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Feng KM, Tsung TH, Chen YH, Lu DW. The Role of Retinal Ganglion Cell Structure and Function in Glaucoma. Cells 2023; 12:2797. [PMID: 38132117 PMCID: PMC10741833 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, primarily affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This review dives into the anatomy of RGC subtypes, covering the different underlying theoretical mechanisms that lead to RGC susceptibility in glaucoma, including mechanical, vascular, excitotoxicity, and neurotrophic factor deficiency, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, we examined numerous imaging methods and functional assessments to gain insight into RGC health. Finally, we investigated the current possible neuroprotective targets for RGCs that could help with future glaucoma research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (K.M.F.); (T.-H.T.); (Y.-H.C.)
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2
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Basavarajappa D, Galindo-Romero C, Gupta V, Agudo-Barriuso M, Gupta VB, Graham SL, Chitranshi N. Signalling pathways and cell death mechanisms in glaucoma: Insights into the molecular pathophysiology. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101216. [PMID: 37856930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex multifactorial eye disease manifesting in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and optic nerve degeneration, ultimately causing irreversible vision loss. Research in recent years has significantly enhanced our understanding of RGC degenerative mechanisms in glaucoma. It is evident that high intraocular pressure (IOP) is not the only contributing factor to glaucoma pathogenesis. The equilibrium of pro-survival and pro-death signalling pathways in the retina strongly influences the function and survival of RGCs and optic nerve axons in glaucoma. Molecular evidence from human retinal tissue analysis and a range of experimental models of glaucoma have significantly contributed to unravelling these mechanisms. Accumulating evidence reveals a wide range of molecular signalling pathways that can operate -either alone or via intricate networks - to induce neurodegeneration. The roles of several molecules, including neurotrophins, interplay of intracellular kinases and phosphates, caveolae and adapter proteins, serine proteases and their inhibitors, nuclear receptors, amyloid beta and tau, and how their dysfunction affects retinal neurons are discussed in this review. We further underscore how anatomical alterations in various animal models exhibiting RGC degeneration and susceptibility to glaucoma-related neuronal damage have helped to characterise molecular mechanisms in glaucoma. In addition, we also present different regulated cell death pathways that play a critical role in RGC degeneration in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) & Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) & Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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3
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Passaro ML, Matarazzo F, Abbadessa G, Pezone A, Porcellini A, Tranfa F, Rinaldi M, Costagliola C. Glaucoma as a Tauopathy-Is It the Missing Piece in the Glaucoma Puzzle? J Clin Med 2023; 12:6900. [PMID: 37959365 PMCID: PMC10650423 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder affecting the visual system which can result in vision loss and blindness. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying glaucomatous optic neuropathy are ultimately enigmatic, prompting ongoing investigations into its potential shared pathogenesis with other neurodegenerative neurological disorders. Tauopathies represent a subclass of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the abnormal deposition of tau protein within the brain and consequent microtubule destabilization. The extended spectrum of tauopathies includes conditions such as frontotemporal dementias, progressive supranuclear palsy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer's disease. Notably, recent decades have witnessed emerging documentation of tau inclusion among glaucoma patients, providing substantiation that this ocular disease may similarly manifest features of tauopathies. These studies found that: (i) aggregated tau inclusions are present in the somatodendritic compartment of RGCs in glaucoma patients; (ii) the etiology of the disease may affect tau splicing, phosphorylation, oligomerization, and subcellular localization; and (iii) short interfering RNA against tau, administered intraocularly, significantly decreased retinal tau accumulation and enhanced RGC somas and axon survival, demonstrating a crucial role for tau modifications in ocular hypertension-induced neuronal injury. Here, we examine the most recent evidence surrounding the interplay between tau protein dysregulation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. We explore the novel perspective of glaucoma as a tau-associated disorder and open avenues for cross-disciplinary collaboration and new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Passaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.L.P.); (F.T.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Gianmarco Abbadessa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Porcellini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Fausto Tranfa
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.L.P.); (F.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Michele Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.L.P.); (F.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.L.P.); (F.T.); (C.C.)
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4
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Madjedi KM, Stuart KV, Chua SYL, Ramulu PY, Warwick A, Luben RN, Sun Z, Chia MA, Aschard H, Wiggs JL, Kang JH, Pasquale LR, Foster PJ, Khawaja AP. The Association of Physical Activity with Glaucoma and Related Traits in the UK Biobank. Ophthalmology 2023; 130:1024-1036. [PMID: 37331483 PMCID: PMC10913205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of physical activity (PA) with glaucoma and related traits, to assess whether genetic predisposition to glaucoma modified these associations, and to probe causal relationships using Mendelian randomization (MR). DESIGN Cross-sectional observational and gene-environment interaction analyses in the UK Biobank. Two-sample MR experiments using summary statistics from large genetic consortia. PARTICIPANTS UK Biobank participants with data on self-reported or accelerometer-derived PA and intraocular pressure (IOP; n = 94 206 and n = 27 777, respectively), macular inner retinal OCT measurements (n = 36 274 and n = 9991, respectively), and glaucoma status (n = 86 803 and n = 23 556, respectively). METHODS We evaluated multivariable-adjusted associations of self-reported (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and accelerometer-derived PA with IOP and macular inner retinal OCT parameters using linear regression and with glaucoma status using logistic regression. For all outcomes, we examined gene-PA interactions using a polygenic risk score (PRS) that combined the effects of 2673 genetic variants associated with glaucoma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intraocular pressure, macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness, and glaucoma status. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted regression models, we found no association of PA level or time spent in PA with glaucoma status. Higher overall levels and greater time spent in higher levels of both self-reported and accelerometer-derived PA were associated positively with thicker mGCIPL (P < 0.001 for trend for each). Compared with the lowest quartile of PA, participants in the highest quartiles of accelerometer-derived moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA showed a thicker mGCIPL by +0.57 μm (P < 0.001) and +0.42 μm (P = 0.005). No association was found with mRNFL thickness. High overall level of self-reported PA was associated with a modestly higher IOP of +0.08 mmHg (P = 0.01), but this was not replicated in the accelerometry data. No associations were modified by a glaucoma PRS, and MR analyses did not support a causal relationship between PA and any glaucoma-related outcome. CONCLUSIONS Higher overall PA level and greater time spent in moderate and vigorous PA were not associated with glaucoma status but were associated with thicker mGCIPL. Associations with IOP were modest and inconsistent. Despite the well-documented acute reduction in IOP after PA, we found no evidence that high levels of habitual PA are associated with glaucoma status or IOP in the general population. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian M Madjedi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelsey V Stuart
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Y L Chua
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Y Ramulu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Robert N Luben
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zihan Sun
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Chia
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jae H Kang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Innate immunity dysregulation in aging eye and therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101768. [PMID: 36280210 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of eye diseases increases considerably with age, resulting in significant vision impairment. Although the pathobiology of age-related eye diseases has been studied extensively, the contribution of immune-related changes due to aging remains elusive. In the eye, tissue-resident cells and infiltrating immune cells regulate innate responses during injury or infection. But due to aging, these cells lose their protective functions and acquire pathological phenotypes. Thus, dysregulated ocular innate immunity in the elderly increases the susceptibility and severity of eye diseases. Herein, we emphasize the impact of aging on the ocular innate immune system in the pathogenesis of infectious and non-infectious eye diseases. We discuss the role of age-related alterations in cellular metabolism, epigenetics, and cellular senescence as mechanisms underlying altered innate immune functions. Finally, we describe approaches to restore protective innate immune functions in the aging eye. Overall, the review summarizes our current understanding of innate immune functions in eye diseases and their dysregulation during aging.
