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Nava-Tapia DA, Román-Justo NY, Cuenca-Rojo A, Guerrero-Rivera LG, Patrón-Guerrero A, Poblete-Cruz RI, Zacapala-Gómez AE, Sotelo-Leyva C, Navarro-Tito N, Mendoza-Catalán MA. Exploring the potential of tocopherols: mechanisms of action and perspectives in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Med Oncol 2024; 41:208. [PMID: 39060448 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Currently, breast cancer is the most common cause of mortality caused by neoplasia in women worldwide. The unmet challenges of conventional cancer therapy are chemoresistance and lack of selectivity, which can lead to serious side effects in patients; therefore, new treatments based on natural compounds that serve as adjuvants in breast cancer therapy are urgently needed. Tocopherols are naturally occurring antioxidant compounds that have shown antitumor activity against several types of cancer, including breast cancer. This review summarizes the antitumoral activity of tocopherols, such as the antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-invasive, and antioxidant effects of tocopherols, through different molecular mechanisms. According to the studies described, α-T, δ-T and γ-T are the most studied in breast tumor cells; however, α-T and γ-T show a more critical antitumor activity and significant potential as a complements to chemotherapeutic drugs against breast cancer, enhancing toxicity against tumor cells and preventing cytotoxicity in nontumor cells. However, the possible relationship between tocopherol intake, related to concentration, and the promotion of cancer in particular cases should not be ruled out, so additional studies are required to determine the correct dose to obtain the desired antitumor effect. Moreover, nanomicelles of D-α-tocopherol have promising potential as pharmaceutical excipients for drug delivery to improve the cytotoxicity and selectivity of first-line chemotherapeutics against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania A Nava-Tapia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Norely Y Román-Justo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Antonio Cuenca-Rojo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lizeth G Guerrero-Rivera
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Annet Patrón-Guerrero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Ruth I Poblete-Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Ana E Zacapala-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - César Sotelo-Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.
| | - Miguel A Mendoza-Catalán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N., 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.
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Kilicay E, Karahaliloglu Z, Alpaslan P, Hazer B, Denkbas EB. In vitro evaluation of antisense oligonucleotide functionalized core-shell nanoparticles loaded with α-tocopherol succinate. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:1762-1785. [PMID: 28696185 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1354670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-conjugated-α-tocopherol succinate (TCS)-loaded-poly(lactic acid)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles (ASO-TCS-PLA-PEG NPs), with the ratio of polymer/TCS of 10:2.5, 10:5, 10:7 (w/w) were prepared for targeting cancer therapy. The amphiphilic PLA, amino terminated PEG graft copolymers were synthesized by ring opening polymerization reaction. Nanoparticles were produced by using double emulsion (w/o/w) solvent evaporation method. ASO-TCS-PLA-PEG NPs demonstrated satisfactory encapsulation and loading efficiency and size distribution. The short-term stability studies were carried out at 4 and 25 °C for 30 days to assess their mean particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential. The cellular uptake and extended cytoplasmic retention of the NPs in A549 human lung carcinoma and L929 mouse fibroblast cells were examined by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. In human lung cancer cells, ASO-TCS-PLA-PEG NPs exhibited better cellular internalization, cytotoxicity and apoptotic and necrotic effects compared to healthy cell line, L929. These findings showed that ASO-modified nanoparticles could serve as a promising nanocarrier for targeted tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Kilicay
- a Zonguldak Vocational High School, Bülent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Zeynep Karahaliloglu
- b Faculty of Science, Biology Department , Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Pınar Alpaslan
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , TOBB University of Economics and Technology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Baki Hazer
- d Physical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department , Bülent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Emir Baki Denkbas
- e Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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3
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Xu Y, Zhong X, Zhang X, Lv W, Yu J, Xiao Y, Liu S, Huang J. Preparation of intravenous injection nanoformulation via co-assemble between cholesterylated gemcitabine and cholesterylated mPEG: enhanced cellular uptake and intracellular drug controlled release. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:185-194. [PMID: 28378597 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1316323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare the CHS-mPEG/CHS-dFdC nanoformulation could be administrated through intravenous injection in nude mice. Particularly, CHS-mPEG was selected to co-assemble with CHS-dFdC to improve the prodrug concentration and enhance the stability of nanoformulation. The nanoformulation could be prepared by codissolution-coprecipitation. All of the nanoformulations kept stable in PBS at 4 °C or simulative human plasma at 37 °C. As molar ratios of CHS-mPEG1900/CHS-dFdC increased from 0.1/1 to 2/1, the weight concentration of CHS-dFdC increased from 2.5 to 15 mg/mL. It was found the optimal CHS-mPEG1900/CHS-dFdC nanoformulation displayed controlled drug release in simulative lysosome condition. The amount of released dFdC reached up to 90% within 10 h. It also exhibited enhanced cellular uptake ability, 7-folds higher than that of dFdC during 2.5 h incubation. And it showed superior cytotoxicity resulted from the enhanced cellular uptake ability on BxPC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Xu
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xin Zhong
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Wei Lv
