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Lorenzo-Parodi N, Moebus S, Schmidt TC. Analysis of aromatic amines in human urine using comprehensive multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCxGC-MS). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 257:114343. [PMID: 38422601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Several aromatic amines (AA) are classified as human carcinogens, and tobacco smoke is one of the main sources of exposure. Once in the human body, they undergo different metabolic pathways which lead to either their excretion or ultimately to the formation of DNA and protein adducts. The aim of this study was to investigate AA in 68 urine samples (aged 29-79, 47% female), including 10 smokers (S), 28 past-smokers (PS) and 30 never-smokers (NS), and to study if there was a relation between the smoking status and the amount of the AA present. GCxGC-MS was used to analyze AA in complex urine samples due to its high peak capacity and the fact that it provides two sets of retention times and structural information, which facilitates the separation and identification of the target analytes. First, a qualitative comparison of an example set of a NS, PS and S sample was carried out, in which 38, 45 and 46 AA, respectively, could be tentatively identified. Afterwards, seven AA were successfully quantified in the samples. Of these, 4-ethylaniline (4EA, p = 0.015), 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (2,4,6TMA, p = 0.030), 2-naphthylamine (2NA, p = 0.014) and the sum of 2,4- and 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA, p = 0.017) were found in significantly different (α = 0.05) concentrations for the S, 29 ± 14, 87 ± 49, 41 ± 26, and 105 ± 57 ng/L respectively, compared to the NS, 15 ± 6, 42 ± 30, 16 ± 6, and 48 ± 28 ng/L. And 2,4,6TMA (39 ± 26, p = 0.022), 2NA (18 ± 9, p = 0.025) and DMA (53 ± 46, p = 0.030), were also found at significantly higher concentrations in samples from S when compared to PS. However, some samples had AA concentrations outside the calibration curve and could not be taken into account, especially for 2-methylaniline (2MA). Therefore, all the samples were evaluated using a quantitative screening approach, by which the intensities of 4EA (p = 0.019), 2,4,6TMA (p = 0.048), 2NA (p = 0.016), DMA (p = 0.019) and 2MA (p = 0.006) in S were found to be significantly (α = 0.05) higher than in the NS, and 2MA (p = 0.019) and 4EA (p = 0.023) in S were found to be significantly higher than in the PS. An association between the smoking status and the amount of certain AA present could therefore be found. This information could be used to study the relation between the smoking status, the amount of AA present, and smoking related diseases like bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Lorenzo-Parodi
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Urban Public Health, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Zweigerstrasse 37, 45130, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Seyler T, Mazumder S, Ahamed R, Zhu W, Blount BC, Apelberg BJ, Wang L. Tobacco Smoke Is a Major Source of Aromatic Amine Exposure in U.S. Adults: 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:OF1-OF9. [PMID: 37195136 PMCID: PMC10654254 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking increases the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and premature death. Aromatic amines (AA) are found in cigarette smoke and are well-established human bladder carcinogens. METHODS We measured and compared total urinary levels of 1-aminonaphthalene (1AMN), 2-aminonaphthalene (2AMN), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4ABP) in adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively and in adult nonusers of tobacco products from a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized U.S. population in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESULTS Sample-weighted geometric mean concentrations of AAs in adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively compared with adult nonusers were 30 times higher for 1AMN and 4 to 6 times higher for 2AMN and 4ABP. We evaluated the association of tobacco-smoke exposure with urinary AAs using sample-weighted multiple linear regression models to control for age, sex, race/ethnicity, diet, and urinary creatinine. Secondhand smoke exposure status was categorized using serum cotinine (SCOT) among adult nonusers (SCOT ≤ 10 ng/mL). The exposure for adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively (SCOT > 10 ng/mL) was categorized on the basis of the average number of self-reported cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in the five days prior to urine collection. The regression models show AAs concentration increased with increasing CPD (P < 0.001). Dietary-intake variables derived from the 24-hours recall questionnaire were not consistently significant predictors of urinary AAs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first characterized total urinary AA concentrations of the U.S. adult non-institutionalized population. Our analyses show that smoking status is a major contributor to AA exposures. IMPACT These data provide a crucial baseline for exposure to three AAs in U.S. non-institutionalized adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Seyler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shrila Mazumder
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rayaj Ahamed
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin J Apelberg
- Center of Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š. New Aminobiphenylcysteine Derivatives in Globin and Urine of Rats Dosed with 4-Aminobiphenyl, a Tobacco Smoke Carcinogen. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:430-437. [PMID: 36861465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The 4-biphenylnitrenium ion (BPN), a reactive metabolic intermediate of the tobacco smoke carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), can react with nucleophilic sulfanyl groups in glutathione (GSH) as well as in proteins. The main site of attack of these S-nucleophiles was predicted using simple orientational rules of aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Thereafter, a series of presumptive 4-ABP metabolites and adducts with cysteine were synthesized, namely, S-(4-amino-3-biphenyl)cysteine (ABPC), N-acetyl-S-(4-amino-3-biphenyl)cysteine (4-amino-3-biphenylmercapturic acid, ABPMA), S-(4-acetamido-3-biphenyl)cysteine (AcABPC), and N-acetyl-S-(4-acetamido-3-biphenyl)cysteine (4-acetamido-3-biphenylmercapturic acid, AcABPMA). Then, globin and urine of rats dosed with a single ip dose of 4-ABP (27 mg/kg b.w.) was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS2. ABPC was identified in acid-hydrolyzed globin at levels of 3.52 ± 0.50, 2.74 ± 0.51, and 1.25 ± 0.12 nmol/g globin (mean ± S.D.; n = 6) on days 1, 3, and 8 after dosing, respectively. In the urine collected on day 1 (0-24 h) after dosing, excretion of ABPMA, AcABPMA, and AcABPC amounted to 1.97 ± 0.88, 3.09 ± 0.75, and 3.69 ± 1.49 nmol/kg b.w. (mean ± S.D.; n = 6), respectively. On day 2, excretion of the metabolites decreased by one order of magnitude followed by a slower decrease on day 8. Regarding the possible formation of AcABPC from ABPC, N-acetylation of the amino group at the biphenyl moiety prior to that at cysteine appears to be very unlikely. Thus, the structure of AcABPC indicates the involvement of N-acetyl-4-biphenylnitrenium ion (AcBPN) and/or its reactive ester precursors in in vivo reactions with GSH and protein-bound cysteine. ABPC in globin might become an alternative biomarker of the dose of toxicologically relevant metabolic intermediates of 4-ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Mazumder S, Ahamed RA, Seyler TH, Wang L. Short- and Long-Term Stability of Aromatic Amines in Human Urine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054135. [PMID: 36901145 PMCID: PMC10002391 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Several aromatic amines (AAs) are established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic (group 1) or probable/possible carcinogens to humans (group 2A/2B). AAs can be found in mainstream and sidestream smoke from combustible tobacco products, as well as in certain environmental pollution and occupational exposure from several chemical industry sectors. Exposure to AAs can be estimated by measuring their concentrations in urine; however, information about the short-term and long-term stabilities of AAs in urine need to be characterized before conducting large-scale population studies on AA exposure and the potentially harmful effects of AA exposure. In this report, the storage stability of o-toluidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, o-anisidine, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 4-aminobiphenyl fortified in pooled, filtered, non-smokers' urine is analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ID GC-MS/MS). The six AAs were measured in urine samples stored at ~20 °C (collection temperature), 4 °C and 10 °C (short-term transit temperatures), and -20 °C and -70 °C (long-term storage temperatures) over a 10-day period. All six analytes were stable for 10 days at transit and long-term storage temperatures but showed reduced recovery at 20 °C. The instability of the target AAs at 20 °C suggests that immediate storage of freshly voided urine at low temperatures is needed to attenuate degradation. A subset of the urine samples was analyzed following a longer storage duration at -70 °C: all AAs were stable for up to 14 months at this temperature. The stability of the six AAs in urine samples can be maintained at the various temperature levels and storage times expected in a typical study set.
