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Liu B, Jia Q, Hong IS, Dang X, Wu Z, Wang H, Cheng JC, Fang L. TGF-β1 and TGF-β3, but not TGF-β2, are upregulated in the ovaries of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:116-129. [PMID: 37801702 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a life-threatening and potentially fatal complication during in vitro fertilization treatment. The levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are upregulated in human follicular fluid and granulosa-lutein cells (hGL) of OHSS patients and could contribute to the development of OHSS by downregulating steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression. However, whether the same is true for the other two members of the TGF-β family, TGF-β2 and -β3, remains unknown. We showed that all three TGF-β isoforms were expressed in human follicular fluid. In comparison, TGF-β1 was expressed at the highest level, followed by TGF-β2 and TGF-β3. Compared to non-OHSS patients, follicular fluid levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were significantly upregulated in OHSS patients. The same results were observed in mRNA levels of TGF-β isoforms in hGL cells and ovaries of OHSS rats. In addition, StAR mRNA levels were upregulated in hGL cells of OHSS patients and the ovaries of OHSS rats. Treatment cells with TGF-β isoforms downregulated the StAR expression with a comparable effect. Moreover, activations of SMAD3 signaling were required for TGF-β isoforms-induced downregulation of StAR expression. This study indicates that follicular fluid TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 levels could be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the OHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqun Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiongqiong Jia
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - In-Sun Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuan Dang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhao H, Sun G, Mu X, Li X, Wang J, Zhao M, Zhang G, Ji R, Chen C, Gao G, Wang J. Genome-wide selective signatures mining the candidate genes for egg laying in goose. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:750. [PMID: 38057756 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the egg production of goose is a crucial goal of breeding, because genetics is the key factor affecting egg production. Thus, we sequenced the genomes of 55 Chinese indigenous geese from six breeds, which were divided into the high egg-laying group (ZE, HY, and SC) and low egg-laying group (ZD, LH, and ST). Based on the results of the inter-population selection signal analysis, we mined the selected genome regions in the high egg-laying germplasm population to identify the key candidate genes affecting the egg-laying traits. RESULTS According to the whole-genome sequencing data, the average sequencing depth reached 11.75X. The genetic relationships among those six goose breeds coincided with the breed's geographical location. The six selective signal detection results revealed that the most selected regions were located on Chr2 and Chr12. In total, 12,051 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were selected in all six methods. Using the enrichment results of candidate genes, we detected some pathways involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and female gonadal development that may cause differences in egg production. Examples of these pathways were the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (IGF2, COMP, and FGFR4), animal organ morphogenesis (IGF2 and CDX4), and female gonad development (TGFB2). CONCLUSION On analyzing the genetic background of six local goose breeds by using re-sequencing data, we found that the kinship was consistent with their geographic location. 107 egg-laying trait-associated candidate genes were mined through six selection signal analysis. Our study provides a critical reference for analyzing the molecular mechanism underlying differences in reproductive traits and molecular breeding of geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Zhao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Guobo Sun
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Xiaohui Mu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Mengli Zhao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Gansheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
- Taizhou Fengda Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Rongchao Ji
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
- Taizhou Fengda Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Chao Chen
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China
- Taizhou Fengda Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, 225511, China
| | - Guangliang Gao
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China.
- National Waterfowl of gene pool, Taizhou, 225511, China.
- Taizhou Fengda Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, 225511, China.