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Yi Xiao
- b Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Changzheng Hospital, The Second Millitary Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- b Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Changzheng Hospital, The Second Millitary Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing , PR China
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4
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Synthesis of the vitamin E amino acid esters with an enhanced anticancer activity and in silico screening for new antineoplastic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Gagic Z, Nikolic K, Ivkovic B, Filipic S, Agbaba D. QSAR studies and design of new analogs of vitamin E with enhanced antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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6
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Liposomal delivery systems for anti-cancer analogues of vitamin E. J Control Release 2015; 207:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Xu Y, Geng J, An P, Xu Y, Huang J, Lu W, Liu S, Yu J. Cathepsin B-sensitive cholesteryl hemisuccinate–gemcitabine prodrug nanoparticles: enhanced cellular uptake and intracellular drug controlled release. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13870h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl hemisuccinate–gemcitabine prodrug: enhanced cellular uptake and intracellular drug controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- PR China
| | - Jianqi Geng
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
| | - Ping An
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- PR China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging
- ChangZheng Hospital
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- PR China
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Lang KL, Silva IT, Zimmermann LA, Lhullier C, Mañalich Arana MV, Palermo JA, Falkenberg M, Simões CMO, Schenkel EP, Durán FJ. Cytotoxic activity of semi-synthetic derivatives of elatol and isoobtusol. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2254-2264. [PMID: 23170082 PMCID: PMC3497021 DOI: 10.3390/md10102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of six semi-synthetic derivatives of elatol (1) and isoobtusol (2) were investigated. Chemical modifications were performed on the hydroxyl groups aiming to get derivatives of different polarity, namely the hemisuccinate, carbamate and sulfamate. The structural elucidation of the new derivatives was based on detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The in vitro cytotoxicity of compounds 1 to 8 was evaluated against A459 and RD tumor cell lines with CC50 values ranging from 4.93 to 41.53 µM. These results suggest that the structural modifications performed on both compounds could be considered a good strategy to obtain more active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Lang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil; (I.T.S.); (L.A.Z.); (C.L.); (M.F.); (C.M.O.S.); (E.P.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +55-48-37215076; Fax: +55-48-37219350
| | - Izabella T. Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil; (I.T.S.); (L.A.Z.); (C.L.); (M.F.); (C.M.O.S.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Lara A. Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil; (I.T.S.); (L.A.Z.); (C.L.); (M.F.); (C.M.O.S.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Cíntia Lhullier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil; (I.T.S.); (L.A.Z.); (C.L.); (M.F.); (C.M.O.S.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Maria V. Mañalich Arana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina; (M.V.M.A.); (J.A.P.); (F.J.D.)
| | - Jorge A. Palermo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina; (M.V.M.A.); (J.A.P.); (F.J.D.)
| | - Miriam Falkenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil; (I.T.S.); (L.A.Z.); (C.L.); (M.F.); (C.M.O.S.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Cláudia M. O. Simões
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil; (I.T.S.); (L.A.Z.); (C.L.); (M.F.); (C.M.O.S.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Eloir P. Schenkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil; (I.T.S.); (L.A.Z.); (C.L.); (M.F.); (C.M.O.S.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Fernando J. Durán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina; (M.V.M.A.); (J.A.P.); (F.J.D.)
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9
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Selective antileukemia effect of stabilized nanohybrid vesicles based on cholesteryl succinyl silane. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9300-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Nesaretnam K, Dorasamy S, Darbre PD. Tocotrienols inhibit growth of ZR-75–1 breast cancer cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/096374800111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Koudelka Š, Mašek J, Neuzil J, Turánek J. Lyophilised liposome‐based formulations of α‐tocopheryl succinate: Preparation and physico‐chemical characterisation. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2434-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ishimaru C, Yonezawa Y, Kuriyama I, Nishida M, Yoshida H, Mizushina Y. Inhibitory effects of cholesterol derivatives on DNA polymerase and topoisomerase activities, and human cancer cell growth. Lipids 2008; 43:373-82. [PMID: 18214566 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the inhibitory activities of cholesterol derivatives such as cholesterol, sodium cholesteryl sulfate, cholesteryl-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxide, cholesteryl chloride, cholesteryl bromide, and cholesteryl hemisuccinate (compounds 1-6, respectively) against DNA polymerase (pol), DNA topoisomerase (topo), and human cancer cell growth. Among the compounds tested, compounds 2 and 6 revealed themselves to be potent inhibitors of animal pols, and the IC50 values for pols were 0.84-11.6 and 2.9-148 microM, respectively. Compounds 2, 3 and 6 inhibited the activity of human topo II, with IC50 values of 5.0, 12.5 and 120 microM, respectively. Compounds 2, 3 and 6 also suppressed human cancer cell (promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60) growth, and LD50 values were 8.8, 20.2 and 72.3 microM, respectively, suggesting that cell growth inhibition had the same tendency as the inhibition of topos rather than pols. Compounds 2 and 6 arrested the cells in S and G2/M phases, compound 3 arrested the cells in the G2/M phase, and these compounds also increased sub-G1 phase in the cell cycle. These results suggested that the effect of cell cycle arrest might be effective on both pols and topos activities. From these findings, the action mode of cholesterol derivatives as anti-cancer compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Ishimaru
