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Honda H, Matsumoto M, Shijo M, Hamasaki H, Sadashima S, Suzuki SO, Aishima S, Kai K, Nakayama KI, Sasagasako N, Iwaki T. Frequent Detection of Pituitary-Derived PrPres in Human Prion Diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:922-929. [PMID: 31504701 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Human prion diseases including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), inherited prion diseases, and acquired human prion diseases are lethal neurodegenerative diseases. One of the major sources of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was human growth hormone (hGH-iCJD) derived from contaminated cadaveric pituitaries. The incidence of hGH-iCJD has decreased since changing from growth hormone extracted from human cadaveric pituitaries to recombinant pituitary hormones. However, extensive analysis on the localization and detecting of abnormal prion protein in the pituitary gland are limited. In this study, we examined 9 autopsied brains and pituitary glands from 6 patients with prion disease (3 Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, 2 sCJD, and 1 dura mater graft-associated CJD) and 3 individuals with nonprion diseases. Western blot analysis of pituitary samples demonstrated unique glycoforms of normal cellular prion protein with molecular weights of 30–40 kDa, which was higher than the typical 25–35 kDa prion protein in brains. Proteomic analysis also revealed prion protein approximately the molecular weight of 40 kDa in pituitary samples. Moreover, proteinase K-resistant Prion protein was frequently detected in pituitary samples of the prion diseases. Immunohistochemistry for Prion protein revealed mosaic cellular distribution preferentially in growth hormone- or prolactin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Division of Proteomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Hideomi Hamasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Shoko Sadashima
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Satoshi O Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Division of Proteomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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Biochemical features of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with valine-to-isoleucine substitution at codon 180 on the prion protein gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1055-1061. [PMID: 29382530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Valine-to-isoleucine substitution at codon 180 of the prion protein gene is only observed in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and accounts for approximately half of all cases of genetic prion disease in Japan. In the present study, we investigated the biochemical characteristics of valine-to-isoleucine substitution at codon 180 in the prion protein gene, using samples obtained from the autopsied brains of seven patients with genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease exhibiting this mutation (diagnoses confirmed via neuropathological examination). Among these patients, we observed an absence of diglycosylated and monoglycosylated forms of PrPres at codon 181. Our findings further indicated that the abnormal prion proteins were composed of at least three components, although smaller carboxyl-terminal fragments were predominant. Western blot analyses revealed large amounts of PrPres in the cerebral neocortices, where neuropathological examination revealed marked spongiosis. Relatively smaller amounts of PrPres were detected in the hippocampus, where milder spongiosis was observed, than in the cerebral neocortex. These findings indicate that abnormal prion proteins in the neocortex are associated with severe toxicity, resulting in severe spongiosis. Our findings further indicate that the valine-to-isoleucine substitution is not a polymorphism, but rather an authentic pathogenic mutation associated with specific biochemical characteristics that differ from those observed in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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Noble GP, Walsh DJ, Miller MB, Jackson WS, Supattapone S. Requirements for mutant and wild-type prion protein misfolding in vitro. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1180-7. [PMID: 25584902 DOI: 10.1021/bi501495j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding of the prion protein (PrP) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of infectious, sporadic, and inherited prion diseases. Here we use a chemically defined prion propagation system to study misfolding of the pathogenic PrP mutant D177N in vitro. This mutation causes PrP to misfold spontaneously in the absence of cofactor molecules in a process dependent on time, temperature, pH, and intermittent sonication. Spontaneously misfolded mutant PrP is able to template its unique conformation onto wild-type PrP substrate in a process that requires a phospholipid activity distinct from that required for the propagation of infectious prions. Similar results were obtained with a second pathogenic PrP mutant, E199K, but not with the polymorphic substitution M128V. Moreover, wild-type PrP inhibits mutant PrP misfolding in a dose-dependent manner, and cofactor molecules can antagonize this effect. These studies suggest that interactions between mutant PrP, wild-type PrP, and other cellular factors may control the rate of PrP misfolding in inherited prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P Noble