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Kim SY, Shin HW, Kim GH, Kim YY, Kang MJ, Shin HS. Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Analytical Method of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) for Deep-Fat Fried Pork Products in Korea. Foods 2022; 11:1618. [PMID: 35681367 PMCID: PMC9180342 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced during incomplete combustion of organic matter. Many of them are likely to be carcinogenic and cause mutations. In this study, the PAH4 (benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF)) content in deep-fat fried pork was evaluated according to temperature and time, and a risk assessment was conducted. The high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method for PAH4 analysis was validated by determining linearity (R2), recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The linearity was R2 ≥ 0.99. The PAH4 level was dependent on the temperature, time, and nature of the edible oil. Before heat treatment, the PAH4 content of pork was 0.38 μg/kg. The PAH4 content of deep-fat fried pork ranged from 0.86 to 6.86 μg/kg according to temperature (160, 180, 200 °C) and time (3, 6, 9 min). Exposure to PAH4 via the consumption of deep-fat fried pork for different age groups among the Korean population was 0.01-0.89 μg-TEQBaP/kg/day, with the margin of exposure calculated as 7.88 × 104-5.22 × 106. The PAH4 content and risk of exposure increased proportionally with the heat treatment temperature and time. The survey provided important information in terms of evaluating the health risks that PAH compounds can cause in people's diets due to the heat treatment of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (H.W.S.); (G.H.K.); (Y.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
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Metabolic activation of 3-aminodibenzofuran mediated by P450 enzymes and sulfotransferases. Toxicol Lett 2022; 360:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lin HD, Tseng YK, Yuh CH, Chen SC. Low concentrations of 4-ABP promote liver carcinogenesis in human liver cells and a zebrafish model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126954. [PMID: 34474361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is a human bladder cancer carcinogen found in the manufacture of azo dyes and the composition of cigarette smoke in the environment. To determine whether low concentrations of 4-ABP induced or promote liver carcinogenesis and investigate the underlying mechanism, we have established the liver cell carcinogenesis model in human liver cell lines and zebrafish to evaluate liver cancer development associated with long-term exposure to low concentrations of 4-ABP. Results show that repeated 4-ABP exposure promoted cellular proliferation and migration via the involvement of ROS in Ras/MEK/ERK pathway in vitro. Also, 4-ABP (1, 10, and 100 nM) induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation in HBx, Src (p53-/-) transgenic zebrafish at four months of age and in wild-type zebrafish at seven months of age. In addition, we observed a correlation between the Ras-ERK pathway and 4-ABP-induced HCC in vitro and in vivo. Our finding suggests low concentrations of 4-ABP repeated exposure is a potential risk factor for liver cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the promotion of liver carcinogenesis in human liver cells and zebrafish following 4-ABP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Dao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Statistics, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science & Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Chen PW, Kuo TC, Liu ZS, Lu HF. Assessment of the mutagenicity of two common indoor air pollutants, formaldehyde and toluene. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1353-1363. [PMID: 33818839 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, direct-reading instruments have been used to directly determine the concentrations of indoor air pollutants that may exceed the regulation limits. However, these instruments cannot directly assess the potential health hazards of these pollutants to humans. In this study, we developed and improved a bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) by using a direct gas exposure module to directly determine the mutagenicity of indoor air quality using five tester bacterial strains (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537). Thereafter, the module was used to evaluate the effects of exposure time, different concentrations of HCHO or toluene, and mutagenic activities. We found that TA100 was the most sensitive strain and was reverted by relatively lower concentrations of 0.035 ppm HCHO. Furthermore, 50 ppm of toluene exposures caused a significant increase in the number of revertant colonies of TA100 without S9 activation at the 1.5-8-h exposure time intervals. Our findings provide new evidence that gaseous HCHO exposure could display weak but direct, time-dependent, and dose-dependent mutagenic activities. The weak, direct-acting, indirect-acting, and time-dependent mutagen of 50 ppm toluene was also confirmed. Moreover, our improved Ames module and the exposure conditions provided in this study can be further applied to evaluate the mutagenicity of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chen Kuo
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Shu Liu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Fu Lu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š, Tvrdíková M, Vachová H. Novel aminoarylcysteine adducts in globin of rats dosed with naphthylamine and nitronaphthalene isomers. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:79-89. [PMID: 33156369 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel aminonaphthylcysteine (ANC) adducts, formed via naphthylnitrenium ions and/or their metabolic precursors in the biotransformation of naphthylamines (NA) and nitronaphthalenes (NN), were identified and quantified in globin of rats dosed intraperitoneally with 0.16 mmol/kg b.w. of 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN. Using HPLC-ESI-MS2 analysis of the globin hydrolysates, S-(1-amino-2-naphthyl)cysteine (1A2NC) together with S-(4-amino-1-naphthyl)cysteine (4A1NC) were found in rats given 1-NA or 1-NN, and S-(2-amino-1-naphthyl)cysteine (2A1NC) in those given 2-NA or 2-NN. The highest level of ANC was produced by the most mutagenic and carcinogenic isomer 2-NA (35.8 ± 5.4 nmol/g globin). The ratio of ANC adduct levels for 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN was 1:2:100:3, respectively. Notably, the ratio of 1A2NC:4A1NC in globin of rats dosed with 1-NA and 1-NN differed significantly (2:98 versus 16:84 respectively), indicating differences in mechanism of the adduct formation. Moreover, aminonaphthylmercapturic acids, formed via conjugation of naphthylnitrenium ions and/or their metabolic precursors with glutathione, were identified in the rat urine. Their amounts excreted after dosing rats with 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN were in the ratio 1:100:40:2, respectively. For all four compounds tested, haemoglobin binding index for ANC was several-fold higher than that for the sulphinamide adducts, generated via nitrosoarene metabolites. Due to involvement of electrophilic intermediates in their formation, ANC adducts in globin may become toxicologically more relevant biomarkers of cumulative exposure to carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic arylamines and nitroarenes than the currently used sulphinamide adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Tvrdíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vachová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma (UCC) develops in both humans and dogs and tracks to regions of high industrial activity. We hypothesize that dogs with UCC may act as sentinels for human urothelial carcinogen exposures. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether healthy people and dogs in the same households share urinary exposures to potentially mutagenic chemical carcinogens. Methods: We measured urinary concentrations of acrolein (as its metabolite 3-HPMA), arsenic species, 4-aminobiphenyl, and 4-chlorophenol (a metabolite of the phenoxyherbicide 2,4-D) in healthy dogs and their owners. We assessed possible chemical sources through questionnaires and screened for urothelial DNA damage using the micronucleus assay. Results: Biomarkers of urinary exposure to acrolein, arsenic, and 4-chlorophenol were found in the urine of 42 pet dogs and 42 owners, with 4-aminobiphenyl detected sporadically. Creatinine-adjusted urinary chemical concentrations were significantly higher, by 2.8- to 6.2-fold, in dogs compared to humans. Correlations were found for 3-HPMA (r = 0.32, P = 0.04) and monomethylarsonic acid (r = 0.37, P = 0.02) between people and their dogs. Voided urothelial cell yields were inadequate to quantify DNA damage, and questionnaires did not reveal significant associations with urinary chemical concentrations. Conclusions: Healthy humans and pet dogs have shared urinary exposures to known mutagenic chemicals, with significantly higher levels in dogs. Higher urinary exposures to acrolein and arsenic in dogs correlate to higher exposures in their owners. Follow-up studies will assess the mutagenic potential of these levels in vitro and measure these biomarkers in owners of dogs with UCC.