- Laboratory of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Science, Kobe-Gakuin University, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2180, Japan
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Zhang YT, Lu W, Li T, Liang GW, Sun JB, Guo J, Men Y, Du J, Lu WL. A Continued Study on the Stealth Liposomal Topotecan Plus Amlodipine: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization in Non-Resistant Solid Tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Teng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Gong-Wen Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Jia-Bei Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Ying Men
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Ju Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Wan-Liang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University
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QSAR study of α-tocopherol derivatives with chemotherapeutic activity against human breast cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Ishimaru C, Kuriyama I, Shimazaki N, Koiwai O, Sakaguchi K, Kato I, Yoshida H, Mizushina Y. Cholesterol hemisuccinate: a selective inhibitor of family X DNA polymerases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:619-25. [PMID: 17241613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol hemisuccinate (compound 5), which consists of succinic acid esterified to the beta-hydroxyl group of cholesterol, selectively and strongly inhibited the activities of mammalian DNA polymerases (pols) such as pol beta, pol lambda, and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT), which are family X pols, in vitro, and the IC50 values were 2.9, 6.3, and 6.5 microM, respectively. The compound moderately suppressed the activities of other mammalian pols such as pol A (i.e., pol gamma), pol B (i.e., pols alpha, delta, and epsilon), and pol Y (i.e., pols iota, eta, and kappa) with 50% inhibition observed at concentrations of 131, 89.2-98.0, and 120-125 microM, respectively. The compound had no influence on the activities of plant pols alpha and beta, prokaryotic pols and other DNA metabolic enzymes tested. Since other cholesterol-related compounds such as cholesterol, cholesteryl chloride, cholesteryl bromide, cholesteryl acetate, and cholesteryl-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxide (compounds 1-4 and 6, respectively) did not influence the activities of any enzymes tested, the hemisuccinate group of compound 5 could be important for inhibition of the pol X family. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that compound 5 bound selectively to the C-terminal 31 kDa domain of pol beta and pol lambda containing a pol beta-like region. On the basis of these results, the inhibitory mechanism of compound 5 on the pol X family was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Ishimaru
- Laboratory of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Science, Kobe-Gakuin University, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2180, Japan
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Abstract
Vitamin E is a generic term that refers to a family of compounds that is further divided into two subgroups called tocopherols and tocotrienols. All natural forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols are potent antioxidants that regulate peroxidation reactions and controls free radical production within the body. However, it is now firmly established that many of the biological actions mediated by individual vitamin E isoforms are not dependent on their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, synthetic ether derivatives of vitamin E that no longer possess antioxidant activity also display a wide range of biological activities. One of the most intriguing therapeutic applications for natural vitamin E and vitamin E derivatives currently being investigated is their use as anticancer agents. Specific forms of vitamin E display potent apoptotic activity against a wide range of cancer cell types, while having little or no effect on normal cell function or viability. Experimental studies have also determined that the intracellular mechanisms mediating the apoptotic effects of specific vitamin E compounds display great diversity in different types of caner cells and has been found to restore multidrug resistant tumor cells sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. These findings strongly suggest that some natural and synthetic analogues of vitamin E can be used effectively as anticancer therapy either alone or in combination to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity of other anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sylvester
- College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA
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Chang E, Ni J, Yin Y, Lin CC, Chang P, James NS, Chemler SR, Yeh S. ?-Vitamin E derivative, RRR-?-tocopheryloxybutyric acid inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Asian J Androl 2007; 9:31-9. [PMID: 17187157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the activity of RRR-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid (TOB), an ether analog of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (VES), in prostate cancer cells. METHODS VES and TOB were used to treat prostate cancer LNCaP, PC3, and 22Rv1 cells and primary-cultured prostate fibroblasts. The proliferation rates were determined by MTT assay, the cell viabilities were determined by trypan blue exclusion assay, and the cell deaths were evaluated by using Cell Death Detection ELISA kit. The protein expression levels were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The MTT growth assay demonstrated that TOB could effectively suppress the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, but not normal prostate fibroblasts. Mechanism dissections revealed that TOB reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells similar to VES. In addition, both TOB and VES suppressed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at the transcriptional level leading to reduced PSA protein expression. Furthermore, vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression increased after the addition of TOB. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the VES derivative, TOB, is effective in inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that TOB could be used for both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Chang