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6
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Kuo CY, Liu CJL. Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Basic Aspects and Clinical Relevance. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111884. [PMID: 36579616 PMCID: PMC9697907 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that affects primarily the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major risk factors for glaucoma. The mainstay of current glaucoma therapy is limited to lowering IOP; however, controlling IOP in certain patients can be futile in slowing disease progression. The understanding of potential biomolecular processes that occur in glaucomatous degeneration allows for the development of glaucoma treatments that modulate the death of RGCs. Neuroprotection is the modification of RGCs and the microenvironment of neurons to promote neuron survival and function. Numerous studies have revealed effective neuroprotection modalities in animal models of glaucoma; nevertheless, clinical translation remains a major challenge. In this review, we select the most clinically relevant treatment strategies, summarize preclinical and clinical data as well as recent therapeutic advances in IOP-independent neuroprotection research, and discuss the feasibility and hurdles of each therapeutic approach based on possible pathogenic mechanisms. We also summarize the potential therapeutic mechanisms of various agents in neuroprotection related to glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yuan Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Catherine Jui-Ling Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2875-7325
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7
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Lambuk L, Mohd Lazaldin MA, Ahmad S, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Uskoković V, Mohamud R. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Mediated Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: A Review of Current State of the Art. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875662. [PMID: 35668928 PMCID: PMC9163364 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are neurons of the visual system that are responsible for transmitting signals from the retina to the brain via the optic nerve. Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by apoptotic loss of RGCs and degeneration of optic nerve fibers. Risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure and vascular dysregulation trigger the injury that culminates in RGC apoptosis. In the event of injury, the survival of RGCs is facilitated by neurotrophic factors (NTFs), the most widely studied of which is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Its production is regulated locally in the retina, but transport of BDNF retrogradely from the brain to retina is also crucial. Not only that the interruption of this retrograde transport has been detected in the early stages of glaucoma, but significantly low levels of BDNF have also been detected in the sera and ocular fluids of glaucoma patients, supporting the notion that neurotrophic deprivation is a likely mechanism of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Moreover, exogenous NTF including BDNF administration was shown reduce neuronal loss in animal models of various neurodegenerative diseases, indicating the possibility that exogenous BDNF may be a treatment option in glaucoma. Current literature provides an extensive insight not only into the sources, transport, and target sites of BDNF but also the intracellular signaling pathways, other pathways that influence BDNF signaling and a wide range of its functions. In this review, the authors discuss the neuroprotective role of BDNF in promoting the survival of RGCs and its possible application as a therapeutic tool to meet the challenges in glaucoma management. We also highlight the possibility of using BDNF as a biomarker in neurodegenerative disease such as glaucoma. Further we discuss the challenges and future strategies to explore the utility of BDNF in the management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidawani Lambuk
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- TardigradeNano LLC, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Rohimah Mohamud,
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Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, You Y, Rajput R, Paulo JA, Mirzaei M, van den Buuse M, Graham SL. TrkB receptor agonist 7,8 dihydroxyflavone is protective against the inner retinal deficits induced by experimental glaucoma. Neuroscience 2022; 490:36-48. [PMID: 35217121 PMCID: PMC9142859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and excavation of the optic nerve head (ONH). It is associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) and progressive decline in the visual field. Reduction in the retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from the brain to the neuronal cell bodies in retina, has been suggested as one of the key mechanisms underlying selective degeneration of ganglion cells and optic nerve in glaucoma. Multiple studies have indicated that BDNF and its high affinity receptor Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) play crucial roles in survival of RGCs and that upregulating BDNF/TrkB signalling using gene therapy can protect the ganglion cells against degeneration. This study corroborates previous findings and demonstrates that glaucoma is associated with downregulation of TrkB downstream signalling and enhanced levels of amyloid β (Aβ 1-42) accumulation in the retina. 7,8 dihydroxyflavone (7,8 DHF) is a TrkB agonist and regular administration of this compound imparted significant protection against loss of GCL density and preserved inner retinal function in experimental glaucoma models. 7,8 DHF treatment stimulated activation of TrkB intracellular signalling as well as ameliorated the increase in the levels of soluble Aβ (1-42) in the retinas of rats and mice exposed to high IOP. The protective effects of 7,8 DHF were also evident in BDNF+/- mice indicating that TrkB agonist mediated activation of TrkB signalling was not altered upon BDNF allelic impairment. These data support BDNF/TrkB axis as a promising therapeutic target in glaucoma and highlight that the detrimental effects of high IOP exposure can be compensated by the exogenous administration of a TrkB agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie university, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie university, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie university, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rashi Rajput
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie university, NSW, Australia
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie university, NSW, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie university, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Shalaby WS, Ahmed OM, Waisbourd M, Katz LJ. A Review of Potential Novel Glaucoma Therapeutic Options Independent of Intraocular Pressure. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:1062-1080. [PMID: 34890600 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and visual field loss, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is presently the only modifiable risk factor demonstrated to slow or halt disease progression; however, glaucomatous damage persists in almost 50% of patients despite significant IOP reduction. Many studies have investigated the non-IOP-related risk factors that contribute to glaucoma progression as well as interventions that can prevent or delay glaucomatous neurodegeneration and preserve vision throughout life, independently of IOP. A vast number of experimental studies have reported effective neuroprotection in glaucoma, and clinical studies are ongoing attempting to provide strong evidence of effectiveness of these interventions. In this review, we look into the current understanding of the pathophysiology of glaucoma and explore the recent advances in non-IOP related strategies for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in glaucoma.
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Key Words
- AMD, Age-related macular degeneration
- BDNF, Brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CNTF, Ciliary neurotrophic factor
- GDNF, Glial‐derived neurotrophic factor
- Glaucoma
- IOP, Intraocular pressure
- LoGTS, Low-Pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- MSCs, Mesenchymal stem cells
- NGF, Nerve growth factor
- NTG, Normal tension glaucoma
- OCTA, Optical coherence tomography angiography
- PBM, hotobiomodulation
- PDGF, Platelet derived growth factor
- POAG, Primary open angle glaucoma
- RGCs, Retinal ganglion cells
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor- α
- bFGF, Basic fibroblast growth factor
- gene therapy
- intracranial pressure
- intraocular pressure
- neuroprotection
- ocular blood flow
- oxidative stress
- retinal ganglion cells
- stem cell therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Shamseldin Shalaby
- Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tanta Medical School, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Waisbourd
- Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - L Jay Katz
- Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Risk Factors for Retinal Ganglion Cell Distress in Glaucoma and Neuroprotective Potential Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157994. [PMID: 34360760 PMCID: PMC8346985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a population of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) extending with their soma to the inner retina and with their axons to the optic nerve. Glaucoma represents a group of neurodegenerative diseases where the slow progressive death of RGCs results in a permanent loss of vision. To date, although Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) is considered the main therapeutic target, the precise mechanisms by which RGCs die in glaucoma have not yet been clarified. In fact, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), which is the most common glaucoma form, also occurs without elevated IOP. This present review provides a summary of some pathological conditions, i.e., axonal transport blockade, glutamate excitotoxicity and changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines along the RGC projection, all involved in the glaucoma cascade. Moreover, neuro-protective therapeutic approaches, which aim to improve RGC degeneration, have also been taken into consideration.
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11
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Igarashi T, Nakamoto K, Kobayashi M, Suzuki H, Arima T, Tobita Y, Takao K, Igarashi T, Okuda T, Okada T, Takahashi H. Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Aqueous Humor of Glaucoma Patients. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 88:128-132. [PMID: 33980757 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2021_88-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. BDNF concentrations reported in previous studies have varied widely, and the concentration of BDNF in aqueous humor is unknown. In this study, BDNF concentrations in the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients and control patients were measured with ELISA kits. METHODS This prospective, observational study examined BDNF levels in aqueous humor in 62 eyes of 43 patients who underwent cataract surgery or trabeculectomy (11 glaucoma patients and 32 non-glaucoma cataract patients as controls). BDNF concentrations were examined by 4 different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. RESULTS The mean ± SD patient age was 72.0 ± 10.1 (range 35 to 87) years. Two of the techniques detected no BDNF in aqueous humor in any samples (n=3 and n=9, respectively); the average value was less than zero. An ultrasensitive ELISA kit did not yield reliable measurements. Finally, in an even more sensitive ELISA (Simoa-HD1), performed by an outside contractor, 25 (54.3%) eyes were below the detection limit, including 20 (55.6%) control and 5 (50%) glaucoma cases. For eyes with detectable BDNF, the overall BDNF concentration was 0.158 pg/mL (n=21): 0.196 pg/mL (n=16) in controls and 0.034 pg/mL (n=5) in glaucoma cases. CONCLUSIONS BDNF level in aqueous humor varies widely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takahisa Okuda
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Okada
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
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12
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Abbasi M, Gupta VK, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Ranjbaran R, Rajput R, Pushpitha K, KB D, You Y, Salekdeh GH, Parton RG, Mirzaei M, Graham SL. Inner retinal injury in experimental glaucoma is prevented upon AAV mediated Shp2 silencing in a caveolin dependent manner. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6154-6172. [PMID: 33995651 PMCID: PMC8120201 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2; PTPN11) regulates several intracellular pathways downstream of multiple growth factor receptors. Our studies implicate that Shp2 interacts with Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and negatively regulates BDNF/TrkB signaling. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of shp2 silencing in the RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Methods: Shp2 was silenced in the Cav-1 deficient mice and the age matched wildtype littermates using adeno-associated viral (AAV) constructs. Shp2 expression modulation was performed in an acute and a chronic mouse model of experimental glaucoma. AAV2 expressing Shp2 eGFP-shRNA under a strong synthetic CAG promoter was administered intravitreally in the animals' eyes. The contralateral eye received AAV-eGFP-scramble-shRNA as control. Animals with Shp2 downregulation were subjected to either microbead injections or acute ocular hypertension experimental paradigm. Changes in inner retinal function were evaluated by measuring positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) while structural and biochemical alterations were evaluated through H&E staining, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of the retinal tissues. Results: A greater loss of pSTR amplitudes was observed in the WT mice compared to Cav-1-/- retinas in both the models. Silencing of Shp2 phosphatase imparted protection against inner retinal function loss in chronic glaucoma model in WT mice. The functional rescue also translated to structural preservation of ganglion cell layer in the chronic glaucoma condition in WT mice which was not evident in Cav-1-/- mice retinas. Conclusions: This study indicates that protective effects of Shp2 ablation under chronic experimental glaucoma conditions are dependent on Cav-1 in the retina, suggesting in vivo interactions between the two proteins.