- Department of Biochemistry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Vail Building Room 311, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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Transmission properties of atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a clue to disease etiology? J Virol 2015; 89:3939-46. [PMID: 25609817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03183-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genotype at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene has a profound influence on both phenotypic expression and prion strain susceptibility in humans. For example, while the most common sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) subtype, sporadic CJD-MM1 (M1 strain), induces a single phenotype after experimental transmission regardless of the codon 129 genotype of the recipient animal, the phenotype elicited by sporadic CJD-VV2 (V2 strain), the second most common subtype, varies according to the host codon 129 genotype. In particular, the propagation of the V2 strain in codon 129 methionine homozygotes has been linked only to acquired forms of CJD such as plaque-type dura mater graft-associated CJD (dCJD), a subgroup of iatrogenic CJD with distinctive phenotypic features, but has never been observed in sporadic CJD cases. In the present report, we describe atypical CJD cases carrying codon 129 methionine homozygosity, in a neurosurgeon and in a patient with a medical history of neurosurgery without dural grafting, showing the distinctive phenotypic features and transmission properties of plaque-type dCJD. These findings raise the possibility that the two cases, previously thought to represent sporadic CJD, might actually represent acquired CJD caused by infection with the V2 strain. Thus, careful analyses of phenotypic features and transmission properties in atypical cases may be useful to distinguish acquired from sporadic cases of CJD. IMPORTANCE Susceptibility to and phenotypic expression of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) depend on both the prion strain and genotype at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene. For example, propagation of the second most common sporadic CJD strain (V2 strain) into codon 129 methionine homozygotes has been linked to plaque-type dura mater graft-associated CJD (dCJD), a subgroup of iatrogenic CJD with distinctive phenotypic features, but has never been observed in sporadic CJD. In the present report, we describe atypical CJD cases in a neurosurgeon and in a patient with a medical history of neurosurgery without dural grafting, showing the distinctive phenotypic features and transmission properties of plaque-type dCJD. These findings raise the possibility that the two cases, previously considered to represent sporadic CJD, might actually represent acquired CJD caused by infection with the V2 strain.
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Shirai T, Saito M, Kobayashi A, Asano M, Hizume M, Ikeda S, Teruya K, Morita M, Kitamoto T. Evaluating prion models based on comprehensive mutation data of mouse PrP. Structure 2014; 22:560-71. [PMID: 24560805 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structural details of the essential entity of prion disease, fibril prion protein (PrP(Sc)), are still elusive despite the large body of evidence supporting the prion hypothesis. Five major working models of PrP(Sc) structure, which are not compatible with each other, have been proposed. However, no systematic evaluation has been performed on those models. We devised a method that combined systematic point mutation with threading on knowledge-based amino acid potentials. A comprehensive mutation experiment was performed on mouse prion protein, and the PrP(Sc) conversion efficiency of each mutant was examined. The models were evaluated based on the mutation data by using the threading method. Although the data turned out to be rather more consistent with the models that assumed a conversion of the N-terminal region of core PrP into a β helix than with others, substantial modifications were also required to further improve the current model based on recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan; Bioinformatics Research Division, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5-3, Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666 Japan.
| | - Mihoko Saito
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan; Bioinformatics Research Division, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5-3, Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Asano
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masaki Hizume
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shino Ikeda
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masanori Morita
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Research and Development Division, Benesis Corporation, Kitahama, Chuo-Ku, Osaka 541-850, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Kobayashi A, Iwasaki Y, Otsuka H, Yamada M, Yoshida M, Matsuura Y, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Deciphering the pathogenesis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with codon 129 M/V and type 2 abnormal prion protein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:74. [PMID: 24252157 PMCID: PMC3833290 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is classified according to the genotype at polymorphic codon 129 (M or V) of the prion protein (PrP) gene and the type (1 or 2) of abnormal isoform of PrP (PrPSc) in the brain. The most complicated entity in the current classification system is MV2, since it shows wide phenotypic variations, i.e., MV2 cortical form (MV2C), MV2 with kuru plaques (MV2K), or a mixed form (MV2K + C). To resolve their complicated pathogenesis, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the three MV2 subgroups based on histopathological, molecular, and transmission properties. Results In histopathological and molecular analyses, MV2C showed close similarity to MM2 cortical form (MM2C) and could be easily discriminated from the other MV2 subgroups. By contrast, MV2K and MV2K + C showed the same molecular type and the same transmission type, and the sole difference between MV2K and MV2K + C was the presence of cortical pathology characteristic of MV2C/MM2C. The remarkable molecular feature of MV2K or MV2K + C was a mixture of type 2 PrPSc and intermediate type PrPSc, which shows intermediate electrophoretic mobility between types 1 and 2 PrPSc. Modeling experiments using PrP-humanized mice indicated that MV2K contains a mixture of intermediate type PrPSc with the 129M genotype (Mi PrPSc) and type 2 PrPSc with the 129V genotype (V2 PrPSc) that originated from V2 PrPSc, whereas MV2C + K may also contain type 2 PrPSc with the 129M genotype and cortical pathology (M2C PrPSc) that lacks infectivity to the PrP-humanized mice in addition to Mi and V2 PrPSc. Conclusions Taken together, the present study suggests that the phenotypic heterogeneity of MV2 stems from their different PrPSc origin(s).