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Quin J, Engle D, Litwiller A, Peralta E, Grasch A, Boley T, Hazelrigg S. Vitamin E Succinate Decreases Lung Cancer Tumor Growth in Mice. J Surg Res 2005; 127:139-43. [PMID: 16083751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro studies have shown that Vitamin E succinate (VES) arrests lung cancer proliferation; however, in vivo studies have not been performed. This study examined in vivo effects of VES on lung cancer. METHODS An in vitro dose-response curve of human A549 lung cancer tumors to VES was established. A549 tumors were established in the right submammary fat pads of athymic nude mice (C57/BL/6J-Hfh11nu). Seven days after injection, mice were separated into VES and control groups. VES mice (n = 12) underwent daily intraperitoneal (IP) injection of VES (150 mg/kg in 7% dimethyl sulfoxide, 93% polyethylene glycol); control mice (n = 11) were injected with vehicle only. At 27 days, harvested tumors were measured and weighed. Lungs were stained for metastases using hematoxylin-eosin. Tumor volume and weights were compared using a two-sample t test. Tumor growth curves were compared using a mixed model analysis of variance. RESULTS In vitro studies demonstrated dose-dependent manner inhibition of A549 cell proliferation by VES (IC(50) 18 mug/mL). Tumor volumes and weights differed significantly between VES and control mice with volumes of 192.6 +/- 20.4 mm(3)versus 292.9 +/- 31.4 mm(3) (P = 0.01) and weights of 168.6 +/- 20.0 mg versus 255.7 +/- 37.0 mg, respectively (P = 0.05). Tumor growth differed significantly (P < 0.001). Both groups of mice showed pulmonary metastases. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer cells appear to respond to VES, albeit incompletely. Because tumor cell response is seen, lung cancer patients may derive some benefit from VES and should be considered in eventual clinical studies using this vitamin E derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Quin
- Division of Cardiothoracic, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9638, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Our understanding of the role of vitamin E in human nutrition, health, and disease has broadened and changed over the past two decades. Viewed initially as nature's most potent lipid-soluble antioxidant (and discovered for its crucial role in mammalian reproduction) we have now come to realize that vitamin E action has many more facets, depending on the physiological context. Although mainly acting as an antioxidant, vitamin E can also be a pro-oxidant; it can even have nonantioxidant functions: as a signaling molecule, as a regulator of gene expression, and, possibly, in the prevention of cancer and atherosclerosis. Since the term vitamin E encompasses a group of eight structurally related tocopherols and tocotrienols, individual isomers have different propensities with respect to these novel, nontraditional roles. The particular beneficial effects of the individual isomers have to be considered when dissecting the physiological impact of dietary vitamin E or supplements (mainly containing only the alpha-tocopherol isomer) in clinical trials. These considerations are also relevant for the design of transgenic crop plants with the goal of enhancing vitamin E content because an engineered biosynthetic pathway may be biased toward formation of one isomer. In contrast to the tremendous recent advances in knowledge of vitamin E chemistry and biology, there is little hard evidence from clinical and epidemiologic studies on the beneficial effects of supplementation with vitamin E beyond the essential requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Schneider
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
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20
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Shun MC, Yu W, Gapor A, Parsons R, Atkinson J, Sanders BG, Kline K. Pro-apoptotic mechanisms of action of a novel vitamin E analog (alpha-TEA) and a naturally occurring form of vitamin E (delta-tocotrienol) in MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2004; 48:95-105. [PMID: 15203383 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4801_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E derivative, RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (vitamin E succinate, VES), is a potent pro-apoptotic agent, inducing apoptosis by restoring both transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Fas (CD95) apoptotic signaling pathways that contribute to the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated apoptosis. Objectives of these studies were to characterize signaling events involved in the pro-apoptotic actions of a naturally occurring form of vitamin E, delta-tocotrienol, and a novel vitamin E analog, alpha-tocopherol ether acetic acid analog [alpha-TEA; 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2R-(4R,8R,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-yloxyacetic acid]. Like VES, alpha-TEA and delta-tocotrienol induced estrogen-nonresponsive MDA-MB-435 and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to undergo high levels of apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. Like VES, the two compounds induced either no or lower levels of apoptosis in normal human mammary epithelial cells and immortalized but nontumorigenic human MCF-10A cells. The pro-apoptotic mechanisms triggered by the structurally distinct alpha-TEA and delta-tocotrienol were identical to those previously reported for VES, that is, alpha-TEA- and delta-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis involved up-regulation of TGF-beta receptor II expression and TGF-beta-, Fas- and JNK-signaling pathways. These data provide a better understanding of the anticancer actions of a dietary form of vitamin E (delta-tocotrienol) and a novel nonhydrolyzable vitamin E analog (alpha-TEA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chieh Shun
- Division of Nutrition/A2703, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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21