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Melatonin Prevents Non-image-Forming Visual System Alterations Induced by Experimental Glaucoma in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3653-3664. [PMID: 33786741 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a blindness-causing disease that involves selective damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. A subset of RGCs expressing the photopigment melanopsin regulates non-image-forming visual system functions, such as pupillary light reflex and circadian rhythms. We analyzed the effect of melatonin on the non-image-forming visual system alterations induced by experimental glaucoma. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were weekly injected with vehicle or chondroitin sulfate into the eye anterior chamber. The non-image-forming visual system was analyzed in terms of (1) melanopsin-expressing RGC number, (2) anterograde transport from the retina to the olivary pretectal nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nuclei, (3) blue- and white light-induced pupillary light reflex, (4) light-induced c-Fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, (5) daily rhythm of locomotor activity, and (6) mitochondria in melanopsin-expressing RGC cells. Melatonin prevented the effect of experimental glaucoma on melanopsin-expressing RGC number, blue- and white light-induced pupil constriction, retina-olivary pretectal nucleus, and retina- suprachiasmatic nuclei communication, light-induced c-Fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and alterations in the locomotor activity daily rhythm. In addition, melatonin prevented the effect of glaucoma on melanopsin-expressing RGC mitochondrial alterations. These results support that melatonin protected the non-image-forming visual system against glaucoma, probably through a mitochondrial protective mechanism.
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Igarashi T, Nakamoto K, Kobayashi M, Suzuki H, Tobita Y, Igarashi T, Okuda T, Okada T, Takahashi H. Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Glaucoma Patients in Japan: An Observational Study. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 87:339-345. [PMID: 32238736 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2020_87-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to measure serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Japanese patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG). METHODS This was a prospective observational study of serum BDNF levels in 78 patients who underwent cataract surgery or trabeculectomy (27 glaucoma patients and 51 non-glaucoma cataract patients as controls). Patient age was 68.8 ± 11.1 years (mean ± standard deviation; range 35-86 years). The numbers of patients with POAG and NTG were 16 and 11, respectively. POAG was diagnosed by intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy, optic nerve head change, and presence of a visual field defect. RESULTS Serum BDNF concentration was significantly lower in the glaucoma group (including both POAG and NTG) than in the control group (7.2 ± 3.6 ng/mL vs. 12.2 ± 9.3 ng/mL, p=0.004). Serum BDNF concentration was lower in early glaucoma than in moderate glaucoma. There was no correlation between serum BDNF concentration and age. When patients with NTG and POAG were compared, serum BDNF concentration was lower in the former. Serum BDNF concentration was not significantly correlated with glaucoma parameters, including optical coherence tomography and visual field defects. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate serum BDNF concentration in glaucoma patients in Japan. Future studies should evaluate the role of BDNF as a potential biomarker of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Takahisa Okuda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School
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15
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Neurotrophic Factors in Glaucoma and Innovative Delivery Systems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10249015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease and a worldwide leading cause of irreversible vision loss. In the last decades, high efforts have been made to develop novel treatments effective in inducing protection and/or recovery of neural function in glaucoma, including neurotrophic factors (NTFs). These approaches have shown encouraging data in preclinical setting; however, the challenge of sustained, targeted delivery to the retina and optic nerve still prevents the clinical translation. In this paper, the authors review and discuss the most recent advances for the use of NTFs treatment in glaucoma, including intraocular delivery. Novel strategies in drug and gene delivery technology for NTFs are proving effective in promoting long-term retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survival and related functional improvements. Results of experimental and clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of biodegradable slow-release NTF-loaded microparticle devices, encapsulated NTF-secreting cells implants, mimetic ligands for NTF receptors, and viral and non-viral NTF gene vehicles are discussed. NTFs are able to prevent and even reverse apoptotic ganglion cell death. Nevertheless, neuroprotection in glaucoma remains an open issue due to the unmet need of sustained delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. The recent advances in intraocular delivery systems pave the way for possible future use of NTFs in clinical practice for the treatment of glaucoma.
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16
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Potential neuroprotective biomolecules in ophthalmology. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 41:1103-1109. [PMID: 33180279 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Retinal neurodegenerative diseases are responsible for a huge number of ocular problems worldwide. It seems that the progression of these diseases can be managed by the application of neuroprotective molecules particularly in the early stages. This article focuses on the most common neuroprotective bioagents under investigation in ophthalmology. METHODS We searched the web of science, PubMed and Scopus databases with these keywords: "glaucoma," "diabetic retinopathy," "age-related macular degeneration," "optic neuropathy and retinal degeneration" and/or "neuroprotection." RESULTS The most commonly utilized neuroprotective drugs for ophthalmology diseases were introduced in this study. It seems that these agents can be divided into three categories according to their mechanism of action: (A) neurotrophins, (B) decreasing effect on intraocular pressure and (C) inhibition of retinal neuron apoptosis. CONCLUSION A broad range of drugs has been illustrated in the literature for treatment of neuro-ophthalmic diseases. A good classification of the most applied drugs in this field can help specialists to prescribe the best matched drug considering the stage and progression of disease. However, controlled clinical trials are needed for better evaluation of the effects of these products.
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17
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Harper MM, Boese EA, Kardon RH, Ledolter J, Kuehn MH. High Correlation between Glaucoma Treatment with Topical Prostaglandin Analogs and BDNF Immunoreactivity in Human Retina. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:739-745. [PMID: 32985274 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1822417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase receptor-B (TrkB), in normal and glaucomatous human retinas. METHODS Human retinas were collected from 8 donors who had been clinically diagnosed and treated for glaucoma, and from 9 control donors. Immunohistochemical analysis for BDNF and TrkB was performed. The percent of each retina expressing BDNF and TrkB was quantified for the total retinal thickness, and separately for the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) complex + retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). The expression of each protein was correlated with clinical outcomes obtained from the subject's ocular histories. RESULTS There was no significant difference in BDNF or TrkB expression when comparing glaucomatous and control retinas. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between BDNF expression and the use of prostaglandin analogs. TrkB expression was highly correlated with the last-measured intraocular pressure (IOP), the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, the use of beta blockers, and the total number of drugs used for the treatment of glaucoma. CONCLUSION Topical drugs used to treat glaucoma were associated with an increase in retinal BDNF and TrkB expression in human retina, independent of IOP, which may represent molecular evidence of neuroprotective pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erin A Boese
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Johannes Ledolter
- Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Tippie College of Business, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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18
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Wójcik-Gryciuk A, Gajewska-Woźniak O, Kordecka K, Boguszewski PM, Waleszczyk W, Skup M. Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells with AAV2-BDNF Pretreatment Restoring Normal TrkB Receptor Protein Levels in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176262. [PMID: 32872441 PMCID: PMC7504711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravitreal delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by injection of recombinant protein or by gene therapy can alleviate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss after optic nerve injury (ONI) or laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). In models of glaucoma, BDNF therapy can delay or halt RGCs loss, but this protection is time-limited. The decreased efficacy of BDNF supplementation has been in part attributed to BDNF TrkB receptor downregulation. However, whether BDNF overexpression causes TrkB downregulation, impairing long-term BDNF signaling in the retina, has not been conclusively proven. After ONI or OHT, when increased retinal BDNF was detected, a concomitant increase, no change or a decrease in TrkB was reported. We examined quantitatively the retinal concentrations of the TrkB protein in relation to BDNF, in a course of adeno-associated viral vector gene therapy (AAV2-BDNF), using a microbead trabecular occlusion model of glaucoma. We show that unilateral glaucoma, with intraocular pressure ( IOP) increased for five weeks, leads to a bilateral decrease of BDNF in the retina at six weeks, accompanied by up to four-fold TrkB upregulation, while a moderate BDNF overexpression in a glaucomatous eye triggers changes that restore normal TrkB concentrations, driving signaling towards long-term RGCs neuroprotection. We conclude that for glaucoma therapy, the careful selection of the appropriate BDNF concentration is the main factor securing the long-term responsiveness of RGCs and the maintenance of normal TrkB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wójcik-Gryciuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Vision, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.-G.); (K.K.); (W.W.)