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Wang J, Liu C, He L, Xie Z, Bai L, Yu W, Wang Z, Lu Y, Gao D, Fu J, Zhang L, Zeng YA. Selective YAP activation in Procr cells is essential for ovarian stem/progenitor expansion and epithelium repair. eLife 2022; 11:75449. [PMID: 35285801 PMCID: PMC8920503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) undergoes recurring ovulatory rupture and OSE stem cells rapidly generate new cells for the repair. How the stem cell activation is triggered by the rupture and promptly turns on proliferation is unclear. Our previous study has identified that Protein C Receptor (Procr) marks OSE progenitors. In this study, we observed decreased adherent junction and selective activation of YAP signaling in Procr progenitors at OSE rupture site. OSE repair is impeded upon deletion of Yap1 in these progenitors. Interestingly, Procr+ progenitors show lower expression of Vgll4, an antagonist of YAP signaling. Overexpression of Vgll4 in Procr+ cells hampers OSE repair and progenitor proliferation, indicating that selective low Vgll4 expression in Procr+ progenitors is critical for OSE repair. In addition, YAP activation promotes transcription of the OSE stemness gene Procr. The combination of increased cell division and Procr expression leads to expansion of Procr+ progenitors surrounding the rupture site. These results illustrate a YAP-dependent mechanism by which the stem/progenitor cells recognize the murine ovulatory rupture, and rapidly multiply their numbers, highlighting a YAP-induced stem cell expansion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Luo F, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Xie Y, Zhang Q, Mei J, Liu X. A narrative review of the relationship between TGF-β signaling and gynecological malignant tumor. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1601. [PMID: 34790807 PMCID: PMC8576662 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective This paper reviews the association between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its receptor and tumor, focusing on gynecological malignant tumors. we hope to provide more methods to help increase the potential of TGF-β signaling targeted treatment of specific cancers. Background The occurrence of a malignant tumor is a complex process of multi-step, multi-gene regulation, and its progression is affected by various components of the tumor cells and/or tumor microenvironment. The occurrence of gynecological diseases not only affect women's health, but also bring some troubles to their normal life. Especially when gynecological malignant tumors occur, the situation is more serious, which will endanger the lives of patients. Due to differences in environmental and economic conditions, not all women have access to assistance and treatment specifically meeting their needs. TGF-β is a multi-potent growth factor that maintains homeostasis in mammals by inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis in vivo. TGF-β signaling is fundamental to inflammatory disease and favors the emergence of tumors, and it also plays an important role in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. In the early stages of the tumor, TGF-β acts as a tumor inhibitor, whereas in advanced tumors, mutations or deletion of the TGF-β signaling core component initiate neogenesis. Methods Literatures about TGF-β and gynecological malignant tumor were extensively reviewed to analyze and discuss. Conclusions We discussed the role of TGF-β signaling in different types of gynecological tumor cells, thus demonstrating that targeted TGF-β signaling may be an effective tumor treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kumari A, Shonibare Z, Monavarian M, Arend RC, Lee NY, Inman GJ, Mythreye K. TGFβ signaling networks in ovarian cancer progression and plasticity. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:139-161. [PMID: 33590419 PMCID: PMC7987693 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Late-stage diagnosis with significant tumor burden, accompanied by recurrence and chemotherapy resistance, contributes to this poor prognosis. These morbidities are known to be tied to events associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. During EMT, localized tumor cells alter their polarity, cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix interactions, acquire motility and invasiveness and an exaggerated potential for metastatic spread. Key triggers for EMT include the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) family of growth factors which are actively produced by a wide array of cell types within a specific tumor and metastatic environment. Although TGFβ can act as either a tumor suppressor or promoter in cancer, TGFβ exhibits its pro-tumorigenic functions at least in part via EMT. TGFβ regulates EMT both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels as outlined here. Despite recent advances in TGFβ based therapeutics, limited progress has been seen for ovarian cancers that are in much need of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss several recent insights into the underlying signaling mechanisms of the TGFβ isoforms in EMT in the unique metastatic environment of EOCs and the current therapeutic interventions that may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Zainab Shonibare