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Nesaretnam K, Ambra R, Selvaduray KR, Radhakrishnan A, Canali R, Virgili F. Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction from Palm Oil and Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1031:143-57. [PMID: 15753141 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1331.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is important not only for its cellular antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties, but also as an antiproliferating agent. It has also been shown to contribute to immunoregulation, antibody production, and resistance to implanted tumors. It has recently been shown that tocotrienols are the components of vitamin E responsible for growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells in vitro as well as in vivo through estrogen-independent mechanisms. Although tocotrienols act on cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and can induce programmed cell death, no specific gene regulation has yet been identified. In order to investigate the molecular basis of the effect of a tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil, we performed a cDNA array analysis of cancer-related gene expression in estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) and estrogen-independent (MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cells. The human breast cancer cells were incubated with or without 8 mug/mL of tocotrienols for 72 h. RNA was subsequently extracted and subjected to reverse transcription before being hybridized onto cancer arrays. Tocotrienol supplementation modulated significantly 46 out of 1200 genes in MDA-MB-231 cells. In MCF-7 cells, tocotrienol administration was associated with a lower number of affected genes. Interestingly, only three were affected in a similar fashion in both cell lines: c-myc binding protein MM-1, 23-kDa highly basic protein, and interferon-inducible protein 9-27 (IFITM-1). These proteins are most likely involved in the cell cycle and can exert inhibitory effects on cell growth and differentiation of the tumor cell lines. These data suggest that tocotrienols are able to affect cell homeostasis, possibly independent of their antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalanithi Nesaretnam
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 4300 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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22
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Anderson K, Simmons-Menchaca M, Lawson KA, Atkinson J, Sanders BG, Kline K. Differential response of human ovarian cancer cells to induction of apoptosis by vitamin E Succinate and vitamin E analogue, alpha-TEA. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4263-9. [PMID: 15205340 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A vitamin E derivative, vitamin E succinate (VES; RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate), and a vitamin E analogue, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2R-(4R,8R,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-yloxy acetic acid (alpha-TEA), induce human breast, prostate, colon, lung, cervical, and endometrial tumor cells in culture to undergo apoptosis but not normal human mammary epithelial cells, immortalized, nontumorigenic breast cells, or normal human prostate epithelial cells. Human ovarian and cervical cancer cell lines are exceptions, with alpha-TEA exhibiting greater proapoptotic effects. Although both VES and alpha-TEA can induce A2780 and subline A2780/cp70 ovarian cancer cells to undergo DNA synthesis arrest within 24 h of treatment, only alpha-TEA is an effective inducer of apoptosis. VES or alpha-TEA treatment of cp70 cells with 5, 10, or 20 microg/ml for 3 days induced 5, 6, and 19% versus 9, 36, and 71% apoptosis, respectively. Colony formation data provide additional evidence that cp70 cells are more sensitive to growth inhibition by alpha-TEA than VES. Differences in stability of the ester-linked succinate moiety of VES versus the ether-linked acetic acid moiety of alpha-TEA were demonstrated by high-performance liquid chromatography analyses that showed alpha-TEA to remain intact, whereas VES was hydrolyzed to the free phenol, RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Pretreatment of cp70 cells with bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate, an esterase inhibitor, before VES treatment, resulted in increased levels of intact VES and apoptosis. Taken together, these data show alpha-TEA to be a potent and stable proapoptotic agent for human ovarian tumor cells and suggest that endogenous ovarian esterases can hydrolyze the succinate moiety of VES, yielding RRR-alpha-tocopherol, an ineffective apoptotic-inducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences/C0900, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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23
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Nesaretnam K, Ambra R, Selvaduray KR, Radhakrishnan A, Reimann K, Razak G, Virgili F. Tocotrienol-rich fraction from palm oil affects gene expression in tumors resulting from MCF-7 cell inoculation in athymic mice. Lipids 2004; 39:459-67. [PMID: 15506241 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that tocotrienols are the components of vitamin E responsible for inhibiting the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro, through an estrogen-independent mechanism. Although tocotrienols act on cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and can induce programmed cell death, no specific gene regulation has yet been identified. To investigate the molecular basis of the effect of tocotrienols, we injected MCF-7 breast cancer cells into athymic nude mice. Mice were fed orally with 1 mg/d of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) for 20 wk. At end of the 20 wk, there was a significant delay in the onset, incidence, and size of the tumors in nude mice supplemented with TRF compared with the controls. At autopsy, the tumor tissue was excised and analyzed for gene expression by means of a cDNA array technique. Thirty out of 1176 genes were significantly affected. Ten genes were downregulated and 20 genes up-regulated with respect to untreated animals, and some genes in particular were involved in regulating the immune system and its function. The expression of the interferon-inducible transmembrane protein-1 gene was significantly up-regulated in tumors excised from TRF-treated animals compared with control mice. Within the group of genes related to the immune system, we also found that the CD59 glycoprotein precursor gene was up-regulated. Among the functional class of intracellular transducers/effectors/modulators, the c-myc gene was significantly down-regulated in tumors by TRF treatment. Our observations indicate that TRF supplementation significantly and specifically affects MCF-7 cell response after tumor formation in vivo and therefore the host immune function. The observed effect on gene expression is possibly exerted independently from the antioxidant activity typical of this family of molecules.
