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Rodríguez-Cruz A, Romo-Mancillas A, Mendiola-Precoma J, Escobar-Cabrera JE, García-Alcocer G, Berumen LC. "Effect of valerenic acid on neuroinflammation in a MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease". IBRO Rep 2020; 8:28-35. [PMID: 31909290 PMCID: PMC6938966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson´s disease is the most important neuromotor pathology due to the prominent loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. There is an inherent deficiency of dopamine in Parkinson´s disease, which is aggravated when neuroinflammatory processes are present. Several biomolecules are interesting candidates for the regulation of inflammation and possible neuroprotection, such as valerenic acid, one of the main components of Valeriana officinalis. A 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP)-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease was developed to evaluate the motor effects of valerenic acid. The evaluation was carried out with four tests (an invert screen test for muscle strength, cross beam test, open field mobility test and lifting on hind legs test). Subsequently, the neuroinflammatory process was evaluated through ELISA of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ). The decreases in the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses of the tissues, which included an evaluation of the tyrosine hydroxylase and GFAP proteins. Finally, the predicted mechanism of action of valerenic acid was supported by molecular docking calculations with the 5-HT5A receptor. The results indicate that the use of valerenic acid as a co-treatment decreases the neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP and provides evidence of a decrease in the evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokines and in the amount of GFAP in the mesencephalic area. Valerenic acid prevents neuroinflammation in a Parkinson's disease mouse model, which might reflect the neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons with the recovery of motor ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rodríguez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Antonio Romo-Mancillas
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Diseño Asistido por Computadora y Síntesis de Fármacos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jesus Mendiola-Precoma
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jesica Esther Escobar-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-Alcocer
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Laura Cristina Berumen
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
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Mészáros L, Hoffmann A, Wihan J, Winkler J. Current Symptomatic and Disease-Modifying Treatments in Multiple System Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2775. [PMID: 32316335 PMCID: PMC7215736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, severe, and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder categorized as an atypical parkinsonian syndrome. With a mean life expectancy of 6-9 years after diagnosis, MSA is clinically characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic failure, and poor l-Dopa responsiveness. Aside from limited symptomatic treatment, there is currently no disease-modifying therapy available. Consequently, distinct pharmacological targets have been explored and investigated in clinical studies based on MSA-related symptoms and pathomechanisms. Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic failure are the most important symptoms targeted by symptomatic treatments in current clinical trials. The most prominent pathological hallmark is oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions containing alpha-synuclein, thus classifying MSA as synucleinopathy. Additionally, myelin and neuronal loss accompanied by micro- and astrogliosis are further distinctive features of MSA-related neuropathology present in numerous brain regions. Besides summarizing current symptomatic treatment strategies in MSA, this review critically reflects upon potential cellular targets and disease-modifying approaches for MSA such as (I) targeting α-syn pathology, (II) intervening neuroinflammation, and (III) neuronal loss. Although these single compound trials are aiming to interfere with distinct pathogenetic steps in MSA, a combined approach may be necessary to slow down the rapid progression of the oligodendroglial associated synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.M.); (A.H.); (J.W.)