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mehri Monavarian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Akar S, Harmankaya İ, Uğraş S, Çelik Ç. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase Expression in High-Grade Serous Carcinoma and Its Association with Survival. INDIAN JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-019-0327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Procr-expressing progenitor cells are responsible for murine ovulatory rupture repair of ovarian surface epithelium. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4966. [PMID: 31672973 PMCID: PMC6823351 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) undergoes recurring ovulatory rupture and repair. The OSE replenishing mechanism post ovulation remains unclear. Here we report that the expression of Protein C Receptor (Procr) marks a progenitor population in adult mice that is responsible for OSE repair post ovulation. Procr+ cells are the major cell source for OSE repair. The mechanism facilitating the rapid re-epithelialization is through the immediate expansion of Procr+ cells upon OSE rupture. Targeted ablation of Procr+ cells impedes the repairing process. Moreover, Procr+ cells displayed robust colony-formation capacity in culture, which we harnessed and established a long-term culture and expansion system of OSE cells. Finally, we show that Procr+ cells and previously reported Lgr5+ cells have distinct lineage tracing behavior in OSE homeostasis. Our study suggests that Procr marks progenitor cells that are critical for OSE ovulatory rupture and homeostasis, providing insight into how adult stem cells respond upon injury. The ovary is covered by a surface epithelium (OSE) and cells mediating its repair post ovulation are unclear. Here, the authors identify the Protein C Receptor (Procr) as marking progenitor cells, distinct from Lgr5+ stem cells, on the murine surface epithelium that repair the OSE post ovulation.
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Akar S, Harmankaya İ, Uğraş S, Çelik Ç. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression and its association with phospho-Akt, p53 expression, and survival in high-grade endometrial cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:1547-1554. [PMID: 31652035 PMCID: PMC7018241 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1907-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an enzyme that is overexpressed in malignancies. NNMT expression has not been previously studied in endometrial cancer (EC). Increased phospho-Akt (pAkt) levels in response to NNMT overexpression have been reported in in vitro studies of different cancer types. We assayed NNMT expression in primary and metastatic high-grade EC and investigated the relationship of NNMT with p53, pAkt, and survival. Materials and methods NNMT, pAkt, and p53 expressions were assayed in 100 tissue samples of benign endometria, primary EC, and metastatic EC by immunohistochemistry. Results The NNMT immunoreactivity score was significantly higher in primary high-grade EC than benign endometrial tissue (P = 0.001). NNMT expression in metastatic tissue was significantly higher than in primary cancer (P < 0.001). Metastatic stromal NNMT expression was significantly higher than that of the adjacent tumor and stroma adjacent to the primary tumor. p53 expression in the primary tumor showed a significant positive correlation with omental NNMT and pAkt expression. NNMT expression was also correlated with pAkt expression in metastatic tissue. NNMT overexpression in metastatic tissue was associated with decreased survival (P = 0.039). Conclusion This study suggests that NNMT may promote cancer progression and that NNMT overexpression is associated with aberrant p53 expression, pAkt, and poor survival. NNMT’s role in cancer progression could make it a target of EC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Akar
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Harmankaya
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Serdar Uğraş
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Çetin Çelik
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Alsina-Sanchís E, Figueras A, Lahiguera A, Gil-Martín M, Pardo B, Piulats JM, Martí L, Ponce J, Matias-Guiu X, Vidal A, Villanueva A, Viñals F. TGFβ Controls Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081658. [PMID: 28758950 PMCID: PMC5578048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been no major improvements in the overall survival of ovarian cancer patients in recent decades. Even though more accurate surgery and more effective treatments are available, the mortality rate remains high. Given the differences in origin and the heterogeneity of these tumors, research to elucidate the signaling pathways involved is required. The Transforming Growth Factor (TGFβ) family controls different cellular responses in development and cell homeostasis. Disruption of TGFβ signaling has been implicated in many cancers, including ovarian cancer. This article considers the involvement of TGFβ in ovarian cancer progression, and reviews the various mechanisms that enable the TGFβ signaling pathway to control ovarian cancer cell proliferation. These mechanistic explanations support the therapeutic use of TGFβ inhibitors in ovarian cancer, which are currently in the early phases of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Alsina-Sanchís
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Agnès Figueras
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Lahiguera
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Gil-Martín
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Pardo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep M Piulats
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lola Martí
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Gynaecologic Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Ponce
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Gynaecologic Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, CIBERONC, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - August Vidal