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24
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Yu W, Sanders BG, Kline K. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate induction of DNA synthesis arrest of human MDA-MB-435 cells involves TGF-beta-independent activation of p21Waf1/Cip1. Nutr Cancer 2003; 43:227-36. [PMID: 12588702 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc432_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (vitamin E succinate, VES), a derivative of vitamin E, is a potent antitumor agent. Cellular events involved in VES-induced DNA synthesis arrest of human MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells were studied. VES induces a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. VES induces expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 mRNA and protein, and antisense oligomers to p21 block VES-induced growth arrest. Evidence suggesting that VES modulates p21 expression in a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-independent fashion includes failure of TGF-beta-neutralizing antibodies to block VES-induced DNA synthesis arrest or VES activation of a p21 promoter-regulated reporter gene; VES is not capable of inducing the translocation of green fluorescent protein-Smad2 into the nucleus and is not capable of stimulating a TGF-beta-dependent reporter gene, and VES induces growth inhibition and upregulates p21 mRNA levels in TGF-beta receptor-defective cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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25
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Kline K, Lawson KA, Yu W, Sanders BG. Vitamin E and breast cancer prevention: current status and future potential. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8:91-102. [PMID: 14587865 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025787422466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is a collective term used to refer to a number of structurally and functionally different compounds. Although some vitamin E compounds are popular supplements marketed for their potential beneficial antioxidant effects for a number of chronic diseases including various forms of cancer, a recent report by the National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board concluded that too little is known at present to provide definitive answers regarding whether taking larger doses of dietary antioxidants will help prevent chronic diseases. Recent reviews of epidemiological data suggest that dietary source vitamin E may provide some protection against breast cancer, while vitamin E supplements do not. A majority of studies investigating the protective effects of certain types of vitamin E in animal models of mammary cancer prevention conclude that there is little or no effect. The study of vitamin E is complex, and the vitamin E field faces many scientific challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Kline
- Division of Nutrition, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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26
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You H, Yu W, Munoz-Medellin D, Brown PH, Sanders BG, Kline K. Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate-induced differentiation of human MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2002; 33:228-36. [PMID: 11933076 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (vitamin E succinate, VES) induces differentiation of human breast cancer cells. Previous studies ruled out transforming growth factor-beta and c-jun N-terminal kinase involvement in VES-induced differentiation but implicated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Here we show that dominant-negative mutants of either mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1 or ERK1 blocked VES-induced differentiation of MDA-MB-435 cells, as measured by induction of cytokeratin 18 and p21 (Waf1/Cip1) proteins. Blockage of c-jun protein expression using c-jun antisense oligonucleotides or expression of an inducible dominant-negative c-jun mutant protein inhibited VES-induced differentiation. Elevated expression of wild-type c-jun alone was sufficient to induce cellular differentiation. A role for p21 (Waf1/Cip1) is implicated, in that p21 antisense oligomers blocked VES-induced differentiation. In summary, MEK1, ERK1, the transcription factor c-jun, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (Waf1/Cip1) play a part in VES-induced differentiation of human MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong You
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology/C0900 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712-1097, USA
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27
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Neuzil J, Zhao M, Ostermann G, Sticha M, Gellert N, Weber C, Eaton JW, Brunk UT. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate, an agent with in vivo anti-tumour activity, induces apoptosis by causing lysosomal instability. Biochem J 2002; 362:709-15. [PMID: 11879199 PMCID: PMC1222436 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Certain vitamin E analogues, such as alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS), exhibit in vivo anti-tumour activity and, in vitro, induce apoptosis of cultured tumour cells. In the present study we report that these effects may be explained, at least in part, by destabilization of lysosomal membranes. alpha-TOS, but not alpha-tocopheryl acetate or alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH), induced early lysosomal destabilization followed by apoptosis. Similar effects were observed with beta-TOS, whereas beta-TOH was inactive. Cathepsin D-deficient cells were more resistant to alpha-TOS than their normal counterparts, and featured delayed caspase activation. Possible detergent and lysosomotropic effects of alpha- and beta-TOS were suggested by their haemolytic activity in an in vitro test and their release of beta-galactosidase from isolated lysosomes, whereas the non-succinylated analogues were inactive. The pro-apoptotic activity of alpha-TOS was pH-dependent, being greater at lower pH, typical of the interstitium of solid tumours. These findings indicate that lysosomal destabilization may partially or fully explain the induction of apoptosis in cultured cells by alpha-TOS and the mechanism whereby this agent exerts in vivo anti-tumour effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Neuzil
- Department of Pathology II, University Hospital, Linköping 581 85, Sweden.
