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Kochetova OV, Avzaletdinova DS, Korytina GF, Morugova TV, Mustafina OE. The association between eating behavior and polymorphisms in GRIN2B, GRIK3, GRIA1 and GRIN1 genes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2035-2046. [PMID: 32037472 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excess body weight is the main risk factor of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that psychological and behavioral factors affect weight. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates that polymorphisms of neurotransmitter genes can impact eating behavior. The aim of this study was to detect the associations between SNPs in glutamatergic system genes and type 2 diabetes in the ethnic group of Tatars origin living in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). In our case-control cross-sectional study, 501 patients with type 2 diabetes (170 men and 331 women, 60.9 ± 9.2 years old (mean ± SD), BMI 30.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) of Tatar ethnicity, and a control group of 420 Tatars (170 men and 250 women, 56.3 ± 11.6 years old (mean ± SD), BMI 24.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2 (mean ± SD), were genotyped for five SNPs in four glutamatergic genes (GRIN2B, GRIK3, GRIA1, GRIN1). Three SNPs were associated with type 2 diabetes: rs7301328 in GRIN2B [odds ratio adjusted for age, sex and BMI (ORadj) = 0.77 (95% CI 0.63-0.93), padj = 0.0077], rs1805476 in GRIN2B [ORadj = 1.25 (95% CI 1.03-1.51), padj = 0.0240], and rs2195450 in GRIA1 [ORadj = 1.35 (95% CI 1.02-1.79), padj = 0.0340]. Regression analysis revealed that rs1805476 in GRIN2B was associated with LDL level, glomerular filtration rate, BMI (p = 0.020, p = 0.012 and p = 0.018, respectively). The SNP rs7301328 in GRIN2B was associated with triglyceride levels and HbA1c (p = 0.040, p = 0.023, respectively). These associations were not significant after Bonferroni correction. We found the association between rs534131 in GRIK3, rs2195450 in GRIA1, rs1805476 in GRIN2B and diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.005, p = 0.007, p = 0.040, respectively); rs7301328 in GRIN2B was associated with hypertension (p = 0.025) and cerebrovascular disease (p = 0.013). The association between rs534131 of GRIK3, rs2195450 of GRIA1 genes and diabetic retinopathy remained significant after Bonferroni correction. The SNPs rs6293 in GRIN1 was significantly associated with eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes (p = 0.01). Our results demonstrate that polymorphic variants of glutamatergic genes are associated with eating behavior and diabetic complications in Tatar ethnic group residing in the Republic of Bashkortostan. We detected novel associations of the polymorphic loci in GRIN1 (rs6293) gene with external eating behavior in type 2 diabetes patients, GRIK3 (rs534131) and GRIA1 (rs2195450) genes with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kochetova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 October Avenue, Ufa, Russia, 450054
| | - Diana S Avzaletdinova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation, 3 Lenin St., Ufa, Russia, 45008.
| | - Gulnaz F Korytina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 October Avenue, Ufa, Russia, 450054
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation, 3 Lenin St., Ufa, Russia, 45008
| | - Tatyana V Morugova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation, 3 Lenin St., Ufa, Russia, 45008
| | - Olga E Mustafina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 October Avenue, Ufa, Russia, 450054
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Fan N, An L, Zhang M, He H, Zhou Y, Ou Y. GRIN2B Gene Polymorphism in Chronic Ketamine Users. Am J Addict 2020; 29:105-110. [PMID: 31957106 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Fan
- Guangzhou Huiai HospitalThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District Guangzhou Guangdong 510370 China
| | - Lina An
- Guangzhou Huiai HospitalThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District Guangzhou Guangdong 510370 China
| | - Minling Zhang
- Guangzhou Huiai HospitalThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District Guangzhou Guangdong 510370 China
| | - Hongbo He
- Guangzhou Huiai HospitalThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District Guangzhou Guangdong 510370 China
| | - Yanling Zhou
- Guangzhou Huiai HospitalThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District Guangzhou Guangdong 510370 China
| | - Yufen Ou
- Guangzhou Huiai HospitalThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District Guangzhou Guangdong 510370 China
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Roles of Glutamate Receptors in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184391. [PMID: 31500132 PMCID: PMC6769661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the degeneration of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It induces a series of functional modifications in the circuitry of the basal ganglia nuclei and leads to severe motor disturbances. The amino acid glutamate, as an excitatory neurotransmitter, plays a key role in the disruption of normal basal ganglia function regulated through the interaction with its receptor proteins. It has been proven that glutamate receptors participate in the modulation of neuronal excitability, transmitter release, and long-term synaptic plasticity, in addition to being related to the altered neurotransmission in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, they are considered new targets for improving the therapeutic strategies used to treat Parkinson's disease. In this review, we discuss the biological characteristics of these receptors and demonstrate the receptor-mediated neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during anti-Parkinsonian processes in both experimental studies and clinical trials are also summarized.