- Mediq Clinic, 05-120 Legionowo, Poland
| | - Olga Gajewska-Woźniak
- Group of Restorative Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kordecka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Vision, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.-G.); (K.K.); (W.W.)
| | - Paweł M. Boguszewski
- Laboratory of Behavioral Methods, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Waleszczyk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Vision, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.-G.); (K.K.); (W.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Skup
- Group of Restorative Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Liu YF, Huang S, Ng TK, Liang JJ, Xu Y, Chen SL, Xu C, Zhang M, Pang CP, Cen LP. Longitudinal evaluation of immediate inflammatory responses after intravitreal AAV2 injection in rats by optical coherence tomography. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107955. [PMID: 32017940 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been proposed as a feasible strategy for RGC survival and optic nerve regeneration. Some preclinical and clinical studies revealed intraocular inflammation after intravitreal injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) by slit-lamp or indirect ophthalmoscope. Here we evaluate the longitudinal profile of immediate inflammatory responses after AAV2 injection in rat retina and vitreous body by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Adult Fischer F344 rats were intravitreally injected once with saline, AAV2 or zymosan. Retinal thickness and cell infiltration were recorded by OCT longitudinally for 2 months and verified by histological analysis. The transduction rate of single intravitreal AAV2 injection was 21.3 ± 4.9% of whole retina, and the transduction efficiency on RGCs was 91.5 ± 2.5% in the transduced area. Significant increase in cell infiltration was observed from Day 1-3 after AAV2 injection, compared to very few infiltrating cells observed in the saline-injected group. The infiltrating cells ceased at Day 5 after intravitreal injection and remained absent at 2 months. The thicknesses of total and inner retina were increased along Day 1-3 after AAV2 injection, but reverted to normal afterwards. The surviving RGCs in the AAV2-injected groups at Day 14 showed no significant difference compared to saline-injected group. In summary, this study revealed the immediate inflammatory responses and retinal edema after intravitreal AAV2 injection in normal rats, without influencing long-term retinal thickness and RGC survival. OCT can be implemented for the time-lapse in vivo evaluation of inflammatory response after AAV-mediated gene therapy through intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaofen Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jia-Jian Liang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Lang Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ciyan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ling-Ping Cen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretome in the Treatment of Glaucoma. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7869130. [PMID: 31949441 PMCID: PMC6948292 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7869130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma represents a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by gradual loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that conduct visual information from the retina to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered the main reason for enhanced apoptosis of RGCs in glaucoma. Currently used therapeutic agents are not able to repopulate and/or regenerate injured RGCs and, therefore, are ineffective in most patients with advanced glaucoma. Accordingly, several new therapeutic approaches, including stem cell-based therapy, have been explored for the glaucoma treatment. In this review article, we emphasized current knowledge regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretome in the treatment of glaucoma. MSCs produce neurotrophins and in an exosome-dependent manner supply injured RGCs with growth factors enhancing their survival and regeneration. Additionally, MSCs are able to generate functional RGC-like cells and induce proliferation of retinal stem cells. By supporting integrity of trabecular meshwork, transplanted MSCs alleviate IOP resulting in reduced loss of RGCs. Moreover, MSCs are able to attenuate T cell-driven retinal inflammation providing protection to the injured retinal tissue. In summing up, due to their capacity for neuroprotection and immunomodulation, MSCs and their secretome could be explored in upcoming clinical studies as new therapeutic agents for glaucoma treatment.
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21
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Tsai T, Reinehr S, Maliha AM, Joachim SC. Immune Mediated Degeneration and Possible Protection in Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:931. [PMID: 31543759 PMCID: PMC6733056 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathomechanisms for glaucoma, one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide, are still not identified. In addition to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and immunological processes seem to play a role. Several pharmacological or molecular/genetic methods are currently investigated as treatment options for this disease. Altered autoantibody levels were detected in serum, aqueous humor, and tissue sections of glaucoma patients. To further analyze the role of the immune system, an IOP-independent, experimental autoimmune glaucoma (EAG) animal model was developed. In this model, immunization with ocular antigens leads to antibody depositions, misdirected T-cells, retinal ganglion cell death and degeneration of the optic nerve, similar to glaucomatous degeneration in patients. Moreover, an activation of the complement system and microglia alterations were identified in the EAG as well as in ocular hypertension models. The inhibition of these factors can alleviate degeneration in glaucoma models with and without high IOP. Currently, several neuroprotective approaches are tested in distinct models. It is necessary to have systems that cover underlying pathomechanisms, but also allow for the screening of new drugs. In vitro models are commonly used, including single cell lines, mixed-cultures, and even organoids. In ex vivo organ cultures, pathomechanisms as well as therapeutics can be investigated in the whole retina. Furthermore, animal models reveal insights in the in vivo situation. With all these models, several possible new drugs and therapy strategies were tested in the last years. For example, hypothermia treatment, neurotrophic factors or the blockage of excitotoxity. However, further studies are required to reveal the pressure independent pathomechanisms behind glaucoma. There is still an open issue whether immune mechanisms directly or indirectly trigger cell death pathways. Hence, it might be an imbalance between protective and destructive immune mechanisms. Moreover, identified therapy options have to be evaluated in more detail, since deeper insights could lead to better treatment options for glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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22
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Park HYL, Kim SW, Kim JH, Park CK. Increased levels of synaptic proteins involved in synaptic plasticity after chronic intraocular pressure elevation and modulation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a glaucoma animal model. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.037184. [PMID: 31142572 PMCID: PMC6602315 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) synapse with the axon terminals of bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Changes in the RGC dendrites and synapses between the bipolar cells in the inner retinal layer may critically alter the function of RGCs in glaucoma. The present study attempted to discover changes in the synapse using brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after glaucoma induction by chronic intraocular pressure elevation in a rat model. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the BDNF-injected group had a significant increase in the level of synaptophysin, which is a presynaptic vesicle protein, in the innermost IPL compared with the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected group. SMI-32, which is a marker of RGCs, was colocalized with synaptophysin in RGC dendrites, and this colocalization significantly increased in the BDNF-injected group. After the induction of glaucoma, the BDNF-injected group exhibited increases in the total number of ribbon synapses, as seen using electron microscopy. Expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and F-actin, which are key molecules involved in synaptic changes were upregulated after BDNF injection. These initial findings show the capability of BDNF to induce beneficial synaptic changes in glaucoma. Summary: Application of BDNF increased the expression of synaptic vesicle proteins in the inner retina via the p-Akt, CaMKII and CREB pathways, increasing F-actin in RGC dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Young Lopilly Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jie Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Chan Kee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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23
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Dey A, Manthey AL, Chiu K, Do CW. Methods to Induce Chronic Ocular Hypertension: Reliable Rodent Models as a Platform for Cell Transplantation and Other Therapies. Cell Transplant 2019; 27:213-229. [PMID: 29637819 PMCID: PMC5898687 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717724793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a form of progressive optic neuropathy, is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Being a prominent disease affecting vision, substantial efforts are being made to better understand glaucoma pathogenesis and to develop novel treatment options including neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches. Cell transplantation has the potential to play a neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative role for various ocular cell types (e.g., retinal cells, trabecular meshwork). Notably, glaucoma is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure, and over the past 2 decades, several rodent models of chronic ocular hypertension (COH) have been developed that reflect these changes in pressure. However, the underlying pathophysiology of glaucoma in these models and how they compare to the human condition remains unclear. This limitation is the primary barrier for using rodent models to develop novel therapies to manage glaucoma and glaucoma-related blindness. Here, we review the current techniques used to induce COH-related glaucoma in various rodent models, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the each, in order to provide a more complete understanding of how these models can be best utilized. To so do, we have separated them based on the target tissue (pre-trabecular, trabecular, and post-trabecular) in order to provide the reader with an encompassing reference describing the most appropriate rodent COH models for their research. We begin with an initial overview of the current use of these models in the evaluation of cell transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Dey
- 1 School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abby L Manthey
- 2 Laboratory of Retina Brain Research, Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- 2 Laboratory of Retina Brain Research, Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,3 Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,4 State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Do
- 1 School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Shen T, You Y, Joseph C, Mirzaei M, Klistorner A, Graham SL, Gupta V. BDNF Polymorphism: A Review of Its Diagnostic and Clinical Relevance in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Aging Dis 2018; 9:523-536. [PMID: 29896439 PMCID: PMC5988606 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a unique role in the neuronal development, differentiation, and survival in the developing and adult nervous system. A common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the pro-region of the human BDNF gene, resulting in a valine to methionine substitution (Val66Met), has been associated with the susceptibility, incidence, and clinical features of several neurodegenerative disorders. Much research has been dedicated to evaluating the effects of polymorphism in the past decade, and functional effects of this genetic variation. A better understanding of how this naturally occurring polymorphism associates with or influences physiology, anatomy, and cognition in both healthy and diseased adults in neurodegenerative conditions will help understand neurochemical mechanisms and definable clinical outcomes in humans. Here we review the role and relevance of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in neurodegenerative diseases, with particular emphasis on glaucoma, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Several controversies and unresolved issues, including small effect sizes, possible ethnicity, gender, and age effects of the BDNF Val66Met are also discussed with respect to future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- 2Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chitra Joseph
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- 3Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Alexander Klistorner
