1
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Shostak S, Park W, Oh J, Kim J, Lee S, Nam H, Filatov M, Kim D, Choi CH. Ultrafast Excited State Aromatization in Dihydroazulene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1638-1648. [PMID: 36633597 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state aromatization dynamics in the photochemical ring opening of dihydroazulene (DHA) is investigated by nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations in connection with the mixed-reference spin-flip (MRSF)-TDDFT method. It is found that, in the main reaction channel, the ring opening occurs in the excited state in a sequence of steps with increasing aromaticity. The first stage lasting ca. 200 fs produces an 8π semiaromatic S1 minimum (S1, min) through an ultrafast damped bond length alternation (BLA) movement synchronized with a partial planarization of the cycloheptatriene ring. An additional ca. 200 fs are required to gain the vibrational energy needed to overcome a ring-opening transition state characterized by an enhanced Baird aromaticity. Unlike other BLA motions of ππ* state, it was shown that their damping is a characteristic feature of aromatic bond-equalization process. In addition, some minor channels of the reaction have also been discovered, where noticeably higher barriers of the S1 non/antiaromatic transition structures must be surmounted. These anti-Baird channels led to reformation of DHA or other closed-ring products. The observed competition between the Baird and anti-Baird channels suggests that the quantum yield of photochemical products can be controllable by tipping their balance. Hence, here we suggest including the concept of anti-Baird, which would expand the applicability of Baird rule to much broader situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shostak
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Woojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System (Graduate school) and Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hyeongwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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2
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Mengots A, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Doria S, Ørsted Kjeldal F, Machholdt Høyer N, Ugleholdt Petersen A, Mikkelsen KV, Di Donato M, Cacciarini M, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Dihydroazulene-Azobenzene-Dihydroazulene Triad Photoswitches. Chemistry 2021; 27:12437-12446. [PMID: 34096662 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitch triads comprising two dihydroazulene (DHA) units in conjugation with a central trans-azobenzene (AZB) unit were prepared in stepwise protocols starting from meta- and para-disubstituted azobenzenes. The para-connected triad had significantly altered optical properties and lacked the photoactivity of the separate photochromes. In contrast, for the meta-connected triad, all three photochromes could be photoisomerized to generate an isomer with two vinylheptafulvene (VHF) units and a cis-azobenzene unit. Ultrafast spectroscopy of the photoisomerizations revealed a fast DHA-to-VHF photoisomerization and a slower trans-to-cis AZB photoisomerization. This meta triad underwent thermal VHF-to-DHA back-conversion with a similar rate of all VHFs, independent of the identity of the neighboring units, and in parallel thermal cis-to-trans AZB conversion. The experimental observations were supported by computation (excitation spectra and orbital analysis of the transitions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvis Mengots
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Sandra Doria
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madeonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.,LENS, via N. Carrara1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Frederik Ørsted Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Machholdt Høyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madeonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.,LENS, via N. Carrara1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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3
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Cardenuto MH, Cezar HM, Mikkelsen KV, Sauer SPA, Coutinho K, Canuto S. A QM/MM study of the conformation stability and electronic structure of the photochromic switches derivatives of DHA/VHF in acetonitrile solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119434. [PMID: 33465576 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed theoretical study of the electronic absorption spectra and thermochemistry of molecular photoswitches composed of one and two photochromic units of dihydroazulene (DHA)/vinylheptafulvene (VHF) molecules. Six different isomers are considered depending on the ring opening/closure forms of the DHA units. The solvent effect of acetonitrile is investigated using a sequential Molecular Mechanics/Quantum Mechanics approach. The thermochemical investigations of these photochromic molecules were performed using the Free Energy Perturbation method, and the simulations were performed using Configurational Bias Monte Carlo. We show that to open the 5-member ring of the DHA, there is no significant gain in thermal release of energy for the back reaction when a unit or two DHA units are considered. Overall, we found agreement between the solvation free energy based on Monte Carlo simulations and the continuum solvent model. However, the cavitation term in the continuum model is shown to be a source of disagreement when the non-electrostatic terms are compared. The electronic absorption spectra are calculated using TDDFT CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVDZ. Agreement with experiment is obtained within 0.1 eV, considering statistically uncorrelated configurations from the simulations. Inhomogeneous broadening is also considered and found to be well described in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Hidalgo Cardenuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique M Cezar
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Abedi M, Pápai M, Mikkelsen KV, Henriksen NE, Møller KB. Mechanism of Photoinduced Dihydroazulene Ring-Opening Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3944-3949. [PMID: 31264882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced ring-opening reaction is a key process in the functioning of dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photoswitches. Over the years, the mechanism of this reaction has been extensively debated. Herein, by means of nonadiabatic trajectory dynamics simulations and quantum chemistry calculations, we present the first detailed and comprehensive investigation on the mechanism of the photoinduced ring-opening reaction of DHA. The results show the crucial role of the excited-state ring planarization process for the bond breaking. Our dynamics simulations show that the DHA ring opening is an ultrafast reaction that does not follow exponential kinetics but exhibits ballistic dynamics. Upon photoexcitation, the planarization occurs within 300-500 fs. This leads to the ring-opening reaction and concurrent decay of the molecule to the ground state within 100 fs through an S1 → S0 internal conversion process toward forming the VHF isomer. These results are consistent with previous ultrafast time-resolved experiments and lead to a thorough understanding of the DHA/VHF photoconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abedi