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Habibagahi A, Alderman N, Kubwabo C. A review of the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco and vaping products. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4276-4302. [PMID: 32853303 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of exposure to different chemicals from both combustible cigarettes and vaping products is important in providing information on the potential health risks of these products. To assess the exposure to tobacco products, biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) are measured in a variety of biological matrices. In this review paper, current knowledge on analytical methods applied to the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products is discussed. Numerous sample preparation techniques are available for the extraction and sample clean up for the analysis of BOEs to tobacco and nicotine delivery products. Many tobacco products-related exposure biomarkers have been analyzed using different instrumental techniques, the most common techniques being gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). To assess exposure to emerging tobacco products and study exposure in dual tobacco users, the list of biomarkers analyzed in urine samples has been expanded. Therefore, the current state of the literature can be used in preparing a preferred list of biomarkers based on the aim of each study. The information summarized in this review is expected to be a handy tool for researchers involved in studying exposures to tobacco products, as well as in risk assessment of biomarkers of exposure to vaping products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Habibagahi
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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12
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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor acids and bases. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:559-644. [PMID: 32233033 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous acids and bases influence indoor air quality. The most abundant of these species are CO2 (acidic) and NH3 (basic), both emitted by building occupants. Other prominent inorganic acids are HNO3 , HONO, SO2 , H2 SO4 , HCl, and HOCl. Prominent organic acids include formic, acetic, and lactic; nicotine is a noteworthy organic base. Sources of N-, S-, and Cl-containing acids can include ventilation from outdoors, indoor combustion, consumer product use, and chemical reactions. Organic acids are commonly more abundant indoors than outdoors, with indoor sources including occupants, wood, and cooking. Beyond NH3 and nicotine, other noteworthy bases include inorganic and organic amines. Acids and bases partition indoors among the gas-phase, airborne particles, bulk water, and surfaces; relevant thermodynamic parameters governing the partitioning are the acid-dissociation constant (Ka ), Henry's law constant (KH ), and the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa ). Condensed-phase water strongly influences the fate of indoor acids and bases and is also a medium for chemical interactions. Indoor surfaces can be large reservoirs of acids and bases. This extensive review of the state of knowledge establishes a foundation for future inquiry to better understand how acids and bases influence the suitability of indoor environments for occupants, cultural artifacts, and sensitive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Lin HD, Wang FZ, Lee CY, Nien CY, Tseng YK, Yao CL, Chen SC. 4-Aminobiphenyl inhibits the DNA homologous recombination repair in human liver cells: The role of miR-630 in downregulating RAD18 and MCM8. Toxicology 2020; 440:152441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Nilsson R, Tong J. Opinion on reconsideration of lung cancer risk from domestic radon exposure. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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15
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Hernandez-Castillo C, Termini J, Shuck S. DNA Adducts as Biomarkers To Predict, Prevent, and Diagnose Disease-Application of Analytical Chemistry to Clinical Investigations. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:286-307. [PMID: 31638384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the chemistry, structure, formation, and metabolism of DNA adducts has been one of the most significant contributions to the field of chemical toxicology. This work provides the foundation to develop analytical methods to measure DNA adducts, define their relationship to disease, and establish clinical tests. Monitoring exposure to environmental and endogenous toxicants can predict, diagnose, and track disease as well as guide therapeutic treatment. DNA adducts are one of the most promising biomarkers of toxicant exposure owing to their stability, appearance in numerous biological matrices, and characteristic analytical properties. In addition, DNA adducts can induce mutations to drive disease onset and progression and can serve as surrogate markers of chemical exposure. In this perspective, we highlight significant advances made within the past decade regarding DNA adduct quantitation using mass spectrometry. We hope to expose a broader audience to this field and encourage analytical chemistry laboratories to explore how specific adducts may be related to various pathologies. One of the limiting factors in developing clinical tests to measure DNA adducts is cohort size; ideally, the cohort would allow for model development and then testing of the model to the remaining cohort. The goals of this perspective article are to (1) provide a summary of analyte levels measured using state-of-the-art analytical methods, (2) foster collaboration, and (3) highlight areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernandez-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - John Termini
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Sarah Shuck
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
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16
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Mazumder S, Ahamed RA, McGahee E, Wang L, Seyler TH. A New Automated Method for the Analysis of Aromatic Amines in Human Urine by GC-MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:25-35. [PMID: 30010885 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases as well as premature death. Aromatic amines (AAs) such as o-toluidine, 2-aminonaphthalene and 4-aminobiphenyl are found in cigarette smoke and are well-established human bladder carcinogens presumably acting via the formation of DNA adducts. These amines may be metabolized in the liver to acetylated or glucuronidated forms or oxidized to a hydroxylamine which may react with protein and DNA to form adducts. Free, acetylated and glucuronidated AAs are excreted in urine and can be measured as exposure biomarkers. Using isotope dilution GC-MS/MS, our laboratory quantifies six urinary AAs that are known or suspected carcinogens-o-toluidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, o-anisidine, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene and 4-aminobiphenyl-for large population studies such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We also monitor two additional corresponding structural isomers-2-aminobiphenyl and 3-aminobiphenyl-to verify isomer separation. A new and improved automated sample preparation method was developed to quantify these AAs, in which, sample cleanup was done via Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE+ ISOLUTE®) on a Hamilton STAR™ workstation. This automated method increased sample throughput by reducing sample cleanup time from 8 to 4 h while maintaining precision (intra and inter-run coefficient of variation <7%) and accuracy (±17%). Recent improvements in our GC/MS method have enhanced our assay sensitivity and specificity, resulting in longer analytical column life and maintaining or reducing the limit of detection for all six analytes. Indigo ASCENTTM software (3.7.1, Indigo BioAutomation, Inc.) is used for peak integration, calibration and quantification. A streamlined sample data flow was created in parallel with the automated method, in which samples can be tracked from receiving to final laboratory information management system output with minimal human intervention, minimizing potential human error. This newly validated, automated method and sample data flow are currently applied in biomonitoring of AAs in the US noninstitutionalized population NHANES 2013-2014 cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrila Mazumder
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Rayaj A Ahamed
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ernest McGahee
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany H Seyler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Wu J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Gao M, Liu L, Zhan X. Recycling of cooking oil fume condensate for the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa WB505. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:777-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Narayanankutty A, Anil A, Illam SP, Kandiyil SP, Raghavamenon AC. Non-polar lipid carbonyls of thermally oxidized coconut oil induce hepatotoxicity mediated by redox imbalance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 138:45-51. [PMID: 30392580 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thermal oxidation products of edible oils including aldehydes, peroxides and polymerized triglycerides formed during the cooking process are increasingly debated as contributory to chronic degenerative diseases. Depending on the oil used for cooking, the source of fatty acids and its oxidation products may vary and would have a differential influence on the physiological process. Coconut oil (CO) is a medium chain triglyceride-rich edible oil used in South India and other Asia Pacific countries for cooking purposes. The present study evaluated the biological effects of thermally oxidized coconut oil (TCO) as well as its non- polar hexane (TCOH) and polar methanol (TCO-M) sub-fractions in male Wistar rats. Results showed an increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and conjugated diene levels in TCO, which was extracted to TCOH fraction. The animals consumed TCO and its hexane and methanol fractions had a considerable increase in weight gain. However, serum and hepatic triglycerides were increased only in animals with TCO and TCOH administration. In these animals, the hepatic redox balance was disturbed, with a reduction in GSH and a concomitant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). Increased incidence of microvesicles in hepatic histological observations also supported this assumption. Together, the study shows that TCO consumption is unhealthy, where the nonpolar compounds generated during thermal oxidation may be involved in the toxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut)
| | - Anu Anil
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut); (2)Department of Zoology, Vimala College, Thrissur, Kerala
| | - Soorya Parathodi Illam
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut)
| | - Sruthi Panniyan Kandiyil
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut)
| | - Achuthan C Raghavamenon
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut).