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Han L, Jia Z, Cao C, Liu Z, Liu F, Wang L, Ren W, Sun M, Wang B, Li C, Chen L. Potential contribution of the neurodegenerative disorders risk loci to cognitive performance in an elderly male gout population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8195. [PMID: 28953682 PMCID: PMC5626325 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has been described in elderly subjects with high normal concentrations of serum uric acid. However, it remains unclear if gout confers an increased poorer cognition than those in individuals with asymptomatic hyperuricemia. The present study aimed at evaluating cognitive function in patients suffering from gout in an elderly male population, and further investigating the genetic contributions to the risk of cognitive function.This study examined the cognitive function as assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in 205 male gout patients and 204 controls. The genetic basis of these cognitive measures was evaluated by genome-wide association study (GWAS) data in 102 male gout patients. Furthermore, 7 loci associated with cognition in GWAS were studied for correlation with gout in 1179 male gout patients and 1848 healthy male controls.Compared with controls, gout patients had significantly lower MoCA scores [22.78 ± 3.01 vs 23.42 ± 2.95, P = .023, adjusted by age, body mass index (BMI), education, and emotional disorder]. GWAS revealed 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associations with MoCA test at a level of conventional genome-wide significance (P < 9.6 × 10). The most significant association was observed between rs12895072 and rs12434554 within the KTN1 gene (Padjusted = 4.2 × 10, Padjusted = 4.7 × 10) at 14q22. The next best signal was in RELN gene (rs155333, Padjusted = 1.3 × 10) at 7q22, while the other variants at rs17458357 (Padjusted = 3.98 × 10), rs2572683 (Padjusted = 8.9 × 10), rs12555895 (Padjusted = 2.6 × 10), and rs3764030 (Padjusted = 9.4 × 10) were also statistically significant. The 7 SNPs were not associated with gout in further analysis (all P > .05).Elderly male subjects with gout exhibit accelerated decline in cognition performance. Several neurodegenerative disorders risk loci were identified for genetic contributors to cognitive performance in our Chinese elderly male gout population. Larger prospective studies of the cognitive performance and genetic analysis in gout subjects are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Han
- Department of Endocrinology Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Zhaotong Jia
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Lin Wang
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Wei Ren
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Mingxia Sun
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Baoping Wang
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Changgui Li
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
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Genetic variation within GRIN2B in adolescents with alcohol use disorder may be associated with larger left posterior cingulate cortex volume. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:252-258. [PMID: 27498914 PMCID: PMC5478461 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain structure differences and adolescent alcohol dependence both show substantial heritability. However, exactly which genes are responsible for brain volume variation in adolescents with substance abuse disorders are currently unknown. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether genetic variants previously implicated in psychiatric disorders are associated with variation in brain volume in adolescents with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS The cohort consisted of 58 adolescents with DSM-IV AUD and 58 age and gender-matched controls of mixed ancestry ethnicity. An Illumina Infinium iSelect custom 6000 bead chip was used to genotype 5348 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 378 candidate genes. Magnetic resonance images were acquired and volumes of global and regional structures were estimated using voxel-based morphometry. To determine whether any of the genetic variants were associated with brain volume, association analysis was conducted using linear regression in Plink. RESULTS From the exploratory analysis, the GRIN2B SNP rs219927 was associated with brain volume in the left posterior cingulate cortex (p<0.05), whereby having a G-allele was associated with a bigger volume. CONCLUSION The GRIN2B gene is involved in glutamatergic signalling and may be associated with developmental differences in AUD in brain regions such as the posterior cingulate cortex. Such differences may play a role in risk for AUD, and deserve more detailed investigation.
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Neurogenetics of developmental dyslexia: from genes to behavior through brain neuroimaging and cognitive and sensorial mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e987. [PMID: 28045463 PMCID: PMC5545717 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a complex neurodevelopmental deficit characterized by impaired reading acquisition, in spite of adequate neurological and sensorial conditions, educational opportunities and normal intelligence. Despite the successful characterization of DD-susceptibility genes, we are far from understanding the molecular etiological pathways underlying the development of reading (dis)ability. By focusing mainly on clinical phenotypes, the molecular genetics approach has yielded mixed results. More optimally reduced measures of functioning, that is, intermediate phenotypes (IPs), represent a target for researching disease-associated genetic variants and for elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Imaging data provide a viable IP for complex neurobehavioral disorders and have been extensively used to investigate both morphological, structural and functional brain abnormalities in DD. Performing joint genetic and neuroimaging studies in humans is an emerging strategy to link DD-candidate genes to the brain structure and function. A limited number of studies has already pursued the imaging-genetics integration in DD. However, the results are still not sufficient to unravel the complexity of the reading circuit due to heterogeneous study design and data processing. Here, we propose an interdisciplinary, multilevel, imaging-genetic approach to disentangle the pathways from genes to behavior. As the presence of putative functional genetic variants has been provided and as genetic associations with specific cognitive/sensorial mechanisms have been reported, new hypothesis-driven imaging-genetic studies must gain momentum. This approach would lead to the optimization of diagnostic criteria and to the early identification of 'biologically at-risk' children, supporting the definition of adequate and well-timed prevention strategies and the implementation of novel, specific remediation approach.