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, CIBERONC, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Xenopat, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Xenopat, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Viñals
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Moran-Jones K, Gloss BS, Murali R, Chang DK, Colvin EK, Jones MD, Yuen S, Howell VM, Brown LM, Wong CW, Spong SM, Scarlett CJ, Hacker NF, Ghosh S, Mok SC, Birrer MJ, Samimi G. Connective tissue growth factor as a novel therapeutic target in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44551-62. [PMID: 26575166 PMCID: PMC4792575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of death among women with gynecologic cancer. We examined molecular profiles of fibroblasts from normal ovary and high-grade serous ovarian tumors to identify novel therapeutic targets involved in tumor progression. We identified 2,300 genes that are significantly differentially expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts. Fibroblast expression of one of these genes, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CTGF protein expression in ovarian tumor fibroblasts significantly correlated with gene expression levels. CTGF is a secreted component of the tumor microenvironment and is being pursued as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. We examined its effect in in vitro and ex vivo ovarian cancer models, and examined associations between CTGF expression and clinico-pathologic characteristics in patients. CTGF promotes migration and peritoneal adhesion of ovarian cancer cells. These effects are abrogated by FG-3019, a human monoclonal antibody against CTGF, currently under clinical investigation as a therapeutic agent. Immunohistochemical analyses of high-grade serous ovarian tumors reveal that the highest level of tumor stromal CTGF expression was correlated with the poorest prognosis. Our findings identify CTGF as a promoter of peritoneal adhesion, likely to mediate metastasis, and a potential therapeutic target in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. These results warrant further studies into the therapeutic efficacy of FG-3019 in high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Moran-Jones
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian S Gloss
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology and The Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David K Chang
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily K Colvin
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc D Jones
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel Yuen
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viive M Howell
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura M Brown
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Christopher J Scarlett
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Neville F Hacker
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, and Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sue Ghosh
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel C Mok
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Birrer
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Goli Samimi
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Abstract
The mammalian ovary is covered by a single-layered epithelium that undergoes rupture and remodelling following each ovulation. Although resident stem cells are presumed to be crucial for this cyclic regeneration, their identity and mode of action have been elusive. Surrogate stemness assays and in vivo fate-mapping studies using recently discovered stem cell markers have identified stem cell pools in the ovary and fimbria that ensure epithelial homeostasis. Recent findings provide insights into intrinsic mechanisms and local extrinsic cues that govern the function of ovarian and fimbrial stem cells. These discoveries have advanced our understanding of stem cell biology in the ovary and fimbria, and lay the foundations for evaluating the contribution of resident stem cells to the initiation and progression of human epithelial ovarian cancer.
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12
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Bao L, Li Q, Liu Y, Li B, Sheng X, Han Y, Weng Q. Immunolocalization of NGF and its receptors in ovarian surface epithelium of the wild ground squirrel during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2363. [PMID: 24998925 PMCID: PMC4083325 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) plays an important role in normal ovarian physiology. During each reproductive cycle, the OSE takes part in the cyclical ovulatory ruptures and repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunolocalization of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors, tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) and p75, in the OSE cells of the wild ground squirrels during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. There were marked variations in ovarian weight and size between the breeding and the nonbreeding seasons. Histologically, cuboidal cells and squamous cells were identified in the OSE of both seasons. Yet, stronger immunostaining of NGF, TrkA and p75 were observed in cuboidal cells and squamous cells in the breeding season as compared to the nonbreeding season. In addition, plasma gonadotropin concentrations were higher in the breeding season than in the nonbreeding season, suggesting that the expression patterns of NGF, TrkA and p75 in the OSE were correlated with changes in plasma gonadotropins. These findings suggested that NGF and its receptor TrkA and p75 may be involved in the regulation of seasonal changes in the OSE of wild ground squirrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bao
- Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities.