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Gysel N, Dixit P, Schmitz DA, Engling G, Cho AK, Cocker DR, Karavalakis G. Chemical speciation, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxicity of particles emitted from meat cooking operations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1429-1436. [PMID: 29758895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the chemical properties and oxidative stress of particulate matter (PM) emissions from underfired charbroiled meat operations with and without the use of aftertreatment control technologies. Cooking emissions concentrations showed a strong dependence on the control technology utilized, with all emission rates showing decreases with the control technologies compared to the baseline testing. The organic acids profile was dominated by the saturated nonanoic, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, and the unsaturated oleic, elaidic, and palmitoleic acids. Cholesterol was also found in relatively high concentrations. Lower and medium-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the dominant species for all cooking experiments. Heavier PAHs were also detected in high concentrations, especially in the particle-phase. For the nitrated PAH emissions (nitro-PAHs), low molecular weight compounds dominated the cooking emissions. Under the present experimental conditions, the heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) showed very low concentrations, which suggests these species are rarely formed in meat cooking PM. The most efficient control technology for reducing the majority of the toxic pollutants was the electrostatic precipitator, which resulted in total emissions reductions on the order of 95%, 79%, 90%, 96%, 90%, and 94%, respectively, for particle-phase PAHs, gas-phase PAHs, particle-phase nitro-PAHs, gas-phase nitro-PAHs, particle-phase HAAs, and gas-phase HAAs compared to the baseline testing. Our experiment showed that cooking aerosol contained higher levels of prooxidants in the particle-phase and the corresponding vapors contained higher levels of electrophiles. Overall, the use of control technologies reduced the redox and electrophilic activities of cooking PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Gysel
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Poornima Dixit
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Debra A Schmitz
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology/Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Guenter Engling
- Desert Research Institute (DRI), 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Arthur K Cho
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology/Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David R Cocker
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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20
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Chen HC, Wu CF, Chong IW, Wu MT. Exposure to cooking oil fumes and chronic bronchitis in nonsmoking women aged 40 years and over: a health-care based study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:246. [PMID: 29439699 PMCID: PMC5812191 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the effect of exposure to cooking oil fumes (COFs) on the development of non-malignant respiratory diseases in nonsmoking women. This study investigated the relationship between exposure to COFs and chronic bronchitis in female Taiwanese non-smokers. Methods Searching the 1999 claims and registration records maintained by Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Program, we identified 1846 women aged 40 years or older diagnosed as having chronic bronchitis (ICD-9 code: 491) at least twice in 1999 as potential study cases and 4624 women who had no diagnosis of chronic bronchitis the same year as potential study controls. We visited randomly selected women from each group in their homes, interviewed to collect related data including cooking habits and kitchen characteristics, and them a spirometry to collect FEV1 and FVC data between 2000 and 2009. Results After the exclusion of thirty smokers, the women were classified those with chronic bronchitis (n = 53), probable chronic bronchitis (n = 285), and no pulmonary disease (n = 306) based on physician diagnosis and American Thoracic Society criteria. Women who had cooked ≥ 21 times per week between the ages of 20 and 40 years old had a 4.73-fold higher risk of chronic bronchitis than those cooking < 14 times per week (95% CI = 1.65–13.53). Perceived kitchen smokiness was significantly associated with decreased FEV1 (− 137 ml, p = 0.021) and FEV1/FVC ratio (− 7.67%, p = 0.008). Conclusions Exposure to COF may exacerbate the progression of chronic bronchitis in nonsmoking women. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5146-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Chi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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21
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Ganesan K, Sukalingam K, Xu B. Impact of consumption of repeatedly heated cooking oils on the incidence of various cancers- A critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:488-505. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1379470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kumeshini Sukalingam
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
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Nayman T, Bostan C, Logan P, Burnier MN. Uveal Melanoma Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1085-1093. [PMID: 28494168 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1297997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is currently no clinical risk-assessment tool allowing identification of patients at risk for developing uveal melanoma (UM) who might benefit from regular screening. As a first step toward the elaboration of such a tool, we systematically reviewed UM risk factors already established by meta-analysis. METHODS Two reviewers independently screened Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science from their respective inception dates until July 2016 using a combination of keywords and MeSH terms. Eligible studies were meta-analyses or systematic reviews providing pooled odds ratios (ORs) of risk factors for UM development or sufficient information to calculate them. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool. RESULTS Four meta-analyses with a mean methodological quality score of 65.9% (min: 54.5%; max: 72.7%) were included. The following significant risk factors were identified: atypical cutaneous nevi (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.10-7.26), welding (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.20-3.51), occupational cooking (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.33-2.46), fair skin color (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.31-2.47), light eye color (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.31-2.34), common cutaneous nevi (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.27-2.39), propensity to sunburn (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.29-2.09), iris nevi (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.03-2.27), and cutaneous freckles (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.49). Non-significant factors included outdoor leisure activity, occupational sunlight exposure, latitude of birth, and hair color. CONCLUSION Moderate quality of evidence determined nine significant risk factors for developing UM. Knowledge of these variables will assist researchers in the elaboration of a formal risk-assessment tool allowing clinicians to estimate susceptibility to the disease and necessity of regular screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Nayman
- a The Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Cristina Bostan
- a The Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,c Department of Ophthalmology , University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Patrick Logan
- a The Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Miguel N Burnier
- a The Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,d Department of Ophthalmology , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
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Klaene JJ, Flarakos C, Glick J, Barret JT, Zarbl H, Vouros P. Tracking matrix effects in the analysis of DNA adducts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:112-123. [PMID: 26607319 PMCID: PMC4789121 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS using electrospray ionization is currently the method of choice in bio-organic analysis covering a wide range of applications in a broad spectrum of biological media. The technique is noted for its high sensitivity but one major limitation that hinders achievement of its optimal sensitivity is the signal suppression due to matrix inferences introduced by the presence of co-extracted compounds during the sample preparation procedure. The analysis of DNA adducts of common environmental carcinogens is particularly sensitive to such matrix effects as sample preparation is a multistep process which involves "contamination" of the sample due to the addition of enzymes and other reagents for digestion of the DNA in order to isolate the analyte(s). This problem is further exacerbated by the need to reach low levels of quantitation (LOQ in the ppb level) while also working with limited (2-5 μg) quantities of sample. We report here on the systematic investigation of ion signal suppression contributed by each individual step involved in the sample preparation associated with the analysis of DNA adducts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) using as model analyte BaP-dG, the deoxyguanosine (dG) adduct of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The individual matrix contribution of each one of these sources to analyte signal was systematically addressed as were any interactive effects. The information was used to develop a validated analytical protocol for the target biomarker at levels typically encountered in vivo using as little as 2 μg of DNA and applied to a dose response study using a metabolically competent cell line.