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Pirisinu L, Nonno R, Esposito E, Benestad SL, Gambetti P, Agrimi U, Zou WQ. Small ruminant nor98 prions share biochemical features with human gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker disease and variably protease-sensitive prionopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66405. [PMID: 23826096 PMCID: PMC3691246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are classically characterized by the accumulation of pathological prion protein (PrPSc) with the protease resistant C-terminal fragment (PrPres) of 27–30 kDa. However, in both humans and animals, prion diseases with atypical biochemical features, characterized by PK-resistant PrP internal fragments (PrPres) cleaved at both the N and C termini, have been described. In this study we performed a detailed comparison of the biochemical features of PrPSc from atypical prion diseases including human Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) and variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) and in small ruminant Nor98 or atypical scrapie. The kinetics of PrPres production and its cleavage sites after PK digestion were analyzed, along with the PrPSc conformational stability, using a new method able to characterize both protease-resistant and protease-sensitive PrPSc components. All these PrPSc types shared common and distinctive biochemical features compared to PrPSc from classical prion diseases such as sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie. Notwithstanding, distinct biochemical signatures based on PrPres cleavage sites and PrPSc conformational stability were identified in GSS A117V, GSS F198S, GSS P102L and VPSPr, which allowed their specific identification. Importantly, the biochemical properties of PrPSc from Nor98 and GSS P102L largely overlapped, but were distinct from the other human prions investigated. Finally, our study paves the way towards more refined comparative approaches to the characterization of prions at the animal–human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (LP); (WQZ)
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (WQZ)
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8
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Kobayashi A, Mizukoshi K, Iwasaki Y, Miyata H, Yoshida Y, Kitamoto T. Co-occurrence of types 1 and 2 PrP(res) in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1309-15. [PMID: 21356381 PMCID: PMC3069892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genotype (M/M, M/V, or V/V) at polymorphic codon 129 of the human prion protein (PrP) gene and the type (1 or 2) of protease-resistant PrP (PrP(res)) in the brain are major determinants of the clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). According to this molecular typing system, sCJD has been classified into six subgroups (MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1, and VV2). Besides these pure subgroups, mixed cases presenting mixed neuropathological phenotypes and more than one PrP(res) type have been found in sCJD. To investigate the frequency of the co-occurrence of types 1 and 2 PrP(res) in sCJD patients classified as MM1, we produced type 2 PrP(res)-specific antibody Tohoku 2 (T2) that can specifically detect the N-terminal cleavage site of type 2 PrP(res) after protease treatment and examined brain samples from 23 patients with sCJD-MM1. Western blot analysis using the T2 antibody revealed that the minority type 2 PrP(res) could be detected in all sCJD-MM1 brain samples including those of the cerebellum where sCJD-MM2 prions rarely accumulate. These results show that the co-occurrence of types 1 and 2 PrP(res) within a single sCJD-MM1 patient is a universal phenomenon. The general co-occurrence of multiple PrP(res) fragments within a single prion strain questions the validity of the conventional molecular typing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Division of Neurological Science, Center for Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenta Mizukoshi
- Division of Neurological Science, Center for Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neurology, Oyamada Memorial Spa Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyata
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels–Akita, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuji Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels–Akita, Akita, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Division of Neurological Science, Center for Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Shimizu Y, Kaku-Ushiki Y, Iwamaru Y, Muramoto T, Kitamoto T, Yokoyama T, Mohri S, Tagawa Y. A novel anti-prion protein monoclonal antibody and its single-chain fragment variable derivative with ability to inhibit abnormal prion protein accumulation in cultured cells. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:112-21. [PMID: 20377745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
mAbs T1 and T2 were established by immunizing PrP gene ablated mice with recombinant MoPrP of residues 121-231. Both mAbs were cross-reactive with PrP from hamster, sheep, cattle and deer. A linear epitope of mAb T1 was identified at residues 137-143 of MoPrP and buried in PrP(C) expressed on the cell surface. mAb T1 showed no inhibitory effect on accumulation of PrP(Sc) in cultured scrapie-infected neuroblastoma (ScN2a) cells. In contrast, mAb T2 recognized a discontinuous epitope ranged on, or structured by, residues 132-217 and this epitope was exposed on the cell surface PrP(C). mAb T2 showed an excellent inhibitory effect on PrP(Sc) accumulation in vitro at a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.02 microg/ml (0.14 nM). The scFv form of mAb T2 (scFv T2) was secreted in neuroblastoma (N2a58) cell cultures by transfection through eukaryotic secretion vector. Coculturing of ScN2a cells with scFv T2-producing N2a58 cells induced a clear inhibitory effect on PrP(Sc) accumulation, suggesting that scFv T2 could potentially be an immunotherapeutic tool for prion diseases by inhibition of PrP(Sc) accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Shimizu