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,2Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,2Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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Mysona BA, Zhao J, Smith S, Bollinger KE. Relationship between Sigma-1 receptor and BDNF in the visual system. Exp Eye Res 2018; 167:25-30. [PMID: 29031856 PMCID: PMC5757370 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an incurable optic neuropathy characterized by dysfunction and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an essential neurotrophin that supports RGC function and survival. Despite BDNF's importance, our knowledge of molecular mechanisms that modulate BDNF processing and secretion is incomplete. Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is associated with increased BDNF in hippocampus and with BDNF secretion by brain-derived astrocytes and neuronal cell lines. Much less is known about the relationship between S1R and BDNF in the visual system. Here, we examine how S1R activation and deletion alter expression of mature BDNF (mBDNF) and proBDNF in retina and cultured optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes. For S1R activation, the S1R agonist (+)-pentazocine (PTZ, 0.5 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to C57BL/6J mice, 3 times per week, for 5 weeks. Expression of proBDNF and mBDNF was also examined in S1R knockout and age-matched C57BL/6J mice. In vitro, cultured ONH astrocytes were treated with 3 μM PTZ for 24 h followed by collection of media and ONH astrocyte lysates. Results showed that treatment with (+)-PTZ increased mBDNF protein in both retina and hippocampus. In contrast, S1R deletion was associated with retinal mBDNF deficits. In ONH astrocytes S1R agonist (+)-PTZ significantly increased levels of secreted BDNF and proBDNF in cell lysates. These findings support a role for S1R in the modulation of BDNF levels within the retina and optic nerve head. Treatment with S1R agonists might provide benefit in diseases such as glaucoma by increasing BDNF levels from endogenous sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Mysona
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Sylvia Smith
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Kathryn E Bollinger
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
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Andrés-Guerrero V, Bravo-Osuna I, Pastoriza P, Molina-Martinez IT, Herrero-Vanrell R. Novel technologies for the delivery of ocular therapeutics in glaucoma. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Shpak AA, Guekht AB, Druzhkova TA, Kozlova KI, Gulyaeva NV. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Age-related Cataract. Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:224-231. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1396617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Shpak
- Department for Clinical and Functional Diagnostics, The S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alla B Guekht
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Druzhkova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ksenia I Kozlova
- Department for Clinical and Functional Diagnostics, The S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Abstract
PDGFs and their receptors are critical regulators of numerous tissues and organs, including the eye. Extensive studies have shown that PDGFs and their receptors play critical roles in many ocular neovascular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In addition, PDGFs and PDGFRs are also important players in ocular diseases involving the degeneration of retinal neuronal and vascular cells, such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa. Due to their critical roles in the pathogenesis of many blinding ocular diseases, the PDGFs and PDGFRs have been considered as important target molecules for the treatment of eye diseases. PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family and are potent angiogenic and survival factors. Recent studies have demonstrated their important roles in different types of eye diseases. Thus, modulating PDGF-C and PDGF-D activities may have therapeutic values for the treatment of ocular neovascular and degenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances on PDGF-C and PDGF-D biology in relationship to some major ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China.
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Takahama S, Adetunji MO, Zhao T, Chen S, Li W, Tomarev SI. Retinal Astrocytes and GABAergic Wide-Field Amacrine Cells Express PDGFRα: Connection to Retinal Ganglion Cell Neuroprotection by PDGF-AA. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:4703-4711. [PMID: 28910446 PMCID: PMC5606213 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our previous experiments demonstrated that intravitreal injection of platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) provides retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotection in a rodent model of glaucoma. Here we used PDGFRα-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice to identify retinal cells that may be essential for RGC protection by PDGF-AA. Methods PDGFRα-EGFP mice expressing nuclear-targeted EGFP under the control of the PDGFRα promoter were used. Localization of PDGFRα in the neural retina was investigated by confocal imaging of EGFP fluorescence and immunofluorescent labeling with a panel of antibodies recognizing different retinal cell types. Primary cultures of mouse RGCs were produced by immunopanning. Neurobiotin injection of amacrine cells in a flat-mounted retina was used for the identification of EGFP-positive amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer. Results In the mouse neural retina, PDGFRα was preferentially localized in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers. Immunostaining of the retina demonstrated that astrocytes in the ganglion cell layer and a subpopulation of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer express PDGFRα, whereas RGCs (in vivo or in vitro) did not. PDGFRα-positive amacrine cells are likely to be Type 45 gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) wide-field amacrine cells. Conclusions These data indicate that the neuroprotective effect of PDGF-AA in a rodent model of glaucoma could be mediated by astrocytes and/or a subpopulation of amacrine cells. We suggest that after intravitreal injection of PDGF-AA, these cells secrete factors protecting RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokichi Takahama
- Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Modupe O Adetunji
- Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tantai Zhao
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Shan Chen
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Stanislav I Tomarev
- Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Nuzzi R, Tridico F. Glaucoma: Biological Trabecular and Neuroretinal Pathology with Perspectives of Therapy Innovation and Preventive Diagnosis. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:494. [PMID: 28928631 PMCID: PMC5591842 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common degenerative disease affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve axons, with progressive and chronic course. It is one of the most important reasons of social blindness in industrialized countries. Glaucoma can lead to the development of irreversible visual field loss, if not treated. Diagnosis may be difficult due to lack of symptoms in early stages of disease. In many cases, when patients arrive at clinical evaluation, a severe neuronal damage may have already occurred. In recent years, newer perspective in glaucoma treatment have emerged. The current research is focusing on finding newer drugs and associations or better delivery systems in order to improve the pharmacological treatment and patient compliance. Moreover, the application of various stem cell types with restorative and neuroprotective intent may be found appealing (intravitreal autologous cellular therapy). Advances are made also in terms of parasurgical treatment, characterized by various laser types and techniques. Moreover, recent research has led to the development of central and peripheral retinal rehabilitation (featuring residing cells reactivation and replacement of defective elements), as well as innovations in diagnosis through more specific and refined methods and inexpensive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nuzzi
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Ophthalmic HospitalTurin, Italy
| | - Federico Tridico
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Ophthalmic HospitalTurin, Italy
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Feng L, Chen H, Yi J, Troy JB, Zhang HF, Liu X. Long-Term Protection of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Visual Function by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Mice With Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:3793-802. [PMID: 27421068 PMCID: PMC4961002 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma, frequently associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and vision loss. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been studied as a candidate for neuroprotection in rodent models of experimental glaucoma, yet it remains to be determined whether BDNF exerts long-term protection for subtype RGCs and vision against chronic IOP elevation. Methods We induced modest and sustained IOP elevation by laser illumination and microbead injection in mice. Using a tamoxifen-induced Cre recombinase system, BDNF was upregulated in the mouse retina when sustained IOP elevation was induced. We then examined whether overexpression of BDNF protected RGCs and vision during the period of ocular hypertension. Given that BDNF modulates axon growth and dendritic formation in a subtype-dependent manner, we tested whether BDNF protects RGC dendritic structure against the hypertensive insult also in a subtype-dependent manner. Results Sustained IOP elevation was induced and lasted up to 6 months. Overexpression of BDNF delayed progressive RGC and axon loss in hypertensive eyes. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression also helped to preserve acuity against the chronic hypertensive insult. We classified RGCs into ON and ON–OFF subtypes based on their dendritic lamination pattern in the inner plexiform layer and found that BDNF prevented ON–RGC dendritic degeneration in mice with sustained ocular hypertension. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that BDNF can protect the dendritic fields of ON RGCs and reduce RGC and vision loss in mice with sustained ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - John B Troy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
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Retinal Diseases Associated with Oxidative Stress and the Effects of a Free Radical Scavenger (Edaravone). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9208489. [PMID: 28194256 PMCID: PMC5286467 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9208489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in developing and accelerating retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). An excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to functional and morphological impairments in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), endothelial cells, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Here we demonstrate that edaravone, a free radical scavenger, decreased apoptotic cell death, oxidative damage to DNA and lipids, and angiogenesis through inhibiting JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in AMD, glaucoma, DR, and RVO animal models. These data suggest that the therapeutic strategy for targeting oxidative stress may be important for the treatment of these ocular diseases, and edaravone may be useful for treating retinal diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Overexpression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protects Large Retinal Ganglion Cells After Optic Nerve Crush in Mice. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0331-16. [PMID: 28101532 PMCID: PMC5240030 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0331-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin essential for neuron survival and function, plays an important role in neuroprotection during neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined whether a modest increase of retinal BDNF promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after acute injury of the optic nerve in mice. We adopted an inducible Cre-recombinase transgenic system to up-regulate BDNF in the mouse retina and then examined RGC survival after optic nerve crush by in vivo imaging. We focused on one subtype of RGC with large soma expressing yellow fluorescent protein transgene that accounts for ∼11% of the total SMI-32-positive RGCs. The median survival time of this subgroup of SMI-32 cells was 1 week after nerve injury in control mice but 2 weeks when BDNF was up-regulated. Interestingly, we found that the survival time for RGCs taken as a whole was 2 weeks, suggesting that these large-soma RGCs are especially vulnerable to optic nerve crush injury. We also studied changes in axon number using confocal imaging, confirming first the progressive loss reported previously for wild-type mice and demonstrating that BDNF up-regulation extended axon survival. Together, our results demonstrate that the time course of RGC loss induced by optic nerve injury is type specific and that overexpression of BDNF prolongs the survival of one subgroup of SMI-32-positive RGCs.