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Hadzic M, Jack A, Wahle P. Ionotropic glutamate receptors: Which ones, when, and where in the mammalian neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:976-1033. [PMID: 27560295 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of 18 iGluR receptor subunits, many of which are diversified by splicing and RNA editing, localize to >20 excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neuron types defined by physiology, morphology, and transcriptome in addition to various types of glial, endothelial, and blood cells. Here we have compiled the published expression of iGluR subunits in the areas and cell types of developing and adult cortex of rat, mouse, carnivore, bovine, monkey, and human as determined with antibody- and mRNA-based techniques. iGluRs are differentially expressed in the cortical areas and in the species, and all have a unique developmental pattern. Differences are quantitative rather than a mere absence/presence of expression. iGluR are too ubiquitously expressed and of limited use as markers for areas or layers. A focus has been the iGluR profile of cortical interneuron types. For instance, GluK1 and GluN3A are enriched in, but not specific for, interneurons; moreover, the interneurons expressing these subunits belong to different types. Adressing the types is still a major hurdle because type-specific markers are lacking, and the frequently used neuropeptide/CaBP signatures are subject to regulation by age and activity and vary as well between species and areas. RNA-seq reveals almost all subunits in the two morphofunctionally characterized interneuron types of adult cortical layer I, suggesting a fairly broad expression at the RNA level. It remains to be determined whether all proteins are synthesized, to which pre- or postsynaptic subdomains in a given neuron type they localize, and whether all are involved in synaptic transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:976-1033, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Hadzic
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Pergola G, Di Carlo P, Andriola I, Gelao B, Torretta S, Attrotto MT, Fazio L, Raio A, Albergo D, Masellis R, Rampino A, Blasi G, Bertolino A. Combined effect of genetic variants in the GluN2B coding gene (GRIN2B) on prefrontal function during working memory performance. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1135-1150. [PMID: 26690829 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GluN2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors is crucially involved in the physiology of the prefrontal cortex during working memory (WM). Consistently, genetic variants in the GluN2B coding gene (GRIN2B) have been associated with cognitive phenotypes. However, it is unclear how GRIN2B genetic variation affects gene expression and prefrontal cognitive processing. Using a composite score, we tested the combined effect of GRIN2B variants on prefrontal activity during WM performance in healthy subjects. METHOD We computed a composite score to combine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms on post-mortem prefrontal GRIN2B mRNA expression. We then computed the composite score in independent samples of healthy participants in a peripheral blood expression study (n = 46), in a WM behavioural study (n = 116) and in a WM functional magnetic resonance imaging study (n = 122). RESULTS Five polymorphisms were associated with GRIN2B expression: rs2160517, rs219931, rs11055792, rs17833967 and rs12814951 (all corrected p < 0.05). The score computed to account for their combined effect reliably indexed gene expression. GRIN2B composite score correlated negatively with intelligence quotient, WM behavioural efficiency and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity. Moreover, there was a non-linear association between GRIN2B genetic score and prefrontal activity, i.e. both high and low putative genetic score levels were associated with high blood oxygen level-dependent signals in the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Multiple genetic variants in GRIN2B are jointly associated with gene expression, prefrontal function and behaviour during WM. These results support the role of GRIN2B genetic variants in WM prefrontal activity in human adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - P Di Carlo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - I Andriola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - B Gelao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - S Torretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - M T Attrotto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - L Fazio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - A Raio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - D Albergo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - R Masellis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - A Rampino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - G Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - A Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
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Che F, Zhang Y, Wang G, Heng X, Liu S, Du Y. The role of GRIN2B in Tourette syndrome: Results from a transmission disequilibrium study. J Affect Disord 2015; 187:62-5. [PMID: 26321256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that dopamine interacts with glutamatergic projection neurons and that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might be involved in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS). In this study, we examined whether two functional polymorphisms (rs1805476 and rs1805502) in the 3'UTR of the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B) were associated with TS in Chinese Han trios. METHODS DNA samples collected from 261 TS nuclear families were genotyped by PCR and direct sequencing technology. Haplotype relative risk (HRR), transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and Haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) analyses were performed on the genotype data. RESULTS We found an over-transmission of the A allele in rs1805476 and the T allele in rs1805502 from parents to their affected children, using the HRR (rs1805476: HRR=0.696, χ(2)=4.161, P=0.041, 95% CI: 0.491-0.986; rs1805502: HRR=0.697, χ(2)=3.954, P=0.047, 95% CI: 0.488-0.995). There was also strong evidence for a linkage between polymorphisms and TS using the TDT (rs1805476: TDT=5.447, df=1, P=0.024; rs1805502: TDT=5.233, df=1, P=0.027). LIMITATIONS The sample is small and the current population is just limited to the Chinese Han population. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that GRIN2B might play a major role in the pathogenesis of TS in Chinese Han trios. However, these results need to be replicated using larger datasets collected from different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Che