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3
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Jung YJ, Tweedie D, Scerba MT, Greig NH. Neuroinflammation as a Factor of Neurodegenerative Disease: Thalidomide Analogs as Treatments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:313. [PMID: 31867326 PMCID: PMC6904283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated when glial cells, mainly microglia, are activated by threats to the neural environment, such as pathogen infiltration or neuronal injury. Although neuroinflammation serves to combat these threats and reinstate brain homeostasis, chronic inflammation can result in excessive cytokine production and cell death if the cause of inflammation remains. Overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine with a central role in microglial activation, has been associated with neuronal excitotoxicity, synapse loss, and propagation of the inflammatory state. Thalidomide and its derivatives, termed immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), are a class of drugs that target the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of TNF-α mRNA, inhibiting TNF-α production. Due to their multi-potent effects, several IMiDs, including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, have been repurposed as drug treatments for diseases such as multiple myeloma and psoriatic arthritis. Preclinical studies of currently marketed IMiDs, as well as novel IMiDs such as 3,6'-dithiothalidomide and adamantyl thalidomide derivatives, support the development of IMiDs as therapeutics for neurological disease. IMiDs have a competitive edge compared to similar anti-inflammatory drugs due to their blood-brain barrier permeability and high bioavailability, with the potential to alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative disease and slow disease progression. In this review, we evaluate the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing specifically on the role of TNF-α in neuroinflammation, as well as appraise current research on the potential of IMiDs as treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Uenaka T, Satake W, Cha PC, Hayakawa H, Baba K, Jiang S, Kobayashi K, Kanagawa M, Okada Y, Mochizuki H, Toda T. In silico drug screening by using genome-wide association study data repurposed dabrafenib, an anti-melanoma drug, for Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3974-3985. [PMID: 30137437 PMCID: PMC6216208 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss. At present, there are no drugs that stop the progression of PD. As with other multifactorial genetic disorders, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) found multiple risk loci for PD, although their clinical significance remains uncertain. Here, we report the identification of candidate drugs for PD by a method using GWAS data and in silico databases. We identified 57 Food and Drug Administration-approved drug families as candidate neuroprotective drugs for PD. Among them, dabrafenib, which is known as a B-Raf kinase inhibitor and is approved for the treatment of malignant melanoma, showed remarkable cytoprotective effects in neurotoxin-treated SH-SY5Y cells and mice. Dabrafenib was found to inhibit apoptosis, and to enhance the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and inhibit the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Dabrafenib targets B-Raf, and we confirmed a protein-protein interaction between B-Raf and Rit2, which is coded by RIT2, a PD risk gene in Asians and Caucasians. In RIT2-knockout cells, the phosphorylation of ERK was reduced, and dabrafenib treatment improved the ERK phosphorylation. These data indicated that dabrafenib exerts protective effects against neurotoxicity associated with PD. By using animal model, we confirmed the effectiveness of this in silico screening method. Furthermore, our results suggest that this in silico drug screening system is useful in not only neurodegenerative diseases but also other common diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uenaka
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Wataru Satake
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Pei-Chieng Cha
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayakawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kousuke Baba
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiying Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ndayisaba A, Jellinger K, Berger T, Wenning GK. TNFα inhibitors as targets for protective therapies in MSA: a viewpoint. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:80. [PMID: 30975183 PMCID: PMC6458780 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a unique and fatal α-synucleinopathy associated with oligodendroglial inclusions and secondary neurodegeneration affecting striatum, substantia nigra, pons, and cerebellum. The pathogenesis remains elusive; however, there is emerging evidence suggesting a prominent role of neuroinflammation. Here, we critically review the relationship between αS and microglial activation depending on its aggregation state and its role in neuroinflammation to explore the potential of TNFα inhibitors as a treatment strategy for MSA and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ndayisaba
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kurt Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, A-1150 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor K. Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Campos-Rodríguez C, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Alvarez-Guerra A, Vargas IMC, Cuevas-Hernández RI, Andrade-Jorge E, Zamudio S, Juan ERS. Neuropharmacological Screening of Chiral and Non-chiral Phthalimide- Containing Compounds in Mice: in vivo and in silico Experiments. Med Chem 2019; 15:102-118. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180525082038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Thalidomide, the first synthesized phthalimide, has demonstrated sedative-
hypnotic and antiepileptic effects on the central nervous system. N-substituted phthalimides
have an interesting chemical structure that confers important biological properties.
Objective:
Non-chiral (ortho and para bis-isoindoline-1,3-dione, phthaloylglycine) and chiral
phthalimides (N-substituted with aspartate or glutamate) were synthesized and the sedative, anxiolytic
and anticonvulsant effects were tested.
Method:
Homology modeling and molecular docking were employed to predict recognition of the
analogues by hNMDA and mGlu receptors. The neuropharmacological activity was tested with the
open field test and elevated plus maze (EPM). The compounds were tested in mouse models of
acute convulsions induced either by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 90 mg/kg) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP;
10 mg/kg).