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Mysona BA, Zhao J, Bollinger KE. Role of BDNF/TrkB pathway in the visual system: Therapeutic implications for glaucoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2016; 12:69-81. [PMID: 28751923 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2017.1259566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroprotective therapeutics are needed to treat glaucoma, an optic neuropathy that results in death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). AREAS COVERED The BDNF/TrkB pathway is important for RGC survival. Temporal and spatial alterations in the BDNF/TrkB pathway occur in development and in response to acute optic nerve injury and to glaucoma. In animal models, BDNF supplementation is successful at slowing RGC death after acute optic nerve injury and in glaucoma, however, the BDNF/TrkB signaling is not the only pathway supporting long term RGC survival. EXPERT COMMENTARY Much remains to be discovered about the interaction between retrograde, anterograde, and retinal BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways in both neurons and glia. An ideal therapeutic agent for glaucoma likely has several modes of action that target multiple mechanisms of neurodegeneration including the BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Mysona
- Augusta University Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute. Address: Augusta University Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Health Sciences Campus, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,
| | - J Zhao
- Medical College of Georgia, Department of Ophthalmology at Augusta University, James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute. Address: Medical College of Georgia, Department of Ophthalmology at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,
| | - K E Bollinger
- Medical College of Georgia, Department of Ophthalmology at Augusta University, Augusta University Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute. Address: Medical College of Georgia, Department of Ophthalmology at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,
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Increased Global DNA Methylation and Decreased TGFβ1 Promoter Methylation in Glaucomatous Lamina Cribrosa Cells. J Glaucoma 2016; 25:e834-e842. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chamling X, Sluch VM, Zack DJ. The Potential of Human Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:ORSFi1-6. [PMID: 27116666 PMCID: PMC5110236 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the only available and approved treatments for glaucoma are various pharmacologic, laser-based, and surgical procedures that lower IOP. Although these treatments can be effective, they are not always sufficient, and they cannot restore vision that has already been lost. The goal of this review is to briefly assess current developments in the application of stem cell biology to the study and treatment of glaucoma and other forms of optic neuropathy. METHODS A combined literature review and summary of the glaucoma-related discussion at the 2015 "Sight Restoration Through Stem Cell Therapy" meeting that was sponsored by the Ocular Research Symposia Foundation (ORSF). RESULTS Ongoing advancements in basic and eye-related developmental biology have enabled researchers to direct murine and human stem cells along specific developmental paths and to differentiate them into a variety of ocular cell types of interest. The most advanced of these efforts involve the differentiation of stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells, work that has led to the initiation of several human trials. More related to the glaucoma field, there have been recent advances in developing protocols for differentiation of stem cells into trabecular meshwork and retinal ganglion cells. Additionally, efforts are being made to generate stem cell-derived cells that can be used to secrete neuroprotective factors. CONCLUSIONS Advancing stem cell technology provides opportunities to improve our understanding of glaucoma-related biology and develop models for drug development, and offers the possibility of cell-based therapies to restore sight to patients who have already lost vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitiz Chamling
- Department of Ophthalmology Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Valentin M. Sluch
- Department of Ophthalmology Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Sapienza A, Raveu AL, Reboussin E, Roubeix C, Boucher C, Dégardin J, Godefroy D, Rostène W, Reaux-Le Goazigo A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S. Bilateral neuroinflammatory processes in visual pathways induced by unilateral ocular hypertension in the rat. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:44. [PMID: 26897546 PMCID: PMC4761202 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. The major risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death from the optic nerve (ON) to visual pathways in the brain. Glaucoma has been reported to share mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders. We therefore hypothesize that neuroinflammatory mechanisms in central visual pathways may contribute to the spread of glaucoma disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the neuroinflammation processes that occur from the pathological retina to the superior colliculi (SCs) in a rat model of unilateral ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization (EVC). RESULTS Six weeks after unilateral (right eye) EVC in male Long-Evans rats, we evaluated both the neurodegenerative process and the neuroinflammatory state in visual pathway tissues. RGCs immunolabeled (Brn3a(+)) in ipsilateral whole flat-mounted retina demonstrated peripheral RGC loss associated with tissue macrophage/microglia activation (CD68(+)). Gene expression analysis of hypertensive and normotensive retinas revealed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, IL-1β, and Nox2 mRNA expression compared to naïve eyes. Importantly, we found an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and TNFα and astrocyte and tissue macrophage/microglia activation in hypertensive and normotensive RGC projection sites in the SCs compared to a naïve SC. To understand how neuroinflammation in the hypertensive retina is sufficient to damage both right and left SCs and the normotensive retina, we used an inflammatory model consisting in an unilateral stereotaxic injection of TNFα (25 ng/μl) in the right SC of naïve rats. Two weeks after TNFα injection, using an optomotor test, we observed that rats had visual deficiency in both eyes. Furthermore, both SCs showed an upregulation of genes and proteins for astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-1β. In addition, both retinas exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory markers compared to a naïve retina. CONCLUSIONS All these data evidence the complex role played by the SCs in the propagation of neuroinflammatory events induced by unilateral ocular hypertension and provide a new insight into the spread of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sapienza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Raveu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reboussin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Roubeix
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Céline Boucher
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - David Godefroy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - William Rostène
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.,Department Ophthalmology, Hopital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, F-92100, Boulogne, France.,University Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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Mead B, Hill LJ, Blanch RJ, Ward K, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Mesenchymal stromal cell-mediated neuroprotection and functional preservation of retinal ganglion cells in a rodent model of glaucoma. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:487-96. [PMID: 26897559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness involving loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have shown promise as a paracrine-mediated therapy for compromised neurons. It is, however, unknown whether dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are effective as a cellular therapy in glaucoma and how their hypothesized influence compares with other more widely researched MSC sources. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC) and DPSC in preventing the loss of RGC and visual function when transplanted into the vitreous of glaucomatous rodent eyes. METHODS Thirty-five days after raised intraocular pressure (IOP) and intravitreal stem cell transplantation, Brn3a(+) RGC numbers, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) and RGC function were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, optical coherence tomography and electroretinography, respectively. RESULTS Control glaucomatous eyes that were sham-treated with heat-killed DPSC had a significant loss of RGC numbers, RNFL thickness and function compared with intact eyes. BMSC and, to a greater extent, DPSC provided significant protection from RGC loss and RNFL thinning and preserved RGC function. DISCUSSION The study supports the use of DPSC as a neuroprotective cellular therapy in retinal degenerative disease such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Lisa J Hill
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kelly Ward
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Tian K, Shibata-Germanos S, Pahlitzsch M, Cordeiro MF. Current perspective of neuroprotection and glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:2109-18. [PMID: 26635467 PMCID: PMC4646599 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s80445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and is most notably characterized by progressive optic nerve atrophy and advancing loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The main concomitant factor is the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Existing treatments are focused generally on lowering IOP. However, both RGC loss and optic nerve atrophy can independently occur with IOP at normal levels. In recent years, there has been substantial progress in the development of neuroprotective therapies for glaucoma in order to restore vital visual function. The present review intends to offer a brief insight into conventional glaucoma treatments and discuss exciting current developments of mostly preclinical data in novel neuroprotective strategies for glaucoma that include recent advances in noninvasive diagnostics going beyond IOP maintenance for an enhanced global view. Such strategies now target RGC loss and optic nerve damage, opening a critical therapeutic window for preventative monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Tian
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK ; Eye Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shannon Shibata-Germanos
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Milena Pahlitzsch
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK ; Western Eye Hospital, ICORG, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