- Departmen of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated Shandong University, No. 44 wenhua west road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University No. 27 Jiefang Road, Linyi, Shandong 276003, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Child Healthcare Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Guiju Wang
- Child Healthcare Department, Rizhao people's Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Heng
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University No. 27 Jiefang Road, Linyi, Shandong 276003, PR China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Prenatal diagnosis center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Yifeng Du
- Departmen of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated Shandong University, No. 44 wenhua west road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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GRIN2B predicts attention problems among disadvantaged children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:827-36. [PMID: 25316095 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that adversities and GRIN2B (coding an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit) are independently associated with behavioral and cognitive impairments in childhood. However, a high proportion of children exposed to adversities have good, long-term outcomes. We hypothesized that among children exposed to adversities, GRIN2B variants would predict the worst cognitive and behavioral outcomes. 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms of GRIN2B were genotyped in 625 children aged 6-11 years from an Italian community-based sample. The interacting effect of GRIN2B variants with 4 measures of adversities [low socioeconomic status (SES), preterm delivery, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and absence of breastfeeding] was investigated upon blindly assessed cognitive abilities (vocabulary, block design, digit spans of Wechsler's Intelligence Scale, and Rey complex figure) and parents-rated behavioral problems (Child Behavior Checklist/6-18). Rs2268119 × SES interaction (Hotelling's Trace = 0.07; F(12,1154) = 3.53; p = 0.00004) influenced behavior, with more attention problems among children in the 'either A/T or T/T genotype and low SES' group, compared to all other groups. This interaction effect was not significant in an independent, replication sample of 475 subjects from an Italian community-based sample. GRIN2B variants predict children with the worst outcome in attention functioning among children exposed to low SES. Our findings, if replicated, could help in the identification of children with the highest risk and may prompt cost-effective preventive/treatment strategies.
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Gupta-Agarwal S, Jarome TJ, Fernandez J, Lubin FD. NMDA receptor- and ERK-dependent histone methylation changes in the lateral amygdala bidirectionally regulate fear memory formation. Learn Mem 2014; 21:351-62. [PMID: 24939839 PMCID: PMC4061426 DOI: 10.1101/lm.035105.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that fear memory formation requires de novo gene transcription in the amygdala. We provide evidence that epigenetic mechanisms in the form of histone lysine methylation in the lateral amygdala (LA) are regulated by NMDA receptor (NMDAR) signaling and involved in gene transcription changes necessary for fear memory consolidation. Here we found increases in histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) levels in the LA at 1 h following auditory fear conditioning, which continued to be temporally regulated up to 25 h following behavioral training. Additionally, we demonstrate that inhibiting the H3K9me2 histone lysine methyltransferase G9a (H/KMTs-G9a) in the LA impaired fear memory, while blocking the H3K9me2 histone lysine demethylase LSD1 (H/KDM-LSD1) enhanced fear memory, suggesting that H3K9me2 in the LA can bidirectionally regulate fear memory formation. Furthermore, we show that NMDAR activity differentially regulated the recruitment of H/KMT-G9a, H/KDM-LSD1, and subsequent H3K9me2 levels at a target gene promoter. This was largely regulated by GluN2B- but not GluN2A-containing NMDARs via ERK activation. Moreover, fear memory deficits associated with NMDAR or ERK blockade were successfully rescued through pharmacologically inhibiting LSD1, suggesting that enhancements of H3K9me2 levels within the LA can rescue fear memory impairments that result from hypofunctioning NMDARs or loss of ERK signaling. Together, the present study suggests that histone lysine methylation regulation in the LA via NMDAR-ERK-dependent signaling is involved in fear memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta-Agarwal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Timothy J Jarome
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Jordan Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Farah D Lubin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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GRIN2B gene and associated brain cortical white matter changes in bipolar disorder: a preliminary combined platform investigation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:635131. [PMID: 24490167 PMCID: PMC3893811 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in glutamate signaling and glutamate toxicity are thought to be important in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Whilst previous studies have found brain white matter changes in BD, there is paucity of data about how glutamatergic genes affect brain white matter integrity in BD. Based on extant neuroimaging data, we hypothesized that GRIN2B risk allele is associated with reductions of brain white matter integrity in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions and cingulate gyrus in BD. Fourteen patients with BD and 22 healthy controls matched in terms of age, gender and handedness were genotyped using blood samples and underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Compared to G allele, brain FA values were significantly lower in BD patients with risk T allele in left frontal region (P = 0.001), right frontal region (P = 0.002), left parietal region (P = 0.001), left occipital region (P = 0.001), right occipital region (P < 0.001), and left cingulate gyrus (P = 0.001). Further elucidation of the interactions between different glutamate genes and their relationships with such structural, functional brain substrates will enhance our understanding of the link between dysregulated glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuroimaging endophenotypes in BD.