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Shimizu H, Yamada M, Matsubara N, Takano H, Umeda Y, Kawase Y, Kitamoto T, Nishizawa M, Takahashi H. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with an M232R substitution: report of a patient showing slowly progressive disease with abundant plaque-like PrP deposits in the cerebellum. Neuropathology 2009; 29:735-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Asante EA, Gowland I, Grimshaw A, Linehan JM, Smidak M, Houghton R, Osiguwa O, Tomlinson A, Joiner S, Brandner S, Wadsworth JDF, Collinge J. Absence of spontaneous disease and comparative prion susceptibility of transgenic mice expressing mutant human prion proteins. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:546-558. [PMID: 19218199 PMCID: PMC2885063 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.007930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15 % of human prion disease is associated with autosomal-dominant pathogenic mutations in the prion protein (PrP) gene. Previous attempts to model these diseases in mice have expressed human PrP mutations in murine PrP, but this may have different structural consequences. Here, we describe transgenic mice expressing human PrP with P102L or E200K mutations and methionine (M) at the polymorphic residue 129. Although no spontaneous disease developed in aged animals, these mice were readily susceptible to prion infection from patients with the homotypic pathogenic mutation. However, while variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) prions transmitted infection efficiently to both lines of mice, markedly different susceptibilities to classical (sporadic and iatrogenic) CJD prions were observed. Prions from E200K and classical CJD M129 homozygous patients, transmitted disease with equivalent efficiencies and short incubation periods in human PrP 200K, 129M transgenic mice. However, mismatch at residue 129 between inoculum and host dramatically increased the incubation period. In human PrP 102L, 129M transgenic mice, short disease incubation periods were only observed with transmissions of prions from P102L patients, whereas classical CJD prions showed prolonged and variable incubation periods irrespective of the codon 129 genotype. Analysis of disease-related PrP (PrPSc) showed marked alteration in the PrPSc glycoform ratio propagated after transmission of classical CJD prions, consistent with the PrP point mutations directly influencing PrPSc assembly. These data indicate that P102L or E200K mutations of human PrP have differing effects on prion propagation that depend upon prion strain type and can be significantly influenced by mismatch at the polymorphic residue 129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Asante
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ian Gowland
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew Grimshaw
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Linehan
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michelle Smidak
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Richard Houghton
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Olufunmilayo Osiguwa
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew Tomlinson
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Susan Joiner
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Kobayashi A, Arima K, Ogawa M, Murata M, Fukuda T, Kitamoto T. Plaque-type deposition of prion protein in the damaged white matter of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM1 patients. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:561-6. [PMID: 18751990 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plaque-type deposition of prion protein (PrP) in the brain has been extremely rare in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129 of the PrP gene and type 1 abnormal isoform of PrP (sCJD-MM1). Here we report three sCJD-MM1 patients who showed prominent PrP-positive amyloid plaques in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. All three patients showed clinical courses of long duration (2 years < or =), particularly at the end-stage. The white matter of these patients was severely damaged because of the prolonged disease duration. Furthermore, Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein, which accumulates within the axonal swellings under pathological conditions, co-accumulated with the PrP-amyloid plaques. These findings suggest that the axonal damage reflecting the prolonged disease duration causes the deposition of PrP-amyloid plaques in the white matter. The present study shows that PrP-amyloid plaques can occur in the white matter of sCJD-MM1 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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Cernilec M, Vranac T, Hafner-Bratkovic I, Koren S, Venturini AC, Popović M, Juntes P, Serbec VC. Identification of an epitope on the recombinant bovine PrP that is able to elicit a prominent immune response in wild-type mice. Immunol Lett 2007; 113:29-39. [PMID: 17884181 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main cause for the development of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) is the conformational change of prion protein from the normal cellular isoform (PrP(C)) into the abnormal isoform, named prion (PrP(Sc)). The two isoforms have the same primary structure, and with PrP being highly conserved among