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MESH Headings
- 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide/analogs & derivatives
- 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide/analysis
- Benzo(a)pyrene/analysis
- Benzo(a)pyrene/pharmacology
- Carcinogens, Environmental/analysis
- Carcinogens, Environmental/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatography, Liquid
- DNA Adducts/analysis
- DNA Adducts/pharmacology
- Deoxyguanosine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxyguanosine/analysis
- Humans
- Mass Spectrometry
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Klaene
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Flarakos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Glick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer T Barret
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Paul Vouros
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Yin ZH, Cui ZG, Ren YW, Su M, Ma R, He QC, Zhou BS. TP63 gene polymorphisms, cooking oil fume exposure and risk of lung adenocarcinoma in Chinese non-smoking females. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:6519-22. [PMID: 24377560 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms of TP63 have been suggested to influence susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma development in East Asian populations. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between common polymorphisms in the TP63 gene and the risk of lung adenocarcinoma, as well as interactions of the polymorphisms with environmental risk factors in Chinese non-smoking females. METHODS A case-control study of 260 cases and 318 controls was conducted. Data concerning demographic and risk factors were obtained for each subject. The genetic polymorphisms were determined by Taqman real-time PCR and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS For 10937405, carriers of the CT genotype or at least one T allele (CT/TT) had lower risks of lung adenocarcinoma compared with the homozygous wild CC genotype in Chinese nonsmoking females (adjusted ORs were 0.68 and 0.69, 95%CIs were 0.48-0.97 and 0.50-0.97, P values were 0.033 and 0.030, respectively). Allele comparison showed that the T allele of rs10937405 was associated with a decreased risk of lung adenocarcinoma with an OR of 0.78 (95%CI=0.60-1.01, P=0.059). Our results showed that exposure to cooking oil fumes was associated with increased risk of lung adenocarcinoma in Chinese nonsmoking females (adjusted OR=1.58, 95%CI=1.11-2.25, P=0.011). However, we did not observe a significant interaction of cooking oil fumes and TP63 polymorphisms. CONCLUSION TP63 polymorphism might be a genetic susceptibility factor for lung adenocarcinoma in Chinese non-smoking females, but no significant interaction was found with cooking oil fume exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China E-mail :
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Cooking oil fumes and lung cancer: a review of the literature in the context of the U.S. population. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 15:646-52. [PMID: 22678304 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that exposure to cooking oil fumes (COF) is linked to lung cancer. Existing literature on this risk was reviewed, specifically as it may relate to potentially at-risk populations such as Chinese immigrants and restaurant workers in the United States. Studies were identified by searching the NCBI database with key terms. All studies that examined the significance, prevalence, and/or mechanism(s) of the association between COF exposure and cancer (all types) were included. A majority of epidemiologic studies found associations between lung cancer and COF exposure. All studies that examined the mechanisms underlying the risk found evidence for mutagenic and/or carcinogenic compounds in COF extract and/or molecular mechanisms for COF-induced DNA damage or carcinogenesis. The evidence reviewed underscores the need to thoroughly investigate the association among at-risk groups in the United States, as well as to develop and assess concrete interventions to reduce these risks.
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Powell JB, Ghotbaddini M. Cancer-promoting and Inhibiting Effects of Dietary Compounds: Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3. [PMID: 25258701 PMCID: PMC4172379 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic aromatic amines and dioxin-like compounds are environmental carcinogens shown to initiate cancer in a number of tissue types including prostate and breast. These environmental carcinogens elicit their effects through interacting with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand activated transcription factor. Naturally occurring compounds found in fruits and vegetables shown to have anti-carcinogenic effects also interact with the AhR. This review explores dietary and environmental exposure to chemical carcinogens and beneficial natural compounds whose effects are elicited by the AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann B Powell
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Maryam Ghotbaddini
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA USA
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Ontanón I, Culleré L, Zapata J, Villanueva B, Ferreira V, Escudero A. Application of a new sampling device for determination of volatile compounds released during heating olive and sunflower oil: sensory evaluation of those identified compounds. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Maixnerová L, Barek J, Pecková K. Thin-Layer and Wall-Jet Arrangement of Amperometric Detector with Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode: Comparison of Amperometric Determination of Aminobiphenyls in HPLC-ED. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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Nauwelaers G, Bessette EE, Gu D, Tang Y, Rageul J, Fessard V, Yuan JM, Yu MC, Langouët S, Turesky RJ. DNA adduct formation of 4-aminobiphenyl and heterocyclic aromatic amines in human hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:913-25. [PMID: 21456541 DOI: 10.1021/tx200091y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA adduct formation of the aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), a known human carcinogen present in tobacco smoke, and the heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), potential human carcinogens, which are also present in tobacco smoke or formed during the high-temperature cooking of meats, was investigated in freshly cultured human hepatocytes. The carcinogens (10 μM) were incubated with hepatocytes derived from eight different donors for time periods up to 24 h. The DNA adducts were quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The principal DNA adducts formed for all of the carcinogens were N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts. The levels of adducts ranged from 3.4 to 140 adducts per 10(7) DNA bases. The highest level of adduct formation occurred with AαC, followed by 4-ABP, then by PhIP, MeIQx, and IQ. Human hepatocytes formed dG-C8-HAA-adducts at levels that were up to 100-fold greater than the amounts of adducts produced in rat hepatocytes. In contrast to HAA adducts, the levels of dG-C8-4-ABP adduct formation were similar in human and rat hepatocytes. These DNA binding data demonstrate that the rat, an animal model that is used for carcinogenesis bioassays, significantly underestimates the potential hepatic genotoxicity of HAAs in humans. The high level of DNA adducts formed by AαC, a carcinogen produced in tobacco smoke at levels that are up to 100-fold higher than the amounts of 4-ABP, is noteworthy. The possible causal role of AαC in tobacco-associated cancers warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Nauwelaers
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement Travail, EA4427 SeRAIC, Université Rennes 1, IFR 140, 2 Avenue du Pr L Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
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Genotoxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the dietary consumption of repeatedly heated coconut oil. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1343-52. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Repeated heating of vegetable oils at high temperatures during cooking is a very common cooking practice. Repeated heating of edible oils can generate a number of compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which have been reported to have carcinogenic potential. Consumption of these repeatedly heated oils can pose a serious health hazard. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption of repeatedly heated coconut oil (RCO), which is one of the commonly consumed cooking and frying medium. The PAH were analysed using HPLC in fresh CO, single-heated CO (SCO) and RCO. Results revealed the presence of certain PAH, known to possess carcinogenic potential, in RCO when compared with SCO. Oral intake of RCO in Wistar rats resulted in a significant induction of aberrant cells (P < 0·05) and micronuclei (P < 0·05) in a dose-dependent manner. Oxidative stress analysis showed a significant (P < 0·05) decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase with a concurrent increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in the liver. In addition, RCO given alone and along with diethylnitrosamine for 12 weeks induced altered hepatic foci as noticed by alteration in positive (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and negative (adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase) hepatospecific biomarkers. A significant decrease in the relative and absolute hepatic weight of RCO-supplemented rats was recorded (P < 0·05). In conclusion, dietary consumption of RCO can cause a genotoxic and preneoplastic change in the liver.