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Andreoli V, De Marco EV, Trecroci F, Cittadella R, Di Palma G, Gambardella A. Potential involvement of GRIN2B encoding the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B in the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:533-42. [PMID: 24292895 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links dysregulation of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor remodelling and trafficking to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This theme offers the possibility that the GRIN2B gene, encoding this selective NR2B subunit, represents a potential molecular modulating factor for this disease. Based on this hypothesis, we carried out a mutation scanning of exons and flanking regions of GRIN2B in a well-characterized cohort of AD patients, recruited from Southern Italy. A "de novo" p.K1293R mutation, affecting a highly conserved residue of the protein in the C-terminal domain, was observed for the first time in a woman with familial AD, as the only genetic alteration of relevance. Moreover, an association study between the other detected sequence variants and AD was performed. In particular, the study was focused on five identified single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs7301328, rs1805482, rs3026160, rs1806191 and rs1806201, highlighting a significant contribution from the GRIN2B rs1806201 T allele towards disease susceptibility [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-2.63, p < 0.001, after correction for sex, age, and APOE ε4 genotype]. This was confirmed by haplotype analysis that identified a specific haplotype, carrying the rs1806201 T allele (CCCTC), over-represented in patients versus controls (adjusted OR = 6.03; p < 0.0001). Although the pathogenic role of the GRIN2B-K1293R mutation in AD is not clear, our data advocate that genetic variability in the GRIN2B gene, involved in synaptic functioning, might provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis, continuing to attract significant attention in biomedical research on its genetic and functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Andreoli
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Pianolago di Mangone, Cosenza, Italy,
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Liu S, Yin Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Ma X. Lack of an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and polymorphisms in the 3' untranslated region of GRIN2B in a Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:142-4. [PMID: 22578441 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations have provided evidence that some polymorphisms in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of GRIN2B are associated with susceptibility to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We evaluated the genetic contribution of the rs1805502, rs1805476 and rs890 polymorphisms in the 3'-UTR of GRIN2B in 206 OCD patients and 413 controls in a Chinese Han population, and found no significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies between OCD cases and the controls. Our results suggest the lack of an association between OCD and polymorphisms in the 3'-UTR of GRIN2B in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Tamura H, Suzuki M, Moriya Y, Hoshino H, Okamoto T, Yoshida S, Yoshino I. Aberrant methylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 2B (NMDAR2B) in non-small cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:220. [PMID: 21639937 PMCID: PMC3149028 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) act as tumor suppressors of digestive malignancies. The expression and genetic methylation patterns of NMDAR2B in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unknown. Methods The relationship between gene methylation and expression of NMDAR2B was analyzed in NSCLC cell lines (N = 9) and clinical tissues (N = 216). The cell lines were studied using RT-PCR and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment, while the clinical tissues were examined by methylation specific real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Retrospective investigation of patient records was used to determine the clinical significance of NMDAR2B methylation. Results NMDAR2B was silenced in five of the nine cell lines; 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment restored expression, and was inversely correlated with methylation. Aberrant methylation of NMDAR2B, detected in 61% (131/216) of clinical NSCLC tissues, was inversely correlated with the status of protein expression in 20 randomly examined tumors. Aberrant methylation was not associated with clinical factors such as gender, age, histological type, or TNM stage. However, aberrant methylation was an independent prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma cases. Conclusions Aberrant methylation of the NMDAR2B gene is a common event in NSCLC. The prognosis was significantly better for cases of squamous cell carcinoma in which NMDAR2B was methylated. It may have different roles in different histological types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tamura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoh-Ku, Chiba 280-8670, Japan
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16
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Zhao Q, Che R, Zhang Z, Wang P, Li J, Li Y, Huang K, Tang W, Feng G, Lindpaintner K, He L, Shi Y. Positive association between GRIN2B gene and bipolar disorder in the Chinese Han Population. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:290-2. [PMID: 20537720 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7301328, rs1805247, and rs1805502) of the GRIN2B gene in a set of 480 unrelated bipolar disorder patients and 480 unrelated genetically matched normal controls in Chinese Han population by either allelic-specific multiplex ligation-detection reaction (AMLR) technology or direct sequencing. Rs1805247 and the haplotype consisting of rs1805502 and rs1805247 were significantly associated, suggesting GRIN2B as having a role in the etiology of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Bio-X Center and affiliated Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong, University, PR China
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17