different species, no immune response to PrP(Sc) has been observed in infected humans or other mammals so far. The problem of inducing immune response was encountered when producing monoclonal antibodies against PrP, therefore mice lacking a functional Prnp gene were predominantly used for the immunization. In the present paper we report that by immunizing wild-type BALB/c mice with chemically unmodified recombinant bovine PrP a potent humoral immune response was achieved. Furthermore, we were able to isolate the monoclonal antibody (mAb) E12/2 and few other mAbs, all reacting specifically with bovine and human PrP, but not with PrP from several other mammals. The epitope of mAb E12/2 is located at the C-terminal end of helix 1, with His155 being crucial for binding. It has been proven that mAb E12/2 is useful for human and bovine TSE research as well as for diagnostics. Our results show that there are sufficient structural differences between mouse and bovine PrP to provoke a prominent humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Cernilec
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Slajmerjeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Wadsworth JDF, Collinge J. Update on human prion disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:598-609. [PMID: 17408929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is caused by the same prion strain as bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle has dramatically highlighted the need for a precise understanding of the molecular biology of human prion diseases. Detailed clinical, pathological and molecular data from a large number of human prion disease patients indicate that phenotypic diversity in human prion disease relates in part to the propagation of disease-related PrP isoforms with distinct physicochemical properties. Incubation periods of prion infection in humans can exceed 50 years and therefore it will be some years before the extent of any human vCJD epidemic can be predicted with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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15
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Vaccari G, Bari MAD, Morelli L, Nonno R, Chiappini B, Antonucci G, Marcon S, Esposito E, Fazzi P, Palazzini N, Troiano P, Petrella A, Di Guardo G, Agrimi U. Identification of an allelic variant of the goat PrP gene associated with resistance to scrapie. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1395-1402. [PMID: 16603543 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between PrP gene variations and scrapie susceptibility was studied in a single herd of Ionica breed goats. The entire herd comprised 100 animals, 11 of which were clinically affected and showed pathological prion protein (PrPSc) deposition in both their central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoreticular system (LRS). Among asymptomatic goats, nine harboured PrPSc in both CNS and LRS, 19 showed PrPSc only at the LRS level and 61 animals had no PrPSc deposition. Genetic analysis of the PrP gene coding sequence revealed the presence of several polymorphisms, namely G37V, T110P, H143R, R154H, Q222K and P240S. Silent polymorphisms were also found at codons 42, 138, 219 and 232. The effect of PrP polymorphism on scrapie susceptibility was assessed by comparing the genotype distribution at each locus among animals with different pathogenetic and clinical disease stages. Significant differences in the distribution of genotypes were observed for codons 154 and 222, with polymorphism at codon 154 modulating susceptibility to scrapie and lysine at codon 222 being associated with scrapie resistance. The allelic variant encoding lysine at position 222 could be a valuable candidate to select in the framework of appropriate breeding programmes for scrapie resistance in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisella Morelli
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Chiappini
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonucci
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marcon
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Esposito
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fazzi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Palazzini
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Troiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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16
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Brun A, Castilla J, Ramírez MA, Prager K, Parra B, Salguero FJ, Shiveral D, Sánchez C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Douglas A, Torres JM. Proteinase K enhanced immunoreactivity of the prion protein-specific monoclonal antibody 2A11. Neurosci Res 2004; 48:75-83. [PMID: 14687883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the development and further characterisation of a novel PrP-specific monoclonal antibody: 2A11. By Western blot analysis, 2A11 reacts with PrPC from a variety of species including cow, sheep, pig, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog, deer and mouse but fails to react with human, chicken and turtle PrP. Reactivity to PrPC in Western blot was found to be dependent on the redox state of the protein since binding of mAb 2A11 to its epitope was more effective in reducing conditions. 