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Niels E Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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5
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Skov AB, Ree N, Gertsen AS, Chabera P, Uhlig J, Lissau JS, Nucci L, Pullerits T, Mikkelsen KV, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Sølling TI, Hansen T. Excited‐State Topology Modifications of the Dihydroazulene Photoswitch Through Aromaticity. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders B. Skov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders S. Gertsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- DTU EnergyTechnical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Pavel Chabera
- Division of Chemical PhysicsLund Universitet Naturvetarvägen 16 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division of Chemical PhysicsLund Universitet Naturvetarvägen 16 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Jonas S. Lissau
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen InstituteUniversity of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2 6400 Sønderborg Denmark
| | - Luigi Nucci
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversitá di Pisa Via Moruzzi 3 Pisa Italy
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Division of Chemical PhysicsLund Universitet Naturvetarvägen 16 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Theis I. Sølling
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Bldg. 15, Rm. 6124 Dhahran 31261 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thorsten Hansen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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6
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Broman SL, Kushnir O, Rosenberg M, Kadziola A, Daub J, Nielsen MB. Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitch: Ultrafast Back Reaction Induced by Dihydronaphthalene Annulation. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Petersen AU, Broman SL, Olsen ST, Hansen AS, Du L, Kadziola A, Hansen T, Kjaergaard HG, Mikkelsen KV, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Controlling Two-Step Multimode Switching of Dihydroazulene Photoswitches. Chemistry 2015; 21:3968-77. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Broman SL, Nielsen MB. Dihydroazulene: from controlling photochromism to molecular electronics devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21172-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02442g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Vieuxmaire OPJ, Piau RE, Alary F, Heully JL, Sutra P, Igau A, Boggio-Pasqua M. Theoretical Investigation of Phosphinidene Oxide Polypyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Toward the Design of a New Class of Photochromic Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12821-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408898n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier P. J. Vieuxmaire
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques—IRSAMC, CNRS et Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Rémi E. Piau
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques—IRSAMC, CNRS et Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques—IRSAMC, CNRS et Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Louis Heully
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques—IRSAMC, CNRS et Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Pierre Sutra
- LCC
(Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), CNRS, 205 route de
Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- UPS, INPT, LCC, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Igau
- LCC
(Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), CNRS, 205 route de
Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- UPS, INPT, LCC, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques—IRSAMC, CNRS et Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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10
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Schalk O, Broman SL, Petersen MÅ, Khakhulin DV, Brogaard RY, Nielsen MB, Boguslavskiy AE, Stolow A, Sølling TI. On the Condensed Phase Ring-Closure of Vinylheptafulvalene and Ring-Opening of Gaseous Dihydroazulene. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3340-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400616c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schalk
- Stockholm University, AlbaNova University
Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-10961 Stockholm,
Sweden
- National Research Council, Sussex Drive 100, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Søren L. Broman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Å. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dmitry V. Khakhulin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, 38043
Grenoble, France
| | - Rasmus Y. Brogaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of
Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Albert Stolow
- National Research Council, Sussex Drive 100, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Theis I. Sølling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Pathem BK, Zheng YB, Morton S, Petersen MÅ, Zhao Y, Chung CH, Yang Y, Jensen L, Nielsen MB, Weiss PS. Photoreaction of matrix-isolated dihydroazulene-functionalized molecules on Au{111}. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:337-343. [PMID: 23286277 DOI: 10.1021/nl304102n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroazulenes are photochromic molecules that reversibly switch between two distinct geometric and conductivity states. Molecular design, surface attachment, and precise control over the assembly of such molecular machines are critical in order to understand molecular function and motion at the nanoscale. Here, we use surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy on special atomically flat, plasmonically enhanced substrates to measure the photoreaction kinetics of isolated dihydroazulene-functionalized molecules assembled on Au{111}, which undergo a ring-opening reaction upon illumination with UV light and switch back to the initial isomer via thermal relaxation. Photokinetic analyses reveal the high efficiency of the dihydroazulene photoreaction on solid substrates compared to other photoswitches. An order of magnitude decrease in the photoreaction cross section of surface-bound dihydroazulenes was observed when compared with the cross sections of these molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Krishna Pathem