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Ludwig KU, Roeske D, Herms S, Schumacher J, Warnke A, Plume E, Neuhoff N, Bruder J, Remschmidt H, Schulte-Körne G, Müller-Myhsok B, Nöthen MM, Hoffmann P. Variation in GRIN2B contributes to weak performance in verbal short-term memory in children with dyslexia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:503-511. [PMID: 19591125 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A multi-marker haplotype within GRIN2B, a gene coding for a subunit of the ionotropic glutamate receptor, has recently been found to be associated with variation in human memory performance [de Quervain and Papassotiropoulos, 2006]. The gene locus is located within a region that has been linked to a phonological memory phenotype in a recent genome scan in families with dyslexia [Brkanac et al., 2008]. These findings may indicate the involvement of GRIN2B in memory-related aspects of human cognition. Memory performance is one of the cognitive functions observed to be disordered in dyslexia patients. We therefore investigated whether genetic variation in GRIN2B contributes to specific quantitative measures in a German dyslexia sample by genotyping 66 SNPs in its entire genomic region. We found supportive evidence that markers in intron 3 are associated with short-term memory in dyslexia, and were able to demonstrate that this effect is even stronger when only maternal transmission is considered. These results suggest that variation within GRIN2B may contribute to the genetic background of specific cognitive processes which are correlates of the dyslexia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin U Ludwig
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Warnke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Plume
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Neuhoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bruder
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Remschmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Szczepankiewicz A, Skibinska M, Rybakowski J, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Tomaszewska M, Twarowska-Hauser J. Lack of association of three GRIN2B polymorphisms with bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 10:469-73. [PMID: 19005876 DOI: 10.1080/15622970802514968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated three polymorphisms in the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B), involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission, as a candidate gene for bipolar disorder. In the study we included 419 patients with bipolar disorder. Consensus diagnosis by at least two psychiatrists was made, according to DSM-IV criteria, using SCID. The control group consisted of 487 healthy subjects. Genotypes for -200G/T, 366C/G and rs890G/T of GRIN2B polymorphisms were established by PCR-RFLP method. Linkage disequilibrium analysis was done with Haploview. Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the three polymorphisms in the group of patients and control subjects. No association was found between the three polymorphisms and bipolar disorder. In linkage disequilibrium analysis we did not find linkage between the three polymorphisms of GRIN2B gene. The polymorphisms of GRIN2B gene analysed in this study are not likely to be associated with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Stein JL, Hua X, Morra JH, Lee S, Hibar DP, Ho AJ, Leow AD, Toga AW, Sul JH, Kang HM, Eskin E, Saykin AJ, Shen L, Foroud T, Pankratz N, Huentelman MJ, Craig DW, Gerber JD, Allen AN, Corneveaux JJ, Stephan DA, Webster J, DeChairo BM, Potkin SG, Jack CR, Weiner MW, Thompson PM. Genome-wide analysis reveals novel genes influencing temporal lobe structure with relevance to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2010; 51:542-54. [PMID: 20197096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a genome-wide association study of structural brain degeneration, we mapped the 3D profile of temporal lobe volume differences in 742 brain MRI scans of Alzheimer's disease patients, mildly impaired, and healthy elderly subjects. After searching 546,314 genomic markers, 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with bilateral temporal lobe volume (P<5 x 10(-7)). One SNP, rs10845840, is located in the GRIN2B gene which encodes the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor NR2B subunit. This protein - involved in learning and memory, and excitotoxic cell death - has age-dependent prevalence in the synapse and is already a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease. Risk alleles for lower temporal lobe volume at this SNP were significantly over-represented in AD and MCI subjects vs. controls (odds ratio=1.273; P=0.039) and were associated with mini-mental state exam scores (MMSE; t=-2.114; P=0.035) demonstrating a negative effect on global cognitive function. Voxelwise maps of genetic association of this SNP with regional brain volumes, revealed intense temporal lobe effects (FDR correction at q=0.05; critical P=0.0257). This study uses large-scale brain mapping for gene discovery with implications for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Stein
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 225E, 635 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
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Szczepankiewicz A, Skibińska M, Suwalska A, Hauser J, Rybakowski JK. No association of three GRIN2B polymorphisms with lithium response in bipolar patients. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:448-52. [PMID: 19605943 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated three polymorphisms in the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B) as a candidate gene for lithium response involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. One hundred five bipolar patients treated with lithium for at least 5 years were analyzed. The lithium response was assessed as excellent - no affective episodes during lithium treatment; partial - 50% reduction in the episode index; or no response - less than 50% reduction, no change or worsening in the episode index. Genotypes for the -200G/T, 366C/G and rs890G/T GRIN2B polymorphisms were established using the PCR-RFLP method. Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all three polymorphisms. No association was found between the three polymorphisms studied and the treatment response to lithium. The authors conclude that polymorphisms of the GRIN2B gene did not show an association with the treatment response to lithium in bipolar patients.