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Doll MA, Zang Y, Moeller T, Hein DW. Codominant expression of N-acetylation and O-acetylation activities catalyzed by N-acetyltransferase 2 in human hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:540-4. [PMID: 20430842 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.168567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human populations exhibit genetic polymorphism in N-acetylation capacity, catalyzed by N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). We investigated the relationship between NAT2 acetylator genotype and phenotype in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. NAT2 genotypes determined in 256 human samples were assigned as rapid (two rapid alleles), intermediate (one rapid and one slow allele), or slow (two slow alleles) acetylator phenotypes based on functional characterization of the NAT2 alleles reported previously in recombinant expression systems. A robust and significant relationship was observed between deduced NAT2 phenotype (rapid, intermediate, or slow) and N-acetyltransferase activity toward sulfamethazine (p < 0.0001) and 4-aminobiphenyl (p < 0.0001) and for O-acetyltransferase-catalyzed metabolic activation of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (p < 0.0001), N-hydroxy-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (p < 0.01), and N-hydroxy-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (p < 0.0001). NAT2-specific protein levels also significantly associated with the rapid, intermediate, and slow NAT2 acetylator phenotypes (p < 0.0001). As a negative control, p-aminobenzoic acid (an N-acetyltransferase 1-selective substrate) N-acetyltransferase activities from the same samples did not correlate with the three NAT2 acetylator phenotypes (p > 0.05). These results clearly document codominant expression of human NAT2 alleles resulting in rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylator phenotypes. The three phenotypes reflect levels of NAT2 protein catalyzing both N- and O-acetylation. Our results suggest a significant role of NAT2 acetylation polymorphism in arylamine-induced cancers and are consistent with differential cancer risk and/or drug efficacy/toxicity in intermediate compared with rapid or slow NAT2 acetylator phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1617, USA
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An Integrated Occupational Hygiene Consultation Model for the Catering Industry. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2010; 54:557-65. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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WANG J, LIAO C, CHEN Y, CAO H, LIU Z, GONG M, CHEN Y. Low-Temperature Catalytic Combustion of Cooking Fume over Pt/Y-Al2O3/Ce0.5-xZr0.5-xMn2xO2 Monolithic Catalyst. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(09)60060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jiang X, Zhu S, Wu Y, Huai H. The effects of cooking oil fume condensates (COFCs) on the vegetative growth of Salvinia natans (L.) All. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:240-246. [PMID: 19632045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cooking oil fumes (COF) and their condensates (COFCs), which are suspected of causing human lung cancers, are hazardous materials to environments. The effects of COFCs on the vegetative growth of Salvinia natans (L.) All., a free-floating aquatic fern, are discussed in this paper. The results showed that there were no differences of the number of floating leaves and the mean numbers of new leaves of S. natans in all groups, but these indices in experimental groups were influenced obviously at the late stage. COFCs also influenced stem length and number of buds of S. natans. COFCs could cause the floating leaves to turn yellow and individuals to die quickly. All these effects were correlated with the concentration of COFCs and the time. When the concentration of COFCs was > or =0.18 g/l, above 80% individuals would die in a short time. COFCs had significant impacts on the decrease in photosynthetic areas of S. natans by making the floating leaves turn yellow faster and accelerating the decomposition. There were some components in minute amount benefiting to the growth of S. natans. S. natans was sensitive to COFCs and could be a potential indicator for monitoring COFCs pollution in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchuang Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Road 225009, China
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Sjaastad AK, Svendsen K. Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Mutagenic Aldehydes, and Particulate Matter in Norwegian a la Carte Restaurants. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2009; 53:723-9. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mep059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pan CH, Chan CC, Huang YL, Wu KY. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and malondialdehyde in male workers in Chinese restaurants. Occup Environ Med 2009; 65:732-5. [PMID: 18940956 PMCID: PMC2602750 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2007.036970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess internal dose and oxidative stress in male restaurant workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from cooking oil fumes (COFs) in Chinese restaurants. METHODS The study participants included 288 male restaurant workers (171 kitchen and 117 service staff) in Chinese restaurants in Taiwan. Airborne particulate PAHs were measured over 12 h on each of two consecutive work days and then identified using high performance liquid chromatography. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) measurements were used to indicate COF exposure, and urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) was adopted as an oxidative stress marker. Multiple regression models were used to assess the relationship between MDA and 1-OHP levels after adjusting for key personal covariates. RESULTS Summed particulate PAH levels in kitchens (median 23.9 ng/m(3)) were significantly higher than those in dining areas (median 4.9 ng/m(3)). For non-smoking kitchen staff, mean MDA and 1-OHP levels were 344.2 (SD 243.7) and 6.0 (SD 8.0) mumol/mol creatinine, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than those for non-smoking service staff, which were 244.2 (SD 164.4) and 2.4 (SD 4.3) mumol/mol creatinine, respectively. Urinary 1-OHP levels were significantly associated with work in kitchens (p<0.05). Furthermore, urinary MDA levels were significantly associated with urinary 1-OHP levels (p<0.001) and working hours per day (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that urinary 1-OHP and MDA levels reflect occupational exposure to PAHs from COFs and oxidative stress in workers in Chinese restaurants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Pan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Rm 722, No 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10020, Taiwan
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Pecková K, Jandová K, Maixnerová L, Swain G, Barek J. Amperometric Determination of Aminobiphenyls Using HPLC-ED with Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Effects on Chinese Restaurant Workers of Exposure to Cooking Oil Fumes: A Cautionary Note on Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:3351-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Exposure to Mutagenic Aldehydes and Particulate Matter During Panfrying of Beefsteak with Margarine, Rapeseed Oil, Olive Oil or Soybean Oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:739-45. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/men060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Jefferson FA, Xiao GH, Hein DW. 4-Aminobiphenyl downregulation of NAT2 acetylator genotype-dependent N- and O-acetylation of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens in primary mammary epithelial cell cultures from rapid and slow acetylator rats. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:293-7. [PMID: 18842621 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens present in the diet and in cigarette smoke induce breast tumors in rats. N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzymes have important roles in their metabolic activation and deactivation. Human epidemiological studies suggest that genetic polymorphisms in NAT1 and/or NAT2 modify breast cancer risk in women exposed to these carcinogens. p-Aminobenzoic acid (selective for rat NAT2) and sulfamethazine (SMZ; selective for rat NAT1) N-acetyltransferase catalytic activities were both expressed in primary cultures of rat mammary epithelial cells. PABA, 2-aminofluorene, and 4-aminobiphenyl N-acetyltransferase and N-hydroxy-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine and N-hydroxy-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline O-acetyltransferase activities were two- to threefold higher in mammary epithelial cell cultures from rapid than slow acetylator rats. In contrast, SMZ (a rat NAT1-selective substrate) N-acetyltransferase activity did not differ between rapid and slow acetylators. Rat mammary cells cultured in the medium supplemented 24 h with 10muM ABP showed downregulation in the N-and O-acetylation of all substrates tested except for the NAT1-selective substrate SMZ. This downregulation was comparable in rapid and slow NAT2 acetylators. These studies clearly show NAT2 acetylator genotype-dependent N- and O-acetylation of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens in rat mammary epithelial cell cultures to be subject to downregulation by the arylamine carcinogen ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia A Jefferson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Hein DW, Bendaly J, Neale JR, Doll MA. Systemic functional expression of N-acetyltransferase polymorphism in the F344 Nat2 congenic rat. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2452-9. [PMID: 18799801 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat lines congenic for the rat N-acetyltransferase 2 [(RAT)Nat2] gene were constructed and characterized. F344 (homozygous Nat2 rapid) males were mated to Wistar Kyoto (homozygous Nat2 slow) females to produce heterozygous F1. F1 females were then backcrossed to F344 males. Heterozygous acetylator female progeny from this and each successive backcross were identified by rat Nat2 genotyping and mated with F344 rapid acetylator males. After 10 generations of backcross mating, heterozygous acetylator brother/sister progeny were mated to produce the homozygous rapid and slow acetylator Nat2 congenic rat lines. p-Aminobenzoic acid (selective for rat NAT2) and 4-aminobiphenyl N-acetyltransferase activities were expressed in all tissues examined (liver, lung, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, kidney, skin, leukocytes, and urinary bladder in male and female rats and in breast of female and prostate of male rats). NAT2 expression in rat extrahepatic tissues was much higher than that in liver. In each tissue, activities were Nat2-genotype-dependent, with the highest levels in homozygous rapid acetylators, intermediate levels in heterozygous acetylators, and lowest in homozygous slow acetylators. Sulfamethazine (selective for rat NAT1) N-acetyltransferase activities were observed in all tissues examined in both male and female rats except for breast (females), bladder, and leukocytes. In each tissue, the activity was Nat2 genotype-independent, with similar levels in homozygous rapid, heterozygous, and homozygous slow acetylators. These congenic rat lines are useful for investigating the role of NAT2 genetic polymorphisms in susceptibility to cancers related to arylamine carcinogen exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Wu M, Che W, Zhang Z. Enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage induced by cooking oil fumes in human OGG1 deficient cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:265-275. [PMID: 18338377 DOI: 10.1002/em.20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cooking oil fumes (COFs) have been implicated as an important nonsmoking risk factor of lung cancer in Chinese women. However, the molecular mechanism of COFs-induced carcinogenicity remains unknown. To understand the molecular basis underlying COFs-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as well as the roles of hOGG1 in the repair of COFs-induced DNA damage, a human lung cancer cell line with hOGG1 deficiency, A549-R was established by using a ribozyme gene targeting technique that specifically knockdowned hOGG1 in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. MTT and comet assays were employed to examine cell viability and DNA damage/repair, respectively, in A549-R and A549 cell lines treated with COF condensate (COFC). RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that the expression of hOGG1 in A549-R cell line was significantly decreased compared with that in A549 cell line. The concentration of COFC that inhibited cell growth by 50% (the IC50) in the A549-R cell line was much lower than that in the A549 cell line, and more COFC-induced DNA damage was detected in the A549-R cell line. The time course study of DNA repair demonstrated delayed repair kinetics in the A549-R cell line, suggesting a decreased cellular damage repair capacity. Our results showed that hOGG1 deficiency enhanced cellular sensitivity to DNA damage caused by COFC. The results further indicate that hOGG1 plays an important role in repairing COF-induced DNA damage. Our study suggests that COFs may lead to DNA damage that is subjected to hOGG1-mediated repair pathways, and oxidative DNA damage may be involved in COF-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Makena P, Chung KT. Evidence that 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, and benzidine congeners produce genotoxicity through reactive oxygen species. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:404-13. [PMID: 17370336 DOI: 10.1002/em.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminobyphenyl (4-Ab), benzidine (Bz), and Bz congeners were evaluated for their ability to induce genotoxicity through an oxidative mechanism. The mutagenicity of these compounds was tested in the presence and absence of Aroclor 1254-induced rat S9 mix using Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA102, which is sensitive to agents producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the presence of S9, 4-Ab, Bz, N-acetyl-benzidine, and 3,3-dimethoxybenzidine were strongly mutagenic in TA102, whereas, 3,3,5,5-tetra-methylbenzidine, 3,3-dimethylbenzidine (O-tolidine), and N,N-diacetylbenzidine were not mutagenic. In addition, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine and 4,4-dinitro-2-biphenylamine were directly mutagenic in TA102. Incorporation of the free radical and metal scavengers, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), butylated hydroxytolune (BHT), and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduced the mutagenic responses of 4-Ab and Bz, whereas heat-inactivated catalase and SOD had no effect. 4-Ab and Bz also induced lipid peroxidation in the presence of S9 mix as shown using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. The results of this study indicate that 4-Ab and Bz induce mutations through the induction of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrudu Makena
- Department of Biology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Chen Y, Ho KF, Ho SSH, Ho WK, Lee SC, Yu JZ, Sit EHL. Gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from commercial restaurants in Hong Kong. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1402-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b710259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kataoka H, Miyake M, Mitani K. Analysis of aromatic amines asN-propoxycarbonyl derivatives by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:90-7. [PMID: 17313146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive method for the analysis of aromatic amines by GC was developed. Aromatic amines were converted to their N-n-propoxycarbonyl derivatives and measured by GC with nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection (NPD) using an HP-5 fused-silica capillary column. The derivatives of the 20 aromatic amines provided excellent NPD responses, and were resolved both quantitatively and reproducibly within 15 min. The calibration curves for aromatic amines in the range 20-500 ng were linear and the detection limits at an S/N of 3 were ca. 19-139 pg injected. This method was applied successfully to combustion smoke and human urine samples, and analyzed without any interference from coexisting substances.