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28
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Neuzil J, Weber T, Terman A, Weber C, Brunk UT. Vitamin E analogues as inducers of apoptosis: implications for their potential antineoplastic role. Redox Rep 2002; 6:143-51. [PMID: 11523588 DOI: 10.1179/135100001101536247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that vitamin E and its analogues, which have been used for many years as antioxidants, may not only protect cells from free radical damage but also induce apoptotic cell death in various cell types. While alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH) is mainly known as an anti-apoptotic agent, its redox-silent analogues either have no influence on cell survival (alpha-tocopheryl acetate, alpha-TOA), or induce apoptosis (alpha-tocopheryl succinate, alpha-TOS). Although precise mechanisms of apoptosis induction by alpha-TOS remain to be elucidated, there is evidence that this process involves both the antiproliferative and membrane destabilising activities of the agent. Alpha-TOS has been shown to induce apoptosis in malignant cell lines but not, in general, in normal cells, and to inhibit tumorigenesis in vivo. These features suggest that this semi-synthetic analogue of vitamin E could be a promising antineoplastic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neuzil
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Schwenke DC. Does lack of tocopherols and tocotrienols put women at increased risk of breast cancer? J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:2-20. [PMID: 11834215 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading site of new cancers in women and the second leading cause (after lung cancer) of cancer mortality in women. Observational studies that have collected data for dietary exposure to alpha-tocopherol with or without the other related tocopherols and tocotrienols have suggested that vitamin E from dietary sources may provide women with modest protection from breast cancer. However, there is no evidence that vitamin E supplements confer any protection whatever against breast cancer. Observational studies that have assessed exposure to vitamin E by plasma or adipose tissue concentrations of alpha-tocopherol have failed to provide consistent support for the idea that alpha-tocopherol provides any protection against breast cancer. In addition, evidence from studies in experimental animals suggest that alpha-tocopherol supplementation alone has little effect on mammary tumors. In contrast, studies in breast cancer cells indicate that alpha- gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol, and to a lesser extent delta-tocopherol, have potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects that would be expected to reduce risk of breast cancer. Many vegetable sources of alpha-tocopherol also contain other tocopherols or tocotrienols. Thus, it seems plausible that the modest protection from breast cancer associated with dietary vitamin E may be due to the effects of the other tocopherols and the tocotrienols in the diet. Additional studies will be required to determine whether this may be the case, and to identify the most active tocopherol/tocotrienol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn C. Schwenke
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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30
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Kogure K, Morita M, Nakashima S, Hama S, Tokumura A, Fukuzawa K. Superoxide is responsible for apoptosis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells induced by alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1528:25-30. [PMID: 11514094 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of cell toxicity of alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS). TS concentration- and time-dependently induced the lactate dehydrogenase release and DNA fragmentation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Exogenous addition of superoxide dismutase, but not catalase, significantly inhibited the cell toxicity of TS. The NADPH-dependent oxidase activity of VSMC was stimulated by TS treatment. The cell toxicity of TS was inhibited by NADPH oxidase inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride. Consequently, TS-induced apoptosis of VSMC was suggested to be caused by exogenous O(2)(-) generated via the oxidase system activated with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kogure
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Shomachi-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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31
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Neuzil J, Schröder A, von Hundelshausen P, Zernecke A, Weber T, Gellert N, Weber C. Inhibition of inflammatory endothelial responses by a pathway involving caspase activation and p65 cleavage. Biochemistry 2001; 40:4686-92. [PMID: 11294636 DOI: 10.1021/bi002498n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of NF kappa B activation has been involved in the elimination of survival programs during endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis. We used alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) to trigger apoptosome formation and the subsequent activation of executioner caspases. The level of bcl-2 was reduced by alpha-TOS, and its downregulation potentiated and its overexpression suppressed pro-apoptotic effects of alpha-TOS, indicating a mitochondrial role in alpha-TOS-induced apoptosis in EC. alpha-TOS treatment was associated with induction of TUNEL-positive apoptosis in EC with a high but not with a low proliferation index. The use of the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD.fmk suggested the involvement of caspases in cleavage of p65, and in inhibition of nuclear translocation of p65 and NF kappa B-dependent transactivation of a gene construct encoding the green fluorescence protein elicited by TNF alpha in contact-arrested EC. The suppression by alpha-TOS of inflammatory EC responses induced by TNF alpha such as VCAM-1 mRNA and surface protein expression and shear-resistant arrest of monocytic cells were also reversed by z-VAD.fmk. NF kappa B-dependent transactivation was preserved in alpha-TOS-treated EC stably transfected with a caspase-noncleavable p65 mutant but not with its truncated form, thus establishing a direct link between alpha-TOS-induced effects and p65 cleavage. Our data infer a pathway by which caspase activation in EC inhibits NF kappa B-dependent inflammatory activation and monocyte recruitment, and provide evidence for a relationship between pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neuzil
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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32