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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12
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Shahzad N, Nisa RU, Ayub K. Substituents effect on thermal electrocyclic reaction of dihydroazulene–vinylheptafulvene photoswitch: a DFT study to improve the photoswitch. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Perrier A, Maurel F, Jacquemin D. Diarylethene-dihydroazulene multimode photochrome: a theoretical spectroscopic investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13791-9. [PMID: 21720612 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21007f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, we have assessed the structural, energetic and spectroscopic properties of a hybrid diarylethene-dihydroazulene multi-addressable switch synthesized by Mrozek et al. [Chem. Commun., 1999, 1487-1488]. All possible closed/open structures have been considered and the different activation barriers along each reaction path have been evaluated. The determination of the energetic profiles allowed us to pinpoint the thermally possible reactions. To simulate the electronic absorption spectra of this compact two-way four-state hybrid compound, we relied on a PCM-TD-DFT approach combined with a molecular orbital analysis. Key insights are reached and the experimental photochromic properties of this multi-component switch are rationalised. From a more methodological point of view, this work also shows that range-separated hybrid functionals (CAM-B3LYP and ωB97XD) allow to reproduce the measured spectroscopic features with a remarkable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Perrier
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue JA de Baif, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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14
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Skov L, Petersen MÅ, Broman SL, Bond AD, Nielsen MB. New synthetic route to substituted dihydroazulene photoswitches. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6498-501. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Plaquet A, Champagne B, Castet F, Ducasse L, Bogdan E, Rodriguez V, Pozzo JL. Theoretical investigation of the dynamic first hyperpolarizability of DHA–VHF molecular switches. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900432g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Tomasello G, Ogliaro F, Bearpark MJ, Robb MA, Garavelli M. Modeling the Photophysics and Photochromic Potential of 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene (DHN): A Combined CASPT2//CASSCF-Topological and MMVB-Dynamical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10096-107. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802613m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Tomasello
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Equipe de Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, UMR 7565 - CNRS, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Francois Ogliaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Equipe de Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, UMR 7565 - CNRS, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Michael J. Bearpark
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Equipe de Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, UMR 7565 - CNRS, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Michael A. Robb
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Equipe de Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, UMR 7565 - CNRS, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Equipe de Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, UMR 7565 - CNRS, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ U.K
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17
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Excited States of Conjugated Hydrocarbons Using the Molecular Mechanics - Valence Bond (MMVB) Method: Conical Intersections and Dynamics. Theor Chem Acc 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-006-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Trieflinger C, Röhr H, Rurack K, Daub J. Multiple Switching and Photogated Electrochemiluminescence Expressed by a Dihydroazulene/Boron Dipyrromethene Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6943-7. [PMID: 16216044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Trieflinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Trieflinger C, Röhr H, Rurack K, Daub J. Multiples Schalten und photogesteuerte Elektrochemilumineszenz einer Dihydroazulen-Bordipyrromethen-Dyade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Worth GA, Bearpark MJ, Robb MA. Semiclassical Nonadiabatic Trajectory Computations In Photochemistry: Is The Reaction Path Enough To Understand A Photochemical Reaction Mechanism? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(05)80022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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21
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De Waele V, Beutter M, Schmidhammer U, Riedle E, Daub J. Switching dynamics of the photochromic 1,1-dicyano-2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,8a-dihydroazulene probed by sub-30 fs spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Synthesis and photophysical/photochemical investigations of 1,8a-dihydro-2,3-bis(2,5-dimethy-3-thienyl)-azulene-1,1-dicarbonitrile (1A) and 1,8a-dihydro-2,3-diphenylazulene-1,1-dicarbonitrile (2A) are reported. The photoprocesses and thermal reactions of systems 1 and 2 were studied by time-resolved and steady-state techniques under various conditions. The dihydroazulene (DHA)-dithienylethene (DTE) conjugate 1A is photochemically converted into the dihydrothienobenzothiophene (DHB) isomer 1C and the vinylheptafulvene (VHF) isomer 1B. System 2 exhibits exclusively DHA/VHF photochromism. For both systems the VHF form thermally reverts back into the DHA form. Their rate constant (kB-->A) increases with the solvent polarity and the relaxation kinetics proceed by means of an activation barrier of 65-80 kJ mol(-1); kB-->A and the activation parameters of the isomerisation reactions are rather similar. The photostationary state of the 1A-->1B and 1A-->1C photoisomerisation is sensitive to the irradiation wavelength. The concept of cycloswitching is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mrozek
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Regensburg, Germany
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