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Johnson KA, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. Glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:475-91. [PMID: 19702565 DOI: 10.2174/187152709789824606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms including tremor and bradykinesia. The primary pathophysiology underlying PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Loss of these neurons causes pathological changes in neurotransmission in the basal ganglia motor circuit. The ability of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors to modulate neurotransmission throughout the basal ganglia suggests that these receptors may be targets for reversing the effects of altered neurotransmission in PD. Studies in animal models suggest that modulating the activity of these receptors may alleviate the primary motor symptoms of PD as well as side effects induced by dopamine replacement therapy. Moreover, glutamate receptor ligands may slow disease progression by delaying progressive dopamine neuron degeneration. Antagonists of NMDA receptors have shown promise in reversing motor symptoms, levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and neurodegeneration in preclinical PD models. The effects of drugs targeting AMPA receptors are more complex; while antagonists of these receptors exhibit utility in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, AMPA receptor potentiators show promise for neuroprotection. Pharmacological modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may hold even more promise for PD treatment due to the ability of mGluRs to fine-tune neurotransmission. Antagonists of mGluR5, as well as activators of group II mGluRs and mGluR4, have shown promise in several animal models of PD. These drugs reverse motor deficits in addition to providing protection against neurodegeneration. Glutamate receptors therefore represent exciting targets for the development of novel pharmacological therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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22
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Kim MS, Chang X, Nagpal JK, Yamashita K, Baek JH, Dasgupta S, Wu G, Osada M, Woo JH, Westra WH, Trink B, Ratovitski EA, Moon C, Sidransky D. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 2A is frequently methylated in human colorectal carcinoma and suppresses cell growth. Oncogene 2007; 27:2045-54. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Li D, He L. Association study between the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B) and schizophrenia: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2007; 9:4-8. [PMID: 17224684 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000250507.96760.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness to which hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors has been linked. Association studies have implicated the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B) as a candidate for schizophrenia. Subsequent studies have attempted to replicate the association, but the results have been mixed and thus inconclusive. It is necessary to explain the inconsistency of these results and to clarify the contribution of the GRIN2B gene to schizophrenia. The current meta-analysis covers all published association studies up to January 2006 using systematic allelic and genotypic analyses involving five polymorphisms. The results show evidence of a statistically significant association for GRIN2B. The association seems weaker, but nonetheless interesting. The meta-analysis supports the involvement of the glutamate system of the brain in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This may be the first systematic meta-analysis study focusing on GRIN2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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24
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Dorval KM, Wigg KG, Crosbie J, Tannock R, Kennedy JL, Ickowicz A, Pathare T, Malone M, Schachar R, Barr CL. Association of the glutamate receptor subunit gene GRIN2B with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 6:444-52. [PMID: 17010153 PMCID: PMC4833492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic signaling pathway represents an ideal candidate susceptibility system for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Disruption of specific N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor subunit genes (GRIN1, 2A-D) in mice leads to significant alterations in cognitive and/or locomotor behavior including impairments in latent learning, spatial memory tasks and hyperactivity. Here, we tested for association of GRIN2B variants with ADHD, by genotyping nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 205 nuclear families identified through probands with ADHD. Transmission of alleles from heterozygous parents to affected offspring was examined using the transmission/disequilibrium test. Quantitative trait analyses for the ADHD symptom dimensions [inattentive (IA) and hyperactive/impulsive (HI)] and cognitive measures of verbal working memory and verbal short-term memory were performed using the fbat program. Three SNPs showed significantly biased transmission (P < 0.05), with the strongest evidence of association found for rs2,284,411 (chi(2)= 7.903, 1 degree of freedom, P= 0.005). Quantitative trait analyses showed associations of these markers with both the IA and the HI symptom dimensions of ADHD but not with the cognitive measures of verbal short-term memory or verbal working memory. Our data suggest an association between variations in the GRIN2B subunit gene and ADHD as measured categorically or as a quantitatively distributed trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Dorval
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. G. Wigg
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Crosbie
- Brain and Behavior Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Tannock
- Brain and Behavior Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. L. Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. Ickowicz
- Brain and Behavior Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. Pathare
- Brain and Behavior Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Malone
- Brain and Behavior Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Schachar
- Brain and Behavior Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. L. Barr
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Behavior Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: C. L. Barr, Toronto Western Hospital, Main Pavilion, Rm 14-302, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8.