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Massey JB. Interfacial properties of phosphatidylcholine bilayers containing vitamin E derivatives. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 109:157-74. [PMID: 11269935 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl succinate are biologically active lipids. The activity of these lipids may be related to how they affect membrane physical-chemical properties. Utilizing fluorescence methods, we have investigated the effect of alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocopheryl succinate, and alpha-tocopheryl acetate on the properties of model membranes consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. In liquid-crystalline phase phospholipid bilayers, alpha-tocopherol decreased acyl chain mobility and decreased the interfacial polarity, but had no effect on the interfacial surface charge. In contrast, alpha-tocopheryl succinate had little effect on acyl chain motion or interfacial hydration, but increased the interfacial surface charge. alpha-Tocopheryl acetate had very little effect on any of the measurements of these bilayer properties. In a gel phase bilayer, alpha-tocopherol decreased acyl chain order, whereas alpha-tocopheryl succinate and alpha-tocopheryl acetate did not. Each alpha-tocopheryl derivative had a different effect on interfacial polarity, however, only alpha-tocopheryl succinate increased the interfacial surface charge. The acylation of alpha-tocopherol abolishes its antioxidant activity and generates molecules with different membrane physical properties. The non-polar acetate group of alpha-tocopheryl acetate locates this compound in a region of the bilayer where it has little effect on bilayer interfacial properties. The free carboxyl group of alpha-tocopheryl succinate is located in the interfacial region of the bilayer where it increases the membrane surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Massey
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, M.S.A.-601, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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33
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Neuzil J, Weber T, Schröder A, Lu M, Ostermann G, Gellert N, Mayne GC, Olejnicka B, Nègre-Salvayre A, Stícha M, Coffey RJ, Weber C. Induction of cancer cell apoptosis by alpha-tocopheryl succinate: molecular pathways and structural requirements. FASEB J 2001; 15:403-15. [PMID: 11156956 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0251com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin E analog alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) can induce apoptosis. We show that the proapoptotic activity of alpha-TOS in hematopoietic and cancer cell lines involves inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), since phorbol myristyl acetate prevented alpha-TOS-triggered apoptosis. More selective effectors indicated that alpha-TOS reduced PKCalpha isotype activity by increasing protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. The role of PKCalpha inhibition in alpha-TOS-induced apoptosis was confirmed using antisense oligonucleotides or PKCalpha overexpression. Gain- or loss-of-function bcl-2 mutants implied modulation of bcl-2 activity by PKC/PP2A as a mitochondrial target of alpha-TOS-induced proapoptotic signals. Structural analogs revealed that alpha-tocopheryl and succinyl moieties are both required for maximizing these effects. In mice with colon cancer xenografts, alpha-TOS suppressed tumor growth by 80%. This epitomizes cancer cell killing by a pharmacologically relevant compound without known side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neuzil
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases and Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Kline K, Yu W, Sanders BG. Vitamin E: mechanisms of action as tumor cell growth inhibitors. J Nutr 2001; 131:161S-163S. [PMID: 11208955 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.161s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Kline
- Division of Nutrition and. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E succinate (VES) is the most potent antitumor analogue of vitamin E. Despite many reports of VES's antitumor activity in vitro, there is little information about its antitumor effects in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effect of VES on the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS VES decreased cell viability in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Although VES increased apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells, it had no effect on apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The inhibitory effect of VES on cell growth was specific for the intact molecule because a markedly reduced effect was noted when either vitamin E or succinic acid was administered alone. VES inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in nude mice. Also, VES was found to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSIONS VES inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This is the first report of VES inhibition of established tumor growth in vivo. The mechanism of VES's in vivo effects may involve inhibition of tumor angiogenesis since VES inhibits VEGF gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Malafa
- Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794, USA.
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Massey JB. Effect of cholesteryl hemisuccinate on the interfacial properties of phosphatidylcholine bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1415:193-204. [PMID: 9858729 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) is an amphipathic lipid that can regulate cell growth. A comparison of the effects of CHEMS and cholesterol on 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) bilayers was investigated using fluorescence techniques. In liquid-crystalline phase POPC bilayers, CHEMS increased the interfacial surface charge, but was less effective than cholesterol in reducing acyl chain mobility and interfacial hydration. In liquid-crystalline phase DPPC bilayers, CHEMS and cholesterol were equally effective in reducing acyl chain mobility. Similar to the POPC matrix, CHEMS increased the interfacial surface charge and cholesterol decreased the surface hydration. The different effect of cholesterol and CHEMS on acyl chain mobility may be due to a preferential interaction of cholesterol with POPC. In gel phase DPPC bilayers, CHEMS and a succinylated pyrenyl cholesterol analog exhibited different effects on membrane physical-chemical properties than cholesterol. Succinylation also increased the rate of transfer of the pyrenyl cholesterol analog between single unilamellar vesicles approximately seven fold. This process demonstrated first-order kinetics which indicated that transbilayer migration was not a rate-limiting step. The succinylation of cholesterol places a carboxyl group at the lipid-water interface and the sterol ring deeper in the bilayer. For a structural model to explain its biological properties, CHEMS should be considered a bulky fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Massey
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, M.S. A-601, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Tirmenstein MA, Watson BW, Haar NC, Fariss MW. Sensitive method for measuring tissue alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 707:308-11. [PMID: 9613964 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonhydrolysable tocopherol ether analog, d-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid (TSE), and its tocopherol ester counterpart, d-alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS), have been shown to possess anti-tumor activity. In the present study, a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using fluorometric detection is described for the simultaneous determination of TSE and alpha-T in biological specimens. Maximal sensitivity for the measurement of TSE and alpha-T was observed with the wavelengths, 210 nm excitation and 300 nm emission. Using an internal standard (I.S.) method, the amount of these tocopherol compounds was determined in standards, liver homogenates isolated from rats administered TSE-tris salt or vehicle (saline) and in HL-60 human leukaemia cells incubated with TSE-tris salt or saline. Treatment with TSE resulted in the significant accumulation of TSE, but not alpha-T, in the liver and HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tirmenstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6510, USA
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