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Dekeyster E, Geeraerts E, Buyens T, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, De Groef L, Salinas-Navarro M, Moons L. Tackling Glaucoma from within the Brain: An Unfortunate Interplay of BDNF and TrkB. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142067. [PMID: 26560713 PMCID: PMC4641732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the neurotrophin deprivation hypothesis, diminished retrograde delivery of neurotrophic support during an early stage of glaucoma pathogenesis is one of the main triggers that induce retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Therefore, interfering with neurotrophic signaling seems an attractive strategy to achieve neuroprotection. Indeed, exogenous neurotrophin administration to the eye has been shown to reduce loss of RGCs in animal models of glaucoma; however, the neuroprotective effect was mostly insufficient for sustained RGC survival. We hypothesized that treatment at the level of neurotrophin-releasing brain areas might be beneficial, as signaling pathways activated by target-derived neurotrophins are suggested to differ from pathways that are initiated at the soma membrane. In our study, first, the spatiotemporal course of RGC degeneration was characterized in mice subjected to optic nerve crush (ONC) or laser induced ocular hypertension (OHT). Subsequently, the well-known neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was chosen as the lead molecule, and the levels of BDNF and its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), were examined in the mouse retina and superior colliculus (SC) upon ONC and OHT. Both models differentially influenced BDNF and TrkB levels. Next, we aimed for RGC protection through viral vector-mediated upregulation of collicular BDNF, thought to boost the retrograde neurotrophin delivery. Although the previously reported temporary neuroprotective effect of intravitreally delivered recombinant BDNF was confirmed, viral vector-induced BDNF overexpression in the SC did not result in protection of the RGCs in the glaucoma models used. These findings most likely relate to decreased neurotrophin responsiveness upon vector-mediated BDNF overexpression. Our results highlight important insights concerning the complexity of neurotrophic factor treatments that should surely be considered in future neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Dekeyster
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Geeraerts
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Buyens
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Cui YH, Huang JF, Cheng SY, Wei W, Shang L, Li N, Xiong K. Study on establishment and mechanics application of finite element model of bovine eye. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15:101. [PMID: 26268321 PMCID: PMC4535564 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma mainly induced by increased intraocular pressure (IOP), it was believed that the pressure that wall of eyeball withstands were determined by material properties of the tissue and stereoscopic geometry of the eyeball. In order to study the pressure changes in different parts of interior eyeball wall, it is necessary to develop a novel eye ball FEM with more accurate geometry and material properties. Use this model to study the stress changes in different parts of eyeball, especially the lamina cribrosa (LC) under normal physiological and pathological IOP, and provide a mathematical model for biomechanical studies of selected retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death. METHODS (1) Sclera was cut into 3.8-mm wide, 14.5-mm long strips, and cornea was cut into 9.5-mm-wide and 10-mm-long strips; (2) 858 Mini BionixII biomechanical loading instrument was used to stretch sclera and cornea. The stretching rate for sclera was 0.3 mm/s, 3 mm/s, 30 mm/s, 300 mm/s; and for cornea were 0.3 mm/s and 30 mm/s. The deformation-stress curve was recorded; (3) Naso-temporal and longitudinal distance of LC were measured; (4) Micro-CT was used to accurately scan fresh bovine eyes and obtain the geometrical image and data to establish bovine eye model. 3-D reconstruction was performed using these images and data to work out the geometric shape of bovine eye; (5) IOP levels for eyeball FEM was set and the inner wall of eyeball was used taken as load-bearing part. Simulated eyeball FE modeling was run under the IOP level of 10 mmHg, 30 mmHg, 60 mmHg and 100 mmHg, and the force condition of different parts of eyeball was recorded under different IOP levels. RESULTS (1) We obtained the material parameters more in line with physiological conditions and established a more realistic eyeball model using reversed engineering of parameters optimization method to calculate the complex nonlinear super-elastic and viscoelastic parameters more accurately; (2) We observed the following phenomenon by simulating increased pressure using FEM: as simulative IOP increased, the stress concentration scope on the posterior half of sclera became narrower; in the meantime, the stress-concentration scope on the anterior half of scleral gradually expanded, and the stress on the central part of LC is highest. CONCLUSION As simulative IOP increased, stress-concentration scope on the posterior half of sclera gradually narrowed; in the meantime, the stress-concentration scope on the anterior half of sclera gradually expanded, and the stress on the LC is mainly concentrated in the central part, suggesting that IOP is mainly concentrated in the anterior part of the eyeball as it increases. This might provide a biomechanical evidence to explain why RGCs in peripheral part die earlier than RGCs in central part under HIOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Cui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Si-Ying Cheng
- Eight-year clinical medicine, 2011 grade, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, MRT24 IFSTTAR-Aix-Marseille Université, Bd. P. Dramard, Faculté de Medecine secteur-Nord, Marseille, 13916, France.
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Na Li
- Radiology Department, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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Vidal-Sanz M, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Ortín-Martínez A, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Salinas-Navarro M, Alarcón-Martínez L, García-Ayuso D, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP. Retinal neurodegeneration in experimental glaucoma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:1-35. [PMID: 26497783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In rats and mice, limbar tissues of the left eye were laser-photocoagulated (LP) and ocular hypertension (OHT) effects were investigated 1 week to 6 months later. To investigate the innermost layers, retinas were examined in wholemounts using tracing from the superior colliculi to identify retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with intact retrograde axonal transport, melanopsin immunodetection to identify intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (m(+)RGC), Brn3a immunodetection to identify most RGCs but not m(+)RGCs, RECA1 immunodetection to examine the inner retinal vessels, and DAPI staining to detect all nuclei in the GC layer. The outer retinal layers (ORLs) were examined in cross sections analyzed morphometrically or in wholemounts to study S- and L-cones. Innervation of the superior colliculi was examined 10 days to 14 weeks after LP with orthogradely transported cholera toxin subunit B. By 2 weeks, OHT resulted in pie-shaped sectors devoid of FG(+)RGCs or Brn3a(+)RGCs but with large numbers of DAPI(+)nuclei. Brn3a(+)RGCs were significantly greater than FG(+)RGCs, indicating the survival of large numbers of RGCs with their axonal transport impaired. The inner retinal vasculature showed no abnormalities that could account for the sectorial loss of RGCs. m(+)RGCs decreased to approximately 50-51% in a diffuse loss across the retina. Cross sections showed focal areas of degeneration in the ORLs. RGC loss at 1m diminished to 20-25% and did not progress further with time, whereas the S- and L-cone populations diminished progressively up to 6m. The retinotectal projection was reduced by 10 days and did not progress further. LP-induced OHT results in retrograde degeneration of RGCs and m(+)RGCs, severe damage to the ORL, and loss of retinotectal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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Song W, Huang P, Zhang C. Neuroprotective therapies for glaucoma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1469-79. [PMID: 25792807 PMCID: PMC4362661 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s80594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause for blindness worldwide. It is mainly caused by glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss, which leads to visual field defect and blindness. Up to now, the main purpose of antiglaucomatous therapies has been to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) through surgeries and medications. However, it has been found that progressive GON is still present in some patients with effective IOP decrease. Therefore, risk factors other than IOP elevation, like neurotrophin deprivation and excitotoxicity, contribute to progressive GON. Novel approaches of neuroprotection may be more effective for preserving the function of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Mead B, Berry M, Logan A, Scott RAH, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Stem cell treatment of degenerative eye disease. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:243-57. [PMID: 25752437 PMCID: PMC4434205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are being explored extensively as treatments for degenerative eye disease, either for replacing lost neurons, restoring neural circuits or, based on more recent evidence, as paracrine-mediated therapies in which stem cell-derived trophic factors protect compromised endogenous retinal neurons from death and induce the growth of new connections. Retinal progenitor phenotypes induced from embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs/iPSCs) and endogenous retinal stem cells may replace lost photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and restore vision in the diseased eye, whereas treatment of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has so far been reliant on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Here, we review the properties of non-retinal-derived adult stem cells, in particular neural stem cells (NSCs), MSC derived from bone marrow (BMSC), adipose tissues (ADSC) and dental pulp (DPSC), together with ESC/iPSC and discuss and compare their potential advantages as therapies designed to provide trophic support, repair and replacement of retinal neurons, RPE and glia in degenerative retinal diseases. We conclude that ESCs/iPSCs have the potential to replace lost retinal cells, whereas MSC may be a useful source of paracrine factors that protect RGC and stimulate regeneration of their axons in the optic nerve in degenerate eye disease. NSC may have potential as both a source of replacement cells and also as mediators of paracrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK.