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13
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Cossigny DA, Findlay JK, Drummond AE. The effects of FSH and activin A on follicle development in vitro. Reproduction 2012; 143:221-9. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported on the roles of activins in gonadal regulation; however, little is known about their specific roles in early folliculogenesis. Ovarian follicular growth was investigated in 10-day cultures of day 4 postnatal whole ovaries treated with activin A (ActA; 50 ng/ml), with or without FSH (100 ng/ml) in vitro. We hypothesized that treatment with ActA±FSH would affect rates of growth and atresia in follicles. None of the treatments affected primordial follicle activation, and antral follicles were not observed after 10 days in culture. Primordial follicle numbers from all treatment groups were ∼20% of those in day 4 fresh ovaries, indicating that activation had occurred. In the presence of ActA, preantral follicle numbers increased significantly (P<0.0001). ActA alone decreased the proportion of atretic follicles in the primary and preantral classes, whereas the combined treatment of ActA+FSH increased the proportion of atretic preantral oocytes. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that follistatin, FSH receptor, and activin βA and βB subunits were all expressed at significantly higher levels in the ActA-only treated group but not in the ActA+FSH group. Here, we report novel findings supporting the role of FSH in primordial follicle survival through an action on apoptosis and a stimulatory role of ActA in the primordial to primary and preantral stages of follicle development, suggesting an inhibitory action of activin on oocyte apoptosis.
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14
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Cao L, Shao M, Schilder J, Guise T, Mohammad KS, Matei D. Tissue transglutaminase links TGF-β, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and a stem cell phenotype in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2011; 31:2521-34. [PMID: 21963846 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), an enzyme involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis is overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas, where it modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes metastasis. Its regulation in ovarian cancer (OC) remains unexplored. Here, we show that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a cytokine involved in tumor dissemination is abundantly secreted in the OC microenvironment and induces TG2 expression and enzymatic activity. This is mediated at transcriptional level by SMADs and by TGF-β-activated kinase 1-mediated activation of the nuclear factor-κB complex. TGF-β-stimulated OC cells aggregate as spheroids, which enable peritoneal dissemination. We show that TGF-β-induced TG2 regulates EMT, formation of spheroids and OC metastasis. TG2 knock-down in OC cells decreases the number of cells harboring a cancer stem cell phenotype (CD44+/CD117+). Furthermore, CD44+/CD117+ cells isolated from human ovarian tumors express high levels of TG2. In summary, TGF-β-induced TG2 enhances ovarian tumor metastasis by inducing EMT and a cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cao
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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15
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Zhu Y, Nilsson M, Sundfeldt K. Phenotypic plasticity of the ovarian surface epithelium: TGF-beta 1 induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5497-505. [PMID: 20844000 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) is the most conceivable cell origin of epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Unlike many other epithelial tumors, the precancerous lesion acquires expression of epithelial markers, e.g. E-cadherin and claudins, suggesting that OSE cells undergo mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) during transformation. Recent findings indicate that TGF-β1, a prototypic stimulus of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), i.e. reverse to MET, is produced at significant amounts in the intact ovary. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether TGF-β1 changes the OSE phenotype accordingly, focusing on epithelial junction proteins and transcriptional EMT regulators quantified by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting in cultured normal human OSE. Early OSE passages were found to paradoxically express de novo E-cadherin and also establish tight junctions exhibiting claudin-1 (but not claudin-3 and -4) and occludin. Stimulation with TGF-β1 (100 ng/ml) for 3-5 d down-regulated all these epithelial markers including Crumbs3 and also prevented the formation of an epithelial barrier This was accompanied by sustained expression of Snail and N-cadherin and transient expression of Slug, whereas Zeb1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1) and Twist mRNA levels were not significantly changed. In conclusion, TGF-β1 enforces the mesenchymal phenotype of OSE cells in vitro by an EMT-like process, leading to an altered molecular composition of the epithelial junction complex that partly coincides with the expression pattern of the native OSE. This suggests a potential role of TGF-β1-induced EMT in OSE under physiological conditions and possibly also in epithelial ovarian tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Rosairo D, Kuyznierewicz I, Findlay J, Drummond A. Transforming growth factor-β: its role in ovarian follicle development. Reproduction 2008; 136:799-809. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation in response to transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) was investigated using postnatal and immature ovarian models. TGFB ligand and receptor mRNAs were present in the rat ovary 4–12 days after birth and at day 25. In order to assess the impact of TGFB1 on follicle growth and transition from the primordial through to the primary and preantral stages of development, we established organ cultures with 4-day-old rat ovaries. After 10 days in culture with FSH, TGFB1, or a combination of the two, ovarian follicle numbers were counted and an assessment of atresia was undertaken using TUNEL. Preantral follicle numbers declined significantly when treated with the combination of FSH and TGFB1, consistent with our morphological appraisal suggesting an increase in atretic primary and preantral follicles. To investigate the mechanisms behind the actions of TGFB1, we isolated granulosa cells and treated them with FSH and TGFB1. Markers of proliferative, steroidogenic, and apoptotic capacity were measured by real-time PCR. Cyclin D2 mRNA expression by granulosa cells was significantly increased in response to the combination of FSH and TGFB. The expression of forkhead homolog in rhabdomyosarcoma (Foxo1) mRNA by granulosa cells was significantly reduced in the presence of both FSH and TGFB1, individually and in combination regimes. By contrast, the expression of steroidogenic enzymes/proteins was largely unaffected by TGFB1. These data suggest an inhibitory role for TGFB1 (in the presence of FSH) in follicle development and progression.
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17
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Mayr D, Hirschmann A, Marlow S, Horvath C, Diebold J. Analysis of selected oncogenes (AKT1, FOS, BCL2L2, TGFbeta) on chromosome 14 in granulosa cell tumors (GCTs): a comprehensive study on 30 GCTs combining comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:823-30. [PMID: 18774655 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we have demonstrated a number of cytogenetic alterations in granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), especially on chromosomes X, 12, 14, and 22. However, little is known about specific loci on 14q, which could play an important role in tumor pathology. Therefore, we assessed four important genes in 30 GCTs using fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed on paraffin-embedded material. Then, we applied FISH with gene-specific DNA probes for AKT1 (14q32.32), FOS (14q24.3), BCL2L2 (14q11.2-q12), and TGFbeta3 (14q24), and tried to find a correlation between CGH, FISH, tumor stage, and survival. In CGH, 7 of 30 cases (23.3%) showed complete gains on chromosome 14. FISH of the four loci revealed gains of hybridization signals in 8 of 30 cases (26.6%), indicating trisomy of the whole chromosome arm. The same aberration was detected by FISH in 2 of 30 cases (6.6%), which were negative using CGH. One case (1 of 30; 3.3%) was found to have a gain on chromosome 14 by CGH, which could not be confirmed by FISH. A correlation with tumor stage or survival could not be established. Our results suggest that GCTs may be characterized by trisomy of chromosome 14. A specific oncogene that could play a particular role in the tumorigenesis of GCTs was not identified on chromosome 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, München, Germany.
