanistic and epidemiological studies must be carried out. Ochratoxin has been suggested by various researchers to mediate its toxic effects via induction of apoptosis, disruption of mitochondrial respiration and/or the cytoskeleton, or, indeed, via the generation of DNA adducts. Thus, it is still unclear if the predominant mechanism is of a genotoxic or an epigenetic nature. One aspect that is clear, however, is that the toxicity of OTA is subject to and characterized by large species- and sex-specific differences, as well as an apparently strict structure-activity relationship. These considerations could be crucial in the investigation of OTA-mediated toxicity. Furthermore, the use of appropriate in vivo and in vitro model systems appears to be vital in the generation of relevant experimental data. The intention of this review is to collate and discuss the currently available data on OTA-mediated toxicity with particular focus on their relevance for the in vivo situation, and also to suggest possible future strategies for unlocking the secrets of ochratoxin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn O'Brien
- Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, Abdel-Azim SH, El-Nekeety AA. Inula crithmoides extract protects against ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress, clastogenic and mutagenic alterations in male rats. Toxicon 2008; 52:566-73. [PMID: 18694774 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin often found in cereals and agricultural products. There is unequivocal evidence of renal carcinogenicity of OTA in male rats, although the mechanism of action is unknown. Several reports suggest that exposure to OTA resulted in oxidative stress, genotoxicity and DNA damage. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous extract of Inula crithmoides growing in Egypt against OTA-induced mutagenicity and oxidative stress. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and treated for 15 days as follows: control group and the groups treated with OTA (3 mg/kg b.w), I. crithmoides extract alone (370 mg/kg b.w) and OTA+I. crithmoides extract. Blood and tissue samples were collected for different biochemical analyses. Bone marrow micronucleus test and blood for random amplified polymorphism DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) method were performed to assess the antigenotoxic effect of the extract. The results indicated that OTA induced toxicological effects typical to those reported in the literature and increased the frequencies of MnPCEs in bone marrow. The RAPD-PCR analysis revealed the appearance of new bands in DNA resulting from genetic alteration. The extract alone was safe and succeeded in counteracting the oxidative stress and protect against the cytotoxicity resulting from OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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45
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Mosesso P, Cinelli S, Bellacima R, Pepe G. In Vitro Cytogenetic Results Supporting a DNA Nonreactive Mechanism for Ochratoxin A, Potentially Relevant for Its Carcinogenicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1235-43. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Odhav B, Adam JK, Bhoola KD. Modulating effects of fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A on leukocytes and messenger cytokines of the human immune system. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:799-809. [PMID: 18442783 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Odhav
- Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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47
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Detoxification of patulin and ochratoxin A, two abundant mycotoxins, by lactic acid bacteria. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1398-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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KONISHI Y, SUGIYAMA KI. The Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins and Its International Trends. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2008; 49:1-10. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.49.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko KONISHI
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Palma N, Cinelli S, Sapora O, Wilson SH, Dogliotti E. Ochratoxin A-induced mutagenesis in mammalian cells is consistent with the production of oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1031-7. [PMID: 17567156 PMCID: PMC2367102 DOI: 10.1021/tx700027j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin in food and a powerful nephrocarcinogen in rats. The mutagenicity of OTA has been extensively investigated but with conflicting results, thus leaving open the mechanistic question for OTA carcinogenicity. Here, we examined the mutagenicity of OTA by using well-standardized mutation assays such as the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) assay in Chinese hamster V79 cells and the thymidine kinase assay in mouse lymphoma LY5178 cells. OTA-induced HPRT mutations were characterized at the molecular level. In V79 cells, OTA produced a dose- and time-related decrease in cell number as a consequence of the transitory cytostatic effect mediated by G2/M cell cycle arrest. In both mutation assays, OTA was weakly mutagenic and this effect was independent of biotransformation. OTA-induced mutations were characterized by point mutations (48%) and a lack of a detectable reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction product (52%). The pattern of OTA-induced point mutations was similar to that of spontaneous mutants, suggesting that OTA induced an increase of the endogenous oxidative metabolism but not covalent DNA adducts. Our data support a model where OTA is mutagenic via oxidative DNA damage induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Palma
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Induction of micronuclei by ochratoxin A is a sensitive parameter of its genotoxicity in cultured cells. Mycotoxin Res 2007; 23:101-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02946034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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