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert A H Scott
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
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Emre E, Yüksel N, Duruksu G, Pirhan D, Subaşi C, Erman G, Karaöz E. Neuroprotective effects of intravitreally transplanted adipose tissue and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental ocular hypertension model. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:543-59. [PMID: 25618560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of bone marrow bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that were intravitreally transplanted in an experimental ocular hypertension (OHT) model. METHODS An OHT rat model was generated by means of intracameral injection of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. MSCs labeled with green fluorescence protein were transplanted intravitreally 1 week after OHT induction. At the end of the second and fourth weeks, retinal ganglion cells were visualized with the use of a flat-mount retina method and were evaluated by means of immunofluorescence staining against green fluorescence protein, vimentin, CD105, and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1Ra, prostaglandin E2 receptor, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α). RESULTS The retinal ganglion cell numbers per area were significantly improved in stem cell-treated OHT groups compared with that in the non-treated OHT group (P < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemical analyses indicated that a limited number of stem cells had integrated into the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. The number of cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α) decreased in the MSC-transferred group compared with that in the OHT group after 4 weeks (P < 0.01). On the other hand, IL-1Ra and prostaglandin E2 receptor expressions were increased in the rat bone marrow-derived MSC group but were more significant in the rat adipose tissue-derived MSC group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS After intravitreal transplantation, MSCs showed a neuroprotective effect in the rat OHT model. Therefore, MSCs promise an alternative therapy approach for functional recovery in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Çerkezköy State Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Nurşen Yüksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Duruksu
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cansu Subaşi
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Erman
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
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Domenici L, Origlia N, Falsini B, Cerri E, Barloscio D, Fabiani C, Sansò M, Giovannini L. Rescue of retinal function by BDNF in a mouse model of glaucoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115579. [PMID: 25536045 PMCID: PMC4275209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision loss in glaucoma is caused by progressive dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve atrophy. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of BDNF treatment to preserve vision in a glaucoma experimental model. As an established experimental model, we used the DBA/2J mouse, which develops chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation that mimics primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). IOP was measured at different ages in DBA/2J mice. Visual function was monitored using the steady-state Pattern Electroretinogram (P-ERG) and visual cortical evoked potentials (VEP). RGC alterations were assessed using Brn3 immunolabeling, and confocal microscope analysis. Human recombinant BDNF was dissolved in physiological solution (0.9% NaCl); the effects of repeated intravitreal injections and topical eye BDNF applications were independently evaluated in DBA/2J mice with ocular hypertension. BDNF level was measured in retinal homogenate by ELISA and western blot. We found a progressive decline of P-ERG and VEP responses in DBA/2J mice between 4 and 7 months of age, in relationship with the development of ocular hypertension and the reduction of Brn3 immunopositive RGCs. Conversely, repeated intravitreal injections (BDNF concentration = 2 µg/µl, volume = 1 µl, for each injection; 1 injection every four days, three injections over two weeks) and topical eye application of BDNF eye-drops (12 µg/µl, 5 µl eye-drop every 48 h for two weeks) were able to rescue visual responses in 7 month DBA/2J mice. In particular, BDNF topical eye treatment recovered P-ERG and VEP impairment increasing the number of Brn3 immunopositive RGCs. We showed that BDNF effects were independent of IOP reduction. Thus, topical eye treatment with BDNF represents a promisingly safe and feasible strategy to preserve visual function and diminish RGC vulnerability to ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Domenici
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy; Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nicola Origlia
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Cerri
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Barloscio
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Fabiani
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Sansò
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Giovannini
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Samarajeewa A, Goldemann L, Vasefi MS, Ahmed N, Gondora N, Khanderia C, Mielke JG, Beazely MA. 5-HT7 receptor activation promotes an increase in TrkB receptor expression and phosphorylation. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:391. [PMID: 25426041 PMCID: PMC4224134 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) type 7 receptor is expressed throughout the CNS including the cortex and hippocampus. We have previously demonstrated that the application of 5-HT7 receptor agonists to primary hippocampal neurons and SH-SY5Y cells increases platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor expression and promotes neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate-(NMDA)-induced toxicity. The tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor is one of the receptors for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuroprotective effects. Application of LP 12 to primary cerebral cortical cultures, SH-SY5Y cells, as well as the retinal ganglion cell line, RGC-5, increased both the expression of full length TrkB as well as its basal phosphorylation state at tyrosine 816. The increase in TrkB expression and phosphorylation was observed as early as 30 min after 5-HT7 receptor activation. In addition to full-length TrkB, kinase domain-deficient forms may be expressed and act as dominant-negative proteins toward the full length receptor. We have identified distinct patterns of TrkB isoform expression across our cell lines and cortical cultures. Although TrkB receptor expression is regulated by cyclic AMP and Gαs-coupled GPCRs in several systems, we demonstrate that, depending on the model system, pathways downstream of both Gαs and Gα12 are involved in the regulation of TrkB expression by 5-HT7 receptors. Given the number of psychiatric and degenerative diseases associated with TrkB/BDNF deficiency and the current interest in developing 5-HT7 receptor ligands as pharmaceuticals, identifying signaling relationships between these two receptors will aid in our understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of 5-HT7 receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam S Vasefi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Nawaz Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Nyasha Gondora
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | | | - John G Mielke
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Mead B, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Paracrine-mediated neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised retinal ganglion cells by human dental pulp stem cells: comparison with human bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109305. [PMID: 25290916 PMCID: PMC4188599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated and compared the neurotrophic activity of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC), human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hAMSC) on axotomised adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro in order to evaluate their therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative conditions of RGC. Using the transwell system, RGC survival and length/number of neurites were quantified in coculture with stem cells in the presence or absence of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors to determine the role of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, GDNF, PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB/BB in stem cell-mediated RGC neuroprotection and neuritogenesis. Conditioned media, collected from cultured hDPSC/hBMSC/hAMSC, were assayed for the secreted growth factors detailed above using ELISA. PCR array determined the hDPSC, hBMSC and hAMSC expression of genes encoding 84 growth factors and receptors. The results demonstrated that hDPSC promoted significantly more neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised RGC than either hBMSC or hAMSC, an effect that was neutralized after the addition of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors. hDPSC secreted greater levels of various growth factors including NGF, BDNF and VEGF compared with hBMSC/hAMSC. The PCR array confirmed these findings and identified VGF as a novel potentially therapeutic hDPSC-derived neurotrophic factor (NTF) with significant RGC neuroprotective properties after coculture with axotomised RGC. In conclusion, hDPSC promoted significant multi-factorial paracrine-mediated RGC survival and neurite outgrowth and may be considered a potent and advantageous cell therapy for retinal nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A. Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Mead B, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Dental pulp stem cells, a paracrine-mediated therapy for the retina. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:577-8. [PMID: 25206857 PMCID: PMC4146241 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom ; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6NN, United Kingdom
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Zhang T, Xie X, Lu F. Primary open-angle glaucoma: neuroendocrine-immune disorder? Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:514-5. [PMID: 25175405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is no longer simply viewed as a pathological process involving damage to the visual system by an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Mounting evidence suggests that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) may be associated with systemic disorders, mainly those related to the nervous system, endocrine system and immune system. It has been firmly established that the neuroendocrine system and immune system closely interact through mediators such as hormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and cytokines. The neuroendocrine-immune system can synthesize and release these molecules, which in turn affect the activity of immune or neuroendocrine cells by binding to their receptors. In POAG patients, the alterations of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems observed in various studies have been linked to their POAG. Here, we hypothesize that the onset and development of POAG is closely associated with abnormalities in neuroendocrine-immune communication; thus, the interrupted homeostatic state might have a significant influence on the course of the disease. Based on the effects on the secretions of the aqueous humor, the inflow/outflow pathways of the neuroendocrine system, and the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the immune system, we propose that POAG is likely to be a consequence of a neuroendocrine-immune system disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xuelu Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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