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18
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Nilsson E, Rogers N, Skinner MK. Actions of anti-Mullerian hormone on the ovarian transcriptome to inhibit primordial to primary follicle transition. Reproduction 2007; 134:209-21. [PMID: 17660231 PMCID: PMC8260025 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oocytes found within the primordial follicles of mammalian ovaries remain quiescent for months to years until they receive the appropriate signals to undergo the primordial to primary follicle transition and initiate folliculogenesis. The molecular mechanisms and extracellular signaling factors that regulate this process remain to be fully elucidated. The current study investigates the mechanisms utilized by anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH; i.e. Müllerian inhibitory substance) to inhibit the primordial to primary follicle transition. Ovaries from 4-day-old rats were placed into organ culture and incubated in the absence or presence of AMH, either alone or in combination with known stimulators of follicle transition, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), kit ligand (KITL), or keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). Following 10 days of culture, the ovaries were sectioned, stained, and morphologically evaluated to determine the percentage of primordial versus developing follicles. As previously demonstrated, AMH treatment decreased primordial to primary follicle transition. Interestingly, AMH inhibited the stimulatory actions of KITL, bFGF, and KGF. Therefore, AMH can inhibit the basal and stimulated development of primordial follicles. To investigate the mechanism of AMH actions, the influence AMH has on the ovarian transcriptome was analyzed. AMH treatment when compared with controls was found to alter the expression of 707 genes. The overall effect of AMH exposure is to decrease the expression of stimulatory factors, increase the expression of inhibitory factors, and regulate cellular pathways (e.g. transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway) that result in the inhibition of primordial follicle development. Analysis of the regulatory factors and cellular pathways altered by AMH provides a better understanding of the molecular control of primordial follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4231, USA
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19
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Abstract
Ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) accounts for 90% of all ovarian cancers and is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers in North America and Europe. Despite its clinical significance, the factors that regulate the development and progression of ovarian cancer are among the least understood of all major human malignancies. The two gonadotropins, FSH and LH, are key regulators of ovarian cell functions, and the potential role of gonadotropins in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is suggested. Ovarian carcinomas have been found to express specific receptors for gonadotropins. The presence of gonadotropins in ovarian tumor fluid suggests the importance of these factors in the transformation and progression of ovarian cancers as well as being prognostic indicators. Functionally, there is evidence showing a direct action of gonadotropins on ovarian tumor cell growth. This review summarizes the key findings and recent advances in our understanding of these peptide hormones in ovarian cancer development and progression and their role in potential future cancer therapy. We will first discuss the supporting evidence and controversies in the "gonadotropin theory" and the use of animal models for exploring the involvement of gonadotropins in the etiology of ovarian cancer. The role of gonadotropins in regulating the proliferation, survival, and metastasis of OEC is next summarized. Relevant data from ovarian surface epithelium, which is widely believed to be the precursor of OEC, are also described. Finally, we will discuss the clinical applications of gonadotropins in ovarian cancer and the recent progress in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
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20
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly fatal disease for which prevention strategies have been limited; in part because of our poor understanding of the underlying biology of its precursor, the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). The OSE is a single layer of flat-to-cuboidal mesothelial cells that covers the surface of the ovary. Despite its inconspicuous appearance in vivo, it is believed that OSE cells actively participate in the cyclical ovulatory rupture and repair process. The continuous rupture of the OSE at ovulation and the subsequent proliferation to repair the wound renders the cells susceptible to genetic damage and malignant transformation. As the ovary is a rich source of multiple hormones, and normal OSE and ovarian carcinomas secrete and have receptors for hormones, growth factors and cytokines, these factors are strong candidates to regulate normal OSE physiology and the transformation and progression of ovarian cancers. In particular, alterations of hormone/growth factor production and receptor expression are common in ovarian tumors. This review summarizes the current knowledge in the field of endocrinology and its relationship to the biology and pathology of the OSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S T Wong