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Martucci L, Wong AHC, De Luca V, Likhodi O, Wong GWH, King N, Kennedy JL. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit gene GRIN2B in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Polymorphisms and mRNA levels. Schizophr Res 2006; 84:214-21. [PMID: 16549338 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The NR2B protein is a critical structural and functional subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor. The glutamate neurotransmitter system has been implicated in psychosis and schizophrenia, and so we looked for genetic association and measured gene expression in human DNA and brain samples, respectively, of the GRIN2B gene that codes for the NR2B protein. We tested three genetic polymorphisms: G-200T (5'UTR), A5806C and T5988C (both 3'UTR) in 180 matched schizophrenia case-control pairs, 86 schizophrenia nuclear family trios, and 318 bipolar disorder trios (of which 158 probands had psychotic symptoms). We measured brain GRIN2B mRNA levels in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unaffected controls (n = 35 each). We detected genetic association between the G-200T marker and schizophrenia (p = 0.002), between T5988C and bipolar disorder (p = 0.02), and between A5806C and bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms (p = 0.0038). The T-C-C haplotype was transmitted more frequently with bipolar disorder, but less often with schizophrenia, while the G-C-T haplotype was transmitted more often in schizophrenia. Significant differences were found in overall haplotype frequencies between schizophrenia cases and controls (p = 0.005). GRIN2B expression levels in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and controls were not significantly different. The genetic findings suggest a role for GRIN2B in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Martucci
- Neurogenetics Section, CAMH, Clarke Division, University of Toronto, R-31, 250 College Street, Toronto (ON), Canada M5T 1R8
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Di Maria E, Gulli R, Begni S, De Luca A, Bignotti S, Pasini A, Bellone E, Pizzuti A, Dallapiccola B, Novelli G, Ajmar F, Gennarelli M, Mandich P. Variations in the NMDA receptor subunit 2B gene (GRIN2B) and schizophrenia: a case-control study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 128B:27-9. [PMID: 15211626 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A well established model for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia postulates a role for the NMDA-mediated glutamate transmission. The human gene coding for the 2B subunit of the NMDA receptor (GRIN2B) is considered a candidate based on its selective expression in brain. To evaluate the hypothesis that GRIN2B acts as a major gene in determining susceptibility to schizophrenia, a case-control association study was performed. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 188 Italian patients and 156 control subjects. The association study showed a marginally significant excess of homozygosity for the polymorphism located in the 3'UTR region (P = 0.04). No other difference in genotype and allele frequencies was found in schizophrenics as compared to the control series. The case-control study was also carried out on estimated haplotypes, confirming a trend for association (P = 0.04). These results suggest that GRIN2B variations might be linked with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Replication studies on larger samples are warranted to further test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Maria
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Genoa, c/o DIMI-Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Miyatake R, Furukawa A, Suwaki H. Identification of a novel variant of the human NR2B gene promoter region and its possible association with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:1101-6. [PMID: 12476325 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2002] [Revised: 03/07/2002] [Accepted: 05/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-upstream region of the human NMDA receptor 2B (NR2B) subunit gene and identified a novel T-200G variant located in one of the Sp1 binding sites. To investigate the effect of this variant on the transcriptional activity of the hNR2B gene, we performed gene reporter assays using PC12 pheochromocytoma cells transiently transfected with luciferase reporter plasmids. In the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF), luciferase activities did not significantly differ between the two alleles and the control plasmid. However, luciferase reporter activity of the T allele was significantly up-regulated compared to that of the G allele in the presence of NGF (P = 0.0013), indicating that this polymorphic site is a critical region for NR2B gene regulation through NGF-induced Sp1-binding. A case control study showed that the frequency of the G allele (P = 0.0164) was significantly higher in 100 schizophrenics than in 100 controls. These findings suggest that the T-200G variant causes dysfunction of NMDA receptors consisting of the NR2B subunit and may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. Replication studies of independent samples and family-based association studies are necessary to further evaluate the significance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miyatake
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan.
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Sun L, Shipley MT, Lidow MS. Expression of NR1, NR2A-D, and NR3 subunits of the NMDA receptor in the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb of adult rat. Synapse 2000; 35:212-21. [PMID: 10657028 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(20000301)35:3<212::aid-syn6>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the relative expressions of NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, and NR3 subunits of the NMDA receptor in the piriform, entorhinal, visual, and motor cortices as well as in the olfactory bulb of adult rat. The analysis detected clear differences in the relative proportions of the NMDA receptor subunits between the five forebrain regions examined. These differences were particularly striking when the piriform and motor cortices were compared. In the piriform cortex, NR1 was the predominant transcript. The expression of NR2A was only slightly higher than half of that of NR1. NR2B was expressed even at lower levels ( approximately 30% of NR1). NR2C and NR3 were expressed at levels which were approximately 15% of those of NR1. NR2D had the lowest levels of expression ( approximately 3% of NR1). In contrast, NR2B was the predominant transcript in the motor cortical region, where it was expressed at the levels close to 135% of those of NR1 message. NR2A had the levels of expression of approximately 50% of those of NR1. The NR2C expression was close to 25% that of NR1, and the NR2D and NR3 transcripts were totally absent from this cortical area. These findings suggest a significant regional variability of the NMDA receptors in the adult rat forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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