Results:
The ortho and para non-chiral compounds at 562.3 and 316 mg/kg, respectively, decreased
locomotor activity. Contrarily, the chiral compounds produced excitatory effects. Increased
locomotor activity was found with S-TGLU and R-TGLU at 100, 316 and 562.3 mg/kg,
and S-TASP at 316 and 562.3 mg/kg. These molecules showed no activity in the EPM test or PTZ
model. In the 4-AP model, however, S-TGLU (237.1, 316 and 421.7 mg/kg) as well as S-TASP
and R-TASP (316 mg/kg) lowered the convulsive and death rate.
Conclusion:
The chiral compounds exhibited a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist profile and
the non-chiral molecules possessed selective sedative properties. The NMDAR exhibited stereoselectivity
for S-TGLU while it is not a preference for the aspartic derivatives. The results appear to
be supported by the in silico studies, which evidenced a high affinity of phthalimides for the
hNMDAR and mGluR type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos-Rodríguez
- Physiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José G. Trujillo-Ferrara
- Medicinal Biochemistry Department, Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cardenas del Río, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ameyali Alvarez-Guerra
- Physiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irán M. Cumbres Vargas
- Physiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto I. Cuevas-Hernández
- Medicinal Biochemistry Department, Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cardenas del Río, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erik Andrade-Jorge
- Medicinal Biochemistry Department, Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cardenas del Río, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Zamudio
- Physiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo R.-S. Juan
- Physiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Yang Y, Zhang Z, Guan J, Liu J, Ma P, Gu K, Zhao J, Yang G, Song T. Administrations of thalidomide into the rostral ventromedial medulla alleviates painful diabetic neuropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Palencia G, Garcia E, Osorio-Rico L, Trejo-Solís C, Escamilla-Ramírez A, Sotelo J. Neuroprotective effect of thalidomide on MPTP-induced toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 47:82-7. [PMID: 25724264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide is a sedative with unique pharmacological properties; studies on epilepsy and brain ischemia have shown intense neuroprotective effects. We analyzed the effect of thalidomide treatment on the neurotoxicity caused by the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahidropyridine (MPTP) in mice. Thalidomide was administered at two times; before and after the exposure to MPTP. In both circumstances thalidomide improved the neurotoxicity induced by MPTP as seen by a significant raise of the striatal contents of dopamine and simultaneous decrease of monoamine-oxidase-B (MAO-B). These results indicate that in the experimental model of Parkinson's disease the administration of thalidomide improves the functional damage on the nigrostriatal cell substratum as seen by the production of dopamine. This neuroprotective effect seems to be mediated by inhibition of excitotoxicity. Our results suggest that thalidomide could be investigated as potential adjuvant therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Palencia
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Esperanza Garcia
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Laura Osorio-Rico
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Angel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Collins LM, Toulouse A, Connor TJ, Nolan YM. Contributions of central and systemic inflammation to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2154-68. [PMID: 22361232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) represents a complex interaction between the inherent vulnerability of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, a possible genetic predisposition, and exposure to environmental toxins including inflammatory triggers. Evidence now suggests that chronic neuroinflammation is consistently associated with the pathophysiology of PD. Activation of microglia and increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, reactive oxygen species and eicosanoids has been reported after post-mortem analysis of the substantia nigra from PD patients and in animal models of PD. It is hypothesised that chronically activated microglia secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators which damage neurons and further activate microglia, resulting in a feed forward cycle promoting further inflammation and neurodegeneration. Moreover, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are more vulnerable to pro-inflammatory and oxidative mediators than other cell types because of their low intracellular glutathione concentration. Systemic inflammation has also been suggested to contribute to neurodegeneration in PD, as lymphocyte infiltration has been observed in brains of PD patients and in animal models of PD, substantiating the current theory of a fundamental role of inflammation in neurodegeneration. We will examine the current evidence in the literature which offers insight into the premise that both central and systemic inflammation may contribute to neurodegeneration in PD. We will discuss the emerging possibility of the use of diagnostic tools such as imaging technologies for PD patients. Finally, we will present the immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that are now under investigation and in clinical trials as potential neuroprotective drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Biosciences Institute, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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10