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Cheung LWT, Au SCL, Cheung ANY, Ngan HYS, Tombran-Tink J, Auersperg N, Wong AST. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is estrogen sensitive and inhibits the growth of human ovarian cancer and ovarian surface epithelial cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4179-91. [PMID: 16777976 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most lethal gynecological cancer. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease development and progression. In this study, we found that the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was greatly reduced in ovarian tumors and in ovarian cancer cell lines when compared with their normal precursor, ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). In addition, we showed that exogenous PEDF inhibited the growth of cultured human OSE as well as ovarian cancer cell lines, whereas targeted inhibition of endogenous PEDF using small interfering RNA or neutralizing PEDF antibody promoted the growth of these cells, confirming that the growth-inhibitory effect was PEDF specific. We also report for the first time that estrogen is an important upstream regulator of PEDF in human OSE. Treatment of the cultured cells with 17 beta-estradiol (E2) inhibited the expression of PEDF protein and mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which could be reversed by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182,780, indicating that the regulation was estrogen receptor-mediated. We further showed that this down-regulation of PEDF gene transcription was a direct, primary effect of E2. E2 promoted OSE and ovarian cancer cell growth, whereas simultaneous treatment with E2 and PEDF abrogated the estrogenic growth stimulation of these cells. This study is the first to demonstrate a role of PEDF in OSE biology and ovarian cancer and suggests that the loss of PEDF may e of relevance in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia W T Cheung
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, 4S-14 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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22
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Nilsson EE, Doraiswamy V, Skinner MK. Transforming growth factor-beta isoform expression during bovine ovarian antral follicle development. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 66:237-46. [PMID: 14502602 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms are important paracrine and autocrine signaling molecules for the regulation of ovarian follicle growth and physiology. Effective communication between the epithelial granulosa cells, the mesenchymal theca cells, and the oocyte is vital for ovarian function and reproductive success. The expression, localization, and regulation of TGF-beta isoforms in the developing bovine follicle was examined using both immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures. TGF-beta1 protein was found to be present in the granulosa cells of early pre-antral, early antral, and 1-2 mm follicles. Interestingly, there was no visible staining of granulosa cells of 3-5 or 5-10 mm follicles. There was also no TGF-beta1 staining of theca cells. TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 staining were present in the granulosa and theca cells of all follicle stages examined. The levels of TGF-beta mRNA expression in granulosa and theca cells from antral follicles was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. For each isoform mRNA expression levels did not change in different sized antral follicles. TGF-beta3 mRNA levels were much higher than those of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 in both granulosa and theca. Expression levels were higher in theca than in granulosa for TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3. FSH was found to decrease TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in granulosa cells, but had no effect on TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3. Bovine ovarian follicles were found to have a unique pattern of TGF-beta isoform expression and regulation when compared to other species (i.e., rodent, pig, quail, and human). The similarities and differences between the various species is discussed to help elucidate common functions of TGF-beta in the ovary. In summary, observations demonstrate that as antral follicles develop, TGF-beta3 is the most abundant TGF-beta isoform and TGF-beta1 protein levels decline in large follicles. Granulosa cell TGF-beta1 expression was decreased by FSH and this correlated with reduced levels in large antral follicles. TGF-betas involved in antral follicular growth and development appear to act as paracrine/autocrine signaling molecules having a species-specific pattern of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4231, USA
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23
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Nilsson EE, Skinner MK. Role of transforming growth factor beta in ovarian surface epithelium biology and ovarian cancer. Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 5:254-8. [PMID: 12470522 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancers arise out of the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), which is the single layer of epithelial cells covering the ovary. These cells go through repeated cycles of proliferation with the growth and rupture of ovarian follicles. One growth factor involved in the regulation of OSE is transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). The different isoforms of TGFbeta (TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3) and its receptor are all present in both OSE and the underlying ovarian surface stroma. The levels of the TGFbeta isoforms and receptors are regulated independently of each other in these different ovarian tissues. Observations suggest the existence of multiple autocrine/paracrine TGFbeta signalling loops. TGFbeta acts to inhibit proliferation of normal OSE and early stage ovarian carcinomas. Conversely, in later stage ovarian cancer the inhibitory actions of TGFbeta on epithelial proliferation have been overcome, while TGFbeta is able to promote malignant neoplastic behaviours. The regulation of TGFbeta signalling by ovarian steroid hormones may be one mechanism by which the OSE responds to cyclic changes in the underlying follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4231, USA.
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