2A11 binding site was mapped within a region comprised by residues 171-179 (six octarepeats bovine PrP notation; 163-171 for the ovine PrP notation). Interestingly, in immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, immunoreactivity was greatly enhanced after proteinase K (PK) sample treatment, while little or no reaction was observed in non-PK-treated BSE samples and samples from healthy animals. Quantitative differences in reactivity to BSE prions after PK treatment were also observed, to a lesser extent, by Western blot analysis. Since definitive diagnosis of prion diseases rely on IHC assays of proteinase K-treated samples, the use of mAb 2A11 might contribute to reduce the occurrence of false positive detection due to incomplete proteinase K digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Ctra. Valdeolmos a El Casar sn, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Satoh K, Muramoto T, Tanaka T, Kitamoto N, Ironside JW, Nagashima K, Yamada M, Sato T, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Association of an 11–12 kDa protease-resistant prion protein fragment with subtypes of dura graft-associated Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other prion diseases. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2885-2893. [PMID: 13679624 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease can develop in subjects given a cadaveric dura mater graft (dCJD). This disease has a phenotypic heterogeneity despite the lack of genetic variation. Numerous plaque-type prion protein (PrP) deposits are found in the brain of some but not all subjects; hence, there may be two subtypes of this clinical entity. To validate dCJD subtypes further, we carried out a larger-scale clinicopathological analysis and typing of protease-resistant PrP (PrPSc) in dCJD cases. Cases with plaque-type PrP deposits (p-dCJD) were shown to be distinct from those without PrP plaques (np-dCJD), from several clinicopathological aspects. Analysis of PrPSc revealed that, while the major PrPSc species from both subtypes was of 21 kDa after deglycosylation (type 1 PrPSc), a C-terminal PrP fragment of 11–12 kDa (fPrP11–12) was associated with np-dCJD but not with p-dCJD. The disease type-specific association of fPrP11–12 was also observed in subjects with other prion diseases. An fPrP11–12-like C-terminal PrP fragment was detected in brain lysates from patients associated with fPrP11–12, but not from patients or normal subjects unassociated with fPrP11–12. Results indicated that fPrP was produced by CJD-associated processes in vivo. The present data provide several lines of evidence that support the need for subtyping of dCJD and contribute to the understanding of the processing of disease-specific PrP species. The unique relationship of fPrP11–12 with CJD phenotype supports the view that the phenotypic heterogeneity of CJD is related to the formation of different types of disease-specific PrP and fragments thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tamaki Muramoto
- CREST, JST (Japan Science and Technology), Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
- Sakai City Institute of Public Health, Sakai, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kitamoto
- School of Humanities for Environmental Policy and Technology, Himeji Institute of Technology, Himeji, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Ageing, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Kohnodai Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ichikawa, Japan
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Prion Research Project, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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18
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Bounias M, Purdey M. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: a family of etiologically complex diseases--a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 297:1-19. [PMID: 12389776 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The upsurge of 'mad cow disease' with its human implications has raised the problem of the etiological mechanisms and the similarities or differences underlying the family of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Structural properties of prions are reviewed in connection with their natural distribution and functions, factors of transmissibility and mechanisms of pathogenicity. Polymorphism is examined in relation to disease phenotype variants. The role of oxidative factors is emphasized, while raising complexity about the role of copper ions. Further investigation directions are suggested.
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19
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Kitamoto T, Mohri S, Ironside JW, Miyoshi I, Tanaka T, Kitamoto N, Itohara S, Kasai N, Katsuki M, Higuchi J, Muramoto T, Shin RW. Follicular dendritic cell of the knock-in mouse provides a new bioassay for human prions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:280-6. [PMID: 12051707 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious prion diseases initiate infection within lymphoid organs where prion infectivity accumulates during the early stages of peripheral infection. In a mouse-adapted prion infection, an abnormal isoform (PrP(Sc)) of prion protein (PrP) accumulates in follicular dendritic cells within lymphoid organs. Human prions, however, did not cause an accumulation of PrP(Sc) in the wild type mice. Here, we report that knock-in mouse expressing humanized chimeric PrP demonstrated PrP(Sc) accumulations in follicular dendritic cells following human prion infections, including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The accumulated PrP(Sc) consisted of recombinant PrP, but not of the inoculated human PrP. These accumulations were detectable in the spleens of all mice examined 30 days post-inoculation. Infectivity of the spleen was also evident. Conversion of humanized PrP in the spleen provides a rapid and sensitive bioassay method to uncover the infectivity of human prions. This model should facilitate the prevention of infectious prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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