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Frankola KA, Greig NH, Luo W, Tweedie D. Targeting TNF-α to elucidate and ameliorate neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2011; 10:391-403. [PMID: 21288189 PMCID: PMC4663975 DOI: 10.2174/187152711794653751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory signals generated within the brain and peripheral nervous system direct diverse biological processes. Key amongst the inflammatory molecules is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that, via binding to its associated receptors, is considered to be a master regulator of cellular cascades that control a number of diverse processes coupled to cell viability, gene expression, synaptic integrity and ion homeostasis. Whereas a self-limiting neuroinflammatory response generally results in the resolution of an intrinsically or extrinsically triggered insult by the elimination of toxic material or injured tissue to restore brain homeostasis and function, in the event of an unregulated reaction, where the immune response persists, inappropriate chronic neuroinflammation can ensue. Uncontrolled neuroinflammatory activity can induce cellular dysfunction and demise, and lead to a self-propagating cascade of harmful pathogenic events. Such chronic neuroinflammation is a typical feature across a range of debilitating common neurodegenerative diseases, epitomized by Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which TNF-α expression appears to be upregulated and may represent a valuable target for intervention. Elaboration of the protective homeostasis signaling cascades from the harmful pathogenic ones that likely drive disease onset and progression could aid in the clinical translation of approaches to lower brain and peripheral nervous system TNF-α levels, and amelioration of inappropriate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Frankola
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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11
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Crystal SC, Leonidas J, Jakubowski A, Di Rocco A. Thalidomide induced acute worsening of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1863-4. [PMID: 19606491 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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12
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Camandola S, Mattson MP. NF-kappa B as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:123-32. [PMID: 17227229 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a transcription factor that regulates numerous physiological functions, and that is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. In the nervous system there is evidence supporting a dual role of NF-kappaB in neurodegenerative diseases; activation of NF-kappaB in neurons promotes their survival, whereas activation in glial and immune cells mediates pathological inflammatory processes. The reason for such a dichotomy lies in the complexity of the NF-kappaB system. Emerging research has begun to dissect the pathways leading to the activation of the different NF-kappaB proteins, and the gene targets of NF-kappaB, in cells of the nervous system. In this article the authors discuss recent findings concerning the roles of NF-kappaB in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, and its potential as a pharmaceutical target for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Camandola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute onAging, Intramural Research Program, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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13
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Kiaei M, Petri S, Kipiani K, Gardian G, Choi DK, Chen J, Calingasan NY, Schafer P, Muller GW, Stewart C, Hensley K, Beal MF. Thalidomide and lenalidomide extend survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 2006; 26:2467-73. [PMID: 16510725 PMCID: PMC6793668 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5253-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Important mediators of inflammation such as the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and its superfamily member fibroblast-associated cell-surface ligand (FasL) have been implicated in apoptosis. We found increased TNF-alpha and FasL immunoreactivity in lumbar spinal cord sections of ALS patients and G93A transgenic mice. Both increased TNF-alpha and FasL immunostaining in the lumbar spinal cord of the G93A SOD1 transgenic mice occurred at 40-60 d, well before the onset of symptoms and loss of motor neurons. We tested the neuroprotective effect of thalidomide and its analog lenalidomide, pharmacological agents that inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha and other cytokines by destabilizing their mRNA. Treatment with either thalidomide or lenalidomide attenuated weight loss, enhanced motor performance, decreased motor neuron cell death, and significantly increased the life span in G93A transgenic mice. Treated G93A mice showed a reduction in TNF-alpha and FasL immunoreactivity as well as their mRNA in the lumbar spinal cord. Both compounds also reduced interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-1alpha, and IL-1beta and increased IL-RA and TGF-beta1 mRNA. Therefore, both thalidomide and lenalidomide bear promise as therapeutic interventions for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kiaei
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Leng A, Mura A, Feldon J, Ferger B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor ablation in a chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2005; 375:107-11. [PMID: 15670651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 08/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that mice deficient of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were partly protected against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity. Here we extended the study and investigated TNF-alpha receptor 1 (-/-) (TNFR1) and TNF-alpha receptor 2 (-/-) (TNFR2) mice using a chronic MPTP dosing regimen (15 mg/kg MPTP on 8 consecutive days). One week after the last MPTP treatment, HPLC determination of striatal dopamine (DA) and immunostaining for the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) was performed. MPTP treatment reduced striatal DA levels significantly; nigral DAT immunoreactivity was reduced to a lower extent. However, there was no difference in DA levels and the number of DAT positive neurons between TNFR1 (-/-), TNFR2 (-/-) and wild type mice after MPTP treatment. In contrast to TNF-alpha deficiency neither TNFR1 nor TNFR2 gene ablation showed protection against MPTP neurotoxicity, which argues for a protective mechanism of TNF-alpha not mediated by TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Corpus Striatum/physiopathology
- Cytoprotection/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
- Parkinsonian Disorders/genetics