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Sarkar M, Stabbert R, Kinser RD, Oey J, Rustemeier K, von Holt K, Schepers G, Walk RA, Roethig HJ. CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotyping and 3-aminobiphenyl and 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels in smokers and non-smokers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 213:198-206. [PMID: 16405939 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some aromatic amines are considered to be putative bladder carcinogens. Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts of 3-aminobiphenyl (3-ABP) and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) have been used as biomarkers of exposure to aromatic amines from cigarette smoke. One of the goals of this study was to determine intra- and inter-individual variability in 3-ABP and 4-ABP Hb adducts and to explore the predictability of ABP Hb adduct levels based on caffeine phenotyping. The study was conducted in adult smokers (S, n = 65) and non-smokers (NS, n = 65). The subjects were phenotyped for CYP1A2 and NAT2 using urinary caffeine metabolites. Blood samples were collected twice within 6 weeks and adducts measured by GC/MS. The levels of 4-ABP Hb adducts were significantly (p < 0.0001) greater in S (34.5 +/- 21.06 pg/g Hb) compared to NS (6.3 +/- 3.02 pg/g Hb). The levels of 3-ABP Hb adducts were below the limit of quantification (BLOQ) in most (82%) of the NS and about 10-fold lower in S (3.6 +/- 3.29 pg/g Hb) compared to 4-ABP Hb adducts. No differences were observed in the adduct levels between weeks 1 and 6 in the smokers, suggesting that a single sample would be adequate to monitor cigarette smoke exposure. The regression model developed with CYP1A2, NAT2 phenotype and number of cigarettes smoked (NCIG) accounted for 47% of the variability in 3-ABP adducts, whereas 32% variability in 4-ABP adducts was accounted by CYP1A2 and NCIG. The ratio of 4-ABP Hb adducts in adult S:NS was approximately 5:1, whereas 3-ABP Hb adducts levels were BLOQ in some S, exhibited large interindividual variability ( approximately 91% compared to 57% for 4-ABP Hb) and poor dose response relationship. Therefore, 4-ABP Hb adduct levels may be a more useful biomarker of aminobiphenyl exposure from cigarette smoke.
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Hein DW, Doll MA, Nerland DE, Fretland AJ. Tissue distribution of N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 catalyzing the N-acetylation of 4-aminobiphenyl and O-acetylation of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl in the congenic rapid and slow acetylator Syrian hamster. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:230-8. [PMID: 16482518 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2) enzymes catalyzing both deactivation (N-acetylation) and activation (O-acetylation) of arylamine carcinogens such as 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) were investigated in a Syrian hamster model congenic at the NAT2 locus. NAT2 catalytic activities (measured with p-aminobenzoic acid) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in rapid than slow acetylators in all tissues (except heart and prostate where activity was undetectable in slow acetylators). NAT1 catalytic activities (measured with sulfamethazine) were low but detectable in most tissues tested and did not differ significantly between rapid and slow acetylators. ABP N-acetyltransferase activity was detected in all tissues of rapid acetylators but was below the limit of detection in all tissues of slow acetylators except liver where it was about 15-fold lower than rapid acetylators. ABP N-acetyltransferase activities correlated with NAT2 activities (r2 = 0.871; P < 0.0001) but not with NAT1 activities (r2 = 0.132; P > 0.05). Levels of N-hydroxy-ABP O-acetyltransferase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in rapid than slow acetylator cytosols for many but not all tissues. The N-hydroxy-ABP O-acetyltransferase activities correlated with ABP N-acetyltransferase activities (r2 = 0.695; P < 0.0001) and NAT2 activities (r2 = 0.521, P < 0.0001) but not with NAT1 activities (r2 = 0.115; P > 0.05). The results suggest widespread tissue distribution of both NAT1 and NAT2, which catalyzes both N- and O-acetylation. These conclusions are important for interpretation of molecular epidemiological investigations into the role of N-acetyltransferase polymorphisms in various diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Wang SC, Chung JG, Chen CH, Chen SC. 2- and 4-Aminobiphenyls induce oxidative DNA damage in human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells via different mechanisms. Mutat Res 2006; 593:9-21. [PMID: 16112689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and its analogue, 2-aminobiphenyl (2-ABP), were examined for their ability to induce oxidative DNA damage in Hep G2 cells. Using the alkaline comet assay, we showed that 2-ABP and 4-ABP (25-200 microM) were able to induce the DNA damage in Hep G2 cells. With both compounds, formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected using flow cytometry analysis. Post-treatment of 2-ABP and 4-ABP-treated cells by endonuclease III (Endo III) or formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) to determine the formation of oxidized pyrimidines or oxidized purines showed a significant increase of the extent of DNA migration. This indicated that oxidative DNA damage occurs in Hep G2 cells after exposure to 2-ABP and 4-ABP. This assumption was further substantiated by the fact that the spin traps, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN), decreased DNA damage significantly. Furthermore, addition of the catalase (100 U/ml) caused a decrease in the DNA damage induced by 2-ABP or 4-ABP, indicating that H(2)O(2) is involved in ABP-induced DNA damage. Pre-incubation of the cells with the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) (1mM) and with the copper chelator neocupronine (NC) (100 microM) also decreased DNA damage in cells treated with 200 microM 2-ABP or 200 microM 4-ABP, while the calcium chelator {1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester}(BAPTA/AM) (10 microM) decreased only DNA strand breaks in cells exposed to 4-ABP. This suggested that ions are involved in the formation of DNA strand breaks. Using RT-PCR and Western blotting, lower inhibition of the expression of the OGG1 gene and of the OGG1 protein was observed in cells treated with 4-ABP, and 2-ABP-treated cells showed a marked reduction in the expression of OGG1 gene and OGG1 protein. Taken together, our finding indicated the mechanisms of induced oxidative DNA damage in Hep G2 cell by 2-ABP and 4-ABP are different, although both tested compounds are isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chi Wang
- Institute of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Purcaro G, Navas JA, Guardiola F, Conte LS, Moret S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in frying oils and snacks. J Food Prot 2006; 69:199-204. [PMID: 16416919 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of lung cancer observed among Chinese women has been associated with exposure to fumes from cooking oil. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of potentially mutagenic substances emitted from cooking oils heated at high temperatures. The objective of this study was to investigate whether deep frying with different oils under different conditions leads to the development of PAHs either in the oil or in the fried product (snacks). PAH analysis was carried out with solid-phase extraction followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrofluorometric detection. Different oils were used to fry chips and extruded snacks in different industrial plants (continuous frying) at temperatures between 170 and 205 degrees C, and peanut oil was used to fry French fries and fish (discontinuous frying) at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees C. No appreciable differences in PAH load was observed in the same oil before and after frying. Both before and after frying, the benzo[a]pyrene concentration in oils ranged from trace to 0.7 ppb. All the analyzed samples, including oils from fried snacks, had benzo[a]pyrene concentrations well below the 2 ppb limit recently proposed by the European Community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Marangoni 97, 33100 Udine, Italy
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