- Parkinsonian Disorders/physiopathology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/physiopathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leng
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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15
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Ferger B, Leng A, Mura A, Hengerer B, Feldon J. Genetic ablation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and pharmacological inhibition of TNF-synthesis attenuates MPTP toxicity in mouse striatum. J Neurochem 2004; 89:822-33. [PMID: 15140182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and in MPTP neurotoxicity remains unclear. Here, male TNF-alpha (-/-) deficient mice and C57bL/6 mice were treated with MPTP (4 x 15 mg/kg, 24 h intervals) and in one series, thalidomide was administered to inhibit TNF-alpha synthesis. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that the striatal mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, of the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and of the marker for activated microglia, macrophage antigen complex-1 (MAC-1), were significantly enhanced after MPTP administration. Thalidomide (50 mg/kg, p.o.) partly protected against the MPTP-induced dopamine (DA) depletion, and TNF-alpha (-/-) mice showed a significant attenuation of striatal DA and DA metabolite loss as well as striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) fiber density, but no difference in nigral TH and DA transporter immunoreactivity. TNF-alpha deficient mice suffered a lower mortality (10%) compared to the high mortality (75%) seen in wild-type mice after acute MPTP treatment (4 x 20 mg/kg, 2 h interval). HPLC measurement of MPP(+) levels revealed no differences in TNF-alpha (-/-), wild-type and thalidomide treated mice. This study demonstrates that TNF-alpha is involved in MPTP toxicity and that inhibition of TNF-alpha response may be a promising target for extending beyond symptomatic treatment and developing anti-parkinsonian drugs for the treatment of the inflammatory processes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ferger
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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16
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Hirsch EC, Breidert T, Rousselet E, Hunot S, Hartmann A, Michel PP. The role of glial reaction and inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 991:214-28. [PMID: 12846989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glial reaction is generally considered to be a consequence of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In Parkinson's disease, postmortem examination reveals a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra associated with a massive astrogliosis and the presence of activated microglial cells. Recent evidence suggests that the disease may progress even when the initial cause of neuronal degeneration has disappeared, suggesting that toxic substances released by the glial cells may be involved in the propagation and perpetuation of neuronal degeneration. Glial cells can release deleterious compounds such as proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, Il-1beta, IFN-gamma), which may act by stimulating nitric oxide production in glial cells, or which may exert a more direct deleterious effect on dopaminergic neurons by activating receptors that contain intracytoplasmic death domains involved in apoptosis. In line with this possibility, an activation of proteases such as caspase-3 and caspase-8, which are known effectors of apoptosis, has been reported in Parkinson's disease. Yet, caspase inhibitors or invalidation of TNF-alpha receptors does not protect dopaminergic neurons against degeneration in experimental models of the disease, suggesting that manipulation of a single signaling pathway may not be sufficient to protect dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, the antiinflammatory drugs pioglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, and the tetracycline derivative minocycline have been shown to reduce glial activation and protect the substantia nigra in an animal model of the disease. Inhibition of the glial reaction and the inflammatory processes may thus represent a therapeutic target to reduce neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hirsch
- INSERM U289, Experimental Neurology and Therapeutics, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains obscure, but there is increasing evidence that impairment of mitochondrial function, oxidative damage, and inflammation are contributing factors. The present paper reviews the experimental and clinical evidence implicating these processes in PD. There is substantial evidence that there is a deficiency of complex I activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in PD. There is also evidence for increased numbers of activated microglia in both PD postmortem tissue as well as in animal models of PD. Impaired mitochondrial function and activated microglia may both contribute to oxidative damage in PD. A number of therapies targeting inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are efficacious in the MPTP model of PD. Of these, coenzyme Q(10) appears to be particularly promising based on the results of a recent phase 2 clinical trial in which it significantly slowed the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flint Beal
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Hunot S, Hirsch EC. Neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003; 53 Suppl 3:S49-58; discussion S58-60. [PMID: 12666098 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. To date, its cause remains unknown and the mechanism of nerve cell death uncertain. Apart from the massive loss of dopaminergic neurons, PD brains also show a conspicuous glial reaction together with signs of a neuroinflammatory reaction manifested by elevated cytokine levels and upregulation of inflammatory-associated factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Mounting evidence also suggests a possible deleterious effect of these neuroinflammatory processes in experimental models of the disease. We propose that, in PD, neuroinflammation plays a role in the cascade of events leading to nerve cell death, thus propagating the neurodegenerative process. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest findings regarding neuroinflammatory aspects in PD.
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Barbieri S, Hofele K, Wiederhold KH, Probst A, Mistl C, Danner S, Kauffmann S, Sommer B, Spooren W, Tolnay M, Bilbe G, van der Putten H. Mouse models of alpha-synucleinopathy and Lewy pathology. Alpha-synuclein expression in transgenic mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 487:147-67. [PMID: 11403156 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1249-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Barbieri
- Nervous System Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., Basel, Switzerland
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Boireau A, Dubedat P, Bordier F, Imperato A, Moussaoui S. The protective effect of riluzole in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease in mice is not due to a decrease in MPP(+) accumulation. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39:1016-20. [PMID: 10727711 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Riluzole, has previously been shown to be protective in animal models of Parkinson's disease in vivo. In the present study the effects of riluzole on the intrastriatal formation and accumulation of MPP(+), after i.p. injection of MPTP were tested in mice, using two different experimental protocols. In the first protocol, mice were treated with a single dose (15 mg/kg i.p.) of MPTP and MPP(+) accumulation was measured 30 min, 1 h and 3 h after the injection of the toxin. Riluzole (10 mg/kg p.o.), administered 30 min before MPTP, did not modify the accumulation kinetic of MPP(+). Contrarily to riluzole, a single dose of 50 mg/kg p.o. of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a non-selective non hypertensive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), significantly decreased MPP(+) levels. In the second protocol, consisting of 3 injections of MPTP (15 mg/kg i.p.), riluzole, administered 4 times at the dose of 5 mg/kg p.o., had no effect on MPP(+) levels. The protective effect of repeated treatments of riluzole and 7-NI against MPTP-induced depletion of dopamine (DA) is also reported. Our data obtained with 7-NI (in agreement with previous studies reported by others) suggest that a part of the protection observed with this NOS inhibitor is probably due to in vivo inhibition of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). That riluzole does not modify MPP(+) accumulation demonstrates that its protective effect against MPTP toxicity was not due to an in vivo interference with MPTP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boireau
- Rhône-Poulenc Rorer S.A., Centre de Recherche de Vitry-Alfortville, 13, quai Jules Guesde BP 14, 94403, Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
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FcepsilonRII/CD23 is expressed in Parkinson's disease and induces, in vitro, production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in glial cells. J Neurosci 1999. [PMID: 10212304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.19-09-03440.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the mechanism of nerve cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Among several toxic oxidative species, nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed as a key element on the basis of the increased density of glial cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with PD. However, the mechanism of iNOS induction in the CNS is poorly understood, especially under pathological conditions. Because cytokines and FcepsilonRII/CD23 antigen have been implicated in the induction of iNOS in the immune system, we investigated their role in glial cells in vitro and in the SN of patients with PD and matched control subjects. We show that, in vitro, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) together with interleukin-1beta (Il-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can induce the expression of CD23 in glial cells. Ligation of CD23 with specific antibodies resulted in the induction of iNOS and the subsequent release of NO. The activation of CD23 also led to an upregulation of TNF-alpha production, which was dependent on NO release. In the SN of PD patients, a significant increase in the density of glial cells expressing TNF-alpha, Il-1beta, and IFN-gamma was observed. Furthermore, although CD23 was not detectable in the SN of control subjects, it was found in both astroglial and microglial cells in parkinsonian patients. Altogether, these data demonstrate the existence of a cytokine/CD23-dependent activation pathway of iNOS and of proinflammatory mediators in glial cells and their involvement in the pathophysiology of PD.
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